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Griffing, 1956; Hayman, 1960 ÉZÅf»YZa ,Á ¾ËY { .dY ZÅÁ ¾ËY ¾ËfÆ] Y Ê°Ë ¾ËY .|¿ÂÊ» Ã{ ¾Ì¼ze Ê«Ôe ¶¿ ®Ë Y | ] Ê°Ìf¿ ¿ZËYÁ ÉYmY {Â» { É|À¼Y cZÔY |¿YÂeÊ» Á ¾ËY Y .{Y~´] ZÌfyY { YmY Y ®Ë Å Ê³] Á Ê°Ìf¿ Ã{Z¨fY É{ZË cZ¨ Ê°Ìf¿ ZY Ä ·Z» ÉY] Á Mohammadi et al., 2007; Mohammadi ) dY Ã| and Emami, 2008; Abate and McKendry, 2010; ¶Ì·{ Ä] .(Zare et al., 2010; Gorny et al., 2011 cZ¨ sÔY ÉY] ¾Ë|·YÁ ÊËZZÀ ÉY] Á ¾ËY Ä°ÀËY Ì¿ ½Z¿ ¹|À³ { ,dY Ë Á |»MZ¯ ZÌ] ½ZÅZÌ³ { Dere and ) dY Ã| Ã{Z¨fY ½M Y ¾Ë|·YÁ ÊËZZÀ ÉY] ÉZÅÄfËYÁ {Â^Æ] { Ä¸u» ¾Ëf¼Æ» .(Yildirim, 2006 ,¹|À³ ÊuÔY ÉZÅÄ»Z¿] { Ê]M º¯ ËY Ä] Z³Z .dY ¾Ë|·YÁ [Zzf¿Y ¾³{Ây ½ZÅZÌ³ { ËÁfÅ Y ÉY{ÊÀ » sÂ Å ÊËMZ¯ ½YÌ» Z] ®ÌeÁfÅ iY Ê³] .dY Ã| Y³ Ä°ÀËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .{ÂÊ» z» ZÅ|Ë^ÌÅ Á |·YÁ Á{ ´Ë{ Ìv» Ä] ÊÌv» Y ¾Ë|·YÁ {°¸¼ dY ¾°¼» |Z] ¾ÌÀq dY ¾°¼» Ì¿ ËÁfÅ Ê³] ,|Z] cÁZ¨f» ËZ»M ¹Zn¿Y ,¾ËY]ZÀ] .(El-Maghraby et al., 2005) Ê]Ây cZÔY |¿YÂeÊ» µZ»¿ Á Àe ËY Á{ { ¶·MÉ{ {°¸¼ ËY§Y .|Å{ ½Z¿ Ìv» Z] ½ iY À¯ºÅ] Y ÊËZÅÊ³ËÁ .|Z]Ê» ºÆ» d¨ ¾Ë|Àq Y Ê ]Ze ¹|À³ Á ÄnÀa {Y| e ,ÄeÂ] Z¨eY ,½M ÉYmY Á Ä¿Y{ {°¸¼ |À¿Z» ¹|À³ { ÀË³ ÉZÅZÌ » ¾Ëf¼Æ» Y dY{] yZ ÉZÅÄnÀa ,|À¸] ¶ÌfaÂX·Â¯ ,ÊÅZeÂ¯Za |À¿Z» ÊeZ¨ .|ÀfÅ 2 Ä»|¬» z] ÉY] ¾ÌXeÁa Á É¿Y Ê¸Y ^À» ½Z¿ ¹|À³ { ÊY ÃZÌ³ ¾Ëf¼Æ» Á Ã{Â] ½ZÆm dÌ ¼m Y Ê³] ZÌ¿{ Y { ºË{ Á Ê]M ËY { ÃZÌ³ ¾ËY .dY ½YËY ÄfY{ ½YËY ÄÌ^ ÊËYÂÅ Á [M Ä¯ Ê¬ZÀ» { Á Ã| d¯ | Y Ä¸u» |Àq ZË ®Ë Ê { Y Ê°y Àe ,|ÀZ] ¾Ëf¼Æ» Y Ê°Ë ½YÂÀ Ä] Ê°y Àe .|À¯Ê» Ä]ne {ÂÊ» Äf§³ ¿ { {°¸¼ ÅZ¯ Ê¸Y ¶»Z Á ZÅÀe ÉY] ÊËZÅÁ ,ºË{ ËY { .(Babu et al., 2004) |¿YÂeÊ» Ä¯ {Y{ {ÂmÁ | ¶§ Ê { [M ÉZ ÃÌy} ¾ËY Z] .|À¯ ®¼¯ ¶§ yM Á | ÃÁ{ { ÃZÌ³ | Ä] ËY { Ê°y Àe Ä] ¶¼ve ÉY] ÃZÌ³ sÔY ,{ÂmÁ ÄÀËÅ c|» Y{ { Á Ã{Â] ¾X¼» Á Y|ËZa Z°ÅY ®Ë ,ºË{ ÉY] [M ]ZÀ» Ä°ÀËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .dY{ |ÅYÂy Éf¼¯ Ä¯ ÊeÂ { ,dY dË{Á|v» ÉYY{ ½YËY { Ê]M dZ¯ Z] ½YÂeÊ» ,|¿Â |Ì·Âe Ê°y Ä] ¶¼vf» ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ½YÌ» Á {] d¯ Ë Y ÉfÌ] t [M ½YÌ» ¾Ì¼Å .{Y{ ËY§Y Y |Ì·Âe nÀ» Ê°y Àe Ä] Ê°ËÂ·ÂËÌ§ ÉZ³Z Y ÊÅZ³M Ä¯ dY Ã| Àe Ä] ¶¼ve ÉZÅÊ³ËÁ ÊËZZÀ Ä] {¯ Ã{Z¨fY Ê°Ìf¿ {Â^Æ] ÉY] ZÆ¿M Y ½YÂeÊ» ¹|À³ sÔY ÉY] Z°ÅY Á{ .(Rebetzke et al., 2006) (1) :dY Ã| ÄWYY Ê°y Àe Ä] ¶¼ve ÂÀ» Ä] Z] ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ Á Ã| ¹Zn¿Y µZ»¿ ËY { ÀË³ { ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËY Ä¯ |Ì»Y ¾ËY Ä] ,|¿Â [Zzf¿Y ÓZ] {°¸¼ ,|ÀÅ{ ½Z¿ {Ây Y Ê·Â^« ¶]Z« {°¸¼ Ì¿ Àe ËY eÓZ] {°¸¼ Z] ½ZÅZÌ³ ÉY] Àe ËY { ÀË³ (2) Y Ê¸ËÓ{ Ä] ÊËZÆÀe Ä] Z°ÅY Á{ ¾ËY {]Z¯ .{Â ¹Zn¿Y Ì»MdÌ¬§Â» `ÌeÂ¿ Á Ìv» ¾Ì] |Ë| ¶]Z¬f» iY Ä¸¼m Êf¨ Ê°y Àe Ä] ¶¼ve .(Blum, 2005) {Â] |ÅYÂz¿ Á ¶¼vf» ½ZÅZÌ³ ½YÂeÊ¼¿ ÊfuY Ä] Á Ã{Â] Ã|ÌrÌa cZ¨ Y É{ZË {Y| e .{¯ Y|m ´Ë{®Ë Y Y Zu ZË dÌZu Ä] nÀ» ®ËÂ·ÂËÌ§ Á ®ËÂ·ÂÀ§ ,®ËÂ·Â§» ÉY] ÃZÌ³ sÔY ÉY] ,¾ËY]ZÀ] .|¿ÂÊ» Àe Ä] ¶¼ve Ä] ÃZÌ³ Ze {Y{ ÌÌ¤e Y cZ¨ ¾ËY ÊfËZ] Ê°y Àe Z»Y .|À¯ |Ì·Âe ÉY|ËZa {°¸¼ Á Ã| Z³Z Ê°y Àe ÉY] \ZÀ» ¾Ë|·YÁ ÊfËZ] ,ÊuÔY cZÌ¸¼ Z£M Y ¶^« 3 Ä] ÊY ¾Ì» ÊÅZÌ³ {YÂ» d¯ dÆm | ] µZ ÌËZa .| Ã{Z»M f»Êf¿Z 50 Ä¸Z§ Z] ÉYÄfa Á ÉÂm cÂ Z] (`ÌeÂ¿ 28 Â¼n» {) Ê«Ôe 21 Á ¾Ë|·YÁ ÉZÅ~] Ä¸Z§ Ä] ~] 15 {Y| e `ÌeÂ¿ Å Y Á Ê¿Â¨ | ¯oZ« { ËZ»M ¾ËY .| d¯ Äfa Å ÉÁ { f»Êf¿Z 20 d¼« Á{ { Ê§{Ze ¶»Z¯ ÉZÅÂ¸] ÉÄËZa s \·Z« ÉY] ZÆ¿M Y Ê°Ë Ä¯ |Ë{³ YmY Y°e Ä Z] ¹Y|¯ Å Yn» .| Äf§³ ¿ { Àe ËY ÉY] É´Ë{ Á Ê]M ËY Äf§³ ¿ { f» lÀa µZ»¿ Á Àe z] Á{ ¾Ì] Ä¸Z§ cZÌ¸¼ .{Â ÉÌ³Â¸m z] Á{ ¾Ì] [M d¿ Y Ze | Å { ÉZÌ]M Á ÊÅ|¸³ Z£M Ze ÊY ¶§ µÂ { dY{ Y a .d§³ ¹Zn¿Y Ä¬À» µÂ¼ » cÂ Ä] d¼« Á{ ¶»Z¯ Â Ä] Àe ËZ»M { ÉZÌ]M ,ÊÅ|¸³ Ä¸u» Á |¿Ì³ Y« Àe ÌiZe dve ½ZÅZÌ³ Ze | « .(Mojarrad and Ghannadha, 2008) k¯ { Ê³|¿Z] c|» |À¸] ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» Ä°ÀËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] Á ½Zf» { Ê³|¿Z] ¾ËY fÌ] Á Ã{Â] f»Ê¸Ì» 265 ]Y] Y Á (Mohsenabadi et al., 2008) |Å{Ê» w ZÆ] ¶ËYÁY dY f»Ê¸Ì» 800 Ze 400 ¾Ì] ¹|À³ Ê]M ZÌ¿ Ê§ ¾ËY]ZÀ] ,(Mazaheri and Majnoon Hosseini, 2001) Y« Àe dve ÃZÌ³ ËY ¾ËY { ÓZ] ZÌ] µZ¼fuY Z] ÃZ´fËY Âe Ã| ÄWYY Z»M ª^ .d§³ |ÅYÂy { Ê³|¿Z] ½YÌ» Ì¿ k¯ ÉÁZ¯ Ã|°¿Y{ ÊZÀYÂÅ ÃZ» Á{ { .dY Ã{Â] f»Ê¸Ì» 216 µ{Z » 1386-87 µZ ,dY Ã{Â] Àe µZ¼Y Á ÊÅ|¸³ Z£M ½Z» Ä¯ ¾WÁ Á Ê» Ã| Y³ f»Ê¸Ì» 0/2 Á 14/2 \Ìee Ä] Ê³|¿Z] ½YÌ» .dÌ¿ Ê§Z¯ ¹|À³ Ê Ì^ | ÉY] ½YÌ» ¾ËY Ä¯ ÉY] d¼« Á{ Å { Ê³|Ì Á ÊÅ|¸³ xËZe ÄeÂ] 10 {Y| e Ê³|Ì Y a .