甲南大学夏期社会人講座 2002

甲南大学夏期社会人講座
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英語コミュニケーションの楽しさ
国際言語文化センター中村耕二
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コミュニケーションを始めようpair work
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My name is Koji Nakamura.
I’m from (
), Japan.
I specialize in physics at Konan
University.
My hobbies are playing tennis.
In the future I am going to ……..
I will do my best.
I hope my dream will come true.
Thank you very much.
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１コミュニケーションとは何か
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communication の語源
ラテン語の communicatio
分かち合う、共にする(share with)
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Sharing meaning and
information with others
意味内容や情報を共有すること。
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Speech Communicationの領域
Public Speaking
パブリック・スピーキング
Problem-Solving
Democratic
Discussion
問題解決のための
民主的なデイスカッション
Logical Debate
with valid Evidence
証拠で説得する論理的な
デイベート
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１ Public Speaking
Informative Speech
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情報を提供するスピーチ
 Persuasive Speech
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説得するスピーチ
 Inspirational Speech
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啓蒙するスピーチ
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良い英語のスピーチの条件
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1 Delivery （話し方）
Eye-Contact （目線）
Smile （微笑み）
Voice （はっきりとして声）
Emotional Appeal （心引かれる熱意）
2 Content （内容）
3 English as an International
Language (国際英語）VTR1A
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Mother Teresa のスピーチは何故
感動を与え、行動を促すか。VTR1
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マザーテレサのハーバード大学でのスピーチ
There is a hunger, maybe not a
hunger for a piece of bread, but
there is a terrible hunger for love.
Find them, love them and put
your love for them in your living
actions.
For loving them, you are loving
God himself. God bless you.
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Persuasive Speech
説得力のあるスピーチ
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聴衆を説得するのに必要な要素
Logical Reasoning with valid
Evidence 信頼性のある証拠・事実
論理的な理由づけ
Emotional Appeal 感情に訴える力
Credibility and Good Will 信頼関係
方略１ Deductive Approach 演繹法
方略２ Inductive Approach 帰納法
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方略１演繹法
Deductive Approach
Proposition 提案・命題
We have to end child labor with fair trade.
理由
Reason 1
125 million children
are forced to work
full time.
Reason 2
理由
110 million working
children are out of
school .
Reason3
理由
Hazardous, exploitative
and life-threatening
child labor goes against
The Rights of the Child.
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方略２帰納法
Inductive Approach
Reason1
理由
Reason 5
理由
Reason3
理由
提案・命題
Proposition
Reason 2
理由
Reason4
理由
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I Have a Dream
(VTR ２)
by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
 I have a dream that one
day on the red hills of
Georgia the sons of former
slaves and the sons of
former slave owners will
be able to sit down
together at the table of
brotherhood;
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I Have a Dream
by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
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I have a dream that one day
even the state of Mississippi,
a state sweltering with the
heat of injustice, sweltering
with the heat of oppression,
will be transformed into an
oasis of freedom and justice;
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I Have a Dream
by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
 I have a dream that my
four little children will one
day live in a nation where
they will not be judged by
the color of their skin but
by the content of their
character; I have a dream
today
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I Have a Dream
by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
With this faith we will be
able to transform the
jangling discords of our
nation into a beautiful
symphony of brotherhood.
