スライド 1

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/081107.pdf
Spatial coastal and oceanic management
and conservation in Japan: Long
traditions and modern challengers
Hiroyuki MATSUDA (Yokohama National University, Japan)
with
Mitsutaku MAKINO (Fisheries Research Agency, Japan)
Yasunori SAKURAI (Hokkaido Univ)
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Japanese fisheries…
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Fishers utilize many species, monitor these stocks.
FCAs regulate fishing efforts and zones.
FCAs decrease boats by their own compensation.
Fishers may play an umbrella species (we monitor
fishers to evaluate health of ecosystem)
Sustainable fisheries based on healthy ecosystem
Government has to monitor non-target species and
global environment
Consensus should be build among not only fishers but
also processors, consumers, and environ-mental NGOs.
Scientists consult and support these consensus.
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FCA = Fisheries Cooperative Association
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/081107.pdf
My activity as a Pew Fellow
(http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/PewFellowship07.html for detail)
• Nov. 4: I joined 1st Meeting of Committee for Integrated Assessment of
Biodiversity for preparation of CoP10 CBD 2010).
• Oct. 20-24: I organized session 7 of 5th World Fisheries Congress
• Oct. 22. I Organized Diversity of Marine Biology and the Role of Census of
Marine Life by JAMSTEC－YNU Mini-Symposium
• Oct. 6 I criticized Increasing cull limit of Steller sea lions (a member of the
Sea Lion Management WG by Fisheries Agency of Japan).
• Aug. 5: I visited MCBI Seattle (Seminar)
• June 5. IUCN/UNESCO encouraged a bottom-up approach in Shiretoko
World Heritage as a model for elsewhere.
• May 20: I joined Japan-Russia Scientists Meeting for Ecosystem
Conservation in Tokyo.
• April, 2008: I became an advisor of Nissui Co.Ltd for Environmental
Assessment
• June 7, 2007 (Summit): Initiative for the Strengthening Japan-Russia
cooperation in the Far East Russia and Eastern by Abe and Putin.
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M. Makino
Jomon (BC8000-BC200) period
Yellow tail and mackerel
(Sannai-Maruyama Ruins)
（三内丸山遺跡）
Red sea bream “Cut it into 3 parts, like
a fillet with skin and bones 3枚おろし”
(Sannai-Maruyama Ruins)
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出典：IPA「教育用画像素材集サイト」http://www2.edu.ipa.go.jp/gz
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/081107.pdf
Early Feudal Era (- about 1700)
• Communities, as administrative units,
controlled adjacent coastal areas, and were
responsible for establishing appropriate
rules governing local resource use (i.e.
autonomous management body)
• Offshore areas are basically open access.
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Dr Y. Kagami
Upper Stream
Sanda city
Takarazuka city
The oldest “MPA” in Japan
Ban-on-fishing within the 1665m of
Muko coasts in Settsu County in 689
AD, (“Nihon-Shoki” The Chronicles
of Japan 720)
Lower Stream
Nishinomiya city
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Estuary
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/081107.pdf
Later Feudal Era
(about 1700 – 1868)
• Labor-intensive and capitalized fisheries
developed (beach seine fisheries, large setnet fisheries)→A few fishermen monopolized
coastal fishery.
• At the Offshore area, large-scale fisheries
operators established their own guilds and
made rules, protected by feudal loads.
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http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/081107.pdf
Modernization Period
(1868-1900)
• 140 years ago, Japan abolished the national
seclusion policy of 200 years, and opened
the country.
• New government carried out dramatic
modernization of institutional framework
• Introduction of top-Down, centralized license
system in 1875, but dissolved into chaos.
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http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/081107.pdf
Meiji Fishery Law 1901 - 1945
• First law that put fishing rights and licenses
in a statutory form.
• Rights were granted to local fishers’
organizations and individuals.
• The nature of rights was property rights. Esp.
after the amendment in 1910, exclusive real
rights.
• The concentration of the fishing rights to a
few big right holders.
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http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/081107.pdf
Fishery Reform after the WWII (1945-1949)
• Under the Allied Occupation, sweeping changes in
national institutional framework (e.g., current
constitution).
• Allied Power requested democratization of the
fishery, and the current fishery law was enacted in
1949.
• To cope with domestic food shortages, and to
improve the economic status of the fishermen who
actually engaged in fishery operations.
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http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/081107.pdf
The Current Fishery Law (1949-)
• The fundamental concept (Section 1 of the law)
was “the holistic utilization of sea areas”.
• To arrange and coordinate various fishing
operations within a certain area from an overall
point of view, not from the viewpoint of each
economic unit.
• Various levels and scales of coordinating
organization have been instituted.
• Fishing rights are not exclusive real rights, but
limited real rights (subject to limitations set out by
coordinating organizations).
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M. Makino
Coordinating Organizations
Level
Organization
Function
National
Level
Fishery Policy
Council
The advisory body to the government for national
level fishery coordination, design of national fishery
policy, etc.
Coordination of resource use and management of
highly migratory species. Also addresses Resource
Restoration Plans.