| dY{{ZË ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ cZ¨ Á kZy Ä» Y (ÊËZ»M |uYÁ) ¦Ë{ Å Y º·Z µÂ ,Ê¸Y ÄnÀa Z¨eY ,ÁZ] ÄÂy {Y| e ,ÄnÀa {Y| e ½Á Á Ä¿Y{ {°¸¼ ,ÄÂy { Är¸^À {Y| e ,¶°¿Y|a Cruz-Aguado et al., 2000; ) | ÉÌ³ÃY|¿Y Ä¿Y{YÅ ËZ»M Y Ã|»M d{ Ä] ÉZÅÃ{Y{ .(Hailu et al., 2010 ÄeÂ] ®e ÉY] Ä¿Y{ {°¸¼ Á Ã| EXCEL Y§Y ¹¿ {YÁ Y§Y ¹¿ Y ¶·M É{ s ¿ZËYÁ ÄËne ÉY] .| Ä^Zv» Y{Â¼¿ º Á ¶·M É{ ÄËne ÉY] .| Ã{Z¨fY SAS 1391 /µÁY ÃZ¼ /¹Á{ µZ /cÔ£ cZ¬Ì¬ve ZÆ¿M Y Ä¯ |ÀfÅ ÊeZ¨ Y dY{] yZ Á º¯ÁZ]Z¿ {ÂÊ» Ã{Z¨fY ®y ËY { {°¸¼ ËY§Y ÉY] cZ¬Ì¬ve Ì¿ ½Z¿ ¹|À³ {Â» { .(Khan et al., 2010) dY Ã| ¹Zn¿Y ¶·M É{ Á Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] É|À¼Y {Â» { ZÆ¿M fÌ] Z»Y ,(Mojarrad et al., 2009) |¿ÂÊ» d¯ µÂ¼ » cÂ Ä] Ä¯ dY Ã{Â] ÊËZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ É{Á Ä] dY ¾°¼» Ä¯ Êz] |Ì»Y ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ {Â» { Á Ê¼Ë|« ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ Z] ZÆ¿M ÄËZ¬» Á |¿Â Ê§ » .{ÂÊ» Ã|Ë{ Éf¼¯ ÉZÅY³ Ê°Ìf¿ ¶Ì¿Zfa Y ÊÅZ³M ËZ»M ¾ËY Y ¥|Å Ä] É{Á Ä] dY ¾°¼» Ä¯ {Â] ½Z¿ ¹|À³ Y ÊËZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ Á sÔY ÄÂ» { ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËY .|¿Â Ê§ » º« ½YÂÀ Ä°ÀËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] ,¾ÌÀr¼Å .|¿YÄf§ZË Ä Âe ~] Á µZÆ¿ ÄÌÆe Ä] ¶^« ZÅc|» Y Ä¯ {Y{ {ÂmÁ Â¯ { ÊËZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ |¿Y{ {ÂmÁ ÊËZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ Ì¿ Á |¿ÂÊ» d¯ ºË{ cÂ ¾ËY Y ¥|Å ¾ËY]ZÀ] ,|¿Y{ ÊËÓZ] {°¸¼ ¶Ì¿Zfa Ä¯ ¾ËY Y ½YÂeÊ» ZËM Ä¯ {Â] µYÂ ¾ËY Ä] [YÂm ªÌ¬ve ËY { {°¸¼ Z] ^e» cZ¨ sÔY ÉY] ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ .{¯ Ã{Z¨fY Ì¿ ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ËZ { Àe Á µZ»¿ ZÅÁ Á {YÂ» ÊÅZÌ³ {YÂ» ,2}M ¶»Z ½Z¿ ¹|À³ `ÌeÂ¿ d¨Å Y ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY { WS- Á WS-82- 7 ,WS-82-9 ,ÉY{ ,YÌ ,ËÂ¯ Ä] 2}M Á ÉY{ ,ËÂ¯ ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ .| Ã{Z¨fY 82-13 ÄfyZÀ Ê°y Àe Ä] ¶¼vf» ÉZne ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ½YÂÀ ÓZ] {°¸¼ ¶Ì¿Zfa YÌ `ÌeÂ¿ Ä¯ Ê·Zu { ,|¿YÃ| ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ .dY Ê°y Àe Ä] Zu Zf^¿ Á ÄfY{ Ä] ~] Á µZÆ¿ ÄÌÆe Á sÔY ÄÂ» { Ì¿ WS ÃÁ³ Á Ã| ÀË³ Ê°y Àe Ä] ¶¼vf» ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ½YÂÀ ÉZne ¹Z«Y ½YÂÀ Ä] ½| Ê§ » ¶Ì¿Zfa |Ê» ¿ Ä] .|ÀZ] ÄfY{ Y ÉYÄ» ËZ»M Ë{a ÊÅÁa Ä» { ÊÀË|·YÁ ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ µZ { ¦¸fz» xËZe Á{ { k¯ Ê Ì^ ]ZÀ» Á ÉÁZ¯ ÊÅ{ÄÂy Y a ZÆ] ¶§ { .|¿| d¯ 1385 .d§³ ¹Zn¿Y `ÌeÂ¿ d¨Å ¾ËY ¾Ì] Ä§ ®Ë ÉZÅÊ«Ôe ¶·MÉ{ Á Z] ½Z¿ ¹|À³ { cZ¨ Êy] gYÂe Ä ·Z» :½YZ°¼Å Á ÊÀÌ»Y fÌ] ÉZÅÊ] ,ËY Á{ ¾Ì] Ä¿Y{ YÅ ½Á cÁZ¨e ÄYÁ Ä] ËY Á{ ¾Ì] {°¸¼ cÁZ¨e Ã|¼ Ä¯ {Y{ ½Z¿ .(2 µÁ|m) dY Ã{Â] ÃZÌ³ { ÄÂy {Y| e cZ¨ Ä¼Å ÉY] (GCA) Ê»Â¼ ÉË~a \Ì¯e {YÂ» ¾ËY { Ä¯ {Y{ ½Z¿ ÄnÌf¿ ¾ËY .|»M d{ Ä] Y{ÊÀ » Á ÄfY{ {ÂmÁ sÔY ÉY] Ê]Ây ¶Ì¿Zfa ,Ê°Ìf¿ ½Z¿ Ê^ZÀ» Ê°Ìf¿ ÂÀe cZ¨ ¾ËY ¿ Y ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ iY Ã|ÀÅ{ ½Z¿ GCA Y{ÊÀ » iY ½{Â] ÓZ] .|ÀÅ{Ê» ÊËY§Y { ÊËY§Y ¶]Z¬f» iY 0ÓZ¼fuY Á ZÅ½ ÊËY§Y ½YÌ» Ã|ÀÀ¯ ½ZÌ] dÌÂy ¾ËY .(Griffing, 1956) dY {YÂ» ¾Ì] { iY ¾ËY Äq Å .dY d¨ ÊuÔY Y dÌ¬§Â» ¿Z Ä¯ dY ÊÀ » ½Y|] ,|Z] fÌ] ÊuÔY ÂÀe ¶Ì¿Zfa Á Ã{Â] fÌ] dÌ ¼m { d¨ ½M sÔY ÉÌ³ÃY|¿Y cZ¨ fÌ] {Â» { .dY fÌ] Ã{Z¨fY ¶]Z« \Ì¯e ¿ZËYÁ Y fÌ] ZÌ] GCA ¿ZËYÁ ,Ã| Ç|ÀÅ{ ½Z¿ »Y ¾ËY Ä¯ {Â] (SCA) ÊÂy ÉË~a dÌ^·Z£ ¿ZËYÁ Ä] d^¿ ÊËY§Y ¿ZËYÁ fÌ] dÌ¼ÅY Z] Ä¯ Y{ÊÀ » ËfÅ ½YÌ» Ä¯ dY Ê·Zu { ¾ËY .{Â] ÉY] ,{ÂÊ» z» (SCA) ÊÂy ÉË~a \Ì¯e ½ ¶¼ d¨³ ½YÂeÊ» ¾ËY]ZÀ] .{Â^¿ Y{ÊÀ » cZ¨ \¸£Y iY ¾ÌÀr¼Å .{Â] ÊËY§Y cÂ Ä] cZ¨ Y ÉZÌ] ÉY] ÉY] Ìv» { SCA Á Ìv» { GCA ¾Ì] ¶]Z¬f» Ä] {°¸¼ {Â» { Z»Y .{Â^¿ Y{ÊÀ » cZ¨ Y ÉZÌ] { GCA ¾Ì] ¶]Z¬f» iY ,ÊY d¨ ¾Ëf¼Æ» ½YÂÀ {Â» { Ä¯ É´Ë{ ÉZÅY³ { .{Â] Y{ÊÀ » Ìv» ÊËY§Y ¿ZËYÁ fÌ] dÌ¼ÅY Ì¿ Ã| fÀ» ¹|À³ Joshi et al., ) {ÂÊ» Ã|ÅZ» Ä^¸£ ¿ZËYÁ Ä] d^¿ 2004; Sayar et al., 2007; Mojarrad and .