ú{à®wï æ 66 ª æ 6 (2002)569_575
ÁWuø¦pü¨dvgɨ¯é·ÏHÞ¿ÌJÆ«]¿Zpv
MªðKX»nZvgɨ¯éöCßMíÇÞ¿Ì
·
H®ÌðÍ
¬ ì ¸ ¢1
î t r a1
ü ] ² 1
Ø à p m2
1Oä¢D®ïЫGlM[ZpJZ^[
2Oä¢D®ïЫÆ{«Ýv
J. Japan Inst. Metals, Vol. 66, No. 6 (2002), pp. 569_575
Special Issue on Development and Application of High_temperature Corrosion_resistant Materials and
Evaluation Technologies of Corrosion Environment in High Efficiency Waste Incineration Plant
Ý 2002 The Japan Institute of Metals
Analysis of High Temperature Corrosion Behavior of Superheater Tube Materials in Waste
Pyrolysis Gasification and Melting Plant
Shozo Ono1, Toshikazu Inaba1, Takahiro Irie1 and Hidehiro Kiuchi2
1Chiba
Technology Center, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Ichihara 290_
0067
2Environmental
& Nuclear Energy System Hq., Engineering Dept., Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134_
0088
The demand for the highly efficient utilization of the heat generated by waste pyrolysis gasification and melting process is in
creasing. However, since this process is still under development, the corrosion behavior and characteristics of superheater tubes
are not fully understood. Some field corrosion tests were carried out at the model plant to determine the corrosion rate and to
clarify the corrosion mechanism of superheater tubes. Thickness losses after practical operation up to 2839 h were measured
along with characterization of ashes deposited on the surface of the tubes. It was found that the corrosion loss of SUS310S in
creased markedly as the metal temperature rise above 500
C. Cl, S, Na, K and Ca were detected in the corrosion scale, and the
deposit begins to melt at 504
C. These results indicate that the accelerated corrosion above 500
C is caused by melting of alkaline
metal chlorides and sulfates in the deposit. Also, it was confirmed that alloying elements of Cr and Ni affect to reduce high tem
perature corrosion caused by molten salt.
(Received November 20, 2001; Accepted May 9, 2002)
Keywords: waste pyrolysis gasification and melting plant, boiler, superheater tube, high temperature corrosion, alkaline metal chloride,
alkaline metal sulfate, molten salt
CðMªðKX»nZvZXÌfvgÉÝuµC
1.
¾
500
C Ì·öCñû̽ßÌÞ¿]¿ðÚIƵ½ÀØ^
]ðÀ{µ½D»ÌÊC±êÜžç©É³êĢȩÁ
¢ã^ÌIpü¨ZpƵÄCMªðKX»n
ZvZX1)ÌJªiñŨèC±ÌVµ¢vZXðÌ
½{vZXɨ¯éeóâÞ¿Ì
HÊC¨æÑFàÌÂ
«
H«ÉÖ·éf[^ðæ¾·é±ÆªÅ«½D
pµ½pü¨{ÝÍ»ÝenÅ}¬ÉÌp³ê éD{vZXÍC©ÈMnZC_CILVÞ¶Ì}
»±Å{ñÅÍCSH ÇÌ·
H®ÈçÑÉ
HÂ
«]¿ðåÌƵ½ãLÀر̬ÊðÐî·éD
§C¢¸e»¦CL¿¨ñûCÌ_ðLµÄ¨èCÂ
«×ªá¹zÂ^ÐïÉKµÄ¢éDæÁÄC{v
ZXɨ¢Äø¦Èpü¨dªÀ»Å«êÎCäª
ÌGlM[«Á«ãÉßÄ]ܵ¢Æl¦çêéD
±Ìæ¤ÈÏ_©çCNEDO(VGlM[EYÆZp
2.
À
2.1
±
û
@
±ppM{CÌTv
úÊ 24 t Ìpü¨\ÍðL·éfvgÉÝ
J@\)ÅÍMªðKX»nZvZXɨ¯édø
uµ½±ppM{CÌfÊ}ð Fig. 1 ɦ·DRÄn
¦ 30÷Ìø¦³öQ^pü¨dðÚwµCevfZp
ZF(HTCC)©ço½rKXÍC·óCÁMí(HTAH)
Jð 1998 Nx©ç 3 NÔÉí½èsÁÄ«½2)D{C
Åpü¨MªðÌM¹ÆÈé·óCðñûµ½ãCñ
öCðÌ·³»ÉsÂÈßMí(SH)ÇÞ¿Ì·
650
C ÅpM{CÉüéDÎü¬Ìe|Gh^Cn
HÁ«]¿Í»ÌêÂƵÄißçêCMÒçÌO[v
}ODû®ðÌpµ½±ppM{CÅÍCFig.
