Development of adaptive ecosystem management and

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2009/090722JBON.ppt
Development of marine management
plan in the Shiretoko World Natural
Heritage, Japan
Hiroyuki MATSUDA
Yokohama National Univ.
Pew Marine Conservation Fellow 2007
Japan MAB Coordinating Committee (Chair)
Shiretoko World Heritage SC
WWF Japan Nature Cons. Comm.
Nissui Co. Ltd., External Advisor
Co-working with
Mitsutaku MAKINO (Fisheries Res. Agency, Japan)
Yasunori SAKURAI (Hokkaido Univ)
1
Guideline for nature
restoration projects.
Sekisei Lagoon
Coral reefs between
Ishigaki & Iriomote
 Committee on Ecosystem Management of The
Ecological Society of Japan* (2005) Japanese
Journal of Conservation Ecology 10: 63-75 with
English abstract
 *Hiroyuki MATSUDA, Tetsukazu YAHARA, Yasuhiro TAKEMON,
Yoshio HADA, Mariko HASEGAWA, Kazumasa HIDAKA, Stefan
HOTES, Yasuro KADONO, Mahito KAMADA, Fusayuki KANDA,
Makoto KATO, Hidenobu KUNII, Hiroshi MUKAI, Okimasa
MURAKAMI, Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI, Futoshi NAKAMURA,
Kaneyuki NAKANE, Miho Ajima NISHIHIRO, Jun NISHIHIRO,
Toshiyuki SATO, Masakazu SHIMADA, Hinako SHIOSAKA, Noriko
TAKAMURA, Noriko TAMURA, Kenichi TATSUKAWA, Yoshitaka
TSUBAKI, Satoshi TSUDA, Izumi WASHITANI
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2005/EMCreport05e.html
2
2
Problems in SC
& Marine WG
読売新聞
• Government promised to Fishers
Associations not to make further
regulation for World Heritage
• IUCN requested further
conservation efforts.
• SC’s solution:
– Increasing effort for
conservation by fishers
– Describe management plan as
fishers are doing.
– Expand area including shelf
3
Bottom trawling is totally prohibited in the coastal area
“MPAs” to protect Walleye pollock
177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995
Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction)
Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization
Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995
Fishers expanded fishing ban area in 2005
Spawning groud
Seasonal fishing ban area since 1995
205/6/27 Seasonal fishing ban area since 2005
4
4
Coastal Foodweb at Shiretoko Heritage
6
Brown bear
Sea eagles
Fisheries
Steller
sea lion
Seabirds
S
5
Toothed whales
Sharks
Most of keystone species are caught
and recorded by local fishers org.s!
Sustainable fisheries play roles of
“umbrella species” like top predators!
Rays
Yellowtail
Trophic level
4
O
OP
Cods
G
BT
Salmonids
Walleye
pollock
F
R
3
Squids
Baleen whales
SC
Crabs
Prawn
Echinoids
Sea
cucumber
Bivalves
Detritus
Anchovy
Sardine
Other fishes
Snails Sea
squirt
1
Sea weed and
Sea grass
PS
PH
SL
2
Mackerel
SF
O.A.M
Starfish
Tuna
Polychates
Zooplankton
(copepods,
euphausiids)
Phytoplankton
(ice algae)
Draft food web by SC
5
Fisheries catch statistics in Shiretoko Area
Matsuda et al. in press Biol. Cons.
tons
Catch amount (tons)
Mean trophic level
MTL did not decrease, very high
Very informative time-series data for
monitoring the changes in ecosystem
structure/functions
6
6
Fisheries Yield in Shiretoko Area
Matsuda et al. in press Biol. Cons.
100,000,000
100,000
1
8
15
2
9
16
3
10
17
4
11
18
5
12
19
6
13
20
10,000,000
10,000
7
14
Yield (million yen)
1.chum salmon
2.walleye pollock
3.kelp
4.bighand thornyhead
5.cod
6.Arabesque greenling
7.pink salmon
8.sea urchin
1,000,000
1,000
100
100,000
10
10,000
1,0001
1985
1990
1995
2000
7
IUCN "Report of the reactive monitoring mission 18-22 February 2008
Modified dam on Iwaubetsu River
•The mission team also applauds the bottom up
approach to management through the
involvement of local communities and local
stake-holders, and also the way in which scientific
knowledge has been effectively applied to the
management of the property through the overall
Scientific Committee and the specific Working Groups
that have been set up. These provide an excellent
model for the management of natural World
Heritage sites elsewhere.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1193/documents/ 8
Missions of the SC
• Describe and evaluate voluntary management of
coastal fisheries as they do
• Okhotsk stock assessment of walleye pollock and
make a stock recovery plan
– Using spawners, catch and CPUE including Russian data.
