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M|NI§rRY OF tItGü IDUC-ÀTION AND SCIEN
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Lrâduâtion p.ojtrr: \rdre etrsioeer diploma
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Discùssêrl publicly in front ofthe
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unireBity otouârsls)
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Mr. SesniLadjel
( UnileEityotOüârsla)
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Academic veâr: 2OO2/2OO3
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ALGERITN D[]IOCR.\TI( lND POPLTL,\|I t ,r'tr
IiICTI EDII(]ATIO\ \\D SCII:N I II.'I(] R} t!
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DEPAR'I'f}IIN
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TNCI\EERI\(i
Gmduation !mjcct I stite engioeêrdiD1ontr
Rcùlizcd br:
(.§(,1Ahd.lkxder
Bnr,fi, Otû.ne
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SDedâlit"v : Procêss lingintering
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FACIII,TY OIi SCEI\CfS,\ND ]1\GI\EERI\G
Theme
Phvtoscreening ând antibacterial âctiYity of the
pla nis
Ephedru oltru .
Discussed
Ltlt,ttctt
rcscdiJbliû
l,ubliclr in f,'ont ot rhc jurt
ùD
ltltl
Oudneÿa
O(tobrr {'h,2001
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l.l. }lr.
t.
llnamcr l-otfi ( t niyersity ofOuàrqla)
Sesni L{djct ( trnnersih ofOuàrglà)
1lr. Sàkhri Lakhdrr{ L niÿcrsit! ofOua.glà)
Ur. Ghcraf Noùrcddincl t nilcrsi§ olOuarylâ)
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Academic vear: 2002/2003
ifriconi
il
Acknowledgments
lI
Thanks to God for helping us to achieve our
engineering subiect in good ûanner.
We would like to sa1 man) lhanks lo our Bamer
GHERRAF NOUREDDINE who has not saved
any effort to help us till the latest step
To all respectable u[ivesity professors in
particular
1I
:
Dr. SEGNI.L , SELLAMLH, KOURICHI.M
BÀÀMER.I,
Special thanks to laboÉtory workerc
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'
GHILANL J
BELFAR.M.L, NATARI.F, GOUGI.T
(
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(
II
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[o man] people lor their precious help in special
ZIGHMI.M, BOUZID.S,ALLAU.M, GOUAREH.M
ZOI]AOI IID.A
Finally. to everyone helped us during carrying
out this work, either by direction , suggestion , or
encouragirg word eveo.
:
I dedicâte this work to
tl
II
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I
My maite CHEIKH SIDI ALI ATTABIAI and his
pupils.
My father : KESSAL MOIIAMED
My molher : BOUCLIENAFA OMELKHIR
My brothers, my sisters, and all my family members.
ABDELKADER KESSAL
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This modest work is dedicated to
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Every one respects the science and has reâlized its
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MaltJ.r's soul who iûigated our nation soil by his hlood
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My dear fàther
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Mv dear mothe.
.
Mv fâmilv members :KADDOIIR- I-AMINE .TAREK.
ABD ELCHANI" FATIMA,KARIN,LA,DJAHIDA
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My nephews : NOEH.MOHAMED. ABD EL
SAI]OI'R" AMI.]R .I IAMZA ,JABER. OMAR
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My nieces : KHADUA .M^SSOUDA .lvlARIAM.
ROFAIDA.ASMA .SAMAR ,HANA ,HIBA
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OTMANË BO(IAFIA
Sr**uty
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.........................................
Introductior......-....-.-. ........................................
Charts list.
Châpter I : Phytoscreening pârt...............................
