THE GEORGEOWL PAPERS
GeorgeOwl was one of the few Formula One designerswho drew up plans for
more than one racer. He had tremendousexperiencein the industry and was
associatedwith the design of many iconic aircraft as listed in "About the Author".
In the F1 racing world, his designschallengedWilly Falck's'oRivets"and Ray
Cote's "Shoestring",the dominantplanesof the era, and few other peoplecould
say that.
In 1975the Air Racing community was one organization and an Air Racing
Symposiumwas held at California City airport. The following information on F1
raceplanedesign was preparedby George for presentationat this meeting.
Although aerodynamicperformanceand compositetechnology has progressed
somewhatsince 1975,he coversthe basicsthat every designerneedsto know.
Bill Rogers,2013
rt
,i Jl
ABOUT,THE AUTITOR:
M r . 0 w 7 're cd i ve d , o B .S . Degr ee in Aer or xDuttcol Englneer ing
of Po r k s A L r C o l l e g e ,
lg + 0 . W h L T eo f
(T ro v e l o i r s ,
E o st S f .
e tc.)
o n C 20 hour s of flLght
t he C i u l v e r D o rt a i rcro ,ft.
recetueJ c
lnte ?
Al t e r
o rt,u o te p i l o t
ttr Lght in St.
Dur tng hi,s stog of
E n g Lneer f or the posf- ucr
t h, e n C l t l t r l non d th e n se d ,o n tt. Hi,s lLr wl
o t io n
tr otning
onfi,
Louis"'
M r, Oa l ,cce o te d , e mpToymeni ,J,sa Design engLneer wLtlt
h e w o s o . o p or.n te CP ro j e ct
ef lo r t ,
Ln
tict+et.
A e r o n c c A L r c ra ,l t tn tri :" rl ,d ,l e tolitn,
Ohto.
of
instr uctton
H e contLnueC,his f iigll,t
Da rki n g o s a n e n g i neer Ct Cvr tts
. l{iss o u r t ,
Ch i e l
Decem ber of
b e re c e' iued, his A & E i{ echonics r of ings
" P trks"
J-.3 's,
Louis, fll inoi.s in
P r e l tn i t.';',t!
D e stg n .
pos ition
tt
tr Chief" ( 1LAC ) ,
Aer onco wos
Dur lng tnLs tine, cs o spor e
i e a cco mp l i s\e C , th e d,esign of o 2OO h.F.
Aer onco
tLne
tl{ or ner ins toi I-
,r M onoccupellO Spac LcIr t, ond, ihe
/ o ; : I I oo d ,L e E d ,mu n d ,so n ts
d e s i . g n o f , , Go o d ,g e o r ro ce r.
re t u r n e d , f o S f . L o u i s
A ir f r a n e P r o i e ct
!,!r . Ool lefi;
cn d , i fe Dannill
E n g tn e e r cn th,e xv- |
Aer onca in
A:- r cr alt.
At
19!18and,
llcDonne]- Ihe wcs
Conuer tLpi.c.vt"e
e.w|, os o spo r e
t L m e o r o j e c t co n e e L ve C ,, tn rl , wLth par tne.s, oeccnplLslzad th,e d,ato Ll
d , e s i g n o n c fo b ri c*tL o n cf th e P.4.R. spacLol #g7 pusher r acer Ln
t g+g - 1 9 5 0 .
I n ! 9 5 5 Mr. A tl
mo ve d to ColLf or nr ,:rond, acceptad o positior l
wlt h J l r ' o rhf A n e ri csn A u to ti o n
contributo-r
( now RochuelT) .
so ti te co n ce p tu ,o l d,esLgn of
A t rf r : - r r e Pr cj e ct
He utas o ne,j or
ttr ,e x- 15 cnd B- Zo ond, wzs
:
I
I
t
I
E n g L n e e r a n the ltt ter .
He is
cur r entl y' oss LgneC ,
I
l,
ll l
-2 . -
Au t l t ar:
os a M e m b e-ro f th e T e ch n L co l Stoff
S p t c e S l t u t tIe
P ro g ra m.
G e o r ge i .s o me mb e ro f i .A.A.