 この国の不協和音を美しい兄弟愛
の交響曲に変えることができる。
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２０世紀最大のスピーチの理由
繰り返し夢を語る (Dream)
 個人攻撃なし（差別を憎み人を恨まない）
 普遍性 (人種、宗教、文化を超えた普遍的な夢）
卓越した修辞法
Analogy 類似 oasis of freedom and justice
Metaphor 隠喩 a beautiful symphony of
brotherhood
Simile 直喩 justice rolls down like waters
Parallel 並列 I have a dream that …I have a dream …
 パブリック・スピーチ→感動→共感→行動→社会変革
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Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ構成と一貫性
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Ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ－ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎはじめ
Topic Sentence (主題文）
ＴｈｅｓｉｓＳｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔ (命題文）
Ｂｏｄｙ
（Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ）（支持文）
Ｃａｕｓｅ／Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ（因果関係）
(coherence)
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Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ／Ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ（比較/例証）
Ｐｒｏ－ＣｏｎＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ（賛成・反対）
Ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｏｎ (議論）
Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ (結論）おわり
Ｃｌｉｎｃｈｅｒ (最後の決め手）
一貫性
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Introduction
Topic
Thesis
Sentence
Body
Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ
Cause
Effect
Statement
BODY
Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ
Comparison
Contrast
Conclusion
Clincher
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いかにスピーチを始めるか
(Attention-getting Introduction)
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日本人（感謝、謝罪で始める）
西洋人（ユーモアー、驚き、意外性等で始める）
（ＶＴＲ３ＪＥＴ対象の講演）
Toastmasters International Speech Contest
in 1995 by Mark Brown（ＶＴＲ４スピーチコンテスト）
The real monster is within your heart.
Intolerance 不寛容
Ignorance
無知
Indifference 無関心
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いかにスピーチを終えるか
(The Power of Clincher)
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“Government of the people, by the people,
and for the people shall not perish from the
earth.” (Lincoln)
“ Intolerance, indifference and ignorance.
Yes, let’s kill the beast. Because everyone
deserves a second chance.”
(VTR5)
“Free at last！ free at last！Thank God
almighty, we are free at last!” (Dr. King) (VTR６)
“And so my fellow Americans, ask not what
your country can do for you, ask what you
can do for your country.”
(John F. Kennedy) (VTR7)
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How famous speakers prepared
their Speeches?いかに準備するか
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1 You should be an expert on your
subject. 話すテーマに関する専門家
2 Gathering information. 情報収集
＊ All the facts on both sides of your
subjects must be collected, arranged,
studied, digested. あなたの話すテーマの賛否
両論の事実を集め、調べ、理解すること。
＊Prove them; be sure they are facts;
then think out yourself the best solution.
調べた事実を証明する。最上の解決策を考える。
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Strategy and procedure to
present a good speech 方略と手順１
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１ State your facts.---Argue from
them---Appeal for action.
事実を述べ、事実から議論
２ Show something that is wrong
(Analysis of the status-quo) 現状分析を示す
３ Show how to remedy it.---Appeal
for action. 解決策を示し、行動を促す。
４ Appeal to the motives that make
people act. 人が行動を起こす動機をアピール
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Strategy and procedure to
present a good speech 方略と手順２
５ If possible record your speech in
your tape recorder and listen it again
and again to feed back （録音して練習）
 ６ Do not read your note. Do not see
your notes. (できる限り原稿を読まない）
 ７ Notes destroy about fifty percent of
the interest in your talk.
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(原稿を読むと人は聞かない）（ＶＴＲ8）
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Strategy and procedure to
present a good speech 方略と手順３
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８. After you have thought out and
arranged your talk, then practice it as
you walk along the street. 歩きながら練習
９．Imagine that you are addressing a
real audience. The more of this you do,
the more comfortable you will feel when
the time comes for you to make your talk.
(Dale Carnegie)
実際にスピーチをしている自分を想像して練習
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Memory System（記憶システム）
を生かそう
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1. Impression 印象的な記憶
impressive memory
2. Repetition 繰り返し練習
through the power of repetition
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3. Association 連想させる
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We can associate one fact with others.
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４．Reading aloud (Lincoln Method)
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声を出して自分の耳で聞く
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プレゼンテーションにおける魔法
Spaced Rehearsal.
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The magic power of spaced
rehearsal. 間隔をおいて何回も練習を重ねる
After we memorize a thing, we forget
as much during the first eight hours as we
do during the next thirty days. So go over
your notes and practice every day.
暗記した記憶は８時間で消える。
毎朝、昼休み、毎夕少しづつ繰り返し口頭練習
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スピーチは成長し変化する
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A speech must grow. A speech can
grow and explore with enough spaced
rehearsal and rewriting.