3
4
7
I-l-À1ka|oids............,...........,.......................... 8
l-l-I- General information..,....,.,................,.. 8
I-l-2- Classification and structure................... 8
I-l-3-Medicinal action and uses...................... l2
I-2-F1avonoids................................................ 12
I-2-l-GeDeral information.....,......,....,...,....... l2
I-2-2- Classifi cation and sûuctùre.................... l3
I-2-3-Medicinal astion and uses..,................... i5
l-3-Tannins.......,..............,............................ 15
I-3-l-General information..................,.......... l6
I-3-2- Classifi cation and siructure..................., l6
I-3-3- Medicinal action and uses....,....,......,...... i9
I-4-Saponosids................,.............................. l9
I-4-l- General information..........................,. I9
I-4-2- Classilication and structure...,......,........ l9
I-4-3-Medicinal action and uses........,.,.,......,.. 22
I-5-Terpenes.................................................. )2
I-5-l-Cencral inlbrmation.......................,..... 22
I-5-2- Clâssifr catiofl and s1ructure........,...,...... 22
I-5-3-Medicinal action and uses..,................... 25
[-6-Stero1s..,..........................,...,.................
l-6-l- Ceneral informa1ion.............................
I-6-2- Classifi cation and struc1ure..........,........
I-6-3-Medicinal action and uses...................,..
25
25
25
28
I-7-Cardiotonic 91ycosides.....,.,,,..,.........,.......... 28
I-7-1- General information...-.............,...,...... 28
I-7-2- Classifi cation and struclure.................. 29
I-7-3-Medicinal action and usôs..................... 3l
Châpter
ll
ll
I
II : Monography pârt ,..........,...................,
12
........,.................................
33
34
Il -l-4-Therapeutic uses........,.......................
34
-Ephedra dlatd
ll l-l-Taxonomy.......................................
II -1-2-Botanical description......................... 3,1
Il 1-3-Biogeograph,ÿ.....,............................ 34
rcsedIfo|rd.,.................,................ 35
II -2-1-Taxonomy...................................... 36
Il -2-2-.Botanical descrip1ion........................ 36
II 2-3-8iogeography.......................,.......... 36
II 2-:l- Therapeutic uses........,.,.,.................. 36
2-Launaea
ll 1-Oudnqa dîicana......................................
II-3-1rfaxonomy..........................,..........,.
ll
lI
3-2-Botanical descripti0n.........................
3-3-8iogeography....,............,..,...,...,.....
ll -3-4- Therapeutic uses.....,..,......................
Chapter
III
:
37
38
38
38
38
Biologicâl âctivity............................... 39
Ill-l- Antimicrobial activity...........................
III-2- Measurement methods olantimicrobial
âctir it)
III-3- Dilïusion method.
III4. Dilution
method.
I -5- Bioautography...,.......
(hrpter lv: Expiremefltâl Dârt.
40
41
41
42
41.
-........-."
44
45
46
48
52
53
Chapler V :Results ând discu§\ion. ........................
V-l -Active principles detection results ..............
V-l-Bacteria resulls.....
Y-l-l-Ey herichn coh,
ÿ -l -2-Proteus mtabrl$
ÿ -1 -3 -Pseudononas aerogenosa............ ÿ - I 4-Se rra t û ip....,.,.
ÿ - l -S-Staplrylococcus ourcus..................
Y -l-6-Sanetta sp.........
Y - l -7 -P rute u t ÿù leort s.
v - I -8-Sh ee I la llexn tre.
Y-l -q-Lntercbact?r sp.
Bibliogrâphy
54
55
56
56
57
58
59
60
6t
62
63
64
65
6',7
List of lables
Table
Table.M!l: Prinsipal vegetable alkaloidsTâble rV!2 i Difièrent lamilies of fl âvonoids
Table N!3 : Important structures of tannins.
Table ,Ye4 l Princrpal 5keletons oIthe sreroidlc and triterpenrc
genuines of saponosidsTableNrs : Different types of terpenes in the vegetable reign- . . . .
Table J,&6 : Principal vegetable sterols.
'lable,ve7 : Principal skeletons ofthe glycosides cardiotonic......
Table Ne8 : Extrâct table.