So c i e t g ,
in Pr elLmi,r p,r y Design on the
the Amer i' eon Helicopter
S o o ri n g S o cL e r, o f Ar r ter ico ond' is olso octLve
Professionol
R o ce P tl o ts
in
A ssocLctLon conmLttee wor h os &
Te c h n L c o | me n b e r.
R e c e nt F crmu l o I
onfl, #Zt nLLl'
Qu i ckte " .
d e si g n s includ,e #87 "Pogott, #11 tttengt'
l.
Al t e r
o fo r n u l o
cb n s i d e rtn g
of d,esign which go into
th e rwnu ospects
o vth or d,eciC,ed,tlwt
I ? o ce rr'th i s
m o s t o f t h e m w o u l d , e r" th e r. re s ult
an1 ottem pt to
Ln undesi,r obl e d,iTution or
ne c e s s i t o t e o co mo l e te D cl u me tn itself
!
It
Dos olso
t t t o t n o o t t e mp f sh o u l d b e n o d,e to cr ecte' ninstont
f or
t h e s o me re o so n s.
es s e n t i o l
t o ro ti o n ml
tr oini,ng
S e If
cover
evLd,ent
engineer sn,
those engineer ing
tn
shills
d ,e si g n of o For muTo I con be r eod,Lly
o e c o m p l i s h e d , b y o n y tn fl i vL d ,uol wlt' ound,er stonds nLgh school
o l g e b r o o n d ,o h ysi cs.
A l i ,st
r efer ences' ahr ' ch
respect is
i n th i s
c o n s i d , e r s vo l w b l e
of
the outhor
includ,ed, f or thos e who
o re i n t e r e s te d , i n p ro ce e d ,L n golongr tl"ot cour se.
fhis
w i 7 7 e xa n i ne Ln som e detotl
orti cl e
the elfect
p e r f o r n w n ce , o n th e ro ce C o 5r se, of vor Lotions
upon
in sor ne bosic
d, e s i g n p o r ome te rs su ch o s a Lng spon onC tlt,ickness.
Per f or nonce
on o r c c e co u rse i s o u n i q u e pr oblem becouse of the m ix of Tevel
f li g l l t
o c c el e ro ti o n
o rd , d ,e celer atLon d,ue to tur ns.
pe r f o r n l r u ce tre o tme n t o s f o unt in text
o m o n n e r w h i cl t, i s d ,i f f e re n t
CIoss icol
books r nust be opplied' t' n
th,on no?m ol, thus posing f or mid' oble
p ro b l e r n s t o th e n o vi ce e n g i n eer or pil o t who d' eslr es t o und' er stonr tr
the ef fect oi
u o rto ti o n s
P e r l o n l rr;n ce i n
io l l g
o l v n ctt,o n
in
th' e bosic
o cce l e ro ting
por cn,leter s.
,or C,ecel.er ' ttLng flLght
o f e xce ss thr us t ( elther
pos ttLve
is
esse nt-
or negotLve) .
T h e T e o e | a f e xce ss th ru s t d 'epewl,s on engine powet t Pt opelT er
e f f L c L e n c g cn d , o i rp T o rb e d ,ro g.
The r esvltLng
C, e c e l e r o t L o n o l o n g th e l l L g h t
poth ie pr opor ti
t h r u s t d , L vi d e d , b y /n o ss.
occeTer otton
or
onml to J excess
- 2.F L g u re l .
sho/t
i l l u stro te s
o tgpicol
h o rs e p o u e r (s.Il .F .)
us r .p.nL.
c o n t i n e n t oi
Mo ta ri sp e crf i cttion
e x t r o p o l ote
th i s
rocing.
d o to to
A d d i ti o rw rl y,
c h o r g L n g e f f e ct
vor iotion
ful7
thr ottle
The cur ue u,os gener oted, f r om
d,oto.
r t voosn,ecessor g to
th,e m uch ltigher ?.p.tr L. r @nge used in
it
wos necessor u t o estLnate
o f ro n p ressur e,
the super-
the ef f e.ct of per niss tble engi ne
r e l L n e m e nts o rvC re
, d ,u ce d ,f r Lcti.on r esulting
oil
of
f r on high,er ttwn nor r al
t e m oe ro tu re o n d , n o n s tond' or d' cleor onces.