ÅÍ{vZXÌÀÊDðp¢CÀ±º±Éæéù¶Þ¿
2 Ŧ·æ¤É 2 SH Å 400
C, 3 SH Å 500
C Ì·ß
ÌÏH«]¿ÈçÑÉDÌ
HÁ«]¿ðsÁ½3)D³çÉ
MöCªñû³êéDMð·ðI¦½rKXÍCpM{C
±ÌÊðó¯ÄCù¶Þ¿Ì SH Ç©çÈé±ppM{
C ÆÈéD
oûÅñ 450
570
æ
ú { à ® w ï (2002)
Fig. 1
66
ª
Sectional view of boiler.
Table 1 Chemical composition and operation time of SH tubes
and probes adopted.
Material
Principal alloy
composition
(mass÷)
Operation
time (h)
Alloy 625
21Cr_8.4Mo_
3.5Nb_62Ni_
3.8Fe
2839
SUS310S
25Cr_
20Ni_53Fe
SUS310S
25Cr_20Ni_53Fe
SUS309J2
22Cr_1.5Mo_
14Ni_
59Fe
STBA24
2.1Cr_
0.97Mo_
96Fe
Primary SH
C)
(510`460
STB340
99Fe
Outlet of HTAH
Alloy 625
21Cr_8.4Mo_
3.5Nb_62Ni_3.8Fe
Alloy 825
22Cr_2.8Mo_
1.8Cu_44Ni_
27Fe
Position
Final SH
C)
(650`620
SH
tubes
Secondary SH
C)
(620`510
Inlet of final SH
SUS310S
25Cr_
20Ni_53Fe
SUS309J2
22Cr_
1.5Mo_
14Ni_59Fe
Inlet of secondary
SH
STBA24
2.1Cr_0.97Mo_
96Fe
Inlet of primary
SH
STB340
99Fe
Proba
Fig. 2
2.2
Example of gas, metal, and steam temperature at SH.
±Þ¿ÌØf²¸
Note: (
1614, 1225
2839
2433
)`gas temperature
C ÌÌæÉÝuµCt
DÌÁ«]¿Éà
xªñ 500`700
p¢½DSH ÇC¨æÑóâv[uÍ»ê¼ê 2839 hC¨
Table 1 ɱ޿ƵÄp¢½|Þ é¢Í Ni îà
æÑ 2433 h ^]ãɲǵC¸÷ÊÌvªC
HEÊÌX
Ìåvàg¬CÝuÓC¨æÑ^]Ôð¦·D±Þ
P[ªÍC¨æÑ~NgD̲¸ðsÁ½D½¾µC3
¿ÌÏ·
H«²¸ÍCÀÛÌ SH Ç̼Éóâ®Ì
H
SH ÇÌ SUS310S Íí¸©ÈjEÌ©Éæèð·µ½
±Ì(v[u)ðp¢ÄsÁ½Dóâv[uÍrKX·
½ßC^]Ôª¼ÌÊæèZ¢D¸÷ÊÌvªÍC^
6
æ
571
MªðKX»nZvgɨ¯éöCßMíÇÞ¿Ì·
H®ÌðÍ
·xªètßðÚÏ@µCÊÌÅൢÓðØ
CuC¨æÑAJà®Æ¢Á½áZ_»¨ð`¬·é
èoµC3 mm Ì_Chy[XgÉæéfÊ̾ʤ
³fÌÜLʪärI½¢DêûCÇ¿çÌt
Dà»wg
¨æÑGb`Oð{µ½ãCfW^°÷¾ðp¢
¬ÅÍá ClC S ðÆÈÁĨèCXRD ɨ¯é NaCl,
Äc¶ú³vªðsÁ½DTv 1 Ìɨ¯éc¶ú
KClC¨æÑ CaSO4 Ìs[Nª¢D
, 90
, 180
, 270
³vªÊÍCrKX¬êÉε 0
Ìè_
Fig. 3 ɱêç 2 ÂÌÌæDÌ DSC ÉæéªèÊð¦
4 ÓÉÁ¦CÅå¸÷ð¹¹½v 5 ÓƵ½D
H
·D±ÌÊÉæêÎC3 ¨æÑ 2 SH Çt
DÌnZ
EÊÌXP[ªÍÉÍC3 ¨æÑ 2 SH ÇÌ·
