Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix Shoko Hamano George Washington University 1 S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • The table to the right shows how to form potential forms of one-step verbs. Potential forms られる 食べる た • As shown, drop ru and attach rareru. 分ける られる I can eat it. I can divide it. わ 変える られる か 決める られる I can change it. I can decide. き 捨てる られる す • In casual speech, some frequently used forms of this type lose the syllable ra, as shown. 2 食べられる た I can throw it away. I can eat it. S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • The table to the right shows how to form potential forms of five-step verbs. Potential forms てる 立つ I can stand up. た • As shown, replace the last u-step syllable with a corresponding e-step syllable and add ru. 作る れる つく える 使う つか 呼ぶ べる よ 読む める よ 死ぬ ねる し ける 書く か 急ぐ げる いそ 話す せる はな 3 I can make it. I can use it. I can call them. I can read it. I can die. I can write. I can hurry. I can talk. S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi • The table to the right shows the potential forms of irregular verbs. Potential forms する 出来る I can do it. でき • • There is no systematic rule for these. Just memorize the forms. Once you form potential forms, they all conjugate as onestep verbs regardless of the identity of their source. 4 来る く 来られる I can come. こ 来られる They can come. 来られない They cannot come. 来られた They could come. 来られなかった They could not come. S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi
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