Th,ese unhnowns tend,
t o r e d , u ce co n l i d e n ce L n the occur ocA of f hi,s
ho,aeuer it
"r r r r ,
to th e o ccu ro cA of the cor npor isons to folloa.
n o t c r i t l co l
F i g ure 2 . d ,e scri ,b e s the pr opeTTer effLctencg,
equilLbrium
, or d, - -- - :
For muTo r pr opeTTer s
r.p .n 1 ,. f o r tw o r epr esentottue
( 5 6 " d , L o. x 6 6 " p L tch o n n , 58r , c,Lo. x,54,, pLtch,) .
c c l c u l a t e d, u si n g
T l te octLvLty
l.
b to d ,e w i d ,th w h i T e Cl;
w L t h k n o utn p ro p e T T e r p e rfo r r ance
foctcr
ery"
Th,ed,ot,a Do s
y 1 ; . g h e rt h cn C .5 .
Dos cbtaLned.
d ,estgn lLft
T h e se d ,iffer ences
of
descr ibas
tl t,e
bloC"e thicknes s ,
r eosonn.blg good cor r eTotLon,
f o r m o s t F o rn u l c I p rcp s i ,s som ewlmt less
(i n te g ro te d ,
( A.F.)
is r l,escr iptive
T h e s e p c r o me te rs D e re ch o sen s o tlwt
ord, the Cl;
?
H o mL l ta n Stond,or d,Manvcl d,ctc ond th,e engLne
p e r l o r m o n ce o f F i g .
relotive
is
The octupl
A.F .
thon loo ( saa 80 to
ceeffLci.ent)
is
95)
som en\ot
ient, to concel eoch, ot\er
o n C , p r o d ,u cea n e g l i g i ,b l e Cif f er ence tn the r esul t ing per f or m&nc e
o s D r e se nte d ,
Es t irro fi o n
u s r . F . r f l ,.l e o d s
os shoun in Fig.
o f D ra a e l Ter eificLencg
to
j.
co l cvl o tLon
of fu\7
us r .p.tr L. ond engine S.i t.F .
thr ottie
T h ,e reTo t i onshio is:
thr vst
us oir p s eed
., F!&il .r
:
I
-3'T h r u st,
=
I b s.
P roD. efficiencu.
n x S.H.PjZ5 x speed, r tr .p.h.
T h e 5 8 x 6 + p ro p e l l e r
thts
to l l l . p rouid,e better
os it
f i g u re
the 58 x 65 ond" is
use.
for
per for nwnce wos used,os
tohe- ofl
q u i te repr esentotLve
o i ro T o n e d ,ro g.
occeler ation
of pr opeller s
co n s to n t sp e e d tn leve7 f ligtlt
t o t h ' e t o to l
the thr ust
For the f hr us t level
s . p e e d , ,o s p re se n te d , tn F L g. 3.,
s e l ecte d , n sx.
sp e e d .
d roq,
gener ol
tn
m ust be eqw l
of o selecte d,
Lt is
F' ig. + il I u- qtr otas this
.co e ff L ci ent
L n t e r m , s o l d rl g
thon
ther e is o cor r espond,Lng r wx.
p e r m i s s L bl e d ,ro g w h i ,ch o n oir pTone wtA lwue if
thot
the bosis /or
to ochLe ue
d,r og ' ,bud,getn
=
Cp wher e Cp
I bs.
o n d , d g n mmi c cr€ s.2 q = * x d,ensity, p x ( speed,, ft/sec.) 2.
T h , e u p p e r sl o pi n g T L n e L n Fig.__@,r ete!.!s
,t g -!9.Ld'&$ngef.t_i_9_if!^t:J o:*""
s p e e d , f o r th e e n g i n e fp ro p eller
Il
,.!.!:::- 1
l- lr nr is_si b!a
o funct Lon of rrwx. o t to trwble
per f or m once pr euiouslA
e n g t n e/p ro p e T T e r p e rf o rr nfr nce i,s better
pr esent ed,.
than assum ed,, t' nen the
s p e e ) i a i l I b e n i " g h e r o r tl ue d,r ag nbud,getnnag be r oised to o
h i g l t , e r T eve | o t
th e so n e s peed,. f ig. 4 olso shor as sever ol
I n w h L c ' \ th e ta ta l
d ,ro g n oA be appor t|oned,.
