Development of adaptive ecosystem management and

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt
Keynote Speech Ⅴ
Ecological perspectives of coastal fisheries in
marine national parks
Hiroyuki MATSUDA松田裕之 (Yokohama
Nat’l Univ横浜国立大学)
Co-working with
Mitsutaku MAKINO 牧野光琢
(Fisheries Res. Agency水産総合研究センター)
Yasunori SAKURAI桜井泰憲
(Hokkaido Univ北海道大学)
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http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt
Profile -- Hiroyuki MATSUDA
Mathematical ecologist, (adaptive
dynamics, fisheries management, wildlife anagement)
Yokohama National University
Professor of Environmental Risk Management
Program Leader of JSPS Global COE “Global Eco-Risk
Management from Asian Viewpoints”
The 1st Japanese Pew Marine Conservation Fellow
WWF Japan: Advisory Committee for Nature Consv.
Standing Committee of Ecol Soc Japan
former Chief Editor of Jpn J Cons Ecol
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http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt
Overview
1. Ecosystem services and Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment
2. Man and Biosphere program and world
natural heritage by UNESCO
3. Importance of international cooperation for marine management
3
Global Changes
Human well-being
Ecosystem services
Japanese edition:
Translated by COE-YNU
Biodiversity
Why do we conserve
the nature?
Ecosystem
functions
(MA2004)
4
Because of intergenerational sustainability
=Our descendant can
enjoy ecosystem
services (Christensen
et al. 1996)
Ecosystem services and well-being
(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2004)
2006/5/22
5
3 types of ecosystem services
•
•
•
•
Goods agricultures 140trilion yen/yr
Regulating services 1700 trillion yen/yr
Cultural services
Value of fishing ground >> fisheries
yield
05/8/4
6
Conserve biodiversity and monuments
（Hirakawa & Higuchi 1997; Yahara & Washitani 1996）
• Rich biodiversity = an evidence of
sustainable relationship between our
ancestors and nature
• Sustainability is a global standard.
• Loss of biodiversity = an indicator of
unsustainable impact on the nature
• Our generation’s mission = to leave
native biodiversity to the next generation
as much as possible.
• Similar to conserve historical
monuments
平川浩文・樋口広芳(1997)生物多様性の保全をどう理解するか科学67:725-731
鷲谷いづみ・矢原徹一(1996)『保全生態学入門』文一総合出版、270頁
2006/5/22
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http://www.imj.co.jp/simasha/000/migi07/p19.pdf
Risk of human lives by climate
change
2006/5/22
Parry et al., (2001)
8
Effect on ecosystems by climate chage
Global mean temperature increase above pre-industrial
2006/5/22Hare, W. L. (2003). Assessment of Knowledge on Impacts of Climate Change –
Contribution to the Specification of Art. 2 of the UNFCCC.
http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2003_ex01.pdf.
9
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt
Overview
1. Ecosystem services and Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment
2. Man and Biosphere program and world
natural heritage by UNESCO
3. Importance of international cooperation
for marine management
10
（Y.Kagami加々美康彦博士）
Biosphere Reserve Zoning
① 中核地域 (core area) ： Protected by law
② 緩衝地域 (buffer area)： Some prohibition
③ 移行地域 (transition zone)：Allowed by report
Shiretoko World
Natural Heritage
• The 3rd World Natural
Heritage in Japan
• Including marine area
• With coastal fisheries
• Culling Steller’s sea lions
• Walleye pollock fishery
• Many dams
• Deer overabundance
205/6/27
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Scientific Committee
for Shiretoko Heritage
1st meeting July 16 2004
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
{
Deer Working Group
after IUCN 2nd letter
Marine WG
River Construction WG
Plant- Ishikawa, Kudoh, Takahashi
Forest- Igarashi, (Ishigaki* until 2006)
Mammal- Ohtaishi*, Kaji*, M.Kobayashi
Bird- Nakagawa
Fish- Komiyama, Kaeriyama
River- Nakamura*
Marine- Sakurai*, Sano, Hattori
Matsuda (model), Kaneko (GIS), (*chair of SC, WGs)
A.Kobayashi (Sociology since 2006)
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知床世界遺産科学委員会
1st meeting July 16 2004
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
{
植物- 石川、工藤，高橋
森林-五十嵐, (石城* until 2006)
哺乳類ー大泰司*, 梶*, 小林万里
鳥ー中川
魚- 小宮山, 帰山
河川- 中村*
海洋- 桜井*, 佐野, 服部
松田 (数理), 金子 (地理情報),
小林昭紀 (社会学 since 2006)
Deer Working Group
after IUCN 2nd letter
Marine WG
River Construction WG
(*chair of SC, WGs)
14
“Dutch roll” in review process of
Shiretoko World Heritage
• 04/Jan Management Plan in Shiretoko Heritage
– Promised no more fishing regulation to fishers.