(Ghannadha, 2008 4 Mather and Jinks, ) °ÀÌm Á f» Á Y Wr Á Vr Ê§ » Y§Y ¹¿ Y cÔaÉZ] GGE ÄËne ÉY] Á (1982 (Yan and Kang, 2003) ²¿Z¯ Á ½ZË Âe Ã| .| Ã{Z¨fY hv] Á lËZf¿ ¶·MÉ{ ËZ»M ¿ZËYÁ ÄËne Á{ { ZÅÊ«Ôe Á ¾Ë|·YÁ ÊbÌeÂ¿ cYÌÌ¤e \Ë Ê] .dY Ã| ÄËYY 1 µÁ|m { Àe Á µZ»¿ ËY ¾Ë|·YÁ cYÌÌ¤e ÄÀ»Y{ Ä¯ |Å{Ê» ½Z¿ µÁ|m ¾ËY Ê¸¯ cZ¨ .{Y{ Y« ZÅÊ«Ôe cYÌÌ¤e Ã{Á|v» { 0Z^Ë¬e \ËY ¾ËfÌ] ÉYY{ {°¸¼ Á ¶°¿Y|a µÂ ,ÊÅ|¸³ {YÂ» { cZ¨ ¾ËY ÂÀe Ã|ÀÅ{ ½Z¿ Ä¯ |¿{Â] cYÌÌ¤e Ä] ¶·MÉ{ ¿ZËYÁ ÄËne ÄnÌf¿ .dY Ã| Ã{Z¨fY Ê°Ìf¿ Ê°y Àe .dY Ã| ÄËYY 2 µÁ|m { ²ÀÌ¨Ë³ Á µÂ ,Ä¿Y{ YÅ ½Á m Ä] cZ¨ Ä¼Å ] Ê¸¯ Â Ä] ÅZ¯ .dY~³ ÌiZe ÄÂy { Är¸^À {Y| e Á ®Ë |{ 26 µZ»¿ ËY Ä] d^¿ Àe ËY { {°¸¼ |{ 40-20) Âf» Àe c| ÄÀ»Y{ { Ä¯ {Â] ZÌ] cÁZ¨e .(Blum,2011) {Ì³Ê» Y« (ÅZ¯ dY{ {ÂmÁ (ZÆ¿M F1 Á ¾Ë|·YÁ) ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¾Ì] ÉY{ÊÀ » ¾ËY { Ê]Zzf¿Y ¾Ë|·YÁ Ä¯ dY ¾ËY Ã|ÀÅ{ ½Z¿ Ä¯ ÂÀe ZÆ¿M Ã|ÀÀ¯ µfÀ¯ ÉZÅ¶·M Á cZ¨ ¾ËY ¿ Y ËZ»M .|¿Y{ É{ZË ËZ»M ¾ËY { Ã| ÉÌ³ÃY|¿Y cZ¨ fÌ] {Â» { Ä¯ ÉÂ Ä] .{Â^¿ Y{ÊÀ » Ìv» Á `ÌeÂ¿ ¾Ì] ¶]Z¬f» iY { iY ¾ËY {°¸¼ Á Z¨eY d¨ Á{ ÉY] ZÆÀe Â¼n» { ³Y Ä¯ |Å{Ê» ½Z¿ lËZf¿ ¾ËY .| Y{ÊÀ » |{ 5 t cZ¨ ªË Y {°¸¼ sÔY ÉY] Ê°Ìf¿ {YÂ» ¾ËY Y Ë Á{ Å { Y ÀË³ ½YÂeÊ» {Â Ã{Z¨fY ^e» Äf^·Y .dÓZ] ËY Á{ { ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ÉY|ËZa YË {Y{ ¹Zn¿Y Âf» Àe c| ËZ»M ¾ËY { Ä¯ dY{ ¿ { |ËZ] Á {°¸¼ d¨ {Â» { ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¾Ì] Y{ÊÀ » cÁZ¨e .{Â] cÂ Ä] Ä¯ ÊËZÅËZ»M ´Ë{ { ½M Z] ^e» cZ¨ Topal et al., ) dY Ã| Y³ Ì¿ Ã| ¹Zn¿Y ¶·MÉ{ 2004; El-Maghraby et al., 2005; Sayar et al., ½|¿ Y{ÊÀ » Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .(2007; Khan et al., 2010 1391 / µÁY ÃZ¼ /¹Á{ µZ /cÔ£ cZ¬Ì¬ve 5 ZÅF1 ¾Ì] Á ¾Ë|·YÁ ¾Ì] cYÌÌ¤e ÄÀ»Y{ Á ÊbÌeÂ¿ cYÌÌ¤e \ËY -1 µÁ|m d¨ trait ÄnÀa {Y| e Tiller number ÄÂy {Y| e Spike number { Är¸^À {Y| e ÄÂy Spikelets in spike Ä¿Y{ YÅ ½Á Thousand weight Z¨eY Height ¶°¿Y|a Peduncle ®Ë µÂ Awn length ÊÅ|¸³ Flowering Ê³|Ì Maturity Ä¿Y{ ½| a ÃÁ{ Grain filling period {°¸¼ Yield Table 1. Genotypic coefficient of variations among parents and F1 genotypes µZ»¿ ËY Àe ËY Normal Stress condition condition cYÌÌ¤e \Ë cYÌÌ¤e \Ë cYÌÌ¤e ÄÀ»Y{ cYÌÌ¤e ÄÀ»Y{ ÊbÌeÂ¿ ÊbÌeÂ¿ ZÅF1 cYÌÌ¤e ÄÀ»Y{ ¾Ë|·YÁ ¾Ë|·YÁ Genotypic Genotypic Range of F1s Range of Range of of Coefficient coefficient of parents parents variation variation cYÌÌ¤e ÄÀ»Y{ ZÅF1 Range of F1s 10.7 10-19.1 10-18 14.7 6.6-16.5 8-13 4.95 9.5-14.2 8.6-13.6 13 6.3-14.1 7-10.4 6.6 14.3-19.4 15.1-19.1 6.9 14.4-18.2 6.9-8.5 10.1 28-43.4 29.1-43.6 8.6 30.7-41.3 26.8-42.5 9.6 74.8-102.3 73.4-105.9 8.8 67.4-88 64.8-93 14.1 27.6-46 30.2-47.6 13.7 22.1-39.1 25.6-40.4 0.9 6.6-7.9 7-8.3 5.8 6.7-8.6 6.9-8.5 14.9 11-20.8 8.5-17.3 15.4 9.1-18.9 7.2-16.7 4.9 40.1-48 38-9-48.6 2.9 36.5-45.4 37.5-46 6.7 24.1-32.7 26.2-35.1 6.3 25.6-33.4 25.2-35 16.8 11-24.5 10.2-23.2 4.1 9.5-16 8.6-15.5 ¶·MÉ{ Á Z] ½Z¿ ¹|À³ { cZ¨ Êy] gYÂe Ä ·Z» :½YZ°¼Å Á ÊÀÌ»Y 6 { Ä§ ®Ë 7×7 ¶·MÉ{ { ZÆ¿M F1 Á ¾Ë|·YÁ { Ã| ÉÌ³ ÃY|¿Y cZ¨ ¿ZËYÁ ÄËne cZ ]» ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» Ë{Z¬» -2 µÁ|m .µZ»¿ Á Ê°y Àe (Ìv») ËY Á{ { ¹|À³ Table 2. ANOVA mean squares of traits measured in parents and F1s in a 7×7 diallel mating design in wheat at normal and stress conditions. Ä¿Y{ ½| a ÃÁ{ { ¹³) {°¸¼ (cm) Z¨eY (cm) ¶°¿Y|a (cm) ®Ë µÂ (Á) ÊÅ|¸³ (Á) Ê³|Ì (Á) (ÄeÂ] Awn Flowering Maturity Height (cm) Peduncle Filling period Yield (cm) Length (cm) (day) (day) (day) (g/plant) Äm{ É{YM df ÄnÀa {Y| e Tiller number ÄÂy {Y| e Spike number Ìv» 1 Environment Ìv» ½Á{ Â¸] 4 Blocks into Environment `ÌeÂ¿ 27 Genotype Ìv» × `ÌeÂ¿ Genotype × 27 Environment Zy 107 Error GCA 6 { Är¸^À {Y| e ÄÂy Spiklets in spike Ä¿Y{ YÅ ½Á (¹³) Thousand weight (g) 476** 317.4** 3.3 ns 22.5 ns 4111** 514** 1.78 ns 297** 1907** 674** 836** 36.4 15.7 3.5 39.2 67.1 5.8 5.08 28.5 6.5 45.2 8.2 22.6** 11.35** 9.5** 85.6** 381.2** 143.3** 0.85** 33.1** 27** 33.2** 31** 4.13 ns 4.07 ns 1.1 ns 14.6 ns 24* 6 ns 0.29 ns 7.6 ns 5.6 ns 13.5 ns 26.3* 6.15 5.3 1.16 15.7 12.8 4.4 0.25 7.6 