'j
uoU S
The Cp, f or fuseT oge,
e n p e n n f r gea rd , l tr.l d ,i n g g e o r wos esiLmoted,, f or o tgpicol
For nul o I,
os hcuLng o Teuei ol
s u r f o c e o re o ,
i n u o l v e d ,.
This uolue wt,lj vo,r li d,epend,Lngup on,
"0068
ftrre ss ro tL o , or d, gener al cIeofi,r L€sso.f the componeni s
I.-i n g d ro g vo ri o tions
o s s u n i n g tu rb u l e n t
Tonirwr
vr e
shann f cr f our tht,ct+nesses ,
b o u n cl ,or yToyer cowl,if icns.
tl
f7 o ,.oco r] b e a ch L e ved, t.hese wtng d,r ag levels
s . u b st o n t i o tl U
re C ,u ce d ,,re f . tr ' ig. 22.
extensLve
could, be
f t' should, be noted, tlwt
the
_4,_
ra o s f s u c c e ssf u I
It
ls
F o rmu T of ts d o not lwve Tomir wr f low oi,r /oi,ls.
t h e ou th o rs'
tlwt subs tontLol
opinion
Tomintr f low on th,e
ro e e c o u r s e ca n b e re o l i ze d , on only one sur foce
of
t h e w i n g o t o ti me .
fo r nost
gr o d L e n t ,
vi b ro ti o n ,
high speed,.
g ro i l ,L e n t, w h L ch ro i l7 exist
sid,e of
t h e w L n g o t o tL me .
t m p r o u e s t he fo vo ro b l e
oi r l o L l
h ig h e r
ot
to p r essur e
( os
without
o ver J fovor abl e
noted, obotue) on onlU one
thLcl+ oir loils
g ra d Lents on the for wor d, side of
th e e xp e n se o f
th,e gr cd,t,ents on the oft
sid,e onfl,
flow, anfi, negotes sonbe of the
D e si g n o f o n opttmum oir f
oil
f or Fcr r nuTo I
t L m e c o n s u mtn g p ro ce ss o n d , htnges heoviTg on o r eolistic
o!
t b e p r o bo b i l i ty
operoting
In
s lo p i n g
o f o ch i e v ing
Tom iwr llou
is o
ossessm ent
os af f ected, bg the
C o n d .i ti o n s o n d , e n vLr onm ent.
F t g . + th e re g L o n b etween the w|ng d,r ag leve|
t t mtx. p e rn 'r,i ssL b l e nd,r og Tine is
lo r d , r o g i te n s su ch o s i n te rfer encet
A l t e r r w t l , v e ly,
ond, the
the
olr oiloble
"emotnder
cooling, leohoge etc.
th e ca cl i n g Cr og is r epr esentad os o r eductt,cn Ln
o v o t T o b l e th ru s t f o r vo l u e s ol .05 x S.H.P.
or :li-.7C x S.ff.P.
o g o o d d c o ol l n g syst e m n L g h t obsor b .05 x S.fi.;.
possible
the
wlt,LcLt"
7 eads t o ttigh,er d,r og in
t h e r e g i o n s w h i ch o re t,n tu rbulent
go i n .
f or Tom Lt w r
Dur i,ng tur ns the
[/se of r elotivelg
7 o c o l o u e ra g e ve l o c L t ies,
po t e n t i o l
onl1 th e
tur buTence ond, sur foce wovtness or
n o i se ,
ro u g h n e s s o n d th u s p ro b o b l g connot extst
p?essure
favor oble
L a mL rw r f Tow is uer A sens t tive
i s tru e .
tevetse
ot
or botton)
com m only used, oir foils
up p e r s u r f o e e w i 7 7 h o ve o p ressur e gr odient
f lo r n d , u r L ng 7 G 7 e u e 7 fl i g h t
( top
t o w o rh 'th ts
ond, it
A
nr r ;1be
d ,o w n to zer o or per iwps even to pr ovtd,e o
s z r o l 7 o n o u n t o f th ru s t b a e f ficLent
util
tzoiior u of
exhoust ener ga
- J.o r l , d r e j e c t ed ' h e o t.
is
Go o d p ressuTe r ecover u thr ough the inlets
to re o l L zo ti o n
e s s e n t io l
A n y o n e fo mi l i tr
ol
7ow cool ing d,r og.
w L th the engtneer ing ospects
p e r f o r n o n ce co n re e o g n i ze thr ,t ottoinLng
with'o
o V r nox. of
i s re o 7 |g quite on ochievement.