C ¨æÑ 501
C Å Á½DKCl_
Jn·xÍC»ê¼ê 504
(öCoû)ð£®ÅØèoµCXP[¢ÌÜÜ÷
C Å NaCl_Na2SO4 Ì 3 ³n¤»ÌnZJn·xª 518
ÅÅèµC1000 ÜÅÌG[¤ð£®Å{µ½ãC
é6) ±ÆCTable 3 ɦ·æ¤É XRD Å KCl, NaClC¨æ
EPMA ðp¢ÄsÁ½D~NgD̲¸ÍC¯lÉ÷
Ñ Na2SO4 ª¯è³êé±Æ©çCDSC Åo³ê½s[
ÅÅèµ½Tvð 3 mm Ì_Chy[XgÉľ
NÉÍãL 3 ³n¤»ÌnZs[NªÜÜêéàÌÆ
ʤµCGb`Oð{µ½ãCõw°÷¾ÉæéÏ
CÉ
l¦çêéD½¾µCªè³ê½nZJn·xÍ 518
@ðsÁ½D
2.3
t
DÌÁ«²¸
SH ÇÌåvÆev[uÉt
µ½DðF^]ãÉÌ
Table 3 Chemical composition of ashes deposited on SH tubes
and phase identified by XRD (mass÷).
æµCICP @C´qzõõx@Éæé»wg¬Ì²¸C
Na
XRD Éæéåv\¬»¨Ì¯èC¨æÑ DSC Éæén
Final SH
Secondary SH
5.10
5.54
ZÁ«Ì]¿ðsÁ½D
K
Ca
12.4
3.
Si
11.4
ʨæÑl@
3.1
Al
^]ðÆrKX«ó
1999 N 6 ©ç 2000 N 11 ÌúÔÉCfvg
ŵ½êÊpü¨Ì²Ý¿ªÍÊC¨æÑpM{C
ɨ¯érKXg¬ÌªèÊã\lð Table 2 ɦ·D²
ûCrKXg¬É¢ÄÍ O2 Zxª]^ÄpF4,5)Ìñ¼
ªÌ 5÷öxÆÈÁÄ¢éD±êÍC{vZXÌÁ¥Å éáóCä^]ÉNö·é·éàÌÅ éD
t
DÌ«ó
SH ÇÌDt
ÊÍCÅར 3 SH Åà 15 mm öx
6.24
XRD
6.90
12.6
9.72
5.82
Pb
0.84
1.59
Zn
1.04
0.86
Cu
0.21
0.20
Cl
2.81
3.79
S
Ý¿É¢ÄÍêÊIÈss²ÝÆå«ÍÏíçÈ¢Dê
3.2
6.20
9.1
12.2
Chloride
KClÞ
NaClÞ
KCl*
NaClÞ
Sulfate
CaSO4Þ
Na2SO4
CaSO4Þ
Na2SO4
Oxide
Ca2Al2SiO7
Ca(Mg, Fe)Si2O6
Ca2Al2SiO7
Ca(Mg, Fe)Si2O6
Note: Þ`strong peak
Ìú³Å èCrKX·xÌáºÉº¢¸·éXüªFß
çê½DܽC3 SH Ìt
DÍSÌIÉdXP[É
Å
µÄ¢éÌÉεC2 ¨æÑ 1 SH Ìt
DͲ
óÅîç©¢DTable 3 É 3 ¨æÑ 2 SH Çüût
D
Ì»wg¬¨æÑ XRD ůè³ê½åv\¬»¨ð¦·D
3 SH Ç t
D É ä × C 2 SH Ç t
D Í Cl, S, Pb,
Table 2
Waste
Condition
Gas
composition
in boiler
Waste condition and gas composition in boiler.
Lower calorific value
9.43(MJ/kg)
Moisture
43.3(mass÷)
Combustible
45.3(mass÷)
Ash
11.5(mass÷)
Cl
0.6(mass÷)
O2
4.0`5.1(vol÷)
CO2
11.0`14.2(vol÷)
H 2O
17.2`24.6(vol÷)
HClÞ
322(vol ppm)
Note: Þ`measured at No. 1 bagfilter inlet
Fig. 3
DSC curves of ashes deposited on SH tubes.