7.07 12.2 16.1 cYÌÌ¤e ]ZÀ» S.O.V SCA Ìv» × GCA Condition × GCA Ìv» × SCA Condition × SCA ** ** ** ** ** ** 21 79 6.4 ns 22.05 8.25 ns 31.5 3.14** 299 24.6 ns 1563 49.9** 565 22.8** 1.7 0.59** 115 10 ns 87.9 11.8* 64 23.7* 78.2** 17.4 ns 6 3.25 ns 7.38 ns 1.65 ns 13.4 ns 23 ns 7 ns 0.41 ns 1.3 ns 5.9 ns 6.7 ns 69.2** 21 4.35 ns 3.19 ns 0.93 ns 15 ns 22* 5.5 ns 0.25 ns 9.1 ns 3.8 ns 14.8 ns 14.4 ns ns: Non significant. ** ** ** Y{ÊÀ » Ì£ ns * and **: significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively ÉY{ÊÀ » cÁZ¨e WS ÃÁ³ ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ÉGCA Ä¯ Ê·Zu ¿ ¾ËY Y ÉY{ `ÌeÂ¿ {Â» ¾ËY { .{Y|¿ ½Z¿ ¨ Z] ÄnÀa {Y| e Ä°ÀËY Z] Ä¯ |Ê» ¿ Ä] Ê^·Zm `ÌeÂ¿ Á dÓZ] Ì¿ ZÆ¿M ÉÁZ] ½YÌ» ,|À¯Ê» |Ì·Âe É{ZË ] ,|À¯ ¶¬fÀ» ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ´Ë{ Ä] Y dÌ¸]Z« ¾ËY |¿YÂeÊ» .{Y{ Éf¼¯ ÁZ] ÄnÀa {Y| e Ä¯ YÌ `ÌeÂ¿ ¥Ôy ¾ËfÆ] ÉY{ `ÌeÂ¿ d¨ ¾ËY sÔY ÉY] ¾ËY]ZÀ] ¿ {Â» d¨ ¿ Y kZf¿ ¾ËfÆ] |Ì·Âe ÉY] .dY Y Ê»Â¼ ÉË~a \Ì¯e ¾ËfÌ] Ä¯ ÊÀË|·YÁ ÊfËZ] Barnard et al., ) {Y{ Ê«Ôe ´Ë|¼Å Z] |ÀÅ{Ê» ½Z¿ ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËfÆ] ÄÂy { Är¸^À {Y| e ¿ Y .(2002 ,ËÂ¯ `ÌeÂ¿ ÊuÔY ÉZÅÄ»Z¿] { ÉÌ³Z¯ Ä] ÉY] z» lËZf¿ Y Ä¯ Â½Z¼Å .|¿{Â] WS-82-9 Á YÌ { ÄÂy Á ÄnÀa É{ZË {Y| e ÉYY{ Ä¯ ÊËZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ dY ³Y .|¿{Â] ¦Ì ÄÂy { Är¸^À {Y| e ¿ Y |¿{Â] ÄeÂ] Ä] d^¿ Éf¼¯ ÁZ] ÉZÅÄnÀa {Y| e YÌ `ÌeÂ¿ Äq Y fÌ] ½M ÄÂy { Är¸^À {Y| e Z»Y dY{ ÉY{ ÊËZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ Ä] Äf¿YÂe Y ½YÌ» ¾ËY Á {Â] ÉY{ `ÌeÂ¿ .|À¯ ¶¬fÀ» Äf§ZË Ê«Ôe ZÆ¿M Z] Ä¯ ** .0/01 Á 0/05 t { Y{ÊÀ » \Ìee Ä] ** Á* Á ÓZ] ÉË~adiYÁ Ã|ÀÅ{ ½Z¿ ½ ÊËY§Y iY ½{Â] ÓZ] Ê¿ ¦Ì ¶]Z¬f» iY ÄnÌf¿ Ì¿ Á ½M ] Ìv» f¼¯ iY {ÂmÁ ¾ËY Z] .{Â ÀË³ { Ì] dÌ¬§Â» Ä] nÀ» Á Ã{Â] Ã{Z¨fY ZÅ¿ZËYÁ ¾ËY ÉÁ{ Å Y |ËZ] ÊuÔY ÉZÅÁ ÉY] ÊÂy ÉË~a \Ì¯e .(Topal et al., 2004) |À¯ ¾ËY Ä°ÀËY Ä] ÄmÂeZ] .|»M d{ Ä] Y{ÊÀ » cZ¨ Y Êy] ÉY] |Ë^ÌÅ ¹|À³ |Ì·Âe Á dY ËfÅ Ä] Â]» iY ½M Y ½YÂeÊ¼¿ ¾ËY]ZÀ] ,dÌ¿ Ê¸¼ ÂÀÅ ÊY Ã{Z¨fY Ä¯ ÊeÂ { Äf^·Y .{Â¼¿ Ã{Z¨fY ºÌ¬f» Â Ä] dÌ^·Z£ ÉÂXe) ZÅ½ dÌ^·Z£ iY ¶Ì·{ Ä] ËÁfÅ Ä¯ dY ÊÀ » ½Y|] ,|Z] dÌ^·Z£ ©Â§ Ä¿ Á (ËÁfÅ |ÀÅ{Ê» ½Z¿ Y ËÁfÅ ¾ËfÌ] Ä¯ É|·YÁ Á{ ½YÂeÊ» {Y| e ¾ËfÌ] Ä¯ É{Y§Y Ã|ÀËM ÉZÅ¶¿ { Á Ã{Y{ Ê«Ôe ¾Ë|·YÁ ËÁfÅ Ê] .{¯ [Zzf¿Y |¿Y{ Y [Â¸» ¶·M .| |ÅYÂy ¹Zn¿Y cÔaÉZ] ÄËne lËZf¿ d¼« { Á{ { ZÅÃ{Y{ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ZY ] ¾Ë|·YÁ GCA Ë{Z¬» {Y| e ¿ Y .dY Ã| ÄËYY 3 µÁ|m { ÊËZ»M ËY Á ¾ËfÌ] ÉY{ `ÌeÂ¿ ,ÄeÂ] { ÄÂy {Y| e Á ÄnÀa { .|¿{Y{ ½Z¿ Y Y{ÊÀ » GCA ¾Ëf¼¯ ËÂ¯ `ÌeÂ¿ 1391 / µÁY ÃZ¼ /¹Á{ µZ /cÔ£ cZ¬Ì¬ve 7 .ËY Á{ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ÉY] 7×7 ¶·MÉ{ Ê«Ôe { Ã| Ã{Z¨fY ¾Ë|·YÁ GCA Ë{Z¬» -3 µÁ|m Table 3. GCA values of parents in 7×7 diallel mating design for means of two conditions ¾Ë|·YÁ Parents Är¸^À {Y| e ÄnÀa {Y| e ÄÂy {Y| e ÄÂy { Tiller Spike number number Spiklets in spike 2}M Azar 2 ËÂ¯ Kavir YÌ Shiraz ÉY{ Sardari ws-82-9 ws-82-7 - 0.51 - 0.34 ns 0.1 ns -0.38 ns 0.51 -0.36* ws-82-13 0.02 ns - 0.33 ns - 0.16 ns Ä¿Y{ YÅ ½Á (¹³) Thousand weight Z¨eY ¶°¿Y|a (f»Êf¿Z) (f»Êf¿Z) height peduncle ®Ë µÂ (cm) Awn length ÊÅ|¸³ Ê³|Ì ½| a ÃÁ{ (Á) Ä¿Y{ (Á) (Á) flowering maturity Filling period {°¸¼ { ¹³) (ÄeÂ] yield 0.47 ns 0.52 ns -1.42** 2.3** 7.9** 6.28** -0.2* -0.4 ns -ns1 - 0.7 ns - 0.4 ns -2.1** -0.85* 0.88** 1.8** -2.6** -1.3** 0.29** -1.3** 0.2 ns 1.5** 1.5* 0.63 ns - 0.13 ns 0.54** -1.5** 0.8 ns -1.14** 0.07 ns 1.5** 1.8** 0.2 ns - 1.1 ns 1.84** 1.08** 0.01 ns -2.3** 5.04** 1.97** 0.09 ns 2.4** 1.15* -1.1* -0.6 ns 3.2 -1.4** 1.33 ns -6.9** - 0.24 -3.63** 0.06 ns -0.1 ns -1.2 -1.3** -1.97 0.25 ns -0.9 1.5** -2.2** -5.6** -1.96** -0.2* 0.32 ns -0.43 ns -0.59 ns 1.9** - 0.8 ns 0.56 ns - ns ** ** ns ns: Non significant. ** ns Y{ÊÀ » Ì£ ns * and **: significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively d^j» ÌiZe Ä¯ É´Ë{ cZ¨ ¿ Y ¶Ì·{ ¾Ì¼Å Ä] Á Ã{Â^¿ ¾ËfÆ] 2}M `ÌeÂ¿ .{Y{ Ê]Ây dÌ Á |¿Y{ {°¸¼ ] Ä°ÀËY ¶Ì·{ Ä] .dY ¶°¿Y|a µÂ ËY§Y ÉY] `ÌeÂ¿ ÃÌy} Ä] {Z« fÀÂf§ ÊËZ¿YÂe ½{Â] YY{ ] ÃÁÔ ¶°¿Y|a ¶ËÂ dY Ä¿Y{ Ä] ½M µZ¬f¿Y Á {Ây { ÊËY~£ {YÂ» ÉZ ¾ËY Z^eY .