Table Neg : Active principles in each plant
Tâble J{! l0 : Eschefichia coli inhih;tion zone diâmeter
Table Nel 1 : Proteùs mirabilis inhtbition zone diâmeter
Table Nel2 : Pseudomofias aerogeûdJa inhibition zone diameter
TableNel3 : Se,'rarra sp inhibition zone diameter
Table Na14 '. Staphylococcus aureus inhibitionzone diamet€r. -...
Table Ne15 ' .Sarerll? sp inhibition zone diameter
Table I'f!16 : P rcteus ÿu lgaris -inhibition zone diameler.
Table Ne17 I Shigella llexeri-ithibition zone diameter.
Table rYal8 : Enterobackr sp inhihilion zone diameter
page
ll
14
18
2I
24
27
30
52
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
List ofliaures
Figure
page
Figure.l. Colchicines.
9
Figure.2. Aristolochic.
9
Figure.3. Mescaline.
10
Figure.4. Ephedrine.
10
Figure.5. NN-dimethyl tryptamine.
10
Figure.6. Conessine.
10
Figure.7. Caffeine.
10
Figure.8. Structure of fl avonoid.
13
Iigure.9. Gallic acrd.
t6
Figure. 10.Ellâgic acid.
t6
Figure.l l. Ëphedra alara
33
F
igtre.12- Launaea resedifolia.
Figûe.13. Oudneÿa afr icana.
35
37
List of charts
Chart
Chari.l . Escherichia coli DLZChart.2. Pmtellt mirahllis D17.
Chartj. P seudomonas aercgenasa DlZ.
C]]aaft.4. Seûatia spDlz.
Chân.5. Staphylococcus afeus DZ.
CharL6. Sanefla spDlZ.
Chafi.1 . Prcteùs wlgafis DIZ.
Chatt.8. Shigella Jlexefi DlZ.
Chay'-g. Entero bactet sp
DV.
page
57
58
59
60
6l
62
63
64
rr--i--Er
oaoctioll
Int
Introduction:
For ages, veget?bles hale âlways involved many advartages dealins
wilh biologrcal acnvifes in cunng and heâling the mdrkDd, helping hirn
in endiess strugsle io srwive.
Olving to the nchness ol ihese plels with differeùÎ active principles,
The man wâs able 1o make use
diseâses and daily
oftfiem in
order to overcome diilerent
needs problems Aom ihe crude use
rill lowâdays
presfiibed ingedients.
that suppons die geat imponmce of the
vesetables is maiDly thei. aclive pnnciples i.e : alkâloids,
The
r!ai!
evideùce
flâÿonoids, steroids, talnins. sterols.lerpeùes and cârdiotoùic gl),cosides
These pnnciples hâvc been
several uses such as
tr
sformed to thcrâpeütic arsenal including
: antjspasmodic, mlibiohc . anntuftor.
anesthetic ând ântibâct€riâl
ln this study, we
anâlgesic ,
.
have focused
où
attentior ôn
the
ùtiba€t€rial
eff€cl. since lhese plarts haÿe not been studied so far and moreover this
fie1d .emajns unspoiit
h
Algeriâ. Tte.efore our study is aimed manny nl
conlributing to the efforts eagaged âgainst the spread ofnew
diseases
and to proüde a uselill tool for âny subsequent .eseârch dealing with the
bact€rial pollutior that may affect oùr waters in the near
Our
ûâi.
local srowrh
r
objestrve
is
tutue
to prove the importarce of soDe plants
Ephe.l,û alatd. t.duhcdc rcse.bldia
and
of
oudncyd
-i
-
Tris work inolude five châpters
Châpterl : pb,toscreening
Châpterfi
:
ûonography
Châpterm : biolosical âêtiüry
ChapterW : experlnenta part
Châpterv : results and discussions
:
chapter I
phytoscreening
part
l-l-The alkâloids:
I-l-l
-Generâl informâtion:
The tem alkaloids has b€o introduced by W. Meisner in tle
besimins of 19tI centùy [1].