572
ú { à ® w ï (2002)
æ
66
ª
ä×ᢱƩçCãL 3 ³n¤»ÈOÌ»¨Ìe¿ª
¯ÎC»êÈOÍrKX·xÌã¸Éº¢¸·éD±êç
¦´³êéD]^ÄpFÅÌÌæDàC{ʯlÉ
ÌXüÍ]^ÄpF4,5)Æ޵ĢéD
500
C
OãÉnZJn_ðÂꪽ¢ª7)C±êÍêÊ
IÉÍdà®ÌZ_áºøÊÆl¦çêÄ¢éD
Fig. 4 ÍCSH Çåv¨æÑev[uÅÌt
D S,
Fig. 5 ÍCSH Çåv¨æÑev[uÅÌt
D Cl
ÜLÊðCrKXÆ^Ì·x·Å®µ½Êð¦·D
C Ì·ÌæÅÍCrKXÆ^Ì
rKX·x 600`700
Ca, Na, K, SiC¨æÑ Al ÜLÊðCrKX·xÅ®µ½
·x·ªã¸·éÉÂêCCl ÜLÊªí¸©ÉÁ·éX
Êð¦·DrKX·xÌã¸Éº¢CCa, SiC¨æÑ Al
üªFßçêéD±ÌXüÍ]^ÄpF5)ƯlÅ éD
ÜLÊÍÁ·éDêûCNaC¨æÑ K ÜLÊ͸·
C Ìá·ÌæÅÍCrKXÆ
êûCrKX·x 450`500
éDܽCS ÜLÊÉ¢ÄÍ 3 SH üû¨æÑ 2 SH
^Ì·x·Æ̾mÈ˶«ÍFßçê¸C·ÌæÉä
üût
DÌ 2 vbgªáOIÉÈÁÄ¢é_ð
×SÌIÉ Cl ÜLʪ¢Xü𦵽D]^ÄpF4,5)
ÅÍrKX·xÌáºÉº¢ Cl ÜLÊàặéXüÅ èC{nÌ®ÆͯlÅÈ¢D
3.3
3.3.1
±Þ¿ÌØf²¸
¸÷Ê̪è
{±É¨¢ÄÍCe±Þ¿÷úÌoÏ»ðÇÕ²¸
µÄ¢È¢½ß
H¸÷̬x¥Ís¾Å éªC]^Ä
pFɨ¯é SH Ç÷úÌÇÕ²¸Ê4)ÅÍC
H¬xw
ªú¨ü¥Æü`¥ÌÔð¦µÄ¢é±Æªñ³êÄ¢
éD»±ÅCú¨ü¥C¨æÑü`¥ÌoûÉæèe±Þ
¿ÌÅå
H¬xèðZoµ½D»Ìlð^·xÉæ
C
ÁÄ®µ½Êð Fig. 6 ɦ·D^·x 300`450
ÌÌæÅÍ^·xÉηé
H¬xèÌÁª¬³
¢DܽCSTB340 Æ STBA24 Æ̾mÈÏH«·ªFß
Fig. 4 Gas temperature dependency of S, Ca, K, Na, Al and Si
concentration in deposits.
Fig. 5 Temperature difference (Tg_Tm ) dependency of Cl
concentration in deposits.
Fig. 6 Effect of metal temperature on maximum corrosion
rate constant of SH tubes and probes.