• Build relationship with Russian scientists and …
• Examine effects of sapling of salmonids on wild
population and fisheries
• PVA of sea lions based on responsible data
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IUCN Review Report
Criterion II Ecosystem processes
Shiretoko provides an outstanding
example of the interaction of marine
and terrestrial ecosystems as well as
extraordinary ecosystem productivity,
largely influenced by the formation of
seasonal sea ice at the lowest latitude
in the nor-thern hemisphere. This
process supports the formation of
phyto-plankton, the primary producer
in the marine ecosystem and provides the source of food for marine
and terrestrial species…
10
IUCN Review Report
Criterion IV Biodiversity
Shiretoko has particular importance for a
number of
marine and terrest-rial
species. These include a number of
endangered and endemic species, such as
the Blackiston’s fish owl and the plant
species Viola kitamiana. The property is
globally important for salmonids, marine
mammals, including the Steller’s sea lion
and cetaceans. The property has
significance as a habitat for globally
threatened sea birds and is a globally
important area for migratory birds….
11
http://abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests17
Walleye pollock problems for
Total Allowable Catch (TAC)
• Russia exploit this fish by big
trawl nets
• Lack of data in Russian waters
• Do not exploit spawning fish
too much
12
http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1193.pdf
IUCN’s Technical evaluation
5.3 Neighbouring Islands
There are clear and apparent similarities between the environment and ecology in Shiretoko
and the neighbouring islands. It is noted that
there has been contact between Japanese and
Russian researchers. Should it be possible for
the States Parties to agree to promote the
conservation of these properties
in the future, there may be the
potential for development of
these properties as a wider
“World Heritage Peace Park”.
Mr Shepard
Yomiuri HP
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Present protected areas in Japan and Russia
14
(Dr M.Kobayashi)
Dr Y. Kagami
Japan played an active role at
the establishment of MPAs
MPA is an area for sustainable use
T.Tamura
and ecosystem conservation
＊1st Conference for World Natural Parks (1962
Seattle)
Marine park system in Japan was established
after this conference
＊International Conference for Marine Parks
(1975 Tokyo)
1st international meeting to establish MPAs
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Matsuda et al. Biol.
Cons. In review
draft Flow diagram of AM
Monitoring
Feedback Controls
Catch statistics of all fishes
Switch target fishes
Walleye pollock
Modify MPAs
Steller sea lions
Reduce fishing boats
Data-sharing with Russia
Modify TAC
Revise management plan if necessary
1) Revise numerical goals
2) Add other control measures
3) Seek collaboration with Russia
Modify cull limit
Deter sea lions
Checklist for Management Plan
Diagnose catch statistics
Numerical goal for walleye pollock
Numerical goal for sea lions
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M. Makino
MPA Construction to protect spawning/
breeding area of Kyoto snow crab fisheries
(by public expenses) The 1st Jpn MSC
Phase1
Phase2
Phase3
Phase4
120
100
80
60
Ban(%)
(SitedTemporal
fromFishing
Kyoto
Institute of Oceanic and Fishery Science HP)
40
20
MPA Construction (km2)
0
67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
年度
図2　京都府沖合海域における各施策の経年変化
Fiscal Year
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Nagoya
Dr. Minoru
Tomiyama
1818
Wide MPA at high stock level
Small MPA at low stock level
Tuning MPA depending on stock
Advised by a local scientist
Fishers trust him very much!
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M. Makino
Meetings and discussions for better management
http://www.pref.aomori.jp
http://www.pref.mie.jp
http://www.pref.iwate.jp
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M. Makino
Voluntary Activities (1)
Local legend says
“Forests are the roots of coastal fish”
Forestation activities by local
people
(http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/hkyubetsu/sigen.htm)
(http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/amhiranaigyokyo/)
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Dr Y. Kagami
Upper Stream
Sanda city
The oldest “MPA” in Japan
1665m of Muko coasts in Settsu County (August 689
AD, “Nihon-Shoki”)
Takarazuka city
Lower Stream
Nishinomiya city
Estuary
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Japanese fisheries…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fishers utilize many species, monitor these stocks.
FCAs regulate fishing efforts and zones.
FCAs decrease boats by their own compensation.
Fishers may play an umbrella species (we monitor
fishers to evaluate health of ecosystem)
Sustainable fisheries based on healthy ecosystem
Government has to monitor non-target species and
global environment
Consensus should be build among not only fishers but
also processors, consumers, and environ-mental NGOs.
Scientists consult and support these consensus.
FCA = Fisheries Cooperative Association
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