F o rmu T o I
d r o g T e v e l s o re o l mo st fo n tostLcaTly
propelTer
of oir cr oft
p e rfo rn o n ce
25O nph
The r equir ed,
7ow wh,tle er Lgtne ar d,
i s co rr espondingTy high
o r eol
-
)' 1
c h o T T e n g e!
:hia{-'ieord wLnA reports
,t**TEd}uttr-or-
b u t th e se a ,re gener oTTu' not
2 5 O m . p.h .,
ol
of
top speed,s in excess
bour n out bA per for m onc e,
I
o n t h e r o c e co u rse .
In n r,o st coses the sfotic
the A.S.f.
i s su sp e cf.
Lnvoriooly
re su l ts
o c t u o T d , u e to
in
[Ise of cochpit oir
for
r efer ence
sour ce f or
the stotLc
i n C ,i .cated,ot"r speed,s which or e
;
sour ce
hLgher thon
pr essur es coused, by the wtng pr ess ur e
th ,e l o ra sto ttc
f i e l d , a n t , l ti g fv ve l o cL ty l l o w over the eanopA, whieh tend to
e l o c t ^ o t e th ,e co ch p i t.,
pred,ictton
F i g u re 4 is ol
doubtful
volue tn
o f p e rf o rmo n ce f or a specif ic das ign.
f t is
the
intend,ed
t o i I l u s t r o t e th e re 7 o ti ve i rn p o rto nceofuor iousd,r ogitem sonc'
th e s e n s i t ivL tg
to p sp e ed,to dr og r efinem ent,
of
i,n s i g h t o s to w h e re th e o o y- of f
ro c e c o u r se i s p e rfo rra n ce
I n t h e f i r wl
F o r m u T oI
I ig ,
+.
u n ti l
it
giuing
W lwt r eo|7A nwtter s
one @ir cr aft
o ro l U si .s th e o bsolute
? h i s o u t h o r d ,i ,d ,n o t o tte mp t
o
of
is- .
thus
r elotive
to
or b the
the other s .
Tevel of per for r nonce ts occd ,em i c .
to tr wh,eonu conplete dr og ar wlysis
b e ca me necessor u to do so in
ir w c e u t o c i es,
th o t
af
or i,er to gene r ate
T'h ,ere T o ,ti u e trra g d,Lff er ences between conpetitiue
ore so smoll
som e
oir cr of
th e y o re eompTetelA obscur ed. by estinwtion
d L i f e re n ce s t,n engine onC, pr ope|ler
per f or ffr .lnceetc .
t
|
_6,_
It
g re o te r
l s b e l L e ve d , tl w t
benefit
d r o g c o n po ri so n s a n o n L te n by iten
b e s t d , e s ig n so l u f i o n s i ,n e och or eo.
d r o w n t o e vo l tn ,te
con be obtained, by mokLng
bosis fo seor ch out the
Bef or e cor l.lpr - r i,sonscon be
tl t,e me rL t of olter r wtLve
chotces Lt ts neces s or u
o trmi ss i o n p ro f i Lett on which the com petotive d,esigns c an
to deline
F o rn u T o I Sir is m iss ton pr otftTe eotu be r epres -
b e c o m p o r e d ,. F o r o
ented, os o
re p e ttti o n
s t r o i g h t o w o g L n l e ve l
of
two bosic
7egsl o)
occeier otLon
f l i g r \t onr l,, b) o 18OO c onstont
doan o
r od,ius
tu rn o ro u rd ' 3 pUIons ( f ollowed ba
ol a) and
"epeot
A n o d ,d ,i ti o n n ,I mi .s sLon 7eg af cr iticol
inter est
is
decelerottng
b),
etc.
l rcm o sto rvd ,Lngstor t,
occelerotiont
over o disr once
or bi,tr or tly
Ad,vontogesgotned, or b one leg must b e
o s s u m e d t o b e 6 .0 0 0 fe e t.
w e L g n e d , o g a L n st I o sse s o n onother ,
t \ s e of o co n s ta n t ro d ,ius 18OO tur n or ound, thr ee pUIons i,s
o n l g o n e cf rn o n g p o ss L b Ie techniques f or
gettLng or ound, the cour s e.
case ol beLng sinple
to onnTlze onr l ,
It
h o s i h e o d ,vo n to g e tn th i s
is
b e l t e v e d , t o b e o vo td , bosis f or c om poris on os wel| os be Ln g ner - r
o p t t m u m L n re o l i tA .
