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Visualizing
Japanese Grammar
Appendix
Shoko Hamano
George Washington University
1
© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
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The term “verbal
stem form” refers to
the form of a verb
that is used before
masu and its
variations.
Verbal stem forms
します
I will do it.
I won’t do it.
しました
しませんでした
I did it.
I didn’t do it.
書きます
書きません
か
I will write it.
I won’t write it.
書きました
書きませんでした
I wrote it.
2
しません
I didn’t write it.
© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
•
Stem forms are not
limited to the context
before masu. To the
right are other
representative uses
of stem forms.
Productive patterns based on verbal stem forms
手紙を書き、速達で送った。
てがみ
そくたつ
おく
I wrote a letter and sent it by express mail. (sequence)
レポートの書き方が分からない。
かた
わ
I don’t know how to write a report. (how to)
彼は、私について悪いことを書きそうだ。
かれ
わたし
わる
He is likely to write bad things about me. (intuitive judgment)
本を書きたい。
ほん
I want to write a book. (desire)
このペンは書きやすい。
This pen is easy to write with. (easiness)
そういうことは、書きにくい。
That sort of thing is difficult to write about. (difficulty)
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© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
•
And here are some
more.
Productive patterns based on verbal stem forms
メールを書きにコンピューターセンターへ行った。
い
I went to the conputer center to write emails. (objective)
先生は、新しい本をお書きになりました。
せんせい
あたら
The professor wrote a new book. (honorific)
手紙を書きながら、泣いた。
な
I cried while writing the letter. (simultaneous actions)
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© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
•
And here are some
compound verbs.
Productive patterns based on verbal stem forms
作文を書きなおして下さい。
さくぶん
くだ
Please rewrite the composition. (fixing errors)
よけいなことを書きすぎた。
I wrote too much superfluous things. (excessiveness)
日記を書きはじめた。
にっき
I began to write a diary. (inception)
答えを書きかけた。
こた
I barely started to write the answer. (precarious initial stage)
答えを書き終えた。
お
I finished writing the answer. (completion)
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© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
•
The table to the right
summarizes how to
derive stem forms of
verbs from
dictionary forms.
How to form stem forms
One-Step Verbs
borrow
dictionary
form
stem
form
借りる
借り
か
eat
•
In the case of onestep verbs, delete the
last syllable ru.
食べる
食べ
た
change
変える
変え
か
Five-Step Verbs
buy
買う
買い
か
•
In the case of fivestep verbs, change
the last syllable to an
i-step syllable.
drink
飲む
飲み
の
make
作る
作り
つく
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© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
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You need to
memorize the forms
for irregular verbs.
How to form stem forms
Irregular Verbs
dictionary
form
stem
form
do
する
し
come
来る
来
く
き
ある
あり
exist
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© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
•
The term “adjectival
stem form” refers to
the invariable form
of an i-adjective that
appears before i,
ku nai, katta, and
ku nakatta.
Adjectival stem forms
おもしろい
おもしろくない
It is interesting.
It is not interesting.
おもしろかった
おもしろくなかった
It was interesting.
It was not interesting.
高い
高くない
たか
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It is expensive.
It is not expensive.
高かった
高くなかった
It was expensive.
It was not expensive.
© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
•
•
•
Adjectival stem
forms also appear in
more than the basic
conjugation patterns.
Here are some
examples.
The adverbial forms
are also known as kuforms.
Productive patterns based on adjectival stem forms
高くあげた。
I raised it high. (adverb)
高くなった。
It became expensive. (adverb)
お高くなりました。
It became expensive. (hyper-polite adverb)
高そうだ。
It looks expensive. (intuitive judgment)
高すぎた。
It was too expensive. (excessiveness)
高めだ。
It is on the expensive side. (relative feature)
高さ
height (noun)
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© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
•
Some of these
patterns also allow
adjective-like
nominals.
Nominals that appear in the same frames
簡単になった。
かんたん
It became easy.
簡単そうだ。
It looks easy.
簡単すぎた。
It was too easy.
単純さ
たんじゅん
simplicity
単純ながら
while being simple
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© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi

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