スピーチは練習と共に成長する。
We can select our topic early in the
week. We can narrow down the
subject into our own favorite topic.
Think over it during the day, brood
over it and sleep over it and even
dream over it. This is a Lincoln
Method.
(Dale Carnegie)
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スピーチは芸術作品
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It’s just like an art, creating a
wonderful sculpture.
スピーチは芸術作品・彫刻と同じ
We can’t become an expert of
speech, but we can become an
expert of our own topic.
スピーチの達人ではなく自分の選んだ
テーマの専門家にはなれる。
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A Speech is a Voyage
スピーチは航海
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A Speech is a voyage. It must be
charted. スピーチは航海（海図・誘導）
A Speech is like drawing a
picture. スピーチは絵を描くように
Draw a horizon, mountains, hills,
rivers, villages, parks, gardens,
houses, a seashore and a big
ocean. 白のカンバスに話を描いていく
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How to Develop Self-confidence
in Public Speaking 自信
＊Everybody feels butterflies in
his/her stomach in public speaking.
誰でも緊張する。
 誰でもパブリック・スピーキングの素質を伸ばせる。
 多くの有名な話し手は集団やグループの前に立つ
時、より巧みに話せる。是非話したくなる。
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観客の存在は刺激になり、誰でも自分の考えを表
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現したいという基本願望がある。
 最も有名なシェイクスピアの役者でも舞台前はいつ
も緊張するが、よく練習しているので、ひとたび幕が
開くと、もうそこにはいつもの俳優である自分がいる。
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Public Speaking のまとめ
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1. Start with a strong and persistent
desire. 表現したい強い願望からはじめる。
２. Arouse your enthusiasm, urge,
passion, zeal, drive and motivation.
3. Prepare everyday. 準備は最善の策
4. Enough preparation. If you prepare well
and practice hard, you will have a strong
desire to express yourself.
5. Act confidently. 自信のある振る舞い
6. Practice. Practice makes perfect. 練習
This is the most important point of
all in public speaking. Fear is the
result of a lack of confidence.
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Robert Kennedy司法長官の早稲田大学での
演説（Kennedy, go home)の野次・怒号の中
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“My friends, I appreciate very much the
welcome you have given to me and to my
wife. We are here to discuss in a frank and
candid manner questions which will be of
interest to you. ……………
“There is a gentleman down in the front
who evidently disagree with me. If he will
ask a single question, I will try to give an
answer. That is the democratic way and
the way we should proceed. He is asking a
question and he is entitled to courtesy.”
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２ Discussion・話し合い
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Democratic Discussion
民主的な論議
Problem–solving Discussion
問題題解決の論議
（John Dewey’s Reflective
Thinking）
ジョン・デユーイの反省的思考
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John Dewey’s Reflective
Thinking for Problem Solving.
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ジョン・デユーイの問題解決のための反省思考
1. Defining the problem 問題を定義する
2. Analyzing the problem
現状分析と問題の因果関係を分析する
3. Suggesting every possible solution
あらゆる可能な解決策を提案する
4. Selecting the best solution
最善策の選択
5. Carrying out the plan for the best
solution (Implementing) 実行
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Subject: Sexual Harassment
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(1) Defining the problem:
mental/physical and
sexual bullying/offense/teasing/attack
(2) Analyzing the problem: gender discrimination in a
male dominated society /infringement of human
rights
(3) Possible solutions:
organized protest and bringing it to the court
education for human rights and egalitarian society
social and public education, organized protest
through women’s network
(4) Selecting the best solution:
organized protest and public education
(5) Suggesting way of carrying out the solution:
Public Education, education at school, home and
working places
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３ Debate聴衆を説得するために
相手を論破する討論・討議ＶＴＲ８
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with valid evidence
信頼できる証拠、事実
Logical Rebuttal
(Refutation)
論理的な反駁・反証
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