E x o mi n o tL a n o f i h e d ,tnensions of o tgpi,ccl
fig.
5,
r eve o l s
n e o r T , g e q u o l to
th o t
th e d istonr r ,Tlo*r ,
thr ee m ile cou r s e,
or t,the str oights
th ,e d ,i sta n ce f Town i,n the tur ns.
For
i,s Lter A
th,e or wlgs es
t h c t f c 7 7o to , th e se d ,i sto n ces wer e or bi tr ct' r t,7g m od,eeqw,I in
to s i n p l i . fa
o sn p u to ti o n s.
A' m otr ix
w h L c h L n cT u d e d ,th re e g ro ss weights,
sp e e d s ( t n trt'g
.
miss ion
si x
tp o i n t
designs") .
l e g s u o s co l cu l o te d , of
of
or d,er
conf igur of ions r aos sele c ted,
f our wtng spons ond' thr ee m o,x .
Per f or twnce on cr itLcol
seo |e,tel.' ond, 5r OAOf eet f or en ough
- 7 .'
o!
t b e o b ove d e si g n s to p e rmit
onci cr oss plotting
plotting
thetr
r e 70 t I,ve p e r f ormonce.
of
D e f i nttto n
( FLg. 5) os 1293 ft.,
th e tu rn r odius
o f th e re q u i re d , otr pTone 7ood, foctor
coliulotion
N o r o n tJ o L rcro ft
L n l LftLng
lift
o n d , is
l , l l u s t r o t es
tt
cons tont
fh i s
or ninducer l d,r og".
ltftr
h o w th i ,s d ,ro g butld,s ' ttp wtth
Fig. 7
incr easLng lif t ( gts)
sp e e d ,. N o te tl wt o f our teen f oot spon hos twtce o s
tw e ntg f oot s.Donr of
T h e m a g n itu d ,e s sh o w n (o t
L n c r e o s e d, i .A .S .
I
r J,r ca which wos
d,r og r esvl ts f r om ihe g?ner ot i on of
co ||e d , n d ,ro gd ,ue to
n t u c h L n f l ,u ce dd,,ra g o s o
Itg.
o d,r ag
ther e exists
llight
t n c r e m e n t o ve r o n fi , o b o ve tl te m Lnlmumpr olLle
i , I t u s t r o t e d , i ,n f i g . +.
or "Cn Iood' u s .
Fig. 6.
tr oted, in
t n s t o n t o n eo u s sp e e d ,o s i l l u s
per m Lts
5 -OOOft.
& 2+O r nph) will
( o s w L th incr eosed,,densittl
i l l u stro te s
th e excess thr ust
n p o i n t C , esi g n s" h a u L n g n w x. speeC' sof
).
chor scter tsttcs
is of
ful|
dr og ( ot
s p ' e e d , sb e l o w V rn o x. b e co u se th,e otr cr oft
w h i T e p r op e T T e r th ru st
d,ecr eose wLth
thr ottle
fo r
T h'e
ot
I g) d,eer eos es
L n creas?so
d,r og chor octer istics
O n c e th e e xce ss t,h ru st ond, Lnclueed,
estoblished
thos e
for
24O, 25O, ond, 260 mph.
re su l ts w h e n ihe oLr cr off
e x c e s s t h ru st
lif t.
equol volues of
ore
o g i ve n d e s Lgr i Lt becones possi51e to calcultte
t b e s p a e d, u s ttn e h i sf o ru on ihe r ace cour se "|egst' discussetl,
.
prevtouslg,
In o rd ,e r fo r o stobLlized, cor ' tl,ition to exi' stt the
s p e e d ,o f
th e e n d ,o f o tu rn ntust eqwl
the stroLght
tte
s p e e C,ct
o n i , tte sp e e d , ot
th e strs,rt o f
the speed,of
the en;J af
the tur n.
for
the stor t o f
tr te sfr oight
must equol
the Toce coilr s e d,im ens i ons
-8. -
g L v e n , t h e o u e ro s_ g _ _ s_ )rspeed,
on cour se must be, oppr oxlnwtelge
--_.--
the spc.ed,t
ttur 9rr!