|À¯Ê» {ZË Y Ê°y Àe Ä] ¶¼ve ½M ½{Â] dY Ã| Y³ Ô^« Ê°y Àe Ä] ¶¼ve Z] d¨ Y .(Ahmadi et al., 2009; Bazargani et al., 2011) yZ Y ËÂ¯ `ÌeÂ¿ ½YÂeÊ» Ì¿ ®Ë µÂ ¿ ½M { Ä°ÀËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] ÃZÌ³ { ®Ë {ÂmÁ .d¿Y{ ËY ÉY] [Â¸» Êf¨ |¿YÂeÊ» {ÂÊ» ¹Zn¿Y fÀÂf§ ¾ËeÓZ] ÉY{ `ÌeÂ¿ .{Â Äf§³ ¿ { Ê°y Àe { Á {Y{ ½Z¿ ÊÅ|¸³ Ze Á ÉY] Y Ê»Â¼ ÉË~a \Ì¯e Â Ä] |Z] ÄfY{ Âu `ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËY Ä¯ ÊËZÅÊ«Ôe lËZf¿ .|f§YÊ» ÌyZe Ä] ÊÅ|¸³ ÃÁ{ Á 2/4 Âf» Y Z»Y ,{Y{ ½Z¿ Ê³|Ì xËZe Z] ÊËÓZ] Ê¿YÂz¼Å ÊÅ|¸³ ¾ËfÆ] d¨³ ½YÂeÊ» Ê°y Àe Ä] ¶¼ve ¿ Ä¬¿ Á |¿ÁÊ» ¶³ Ä] e{Á Ä¯ |ÀfÅ ÊËZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ,ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¹Zn¿Y Y {Ây Ê³|Ì ,Ä¿Y{ ½|a ÃÁ{ ½{¯ ÃZeÂ¯ ½Á|] dY ¾°¼» Ä¯ dY ¶Ì·{ ¾ËY Ä] kZfÀfY ¾ËY .|ÀÅ{Ê» Ê¸Ìy Ä¯ |ÀZ] ÄfY{ {ÂmÁ {Á ZÌ] ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ Ê¸Ìy Ä¿Y{ ½| a ÃÁ{ ½{¯ ÃZeÂ¯ Z] Á Äf§ ¶³ Ä] Ë Y Y§ ºÌ¿Z°» { ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËY Äq ³Y .|À] Ì¿ Ë ** .0/01 Á 0/05 t { Y{ÊÀ » \Ìee Ä] ** Á* ¾ËY { Ä¯ dY Ê¼Æ» cZ¨ Y Ê°Ë Ä¿Y{ YÅ ½Á d¨ ¾ËY ÊeZ^ Ä] .{Y{ ½Z¿ É{ZË ZÌ] ÂÀe ËZ»M `ÌeÂ¿ ÉY] ¹³ 42/4 Ze YÌ `ÌeÂ¿ ÉY] ¹³ 29/4 Y µÁ|m { ½YÂeÊ» Y ÊÆ]Z» ÄnÌf¿ .{Â] Ì¤f» WS-82-9 ÉYY{ WS-82-9 `ÌeÂ¿ Ä¯ ÉÂ Ä] .{¯ Ã|ÅZ» 2 Ã{Â] d¨ ¾ËY ÉY] Ê»Â¼ ÉË~a \Ì¯e dÌ¸]Z« ¾ËfÌ] ÄfY{ {ÂmÁ |·YÁ ¾ËY Ä¯ ÊËZÅÊ«Ôe { ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» Â Ä] Á Ã{Y{ ½Z¿ ËY§Y ¹³ 3/2 Y|¬» Ä] d¨ ¾ËY ½YÌ» dY .dY Ã| ÊuÔY Y ¾ËeÓZ] ¶°¿Y|a µÂ Á Z¨eY {Â» { ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ m Ä¯ {¯ Ã|ÅZ» 2}M `ÌeÂ¿ { ½YÂeÊ» Y ÄÀË³ ¾ËfÆ] WS-82-7 `ÌeÂ¿ .{Â] ËZ»M ¾ËY |À¸] Za ÃZeÂ¯ Ä¯ Zn¿M Y .dY ÊÅZeÂ¯Za ÉY] ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ sÔY ÉY] Y © e Á Ìz^e ½YÌ» ÃZÌ³ Äjm ½{Â] ®qÂ¯ Á ½{Â] Ä] ,|À¯Ê» Àe ËY Ä] Z³Z Y `ÌeÂ¿ Á Ã{Y{ ÅZ¯ ½YÂÀ Ä] `ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËY Ä¯ Ê¸ËÓ{ Y Ê°Ë |Ê» ¿ Á µZÆ¿ ÄÌÆe Á sÔY cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄÂ» { ¶¼vf» `ÌeÂ¿ ½{Â] ®qÂ¯ Äf^·Y .|Z] ÉZ³Z ¾Ì¼Å Ã| |Ì·Âe ~] {]Ê» ÓZ] Y dY{] yZ Äq ³Y ÃZÌ³ Äjm |u Y Ì] f¼¯ |Ì·Âe ½YÌ» Á f¼¯ fÀÂf§ ¶Ì·{ Ä] Ì¿ {°¸¼ Ê·Á Blum, ) dÌ¿ [Â¸» Á |Å{Ê» ½Z¿ |Ë| ÅZ¯ Ä¯ {¯ ÉÌ³ÄnÌf¿ ½YÂf] |ËZ ¶Ì·{ ¾Ì¼Å Ä] .(2011 ÃZeÂ¯ Za |u Y Ì] YË |Z] fÆ] ¿ ¾ËY Y ËÂ¯ `ÌeÂ¿ ¶·MÉ{ Á Z] ½Z¿ ¹|À³ { cZ¨ Êy] gYÂe Ä ·Z» :½YZ°¼Å Á ÊÀÌ»Y ÅZ/¯ µZ/»¿ ËY/ Ä/] d^/¿ {°¸¼ Z] ^e» cZ¨ WS- Á ËÂ/¯ `/ÌeÂ¿ Á{ .(Blum, 2011) |/Å{Ê» ½Z¿ ËY { {°¸¼ ËY§Y ÉY] ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËfÆ] m 82-9 Äq ³Y WS-82-13 Á WS-82-7 `ÌeÂ¿ Á{ .|¿{Â] µZ»¿ Ä/] Z/»Y ,|¿ÂÊ» É|À] Ä¬^ ¶¼vf» ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ½YÂÀ Ä] ,ÃZ/Ì³ Ä/jm ½{Â/] ®/qÂ¯ Á |/u Y Ì/] Ê/{Á ¶Ì·{ ÉY] Ê ^À» ½YÂÀ Ä] |À¿YÂeÊ» ZÆÀe Á |¿Y|¿ ÊËÓZ] {°¸¼ .|¿Â Ã{Z¨fY Ê°y Ä] ¶¼ve ÉZÅ½ ¶·MÉ{ ËZ»M cÔaÉZ] ÄËne dÌ Á ½YÂeÊ» ÊfuY Ä] cÔaÉZ] ÄËne { Á {¯ Ã|ÅZ» SCA Á GCA ½YÌ» ¿ Y Y ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¹Y|¯ {Y{ Ìze ½YÂeÊ» Á ¾ËY { ¾ÌÀr¼Å ÄfY{ Ê]Ây ÊÂy ÉË~a \Ì¯e |À¿YÂeÊ» ´Ë|¼Å Z] {Â» { ÄËne ¾ËY .(Yan and Kang, 2003) |ÀZ] Ä] .|ÀfY{ ÌiZe ÃZÌ³ {°¸¼ { Ä¯ d§³ ¹Zn¿Y ÊeZ¨ Ä] Ã| ÉÌ³ ÃY|¿Y cZ¨ Z] {°¸¼ Ä]Y Y|f]Y \Ìee ¾ËY ®¼¯ Z] µZ»¿ Á Àe ËY Á{ { Ä¿Z³Y|m cÂ Ä]Y µZ»¿ ËY { .|»M d{ Ä] ¹Z³ Ä] ¹Z³ ½ÂÌ³ :(|ÀfÅ {Y|¿ZfY \ËY Ä¼Å) |»M d{ Ä] Ë cÂ Ä] (1) YN=0.25TW+0.91EN-0.71TI+0.29SF :{Â] Ë cÂ Ä] Àe ËY { Ä]Y ¾ËY (2) YS=0.44TW+0.87EN+0.28AW+0.44SF µZ»¿ ËY { {°¸¼ \Ìee Ä] YS Á YN ½M { Ä¯ {Y| e SP ,ÄÂy {Y| e EN ,Ä¿Y{ YÅ ½Á TW,Àe Á ®Ë µÂ AW Á ÄnÀa {Y| e TI ,ÄÂy { Är¸^À .dY {Y| e d¨ Ä] Â]» cÔaÉZ] Y{Â¼¿ (a) 1 ¶° ËZ»M ËY Á{ Å ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ÉY] Y ÄÂy { Är¸^À ,| Ã{Y{ ½Z¿ Ì¿ 2 µÁ|m { Ä¯ Â½Z¼Å .|Å{Ê» ½Z¿ ¾ËfÌ] ÉYY{ WS-82-9 Á ËÂ¯ ,YÌ ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËY ÉY] GCA ¾Ëf¼¯ ÉYY{ 2}M `ÌeÂ¿ Á GCA ËÂ¯ `ÌeÂ¿ Y{Â¼¿ ¾ËY { Ä°ÀËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .|¿{Â] d¨ dY ¾ËY Ã|ÀÅ{ ½Z¿ ,dY Äf§³ Y« YÌ fe ®Ë{¿ \Ì¯e ´Ë|¼Å Z] |À¿YÂeÊ» Ê]Ây Ä] `ÌeÂ¿ Á{ ¾ËY Ä¯ .