スライド 1

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2010/100114NF.ppt
Marine protected areas in
Japanese fisheries: case
studies in Kyoto, Shiretoko
and Ise Bay.
Hiroyuki Matsuda1, Mitsutaku Makino2, Juan Carlos Castilla3, Hiroki
Oikawa1, Yasunori Sakurai4, Minoru Tomiyama5
1.Yokohama National University,
Japan MAB Coordinating Committee (Chair)
Pew Marine Conservation Fellow 2007
DIVERSITAS Scientific Committee
WWF Japan Nature Conservation Committee
Nissui External Advisor
2. National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 3. Pontificia Universidad Catolica De Chile
4. Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University 5. Fisheries Division, Aichi Prefecture
International Symposium on Integrated Coastal Management For Marine Biodiversity in Asia
1
KyotoTeressa January 14, 2010
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2010/100114NF.ppt
Overview
• Status of Japanese fisheries
• Concept of Maximum Sustainable
Ecosystem Services
• MPA & MSC of Kyoto snow crab fishery
• Co-management in Shiretoko world
heritage
• Moving MPA of Sandeel fisheries in Ise &
Mikawa Bay
2
Fishing down? (MA 2005)
In Japan???
3
Marine trophic index (MTI) and
the total production of Japanese marine fisheries
inland aquaculture
marine aquaculture
MTI
far sea
offshore
Coastal fisheries
4
Un-management of Japanese sardine
ABC (allowable biological catch)
TAC (Total allowable catch)
Data source
(Fisheries Research Agency, Japan)
5
We can use >2 million tons of pelagic
fishes sustainably in Japanese EEZ.
• But demand-supply mismatch: overfishing and underuse.
6
Source: Fisheries Research Agency, Japan
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2008/081107.pdf
Early Feudal Era (- about 1700)
• Communities, as administrative units,
•
controlled adjacent coastal areas, and
were responsible for establishing
appropriate rules governing local
resource use (i.e. autonomous
management body)
Offshore areas are basically open access.
7
Dr Y. Kagami
Upper Stream
The oldest “MPA” in Japan
Sanda city
Takarazuka city
Ban-on-fishing within the 1665m
of Muko coasts in Settsu County in
689 AD, (“Nihon-Shoki” The
Chronicles of Japan 720)
Lower Stream
Nishinomiya city
Estuary
8
Artisanal fisheries
M.Makino
Country
No. Fishers
Iceland
6,300
826
0.63
Norway
22,916
8,664
0.89
Denmark
4,792
4,285
0.86
U.K.
19,044
9,562
0.82
France
26,113
6,586
0.78
Canada
84,775
18,280
0.74
NZ
2,227
1,375
0.74
Spain
75,434
15,243
0.76
U.S.A.
ca. 290,000
27,200
0.53
Korea
180,649
50,398
0.9
Japan
278,200
219,466
0.98
Australia
13,500
C.A. 5,000
N.A.
No. Vessels % Artisanal Fishers
SSF < ISCFV 25 (the International Statistic Classification of fishery Vessels)
9
9
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2010/100114NF.ppt
Overview
• Status of Japanese fisheries
• Concept of Maximum Sustainable
Ecosystem Services
• MPA & MSC of Kyoto snow crab fishery
• Co-management in Shiretoko world
heritage
• Moving MPA of Sandeel fisheries in Ise &
Mikawa Bay
10
Requiem to Maximum
Sustainable Yield Theory
• Ecosystems are uncertain, non-equilibrium
• Adaptive managem’t
is robust against
uncertainty & nonequilibrium, but…
• We must new
concept after MSY
surplus production
and complex.
• MSY theory ignores all the three.
Stock abundance
11
Ecosystem services and well-being
2006/5/22
（MA2005)
12
12
Ecosystem services V(N,C)
• V(N, C) = Y(C) – cE + S(N)
• Provisional Service (Fisheries Yield) … Y(C)
• Fishing Cost… cE
• Utility of standing biomass… S(N)
• C… catch; E… fishing effort; N… stock
biomass
2008/3/2
13
13
Paradigm Shift…
Total ecosystem services
= Fisheries Yield
+ Regulating Services
Maximum Sustainable
Ecosystem Services
2008/3/2
Matsuda, Makino, Kotani
(2008) 5th World
Fisheries Congress
Maximum
Sustainable Yield
Unsustainable
Fisheries
No take zone
Fishing effort
14
14
http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/AMORE/
Amur-Okhotsk Project by RIHN
Gigantic Fish-Breeding Forest: Why is the Sea of
Okhotsk Fe rich and high primary production?
Because Solvable Fe from Amur River is rich, and now
it is threat of land use change in China and Russia.
15
Amur-Okhotsk Consortium started!
on Nov. 8, 2009, Sapporo
Joint Declaration by Japanese, Russian & Chinese Scientists
1. to promote the sharing of information … by researchers of
2.