æ
6
MªðKX»nZvgɨ¯éöCßMíÇÞ¿Ì·
H®ÌðÍ
573
C ÈãÌÌæÅÍC
ç ê È ¢ D ê û C ^ · x 450
C ð´¦
Éå«ÈÁÄ¢éD±êÍ SH Çt
Dªñ 500
SUS310S Ìvbgð©éÆí©éæ¤ÉC^·xÉ
éÆnZµnßé±ÆÉNö·éàÌÆl¦çêéDæÁ
C tßð«
ηé
H¬xèÌÁªC^·x 500
ÄC±Ì·xÌæð´¦È¢±Æª·
HÌ}§ÉdvÅ
éÆl¦çêéDܽCAlloy 625 Ìvbgð©éÆí
C 𴦽ƫÌ
H¬x
©éæ¤ÉC^·xª 500
è Ì Á X ü ª SUS310S É ä × µ ¬ ³ ¢ D Alloy
625 Í SUS310S É ä × Cr ÜL Ê ª ᢠ± Æ ðl ¶ · é
ÆC±Ì·xÌæɨ¯éÞ¿Ì Ni »ªLøÅ éÆl
¦çêéD
CC¨æÑ 550
C ÅÌ[Ni{Cr]ÜLÊÁ
^·x 450
Éæé¸÷ÊÌáºXüð Fig. 7 ɦ·D]^ÄpFÅ
C ¨æÑ 450
C ɨ¢ÄÍ
Ìñ7) ÅÍC^·x 550
Mo YÁªLøÉìpµCÁÉ^·x 550
C ÅÍà
Ì[Ni{Cr{Mo]ÜLÊÌÁÉæé
H}§øʪ嫢
Æ µ Ä ¢ é D ê û Å { n Ì ê C Mo Ü L Þ ¿ Å é
SUS309J2 Ì
HÊÍCSUS310S Ì
HÊÉäתèÓ
ÉæéÎ竪å«C³çÉCÅå¸÷ÊÌݪµ
å«ÈÁÄ¢é±Æª Fig. 7 Åí©éDܽC]^Ä
C ɨ¯é¸÷ÊÌà[Ni{Cr{Mo]ÜL
pFÅÍ 450
C ɨ¢Äà
Ê˶«ª¬³¢7) ÌÉεC{nÅÍ 450
Mo ÜLÞ¿Å é STBA24 ̸÷ʪ嫢½ßÉC
Fig. 7 Effect of [Cr{Ni] content on corrosion thickness loss
es of materials.
Fig. 8
à[Ni{Cr]ÜLÊ˶«ªå«\êÄ¢éD±Ì_©
çÍCMo YÁªLøÉìp·éÆ;¢ï¢ªC{nÅÍ
±Éµ½ Mo ÜLÞ¿ªÈ¢±Æà èCMo YÁø
Microstructures of final and secondary SH tubes after 1225 h or 2839 h exposure.
574
ú { à ® w ï (2002)
ÊÉ¢Äl@·éÉÍ¡ãf[^ðâ·Kvª éD
3.3.2
æ
66
ª
~NgD
ȨCAlloy825 Í SUS310S æèà[Ni{Cr]ÜLʪ
Fig. 8 É 3 ¨æÑ 2 SH ·(öCoû)Ågp³ê
¢Éà©©íç¸CFig. 6 ɦ³êéæ¤É
H¬xèª
½ Alloy 625, SUS310SC¨æÑ SUS309J2 Ì
HE惬
SUS310S æèå«¢ÊÆÈÁÄ¢éD»Ì´öÍCà
¯ é õ w ° ÷ ¾ g D á ð ¦ · D 3 SH Å Í Alloy 625,
C ÈãÌnZ
Ì Cu ÉR·é Cu{ ªC^·x 500
SUS310S ÆàC 10 mm öxÌשÈÊÆ 100 mm öx
`¬Â«ºÉ¨¢ÄÍÈ_»ÜÉÈé8)½ßÆè³ê
̱E
HªFßçêéDêûC2 SH ÅÍ SUS310S,
éD
SUS309J2 Æ à ± E
H Í F ß ç ê È © Á ½ D ½ ¾ µ C
Fig. 9 Secondary electron and characteristic X_ray images at
cross_
sectional surface zone of SUS310S in final SH tube after
1225 h exposure.
Fig. 10 Secondary electron and characteristic X_
ray images
at cross_
sectional surface zone of SUS310S in secondary SH
tube after 2839 h exposure.