,hiih
9-9-i-?-rc.!.!-Lb
ln the turn.
p.y-g^ry_tjg_stroight.
3gr*J___t_qj
lhis
iQ
th e sp e e d , w her e the over tge
o c c u rs o f
Lnfl,ucedd,r ag in tle
s- thr us t o
th e i rd u ce C , d rog r equir es
S o l u i n g f or
be estcbl is hed.
of
?his is
t i t , r e e o rb L tro ry
fh i s
the cor r ect
b est occontpl Lslr ,ed,oa gr ophicol
th e speed,- ttme nistor g
d e s t g n s d ,i ff e rL n g o n l y i n wing sponr i.e.
o n f i ,w e l g h ts.
that
g' s
tter ot i on
sp e e C ,s.
9 i tl u s tro te s
f ig.
olso
p t o f cl ecr ly
f or f our potnt
having equol top spe ed,s
shor os tlt,e ef f eet of
i r d u c e d , d ,rcg o s w i n g sp o n i s dacr eased.
Sintilor
tlt"e Lnc,r e os Lng
conputotLon Das
o c c o n p l i s he d , f,o r tfu e o th e r point desigr ns wh|ch r esulted, in gr ophs
si,milrr
orrtve
f o F tg .
of
7 O o rd l l
iuto odd' Lttona! gr oss weigfuts.
f l o w n . L n e xce ss o f
i s n e ce ssor 1 t o c or r ect
d,Lstonc e
f or th,e od,r l,ed,
th e co u rse str o Lght line d,istonce of
thr ee
T h e C ,i sto n ce f I o w n, on tlte exonple mtssion pr of Lle,
o p p r o x . 3 .IO mL l e s w h L ch w culd, Lnd,tcote thct
sh o u l d , b e o b o u t .9 7 x o D e roge t.O..t.
in
To
C o u rse o ve ro g e speed,sf r Om the sol uf ions whr "cn go) e
o v e r o g e T.A . S . i t
m'vles.
for
tne cour s e over oge
Use 9f tais
volue r esulted'
u n r e o t i st i " co l 7 rl h L g h p red,icteJ cour s e over oges /or
o c t r y t l o lrcro f t u h o se ch o rt,eter ist.ics
I I s e o l t h e re T o ti ;o n sh i o l
r e s u l t e C , i n mu ch b e tte t
or e
is
s euer ol
hnown bg the outhor .
ccur se ove. speed = .935 x Quer age T. A.S.
co r r eTotLon o' r ul'wos occor r J,Lngly used' t o
d,evel op ttt,is ond, s ubsequent C'otc .
- 9.F I g . 7 2 w o s d 'e ri ve d fr om the obove d,ato to tllustr ote
s e n s i t L u L tg
o f co u rs e o u e "oge speed t o weigtt,t chonges.
e x a m p T e o 5 C -l b . w e tg h t L ncr eose to o 20 ft.
p r e d , i c i e d, to re su l t
oit.
spon oir cr oft
is
spon the pr ed,ic ted,
For o 1+ f t.
p e r w T t g i s .A +B x 5 0 = 2 .4 m ph. fhis
penoltA
to th e L n cre o se d , d,r og r l,ue to lift
wet,ght).
For
L n ; .022 x 50
o D e r J , g e s p e e d o f 5 ,OA A f t.
entirel;J
the
is d,ue olm osf
( to
th,e od,d,L ti onnT
lift
T h e d ,e cre *se d , o c celer r ytion on the sf r o Lghts, d,ue to
o d , d ' e du, e i g h t,
i l t,e
i s co n p e n so ted, bg r ed,uced,d,eceler atLon tn the tur ns ,
d , u e t o t h ,e o d rl e d , mo me n tu n. ?his m oA lt,elp to expToLn whg Rtuets
g e t s o r o u n d , th ,e co u rse so fcst
t,n spite
of o r elctivelg
high
weLght.
F i g ts.
13 od
r e q u i r e d , (tru e
2 3 O n p b fo r
1 4 w e re d,er ived, to illus tr oie
o i rsp e e rl )
se o l e ve l
to pr od,uce o cour s e aver oge speed, of
o n d ,5,OOO ft.
r o n g e o f sp o n s f ro n 7 4 ft.