04/Aug IUCN sent a letter (dams, marine area)
04/Nov Japan Gov. replied without SC’s advise
05/Feg IUCN’s 2nd letter “expand marine area”
05/Mar SC’s recommendation “conservation
without legal regulation”
• 05/Jul UNESCO accepted Shiretoko Heritage
• 07/Dec. Marine Management Plan
• 08/Feb. IUCN Inquiry Commission visit
•
•
•
•
15
Problems in SC & Marine
WG
読売新聞
• Government promised to Fishers
Associations not to make further
regulation for World Heritage
• IUCN requested further
conservation efforts.
• SC’s solution:
– Increasing effort for
conservation by fishers
– Describe management plan as
fishers are doing.
– Expand area including shelf
16
“MPAs” to protect Walleye Pollock
177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995
Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction)
Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization
Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995
Fishers expanded Fishing ban area in 2005
Fishing-ban area since 1995
Spawning
ground
Shiretoko Peninsula
Since 2005
Bottom trawling is totally prohibited17in the coastal area
31 May 2005
Nation-wide top-news
celebrated accept of Shiretoko
Heritage
… we still have
many problems.
• Many dams and tourists
• Make marine management plan that…
– must show how to conserve ecosystems.
• Invite IUCN Inquiry in 2008.
• Former Chair said, heavy and concrete
problems.
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http://hokkaido.yomiuri.co.jp/shiretoko/rensai/sekai_20050602.htm
Fishers & Mayor were worried about
further requests for conservation
• On May 31st, Mayor Wakinori read an
evening paper showing that UNESCO
will accept Shiretoko Heritage proposal
but IUCN recommended more effort
on conservation. He lost words and
was worried about reality of more and
more regulation due to World Heritage.
He was not glad to hear the news of
acceptance of World Heritage…
(読売新聞Yomiuri Newspaper, June 2nd 2005, Tokyo)
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Draft for Marine Ecosystem Management in
Shiretoko World Heritage
Marine ecosystem
conservation in
adjacent regions
Sustainable
ecotourism
Sustainable
fisheries
Land-marine
ecosystem
interactions
2006/5/22
Marine debris source
traceability
Control of bycatch and cull of
marine mammals
Control of marine ecotourism
Co-management of salmons
fishery
Management of coastal
fishing grounds
Co-management of walleye
pollock fishery
Dam assessment for
salmonids
Oceanographic review of marine environment
Conservation of sustainable fisheries
Ecological and economical
preview of fisheries
Corrabolation between
Japan and Russia
Gather data of
Russian fisheries
Conservation of wild
salmons
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H.M. 24 Sep 06
Data collection and Monitoring
• The Science Committee depicted the food web
structure in the Shiretoko Heritage site.
• Government compiles catch data of species.
• SC choose other necessary data for ecosystem
management, such as weather, water quality,
ice drift, planktons, key stone species, etc.
• Clarify benchmarks!!
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http://abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests17
Walleye pollock problems for
Total Allowable Catch (TAC)
• Russia exploit this fish by big
trawl nets
• Lack of data in Russian waters
• Do not exploit spawning fish
too much
22
Coastal Foodweb at Shiretoko Heritage
Most of keystone species are caught
and recorded by local fishers org.s!
Sustainable fisheries play roles of
“umbrella species” like top predators!
23
Draft food web by SC
tons
Fisheries catch statistics in Shiretoko Area
Very informative time-series data for
monitoring the changes in ecosystem
structure/functions
24
Made by Mitsutaku Makino
Goals of marine management
plan
th
5 World Fisheries Congress
at Yokohama, Oct 2008.
• Sustainable use of walleye pollock
• Wild population of salmonids
– Examine effects of sapling on wild salmons
– Sapling is fishery’s benefit
• Conservation of sea lions &
marine mammals and birds
• Control of eco-tourism
• Survey of debris sources
• Cowork with Russian scientists
Abe & Putin agreed to organize Japan25
Russia Scientists Meeting
http://www.5thwfc2008.com/index.html
5th World Fisheries Congress
Fisheries for Global Welfare and Environmental Conservation
Yokohama, 20-24 Oct 2008
Looking for invited speakers
Session 7 Biodiversity and Management (H.Matsuda)
7-1. Biodiversity Cons. & Sustainable Fish. Mngmnt of Salmonids
7-2. Adaptive management of cetaceans and other marine species
7-3. Species/genetic diversity and conservation for fisheries
7-4. Assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services
7-5. Ecosystem and habitat assessment and management
7-6. Inland Fisheries --The Hidden Crisis
7-7. Eel ecology and its sustainable stock management
7-8. Stock Structure and Habitat of Pacific Swordfish & …
8-8. Territorial use rights in fisheries and spatial management
2007/12/1
1-5. Role of hatcheries in management and conservation
1-6. Stock assessment methods: status and recent innovations
1-7. Fisheries by-catch
1-8. Seamount fisheries
5-5. Ecosystems and fisheries (general)
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8-2: Resource Management and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071220TW.ppt
Overview
1. Ecosystem services and Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment
2. Man and Biosphere program and world
natural heritage by UNESCO
3. Importance of international cooperation
for marine management
27
Missions of the SC
• Describe and evaluate voluntary management of
coastal fisheries as they do
• Okhotsk stock assessment of walleye pollock and
make a stock recovery plan
– By spawners, catch and CPUE including Russian data.