3.
each country;
To make efforts toward a cooperative environmental
monitoring;
To facilitate the robust discussions … toward an
environmental conservation and sustainable use of the
resources of the Amur River Basin and the Sea of Okhotsk.
http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/AMORE/
16
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2010/100114NF.ppt
Overview
• Status of Japanese fisheries
• Concept of Maximum Sustainable
Ecosystem Services
• MPA & MSC of Kyoto snow crab fishery
• Co-management in Shiretoko world
heritage
• Moving MPA of Sandeel fisheries in Ise &
Mikawa Bay
17
“MPA” in Kyoto snow crab fisheries
Construction to protect spawning/
breeding area (by public expenses)
Phase1
Phase2
Phase3
Phase4
120
100
(Sited from Kyoto Institute of Oceanic and Fishery Science HP)
80
60
40
20
Temporal Fishing Ban(%)
MPA Construction (km2)
0
67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
年度
図2　京都府沖合海域における各施策の経年変化
Fiscal Year
18
18
Dr. Makino
Catch amount (tons)
1965
70
75
80
85
90
95
00
05
Autumn season fishing ban area
Snow crab fisheries,
Kyoto
MPA 1
MPA 2
MPA 3
Resource management plan
Spring season fishing ban area
MPA 4
MPA 5
MPA 6
Release immatures19
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2010/100114NF.ppt
Overview
• Status of Japanese fisheries
• Concept of Maximum Sustainable
Ecosystem Services
• MPA & MSC of Kyoto snow crab fishery
• Co-management in Shiretoko world
heritage
• Moving MPA of Sandeel fisheries in Ise &
Mikawa Bay
20
Problems in SC
& Marine WG
• Government promised to Fishers
•
•
読売新聞
Associations not to make further
regulation for World Heritage
IUCN requested further
conservation efforts.
SC’s solution:
– Increasing effort for
conservation by fishers
– Describe management plan as
fishers are doing.
– Expand area including shelf
21
21
Compensation to retired fishers
Mitsutaku Makino’s idea
• 177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995
• Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction)
– Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization
• Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995
• Fishing ban area expanded in 2005
Spawning ground
Seasonal fishing-ban area（1995～)
Seasonal fishing ban area（2005～)
22
羅臼漁協資料
Food web of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage
area (Scientific Council for World Heritage)
• AG: arabesque greenling; BT: bighand thornyhead; F: flatfishes; G:
greenlings; O: octopus; OP: ocean perch; PH: Pacific herring; PS: Pacific
saury; R: rockfish; S: seals; SC: saffron cod; SF: sandfish; SL: sandeel.
23
Catch of fisheries resources in
Shiretoko WNH (Matsuda et al. 2009)
No Fishing
Catch of sardine, anchovy, red king crab, Sebastes
andDown
herring substantially decreased by >96%. Greenling
decreased their catch by 70% and the fish price by 64%
3.6
Mean trophiclevel
3.55
North Atlantic
3.5
3.45
3.4
Global coastal
3.35
3.3
3.25
3.2
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
北海道、水産現勢より
24
Zoning for gill net fishery and octopus fishery at Shiretoko
Gill net fishery zone
Gill net until Nov. 5
Octupus from Nov. 7
Gill net &
Octopus
3 mile
2 mile
octopus
1 mile
Ishiguro
Rausu Riv.
Boat and octopus
Uebetsu Riv.
Boat fishery
25
IUCN "Report of the reactive monitoring mission 18-22 February 2008
Modified dam on Iwaubetsu River
28) The mission team also applauds the bottom
up approach to management through the
involvement of local communities and local
stake-holders, and also the way in which scientific
knowledge has been effectively applied to the
management of the property through the overall
Scientific Committee and the specific Working
Groups that have been set up. These provide an
excellent model for the management of
natural World Heritage sites elsewhere.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1193/documents/26
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2010/100114NF.ppt
Overview
• Status of Japanese fisheries
• Concept of Maximum Sustainable
Ecosystem Services
• MPA & MSC of Kyoto snow crab fishery
• Co-management in Shiretoko world
heritage
• Moving MPA of Sandeel fisheries in Ise &
Mikawa Bay
27
Adaptive fishing-ban area of Japanese sandeel
Nagoya City
April 10-
April 3-,
2005
Mikawa Bay
Ise Bay
FBA
FBA
April 24-
FBA
Wide MPA at high stock level
Small MPA at low stock level
Tuning MPA depending on stock
Advised by a local scientist
Fishers trust him very much!
28
My 11 recommendations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Do not eat high value fish too much!
Catch more fish at lower trophic levels;
Do not use too much fish as fish meal;
Reduce discards before and after landings;
Establish food markets for temporally fluctuating fishes
at lower trophic levels;
6. Improve the food-processing technology used on small
pelagic fishes;
7. Switch the target fish to correspond to the temporally
dominant species;
8. Conserve immature fish especially when the species is
at a low stock level;
9. Conserve both fish and fishers;
10. Say goodbye to traditional MSY theory;
11. Monitor not only the target stock level but also any
other indicator of the “entire” ecosystem.
29
Environmental issues may be understood by
traditional ecological knowledge
• Mottainai
• External-market value
• Grace of nature
• Ecosystem services
• prudent
• Risk/benefit
• Awed by nature
• Stewardship
• Closed local economy
• Food Mileage
• Mutual consensus
• Public involvement
30
Ecological risks from the perspective of Asia
Rice and fish are important and good
food although these are contaminated
mercury
and
dioxins
of
which
concentrations exceed European food
security standard. But Japanese have
longest longevity. We need a new idea
with environmental risks.
Do not believe temporal global standard Losing traditional rice terrace
and accept diversity of local codes.
Rabbit hutch has few ecological footprint
but it was criticized a decade ago. Not
only protect with utilitarianism such as
ecosystem service, but also need to feel
wasteful (mottainai) for eradication
unnecessarily.
Fishery in a developing country is
characterized by co-management. Fishers
need to in-depth discuss to
. of fishery cooperative（sometimes
Discussion
31
make a decision.
conversation amount to 200 times per year）

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