It
i s r e ad i l g o p p o re n t
11A f,lster
c o n p e t i t i ve .
of
oltituaes.
Doto cover s o
to 2A f t. ond, ' oeights
th ot shor t spon otr cr of
i n T e ve l fl i g h ,t,
olt.
7OO to B+O I bs .
t must be subs tont;.o-
os we77.os Tighter ,
F o r e xo n p |e , of Jr OOO ft;
ir an
tf
they or e t o be
o 1+ ft,
spon aLr c r oft
7 0 0 I b s. ra cL n g w e tg h f ntust ho,te o 5.3 r lph higlte r t op spea d, thon
o 20 f t.
in
the V m ox.
sp o n o i rcro ft
n h Lch weigh,s B+O lbs.
in or der to be e quol
c o u r s e o ve ro g e sp e e ,l .
It
i s w e 7 7 kn o w n th o t cer toin penol ties
o r d , e r t o i n co rp o ro te
o l o n ger sDon ning ond, these per wTties
b e e v o l r . tc,te d o g a i n s t th e benef its
1 3 c n C 7 +.
ar usf be occepted Ln
af,,ictt ar e
m us t
Lnl,icoted, bg Figts .
- I0.-
F o r o g L ve n th i ckn e ss,
tn c r e o s e Ln so o n o n l , fo r
Lncr eoses r opid,IV wLth
th tn wings ther e or e
o rfr, o tl e ro n
where llutter
uing weight
r w t u r o l "t r e n fl , tl te re l o re i s
T he
Lncr eose thLchness os spon ts
L n c r e o s e d ,, th u s h e e p |n g w e tght incr eoses
preservtng
pr obTem .
become o ser ious
rever sol
to
son.leupper li,ntits
the possibility
If
n e ce ss.o l J sti l fn e ss.
to o mod,estlevel
or d,
of extensLv e
T o n i r w r f 7o w i s d ,L sco rd ,e d ,then incr eosLng tolng thickness r esul t s
tn t n c r e o se d , mtn i mu mw L n g d ,r og ond, r ed' uced V r ncx, os i,Ilustr oted ,
by Ftg. 75.
If
t h e r o n g e o f l L ft
e xte n si ve
l or nir wr f low con be och|eved, ihr ougno ut
re q u tre ,J on the r oce cour se tben thicher
( t Z ' n , t o 1 5 l l i w o u l d , p ro b o b T g lwve
( 8 f i t o 1 0 fr t /c)
Iower d,r og then thLn r aings
b e co u se th e s o- co 77ed,"d,r og buchet) ' of
i, s n o t w ! d,e e n o u g h to co ve " th,e r onge of CL ( ltlt
22.
e n c e a n i e r e d , On c o u rse , re f . Fig.
is
thot
t h e p e rw l tg i n
uings
thtn sec ttl ons
coeffLcient)
The ConClus t on i o be ,Jr o.w n
sp e eC"us thLck"ness ( F.ig.
15) is
the wor s t
th o t c o v l d, b e e xp e cte d ' o ttd , c ould possi' bIU be nLl up to thicknes s
ro t i os o! 15fi.
T h e mo st o p a o te n t b e n ef it
whtch occr ues to lLglr t we;.gtlt is
t h e o C , v o n to g eL n trL ke -cff occeler otton.
(fron
s t o ti c
T L n e o b re o st p os LtLon) is
[,hen a "Toce hor se' t stt,r t
used, the oLr cr oft
wh|ch hos
a
th e b e s t o cce T e ro ti o n
co u l d , be the /ir s t onto the r oce coLtr se.
In
o r d , e r t o be b e o te n h e n u st be possaC,. Tlt' e r ules of possing r equi r a
(or
result
L n ) th e o l e rto h L ng oir cr aft
flaing
a
L n o r d , e r :fo p o ss o ru th e o u tsid,e or obove ( llgLng
olmos t
L n e vL ta b l g re su l ts Ln o
s t c t e d , h e r e th o t i t
Tor ger r ur n
to ke s o lar ge
Tor ger r odius
tur n
o ' thight' cour s Q
r ad,ius) .
spee( l,d,iffer entiol
It
should. be
to poss, b A o
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