|ÀËZ¼¿ |Ì·Âe Ée] kZf¿ Á ÄfY{ ÊËÓZ] ÊÂy ÉË~a 8 ª§Â» dY µÂ¼ » Z» Â¯ { Ä¯ ¶§ yM Ê°y Ô¼ Ä¿Y{ ½| a ÃÁ{ ½{¯ ÃZeÂ¯ ¶Ì·{ Ä] Z»Y ,|ÀfÅ ªÀ» ¾ËY Z] .{Y{ |ÀÅYÂy ½Z¿ {Ây Y Ée ¾ÌËZa {°¸¼ ¿ { WS-82-9 `ÌeÂ¿ Y `ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËfÆ] ½YÂeÊ» ÃÁ{ Z»Y ,{Y{ Ë Ê³|Ì Á ÊÅ|¸³ Äq ³Y Ä¯ d§³ Ä] Á dY Ã{¯ ¨u Âf» |u { Y {Ây Ä¿Y{ ½| a Ä°ÀËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .{Y{ Ì¿ Ê]Ây Ä¿Y{ YÅ ½Á ¶Ì·{ ¾Ì¼Å ½YZ°¼Å Á {n» ÊÂ ªÌ¬ve { ÉY{ `ÌeÂ¿ {Â] f» Zu ªÌ¬ve Á (Mojarrad et al., 2009) |À¿Z» Ã| ¯} ªÌ¬ve { `ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËY Z] ÉZÅÊ³ËÁ ªÌ¬ve { ÊÅ|¸³Ë{ Á |À¸] ¶°¿Y|a µÂ ,{ZË ÄÂy {Y| e .|Ë{³ Ã|ÅZ» Ì¿ Zu ¾Ì/] ¶/]Z¬f» /iY Ä/°ÀËY Ä/] Ä/mÂe Z] {°¸¼ {Â» { ÉZ//ÅÄ//Ëne { d//Y Ã|// Y{Ê//À » Ì//v» { `//ÌeÂ¿ Ä/Ëne Á cZ¨/ Ê»Â/¼ ÉË~/a \/Ì¯e ½Y/Ì» Ä¿Z³Y|m d¨/ Ä/¿Z³Y|m ¿Z/ËYÁ Ä/Ëne .| Ä^Zv» ½M ¿ZËYÁ Ë{Z/¬» ½M µZ^¿{ Ä] Á Àe Á µZ»¿ ËY { Ä¿Y{ {°¸¼ Ã|/ Ä/ËYY 4 µÁ|/m { ËY/ Á{ ¾/ËY { ¾Ë|·YÁ GCA Y{Ê/À » cÁZ/¨e Z/Å`/ÌeÂ¿ ¾Ì/] À/e ËY/ { .dY /iY {ÁÊ» Zf¿Y ÄnÌf¿ ¾ËY Y Ä¯ Â¿Z¼Å Á |¿ Ã|ÅZ» { Z/»Y .{Â^¿ Y{ÊÀ » Ì¿ ÊÂy Á Ê»Â¼ ÉË~a \Ì¯e Á Ã{Â/] Y{Ê/À » ZÌ/] cÁZ¨e ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ¾Ì] µZ»¿ ËY Á `ÌeÂ¿ iY ½{Â^¿ Y{ÊÀ » .{Â] ÓZ] ZÌ] Ì¿ GCA ºÆ Z/Å½ ËY/ ¾/ËY { Ä¯ {Y{ ½Z¿ Àe ËY { GCA ¾/ËY { ¶/Ì·{ ¾Ì/¼Å Ä] Á |¿{°¿ Y|Ìa Y {Ây ½ZÌ] d§ |/Àq /Å .d/Y ¾ÌËZ/a cZ¨ ÉË~adiYÁ ÓÂ¼ » ËY µZ/¼Y /Âf» Àe ËZ»M ¾ËY { Ä¯ {Â Ê» ÉÁM{ZË ÉY/] Àe ËY { ÉË~adiYÁ Á GCA iY ÅZ¯ .| Sirault et ) dY Ã| Y³ 0Ô^« cZ¨ ´Ë{ Á {°¸¼ ËY/§Y Ä/] {/°¸¼ x/Za ,/´Ë{ cZ/^ Ä] .(al., 2008 .d/Y {ZË \Ì Z] Á Êy Ä]Y cÂ Ä] Y|f]Y [M ½YÌ» Ã| f¼¯ \Ì ¾ËY {Á eÓZ] É|u Y [M ½YÌ» Ä¯ Ê¿Z» { ¶Ì·{ ¾Ì¼Å Ä] .|f§YÊ¼¿ ©Z¨eY {°¸¼ { É{ZË ÌÌ¤e Á { [M ½Y/Ì» { ®/qÂ¯ ÉZ/ÅÊfyYÂÀ°ËZ/¿ ,À/e ËY { ±/] cY/ÌÌ¤e h/Z] ,Ä/» t/ { ÃZÌ³ f{ .|/À¯Ê» {ZË Y Zy ¿ZËYÁ Á Ã| cZ¨ ´Ë{ Á {°¸¼ Á {/°¸¼ ÉË~/ad/iYÁ À/e ËY/ { ¶Ì·{ ¾Ì¼Å Ä] 1391 / µÁY ÃZ¼ /¹Á{ µZ /cÔ£ cZ¬Ì¬ve 9 ZÆ¿M F1 Á ¾Ë|·YÁ { µZ»¿ Á Àe ËY Á{ { Ä¿Y{ {°¸¼ cZ ]» ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» -4 µÁ|m Table 4. Mean squares of grain yield at stress and normal conditions in parents and their F1 cYÌÌ¤e ]ZÀ» S.O.V `ÌeÂ¿ Genotype Â¸] Block Zy Erorr GCA SCA É{YM Äm{ µZ»¿ ËY Àe ËY df Normal condition Stress condition ** 27 45.5 12 n 2 13.8 ns 2.6 ns 54 20.8 11.2 ** 17.9 ns 10.4 ns 129.5 21.5 ns 6 21 µZ»¿ Á Àe ËY Á{ { ¾Ë|·YÁ GCA Ë{Z¬» GCA values of parents at stress and normal conditions `ÌeÂ¿ µZ»¿ ËY Àe ËY Genotype Normal condition Stress condition - 0.5 ns - 0.19 ns 3** 0.1 ns -2.3** - 0.01 ns -2.3** 1.1 ns 2.9** - 0.8 ns - 0.05 ns 0.9 ns - 0.86 ns - 1.05 ns 2}M Azar 2 ËÂ¯ Kavir YÌ Shiraz ÉY{ ns Sardari ws-82-9 ws-82-7 ws-82-13 Non significant. * and ** .Y{ÊÀ » Ì£ ns Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ¶·MÉ{ ËZ»M Ê°Ìf¿ ÉZÅf»YZa {ÁM] Ä] ,¶·MÉ{ ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ê°Ìf¿ ÂÀe Ä] Â]» ÉZÅf»YZa Ä^Zv» (Mather and Jinks, 1972) °ÀÌm Á f» Á ½ÂÌ³ y ÄnÀa {Y| e {Â» { .| ÄËYY 5 µÁ|m { Á ®Ë {| Z] \Ì cÁZ¨e Á Ã{Â] ¨ Y cÁZ¨f» Ê^Ì ÉYY{ µ|» Ä¯ dY ¾ËY Ã|ÀÅ{ ½Z¿ Ä¯ dÌ¿ Y{ÊÀ » Ì¿ dËZ¨¯ d¨ ¾ËY ÉZÅÃ{Y{ {Â» { dÌ^·Z£ -ÊËY§Y ½Z¿ Ä¯ {Â] 0/77 d¨ ¾ËY { dÌ^·Z£ Äm{ .|À¯Ê» { .{Â] d¨ ¾ËY µfÀ¯ { ½ ¶¼ Ê^¿ dÌ^·Z£ Ã|ÀÅ{ Á Ä¿Y{YÅ ½Á ,ÄÂy { Är¸^À {Y| e ,ÄÂy {Y| e {Â» dËZ¨¯ dÌ^·Z£ -ÊËY§Y µ|» µZ»¿ ËY { {°¸¼ ÉY] Y{ÊÀ » ÉZf ÊaY iY {ÂmÁ µZ¼fuY Á |À¯Ê¼¿ cÂ Ä] ½YÂeÊ¼¿ ¾ËY]ZÀ] Á {Y{ {ÂmÁ cZ¨ ¾ËY µfÀ¯ .0/01 Á 0/05 t { Y{ÊÀ » \Ìee Ä] ** * Á \Ì¯e Ì¿ ÉY{ fe Z] ËÂ¯ `ÌeÂ¿ ,½M ] ÃÁÔ {Y| e ËY§Y ÉY] ½YÂeÊ» Ä¯ {Y{ ½Z¿ Ê]Ây ÉË~a Ã{Z¨fY ËÂ¯ `ÌeÂ¿ Y ,ÉY{ `ÌeÂ¿ { ZÅÄr¸^À Å ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ÉY] ÄÂy {Y| e Ä] Â]» (b) 1 ¶° .{¯ ÄÂy {Y| e ÉYY{ Ä¯ ÉY{ `ÌeÂ¿ Y .dY ËY Á{ ÄÂy º¯ {Y| e ½{¯ ¥] ÉY] ½YÂe Ê» dY ÊËÓZ] {Â» { .{¯ Ã{Z¨fY WS-82-9 Á 2}M `ÌeÂ¿ Á{ { Á WS-82-9¾Ì] ÉË~a \Ì¯e ¾ËfÌ] Ä¿Y{ YÅ ½Á .(c 1 ¶°) dY{ {ÂmÁ YÌ Á 2}M ,ËÂ¯ ÉZÅ `ÌeÂ¿ ¦Ì Ä¿Y{YÅ ½Á ¿ Y YÌ `ÌeÂ¿ Ä°ÀËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] Ê«Ôe ½M sÔY ÉY] Á ¾ËfÆ] | Ê» ¿ Ä] ,dY .|Z] WS-82-9 `ÌeÂ¿ Z] ¶·MÉ{ Á Z] ½Z¿ ¹|À³ { cZ¨ Êy] gYÂe Ä ·Z» :½YZ°¼Å Á ÊÀÌ»Y { .