Alkâloids are all Ditrogen heterocycle bâs€s which occur nainly in
plets
Their anline characte. produces
henc€ the onsin of then
d
alkaline solution in
watq
aûd
tlme Àlaloids I2l.
They are tnouglt to be used against ânimals attack owing to their bitter
raste 1381.
I-l-2-Clâssilicâtion ând structure:
The ùsùal names o{ien evoke the oreânisn of origia, which teminate
by
« i.e »tll.
Tte âlkâloids have
be€D classified by
.
True alkâloids
.
Psudo âlkaloids
He€Eduer to thæe classes[4]:
l-2-1-Tnr€ âlkâloids:
Tte trùe
alkaloids are toxic
üth a wlde rânge of physiological
aclivity. They âre alDosl iDvùiâbly basic. Tbey f,omatly contain
nitrosen ifl
a
heterocyclic ring They are deril€d lrom ânino âcids.
They are of limited tâxonomic distribùtion. and nomally occur in tle
pluts as salts of ân âcid. Sone exceptions to these "ruleÿ' âIei
colohicines (l), ând distolochic (2) which arc not basic and have !o
heterocyclic rins and the quâtemâry alkaloids, which
than
basicl4l
de acidic
rather
.
<:
clrf
coiH
Nor
l[,,fi BCo{iti
"
cHf
ocH!
ocH3
Eis I Colcbrûnes
Fig
2 ùistolochic
l-l-2-2-Proto alkâloids:
The proto alkâloids âre relâtirely simple
mine in which tle anino acid
nitrogen is not in a heterocyclic ritrg. They ffe biosynthesized fiom
acids and
âe
bâsic. The
miùo
t€m "biological mines" À ôlien 6ed for
this
group of conpouds.
dimeihyllryptâmine
cnJ
Emples
are nescaline (3), ephedrine (a), N,N-
(5) t4l.
n8: ,, ,,
qH"
u .,t.,.j ,
,,zi-]\rr
clI
oH
oÇ,lt
Fig 3. m$câlire
:laclr3
F;s 4. ephedrine
ffi*'ct,,
.tl
Fig 5. N,N-direthyl
I-l-2-3-Pseudo âlkaloids:
TIe pseudo alkalo;ds are not denved ûom an mino acid
They âre usuâIy bâsic. There
æ lwo importânt
series of alkaloids in this
class, the stercidal alkaloids [e.s, conessin€ (6)]
catreine
(A
precursor.
dd
the pùines [e.e.,
[al.
!1"
ù
Fis 6.Coæssine
Fig
lableNqr illuuales the different fmilie" ofa[aloids.
t0
7.
câtreine
Tâble.J{c
l:
Principàlt vegerable slkrloids
Basic
r-r
[)
I
r---r
t-l
(-1,---r
l
5
il
/_\
tl
I
o_1
!I
E
oî{]
LÀÉl
H
J.--,
\iî-i
^H
l^
,tc
2 pÿ,idocaline, 3- qui.oleine 4- isoquinolein€, 5 pipero6ne, 6quinoiizidine, 7 tehhydroisoqitul€ine, 3- trcpane, 9 beùiliso,tuinoHne, tl]pynole, I I indol., 12 cadozole, tl, pyrotine, t4 prrrotdine, t5- b-carbzotine,
pyridine,
16- tetEhydrc b carbeoline,
20-
17 pFolizidino. 18, dihy,onrdore. t9-imidaæli.e.
quiwoliie, 2l- pÈmisin€, 22 pùride
l-1-3-Medirinâl Action ând Uses:
The
pldts witli
medicite
'l
alkaloids have a considerable impo,lance in herbal
h€ir Dhysiolosical aclions a.e
ÿùed
Sone act où the central
ûenous syslenr tfiey depress or §timxlate- Wlereas othe§ act on the
autonornous ùervous sy§tenr
like slmpâthomimetic or »lnpatlolÿic[3].