Multijuris-dict Wide-Area
ional Level
Fisheries
Coordinating
Committees
(WFCCs)
Prefectural
Area Fishery
Level
Coordinating
Committees
(AFCCs)
Mainly
composed
of
democratically
elected
fishermen. Coordination through the Fishery Ground
Plan, Prefectural Fishery Coordinating Regulations,
and Committee Directions.
Local Level
Local Fisheries
Cooperative
Associations
(local FCAs)
Composed of local fishermen. They establish
operational regulations (FCA regulations) that
stipulate gear restrictions, seasonal/area closures of
fishing grounds, etc.
More
Specialized
Purpose
Fishery
Management
Organizations
(FMOs)
Autonomous body of fishermen. FMO rules are more
detailed and more strict than the FCA regulations.
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tons
Fisheries catch statistics in
Shiretoko Area
Very informative time-series data for
monitoring the changes in ecosystem
structure/functions
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Made by Mitsutaku Makino
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Fishers compile catch and yield from
each species (Shiretoko)
Mean fish price (=yield/catch)
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Zoning for gill net fishery and octopus
fishery at Shiretoko
Gill net fishery zone
Gill net until Nov. 5
Octupus from Nov. 7
Gill net &
Octopus
3 mile
2 mile
octopus
1 mile
Ishiguro
Rausu Riv.
Boat and octopus
Uebetsu Riv.
Boat fishery
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Compensation to retired fishers
• 177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995
• Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction)
– Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization
• Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995
• Fishing ban area expanded in 2005
Since 1995
Spawning
ground
Since
2005
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Bottom trawling is totally prohibited in the coastal area
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M. Makino
Meetings and discussions for better
management
http://www.pref.aomori.jp
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http://www.pref.mie.jp
http://www.pref.iwate.jp
M. Makino
Voluntary Activities (1)
Local legend says
“Forests are the roots of coastal fish”
Forestation activities by local people
(http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/hkyubetsu/sigen.htm)
(http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/amhiranaigyokyo/)
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M. Makino
MPA Construction to protect spawning/ breeding
area of Kyoto snow crab fisheries (by public
expenses) The 1st Jpn MSC
Phase1
Phase2
Phase3
Phase4
120
100
80
60
40
Temporal Fishing Ban(%)
(Sited from Kyoto Institute of Oceanic and Fishery Science HP)
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MPA Construction (km2)
0
67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
年度
図2　京都府沖合海域における各施策の経年変化
Fiscal Year
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Adaptive no-take zone of Japanese sand lance fishery
Wide MPA at high stock level
Small MPA at low stock level
Tuning MPA depending on stock
Advised by a local scientist
Fishers trust him very much!
IUCN "Report of the reactive moni-toring
mission 18-22 February 2008
Modified dam on Iwaubetsu River
•The mission team also applauds the bottom up
approach to management through the
involvement of local communities and local
stake-holders, and also the way in which scientific
knowledge has been effectively applied to the
management of the property through the overall
Scientific Committee and the specific Working Groups
that have been set up. These provide an excellent
model for the management of natural World
Heritage sites elsewhere.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1193/documents/
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http://blog.goo.ne.jp/freddie19/e/68722f52048ec3a33bf6621ff0926f47
Leadingarticle
articleby
byAsahi
Asahi
Leading
Newspaperon
onSept.
Sept.14,
14,2008
2008
Newspaper
• Recommend reform of offshore
fisheries introducing IQ and ITQ.
• Referred to fisheries comanagement in Shiretoko World
Heritage site as a good example
Jul. 23 2007: I appeared
on the NHK TV "Closeup Gendai" (Are fish
disap-pearing?
Seek
environment-friendly
fisheries)
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Thank you for attention
Present protected areas in Japan and Russia
2006/5/22
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(Dr M.Kobayashi)
# killed sea lions in Japan
# struck, damage (million yen)
Injuried
Missing into the sea
Culled
Cull + injuried + missing
Damage on fishing nets
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2006/5/22
Ohtaishi & Wada (eds, 1999), Hokkaido Pref.
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Recently, the western Pacific Steller’s sea
lions are recovering （Burkanov and Loughlin 2005）
2006/5/22
http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf
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Sea lion problems now
• When the Shiretoko became the World Heritage
in 2005, IUCN did not requested cull-ban of sea
lions but conserve their prey.
• Damage on fishers by sea lions is increasing
• Number of by-catch is still unreported.
• Since 1995, cull limit was 116 per year.
• Sea lions is now gradually recovering
• We can eat meat of culled sea lions
• 1 professional hunter has 50 catch quota.
2006/5/22
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Potential Biological Removal (PBR) for sea lions
(Japan Fisheries Agency, Oct 2007)
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PBR = 0.5 Nmin Rmax Fr
PBR = 0.5 x 5063 x 0.12 x 0.75 = 227
However, the number of by-catches is unknown!
No data show that culling decreases damage
We estimated 107 by-catches (probably overestimation)
#Annual cull limit is (116 to) 120 sea lions.
We encourage compiling by-catch and catch report.
2006/5/22
http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf
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