{/¯ Ã{Z¨fY ËÂ¯ Á WS-82-9 ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ Y ½YÂeÊ» Ê«Ôe ½M sÔY ÉY] Ê«Ôe ¾ËfÆ] Ä¿Y{ ½|a ÃÁ{ {Â» `/ÌeÂ¿ WS ÃÁ/³ Y Â/¼n» { .{Â/] WS-82-7 ×ËÂ¯ Ä/ËZ¬» { ËZ»M ¾ËY { .{Â] `ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËfÆ] WS-82-9 { `/ÌeÂ¿ ¾/ËY ¦ / d¨³ ½YÂf] |ËZ ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ´Ë{ Z] `ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËY .{Â] ÃZeÂ¯ ¶°¿Y|a µÂ Á º¯ ÁZ] ÄÂy {Y| e Z/] YË .dY{ Ê]Ây ZÌ] dÌ Á ®ËÂ·ÂÀ§ cZ¨ ¿ Y Äf/Y|¿ ÊÅZeÂ¯ ½|a ÃÁ{ Z»Y dY{ Ë ÊÅ|¸³ Ä°ÀËY Ä/¯ ÉÂ/ Ä] Ã|¿Z¿ ¹Z¼eY Ä] Ë Y {Ây É| ÃÁ{ Á ÃÁ{ µÂ/ Á Á 69 ¾Ë{Á/§ µÁY Y ½M É| ÃÁ{ µÂ /¿ ¾/ËY Y Ê/³ËÁ ¾/ËY .{Â/] Á 26 ½M { Ä/¿Y{ ½|a |/u Y Ì/] Ê/{Á ¶/Ì·{ Ä/] Z/ÅÄ/¿Y{ Ä¯ {Y{ dÌ¼ÅY ÉZ/Å`/ÌeÂ¿ d¨³ ½YÂeÊ» Â¼n» { .|¿ÂÊ¼¿ Ã|Ì¯Áq Ê]Â/y ÉZ/ÅÄ/z» ÉY{/ Á ËÂ¯ ,2}M |À¿Z» Ê¼Ë|« Z/Æ¿M Y |/Ë|m ÉZ/Å`/ÌeÂ¿ sÔ/Y { ½YÂ/eÊ/» Ä¯ |¿Y{ WS ÃÁ/³ ¾Ì/] { /Ì¿ WS-82-9 `/ÌeÂ¿ .{¯ Ã{Z¨fY Ê°/y Àe ËY { d¯ ÄÌÂe ÉY] `ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËfÆ] .dY ÉY´Zb //z] Y |//À¿Y{Ê//» ¹Ó {Â//y //] Ä//·Z¬» ½Z³|//¿Z´¿ Ã/ËÁ Ä/] ~/] Á µZÆ¿ ÄÌÆe Á sÔY ÄÂ» cÔ£ cZ¬Ì¬ve ~/] ¾f/Y~³ Z/ÌfyY { ÉY/] ½Z/Ì¨n¿ {Â³ f¯{ ÉZ«M {Â//» { ÊËZ//¼ÀÅY ¾Ì//Àr¼Å Á WS ÃÁ//³ ÉZ//Å`//ÌeÂ¿ .|ÀËZ¼¿ °e ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ [Zzf¿Y 10 .{ ¾Ì/¼ze ¶/·M É{ Á Z/] Y Ê/°Ìf¿ ÉZÅf»YZa ªÌ«{ ¶°¿Y|/a µÂ/ Ä/] Â]» ÉZÅf»YZa ´Ë{ Á ½ ¶¼ ÃÂv¿ ÉZ/Åf»YZ/a /Ì¿ 5 µÁ|/m { .{Â] ÃZÌ³ Z¨eY ÄÌ^ ZÌ] { Ä/¯ |Å{Ê» ½Z¿ ®Ë ÉY] Ã| Ã{ ¾Ì¼ze Ê°Ìf¿ d/Ì^·Z£ Ä/m{ .|/À¯ Ê» dËZ¨¯ dÌ^·Z£ -ÊËY§Y µ|» ½M Ä/] f/Ì] ½ ¶/¼ |/Å{Ê/» ½Z/¿ Ä¯ {Â] ®Ë Y fÌ] { SCA iY Ê^¿ ½{Â]ÓZ] .dY Ã{Â] dÌ^·Z£ ©Â§ cÂ ¾/ËY Ì¿ (1µÁ|m) ¶·M É{ ÉZÅ Ã{Y{ ¿ZËYÁ ÄËne µÁ|m µÂ Z] ®Ë ¾Ëe¶ËÂ ÉYY{ ËÂ¯ .|À¯Ê» |ÌWZe Y Äf°¿ Z/] ®/Ë ¾Ëe ÃZeÂ¯ ÉYY{ 2}M `ÌeÂ¿ Á f»Êf¿Z 8/1 .dY f»Êf¿Z 6/7 µÂ Ä¯ µMÃ|ËY `ÌeÂ¿ ®Ë Ä¯ {Y{ ½Z¿ Ê¸¯ Â Ä] lËZf¿ |/Z] Ê°/y À/e Z/] ^e/» [Â¸» cZ¨ Ä¼Å ÉYY{ Ä/Ây fÌ] {Y| e |Ì·Âe ÉY] `ÌeÂ¿ ¾ËfÆ] .{Y|¿ {ÂmÁ d§³ ¿ { ÉY{ Á 2 }M ÉZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ½YÂeÊ» Y ÁZ] ½YÂ/eÊ» ,ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ ËZ Z] ZÆ¿M SCA Ë{Z¬» Ä] ÄmÂe Z] Ä¯ sÔ/Y ÉY/] Y ËÂ¯ × 2}M Á YÌ × ÉY{ ÉZÅÊ«Ôe { Är¸^À/ {Y|/ e sÔ/Y ÉY/] .{/¯ {ZÆÀÌa d¨ ¾ËY Á {/¯ Ã{Z¨fY WS-82-9 Á YÌ ,ËÂ¯ Y ½YÂeÊ» ÄÂy Ä/¿Y{ Y/Å ½Á sÔ/Y ÉY/] .{Y{ Ê/«Ôe ÉY{ Z] Y ZÆ¿M Ä/] Ä/mÂe Z/] Á {¯ Ã{Z¨fY WS-82-9 `ÌeÂ¿ Y ½YÂe Ê» Y {Â/Ê/» ÄÌ/Âe Z/Å`/ÌeÂ¿ ËZ/ Z/] ½M SCA Ë{Z¬» ÉY/] WS-82-9 × 2 }M Á WS-82-9 × ËÂ/¯ ÉZÅÊ«Ôe ËY/§Y ÉY/] .{Â/ Ã{Z¨fY Ä¿Y{YÅ ½Á ËY§Y Á sÔY |/¿YÂeÊ/» Ê°/y À/e Ä] ¶¼ve ¿ Y Ä¯ ¶°¿Y|a µÂ ÉY/] .{/¯ Ã{Z¨f/Y 2}M `ÌeÂ¿ Y ½YÂe Ê» |Z] [Â¸» Ì¿ Ä¿Y{ ½| a ÃÁ{ ¾ÌÀr¼Å Á Ê³|Ì Á ÊÅ|¸³ sÔY 1391 / µÁY ÃZ¼ /¹Á{ µZ /cÔ£ cZ¬Ì¬ve 11 b Which wins where or which is best for what a Which wins where or which is best for what Which wins where or which is best for what d Which wins where or which is best for what c e Which wins where or which is best for what ½Á (c) (ËY Á{ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ») ÄÂy {Y| e (b) ,(ËY Á{ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ») ÄÂy { Är¸^À {Y| e (a) :cZ¨ ÉY] cÔaÉZ] Y{Â¼¿ -1 ¶° Ê ¸ |Àq ¶yY{ ZË ZÅY { ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ .µZ»¿ ËY { ÄnÀa {Y| e (e) Àe ËY { ®Ë µÂ (d) (ËY Á{ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ») Ä¿Y{ YÅ WS- :W9 ,WS-82-7 :W7 ,ÉY{ SA ,YÌ SH ,ËÂ¯ KA ,2}M AZ :Y |ÀeZ^ ZÅ`ÌeÂ¿ .|¿YÄf§³ Y« ½M Y ½ÁÌ] ZÅfe Á WS-82-13 :W13 ,82-9 Figure 1. Biplot graph for traits: (a) Spikelet number per spike (mean of two conditions), (b) Spike number (mean of two conditions), (c) Thousand grain weight (mean of two conditions), (d) Awn length in drought stress condition (e) Tiller number in normal condition. Genotypes are either located at corners or in polygon while testers are outside of polygon. Genotypes consisted of: AZ, Azar2; KA, Kavir; SH, Shiraz; SA, Sardari; W7, WS-82-7; W9, WS-82-9, W13: WS-82-13 ¶·MÉ{ Á Z] ½Z¿ ¹|À³ { cZ¨ Êy] gYÂe Ä ·Z» :½YZ°¼Å Á ÊÀÌ»Y 12 ½Z¿ ¹|À³ 7×7 ¶·MÉ{ s { °ÀÌm Á f» Á Z] Ã| {ÁM] Ê°Ìf¿ ÉZÅf»YZa -5 µÁ|m Table 