Thcre ako elisl cumrizing. anlitunor and antipâludic âlkâloids [5].
Tfie rnajority of the cases, they act wilfi low doses, but caù fiave e!€n
stroûg toxisily $,ith this rleak dose
a
lll
I-2-Flâvonoids:
I-2-l -Cênerrl informâtion:
The pohhenols constinûe one of the prhcipâl classes of secondarl
melâbolisrD
ofùe
planrs
[6]
Flâvonoids aie the most imlortâni clâss. rhÀ
group of phenolic ÿrbstaces is regùded to be tbe nchest class of Mtùrâl
compounds wfiicfi involves
d
oxysenated fielerocycle [l,81
Since 1964. seve.al sludies have been caried out on the bios]îthesis
of
the îavonoids [l1]whch slrowed tlmt dre flavonoids especially a.e
abùnddr ed are also diversified â1 lhe higher plalls [8] ,Ilrey tave a
maximum content ûr tfie youns oranses (leâ!€s, aowers. fruils)[5] aid
llrey âre rcsponsible for their colorins [101.
I-2-2-CIâssificâtion rnd struclore:
Tte flavonoids luv€
oftwo oyoles in
ê basic skeleton
wift fifteen
carbon âtoms made ùp
C6 conneoted by â chain in C3 [101
Ér
(fu(*
Fig S.structure of fl avonoid
They can be classified âs follows [20]:
I / 2-phetryl beEoplriliums,
t)
tr)
an lrccyâns.
Flavones, flavonol ard then denvatives
Flaenones and Dilrydroflâvonole
lII) Isofl avanones-isofl
âvoaes
3 / 2-phenyleclmmane
I) Flavan€
ll) FlaEn-3{ls, fl avm-3, 4-diols
a) Chalcone and dihydrochâlcone
5) Beùzylidene counaramoi€s (aurones)
TableNe2 illNtrates tlE ditrerent
fmilies offlâvonoids
ll
Ttble
.l$s2:
Diffêrent
fânilia
of flàvonoids
;o.-
Brsic
'tt
Derivâtives
'çÇ'd
G,-e-
']
-,
4
Ilâvone, -2 tlavonone -l navonal,
tlaÿeonol, -5 isflavone- 6 clûlcone,
drhocyeidiD, -8 otchine -9 aùrôn .
dihÿrcûô[email protected] -t I f,avm-3,4 dioi.
l0
I-2-3-Medicinâl dction ând Ils€s:
It is essentially i,r dre capillaJo-renous
active ftey
field, wiere falvonoids are
haÿe the usual componenls
of
vascùloprotectors,
veinotonics and tlra! used in phlebology [5]
Flavonoids are supposed to âct as
- Treahnent of ûe
:
symptoms, which comected
\ûth the veinolynplalic
insutlciency (heala less, pains).
- TreâtneDt ofthe tuncdonal sigrs relded to tùe laemorhoids cnsis.
Improvement of fragllity capillary ûoubles on the Ievel ofthe skin.
ofihe netromgies dùing contracephoD [5]
- Treatment
I-3-Th€ tânnins
I-3-l-Geû€râl inlormfl tion
Achrâlly,
:
it is designâted by tannin ân heterogeneous
vesetable pheùolic derivatives
[9] ïris nme
involves
a
g.oup of
eroup of
compounds which have cedain common properti€s, but \yhich inevitably
do not have ânâlogies of §llucture [] 21.
In
1796, Sesuin inlroduced the
tem lannin [13] in order to
designâte
the pentâgâliâte which coDstitùÎes ihe tannin iea ard especially of nut all
ll4l.The tâmi,s are distr;buted at the highe. planis found in th€ Leaves,
the vâscù lâr
ti
ssues, seeds envelope ard stems
t5
I9l.
The tanrins are wâter solùble. Then mobcüar weiehts
ruge
between
500 to 3000 [12]. Th€y âlso have th€ properry to pr€cipitate alkaloids and
other proteins [9"] 21.