æ
6
MªðKX»nZvgɨ¯éöCßMíÇÞ¿Ì·
H®ÌðÍ
575
SUS309J2 ÅÍ SUS310S Éä×ÇIÈʪå«C[
·
H«CÈçÑÉFàÌ«
H«ð²¸µ½D¾çê½
³ 300 mm öxÌå«ÈÚÝàFßçê½D
ÊÍȺÌæ¤Évñ³êéD
3.3.3
HEÊÌ EPMA ªÍ
Fig. 9 Æ Fig. 10 É»ê¼ê 3 C2 SH ·(öCo
û)Ågp³ê½ SUS310S Ì
HEÊɨ¯é 2 dq
P
ò
«Ìá¢ÆµÄC_fZxC¨æÑt
D Cl ÜLÊÌr
KX·x˶«ª©o³ê½D
CÈçÑÉ EPMA ªÍÊð¦·D
3 SH ÇÅÍ Cr ÌZkµ½A±wª
HXP[É
MªðKX»nZvZXÆ]^ÄpFÆÌFàÂ
Q
ò
SUS310S Ì
H¬xèÌ^·x˶«ÍC
500
C tßð«Éå«ÈéD±êÍC{nɨ¯é SH Ç
¶ÝµÈ¢±Æ©çCCr2O3 Ûìçª`¬³êɢ«
t
DÉÜÜêéAJ»¨|AJ°_̤»
Å éÆl¦çêéDܽC
HEÊɨ¯é Cl, S, O ¨
C ÅnZµnßé±ÆÉNö·éàÌÆl¦ç
ªñ 500
æÑ Na, K, CaCdà®Þ̶ÝÍC
HXP[ÌÝÈ
êéD
縱ENHÉàFßçêC»Ì[³ÍO\Ê©çñ 20
R
ò
MªðKX»nZFÅÍC]^ÄpF¯lÉÞ¿Ì
mm ÜÅÌärINH̪嫢ÌæÜÅBµÄ¢éD{
NiC Cr Ȼ
H}§ÉøÊIÅ éD½¾µCMo Y
C Ít
DÌnZJn·x
Tv̽Ï^·x 521
ÁøÊC]^ÄpFÆÌ«
H«·É¢ÄÍC{¤
504
C ð´¦Ä¨èC±êç
HXP[Éo³êéD
Å;yÅ«éiKÉç¸C¡ã³çÈéÀ@f[^ÌÌ
¬ªÍnZð`¬µÄ¢½àÌÆl¦çêéDæÁÄCn
æªKvÅ éD
Z
H̶àl¦çêC¸÷ÊÌåÉñ^µ½àÌÆ
l¦çêéDêûCNH̪¬³Èé[¢Ìæɨ¢Ä
{¤ÌêÍVGlM[EYÆZpJ@\(NEDO)
Í Na, K, CaCâdà®ÞÍmFÅ«¸CDR¬ªÍ Cl,
©çÌÏõÆupü¨KX»nZdZpJvÌêÂÆ
S, O Ìݪ¶Ý·é`ÔÅ Á½DÂÜèC±E
Hæ[
µÄÀ{µ½àÌÅ éD±±É´ÓÌÓð\µÜ·D
ÉD¬ªÍNüµÄ¢È¢Æl¦çêC]^ÄpFÅñ
¥³êÄ¢é Cl/S/O ÌÖ^·é¡KX
H9)ªN«Ä¢
¶
£
½àÌÆ@³êéD
2 SH ÇÅÍCCr2O3 Ì`¬ÉNö·éÆl¦çêé Cr
ÌZkµ½A±wª
HXP[ÉFßçêé±Æ©çC
3 SH Éä×
H«ª}ChÅ Á½Æ¾¦éD½¾
µC±ÌA±wÍXP[/àEÊɧ
µÄ¨ç¸CFe
n_»¨à¬ÝµÄ¢é±Æ©çCÛ쫪©Á½Æ;
¢ï¢DÀCCl, S, O ¨æÑ Na, K, CaCdà®ÞÌNü
ÍXP[/à®EÊÉÜÅBµÄ¢éD{Tv̽Ï
C ÍCt
DÌnZJn·x 501
C æèá
^·x 446
¢±Æ©çnZ
HÍN±è¾È¢DæÁÄCOqÌ¡
KX
HÌÝÉæè¸÷ªisµ½àÌÆl¦çêéD
4.
¾
MªðKX»nZvZXÌfvgɱppM
{CðÝuµCñ 3000 h Éí½è SH pÏHÞ¿ÌÏ
1) S. Fujita, K. Yanase, Y. Harada and H. Fujio: Mitsui Engineering
& Shipbuilding Technical Review 172(2001) 6_12.
2) K. Ogawa: Proceedings of 1st Seminar on Development of High
Efficiency Waste_
to_
Energy Plant, (NEDO, IAE, 2001) pp. 75_
89.
3) S. Ono, K. Izumiya, T. Irie and H. Kiuchi: Proceedings of the In
ternational Symposium on High_Temperature Corrosion and Pro
tection 2000, held in Hokkaido, pp. 287_
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