5. Estimated genetic parameters by Mather and Jinks method in 7×7 wheat diallel design ÉË~a diYÁ ÉZÀ^» ]) ÊÂy (ÄeÂ] 10 ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» d¨ Á ½ÂÌ³ \Ë [¶Zu ZÅ¶·M Ê¿YÁY§ dÌ^·Z£ Äm{ 5Degree of Allel frequency product dominance 0.7 0.12 0.36 1 {| ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» cZ ]» ½ÂÌ³ Regression coefficient and it’s significant difference from 1 Regression mean squares 0.77 0.99 ns 17.2** 0.14 0.9 0.65 ns 1.8 ns 0.97 0.03 0.67 0.84 ns 1641** 0.97 0.03 0.72 0.93 ns 312 0.86 0.16 0.91 0.27 0.11 ns 0.8 0.12 0.8 0.33 ns 7.4 ns 0.52 0.2 1.3 0.95 ns 0.04** 0.76 0.11 0.79 0.83 ns 23 0.71 0.18 0.95 0.78 ns 20.6 0.46 0.21 1.33 1.03 ns 17 0.12 0.76 1.82 0.61 ns 13.1** 0.55 0.08 0.93 0.53 ns 4.6 ns Narrow sense heritability (per 10 plants mean) Trait ÄnÀa {Y| e Y ½M Y{ÊÀ » cÁZ¨e Tiller number ÄÂy {Y| e Spike number ÄeÂ] Z¨eY Plant Height ¶°¿Y|a µÂ ** Peduncle length ÄÂy { Är¸^À {Y| e * Spikelet no. per spike Ä¿Y{YÅ ½Á Thousand grain weight ®Ë µÂ Awn length ÊÅ|¸³ xËZe ** Flowering time Ê³|Ì ½Z» ** Maturity time Ä¿Y{ ½| a ÃÁ{ ** Grain filling period Àe ËY { {°¸¼ Yield in stress condition µZ»¿ WY { {°¸¼ Yield in normal condition ns * Non significant. ** and : Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. .Y{ÊÀ » Ì£ ns .0/01 Á 0/05 t { Y{ÊÀ » \Ìee Ä] ** Á* 13 1391 / µÁY ÃZ¼ /¹Á{ µZ /cÔ£ cZ¬Ì¬ve References Abate, Z. and McKendry, A. 2010. 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GGE biplot analysis: A graphical tool for breeders, geneticists, and agronomists. CRC PRESS. Zare, M., Choukan, R., Bihamta, M. R. and Hervan, E. M. 2010. Estimation of genetic parameters and general and specific combining abilities in maize using a diallel design. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 12: 318-332 (In Persian). 15 Cereal Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012 Inheritance of some traits in bread wheat using diallel method at normal and drought stress conditions Hosseinali Ramshini1Ï, Mehdi Fazel Najafabadi1 and Mohammad Reza Bihamte2 1. Assist. Prof., Dept. of Agronomy Sciences and Plant Breeding, Aburaihan Campus, Tehran University, 3. Prof., Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Tehran University (Received: August 6, 2012- Accepted: October 30, 2012) Abstract Breeding for drought tolerance is one of the most efficient ways for preventing yield loss in dry conditions. Diallel method is one of the best methods for genetic evaluation of germplasm before starting of breeding program. In this experiment seven bread wheat genotypes including old genotypes and elite lines were crossed in a half diallel mating design. Parents and F1s were planted at stress and normal condition in a RCBD design with three replications. In addition to pheonologic recording, morphological traits and grain yield were measured after harvest. Analysis of variance for diallel experiment showed that the effect of GCA effect was significant for all traits that imply there is significant additive effect in controlling of all traits. Results showed that each genotype is good considering one or some traits. Using biplot analysis, parents with high SCA were recognized for different traits. For spikelets number per ear, ear number and thousand weight crosses Kavir×Shiraz, Sardari×Shiraz and Azar2×WS-82-9 had the highest SCA. Mather and Jinks graphical analysis showed the adequacy of additive-dominance gene action model. Degree of dominance was between from 0 to 1 for most traits which showed the gene action is almost partial dominance. Some genotypes like WS-82-9, Sardari and Kavir can be used for improving of traits thousand weight, ear number and spikelets in ear in both conditions, respectively. Also WS-82-9 is an elite line that can be acceptable genotype for dry condition. Keywords: Gene action, General and specific combining ability, Narrow sense heritability *Corresponding author: [email protected]