• Build relationship with Russian scientists and …
• Examine effects of sapling of salmonids on wild
population and fisheries
• PVA of sea lions based on responsible data
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My policy for consensus building
1. Seek a feasible solution that stakeholders can
agree to.
2. Make a scientific plan of stakeholders’ idea
3. Encourage practice of agreed management
4. Balance between sustainability and diversity
5. Acknowledge diversity in nature and culture
6. Scientists do not play as stakeholders!
7. Build trust between stakeholders!
8. Imagine more than one possible outcomes.
2006/5/22
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Flow diagram for ecological risk management
Consensus
building
public
scientists
0. Concerns, issues
Scientific
procedure
1. Screening
2.Delimit management scope, invite
stakeholder
3.Organize local council and scientific
committee
Reset goals
when not agreed
8. Check necessity and
purpose of management
4.Characterize “undesired events”
5. Enumerate measures of effects
6. Analyze stress factors by modelling
7. Risk assessment for no-action case
Reset goals when infeasible
9. Set preliminary numerical goal
10. Choose monitoring measures
11. Select method of control
13. Decide measures & goals
Revision required
12. Check feasibility of goals
14. Initiate management
15. Continue management and
monitoring
16. Review numerical
goals and purposes
2006/5/22
Finish program
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IUCN Review Report
Criterion II Ecosystem processes
Shiretoko provides an outstanding
example of the interaction of marine and terrestrial ecosystems as
well as extraordinary ecosystem
productivity, largely influenced by
the formation of seasonal sea ice
at the lowest latitude in the northern hemisphere. This process
supports the formation of phytoplankton, the primary producer in
the marine ecosystem and provides the source of food for
marine and terrestrial species…
31
IUCN Review Report
Criterion IV Biodiversity
Shiretoko has particular importance
for a number of marine and terrestrial species. These include a number
of endangered and endemic species,
such as the Blackiston’s fish owl
and the plant species Viola kitamiana.
The property is globally important for
salmonids,
marine
mammals,
including the Steller’s sea lion and
cetaceans.
The
property
has
significance as a habitat for globally
threatened sea birds and is a globally
important area for migratory birds….
32
MPA includes No-take Zone
Laws for MPAs in Japan
(Simard 1995, Takahashi 2004)
Natural Park Law (1957, 1970)
1) Ordinary area -Inland Sea of Japan, Shiretoko
2) Marine park area -64 areas, 2690.1ha
Nature Environment Protection Law (1972)
3) Marine Special Area -1 area (Sakiyama Bay 128ha)
Law of Fisheries Resource Conservation (1951)
4) Fisheries conservation area-120 areas
5) Voluntary fishing-ban area – Shiretoko, Kyoto, Aichi,…
UNESCO MAB (Man and Biosphere Program)
6) Biosphere Researve -Yakushima…
33
http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1193.pdf
IUCN’s Technical evaluation
5.3 Neighbouring Islands
There are clear and apparent similarities between the environment and ecology in Shiretoko
and the neighbouring islands. It is noted that
there has been contact between Japanese and
Russian researchers. Should it be possible for
the States Parties to agree to promote the
conservation of these properties
in the future, there may be the
potential for development of
these properties as a wider
“World Heritage Peace Park”.
David Sheppard
Yomiuri HP
34
Present protected areas in Japan and Russia
2006/5/22
35
(Dr M.Kobayashi)
Thank you for invitation!
Plant Red Data Book
I like to try real time case
studies with field ecologists!
Pelagic fish management
EXPO2005 at Aichi,
Revision of RDB
Mainichi Shimbun
Bear management
Shiretoko World Heritage
FSNRI
Deer management
N. Ishii
2004/1/29
2006/5/22
Windfirm birdstrikes
Mongoose eradication
program at Amami Island
H.M. at Shiretoko
36
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