I-3-2-Clâssificâtion ând structüre:
It
ùe
hâs been usually distinguished behreen two $oups of tamins They
tIl
-
No hydrolysâble
l.
HydrolysrbletanDins (pyrcgâllic):
Hydrolysable tânûins (prrogallic).
tùnhs
(cotrdemed).
Ttey ùe polyesters of slucides Dd phenolic acids, they are clâssified
according to their mlure
,
:
Gâ[ic tamins (calo-tamins) relatins to ùe gali. âcid
HOOC
oH
Fig 9. Gallic acid
b/ Elâgic iannins (elâgo-iâDnins) relâting to the elagic acid.
Fis I0. Ellâgic acid
l6
2. No hydmlysâble tânnin§ (condensed):
They âIe basically ditrerent ftom the fiIst gorps. Their strùctùe is
close to llrcse of llle falvonoid, they do nol üâvê sueÀs
a{d could be
condensed and hence tLey have
pollmeriz€d I1l.
Table
,Él illGtra
tes imponant stnrctures of tânn ins.
a
n
then molecùles
tendency
to
be
Tâble J{oJ : I mporLnt sirüctüres of
tâ
ùins
Hydrclysable
"<
,,'
)-,.-,
'"'<>-J,,'
P/
à-
\*
'-\-",
/
\,,
""
"
Ellago-
I
n-dieâllic acid, 3- trigalloyl,l,3,6 etucose
I8
5,
I-3-3- Medicirâl Action ând IIses:
Tlre tamins have â diversity ofuses oullined as follows:
-
Mâke the most exte.nalla)€rs ofthe
-
They hav€ a vasoconstictor effect on the smallvessek sûrface.
skin
d,nùcous membmes
In addition. ûey suppon fte fabrics reseneralion in the câse
Srrfâcewôùnds
-
of
ôrhûN
They üave
d dlidimheic, ùliseptic
and antifungrc efl:ects[5]
In addition to lheirroles in the medicalfield, the tmrùB have commercial
usesândthe worid an.ual producdon is about 500.000ions They plav
an
importùt role inlle oilfietd
[51.
I-4-Sâponosids:
l-4-l-G€nêrâl informâtion:
Tlese substances âre ordirânly surface-âctives compoùnds thât hâve
tie
capacity to foan coloidâl solutioûs aûd to generate foam in contacl
with warer like soâps []31 ând hence the namc saponosids, which ûeans
I-4-2-CIâssificâtion ând strûcrnre:
From
a
struoiurâl
üeùpo;nt,
the saponosids
terpcnic
glycosides [15]whose senume rs named sapogenin [1].
AccordiûglothÀ genùjne the sâponosids arc clâssificd in two groups:
Saponosids with steroidic gEnurïe.
Sapmosids
üth tritêrp€dc
g€nuine.
r. Srponosids with sêiridic gEnuir€:
This 8roùp hâs a whole skeletoD with 27 carbon atoins, whic[ c-ontâins
ùsualy six cyoles I5l.
2,Ssponosids with
Ttis group
lI iterpedc
genuinê:
rcpresents the great najoriry of lrgÊtâbte sâponins
[ljl.
They âre peûtacyclio mol€.ùles nore rarely tetracycticll5,5l.
Th€r€ is a tùird category ol saporcsids, those of hererosidÊs of st€roidic
amin
s, which for other arrhorc are coûsidered âs
becaus€
oflheir behâüor [5].
Table Na ilustates tùe pdmipal skeletons
genuües of sapono§ids.
i
ps€udo-atkaloids
olrte
stëroidic and tsiterpeûio
Tûler!4: principâl skeletons of the steroidic ànd triterpe c gêruims
S.eroidic
Sâponosids
l-ymôsinine -2- lisosenine -4- similagenine
betùlidgn acid 7- mâdecassic acid
2l
-5-
abrussogenine
6'
l-4-3-l!.. cdicinal Action ând ljses:
Seleral drugs with saponosids laÿe a geat medicinal effect such
a h-inllammalorl In the crse of the liquorice
it
fiâs a gasiic aûli-
DnLgs wrtfi saponosids âre also used in p|lebologv and
the
as
p.octolos for
lasculoprotectress propenies and veinotonic etièct as well as tor
their intereÿ tor
ile
improvemeùt of the
ùd
the venous irrsu*iciency
lirclional sy,nplornârolology oi
the haemorhoids crisis [51
l-5-Ter.penesi
I-5-l-General informâtion:
Tfie teryenes, olherÿise known, as leryenoids are clclic or a.yclc
hldrocarbons, deriÿed
ftom lhe isopreùe [7] The] êre
secondâry
rnetâbolites ard their precursor is the meÿalonic rcid [8.7].
It was Kekrle wlo
h
gaÿe
rhe essenljalsâsoline
tle nane oflerpene
to hÿdrocârbons conlaired
oroils l7l
Around 20 000 rerperoids were isolâred fro,n rhe plânts ât prcscnt, and
characlerized by lfieir volalility ând theirùrense pnckly odor [9].
I-5-2-Clâssi{icâtion and structure:
All teçeùes may be broken ùp fomally inro
ieads to polvnerizâlions
unirs
of
isoprcne rhal
1/ Monote.oefts:
They comprise two ùnits C5Hs; they do not have a
klom
biochemical
Functlon but they hâve â biological Êùction in natu'e by then strorg
odol []61.
2J§ssgilesssË
They are a combination ofthree
üits ofisoprenq
they gloup:
- The linear sesqürerpenes, whioh are largely, frequent in the planis [12].
-
The cyclic sesquiterpenes whose monooyclic and bioyclic compouds
are more liequeni Ii 2].
3 /Diaeroeîes:
They are a combination of
foùr
terpenes wh;ch constitute üe base
ts CiHs. Phlole is one of acyclic
ofc
orôphyll [2,12].
1-48!qpÊ!iê:
Ttey are â combinat'ol of six utrits
CsHs, dley inolude seveEl sroups
of sùbstanc€s and many imponant compormds in the biological field
5-4lgqeErpss§l
The rrost importart biological compounds of dris Broup
de
the
carotenoids ârd tàe caiotenoic acidq Their cyclic and acy.lic derivatives
contain eigfit mits CrHs
TableNrs illusûâies §pes ofterpen€s in the planls.
Tâble.il"-s: DifIereDt tyDes ofterDenes in the veqetable reign
ù"
1"
l^^
i\U
lr\
f,e
l-
mrrcme, 2- lâvùdulâ.
l-
linonde.
+
mênthol.
zingiberenô, 8- cadinene, 9- phÿol, 10- obetic acid,
lùp€ol. 14- an {ine, l5ly@pene,16-B crotene
1
P
5- coôphre 6-1mêsol,
l- viimin À
12- squaline,
I
7-
i-
I-5-3-Medicinâl Action flnd Ilses:
Seÿeral dnrgs with terpenes are employed in several fields:
-
DnBS
of
,nonoterpenes
hlpoallergenic They etuer
are ùsed as
antispasmodic ând
in the tonnùlâtion of
reconûended
.egulations iû the tr€atnenl ofatopic eczeùa ând that ofsapoings
-
Dnrgs
of
diterpenes exen
a
posiljve inolrope aclion on tfie
ûÿocârdnm and by decreasing lasculd and peripheral resistance. have
anti hlpenensive âctioù
[51
I-6-5terols:
l-61 -Generâl irformâtion:
It poirted or[ tnder sterol desigrâtion every ercup of solid
substance
cornprjsDs in their molecuie one or mo.e tydroxyiâled tunclions [17].
h
1908, Tanret dhcovered the ergoste.ol. The oldeÿ vegelâble ÿerol
uzs isolated lionr the rye pjn [] 8, I 91.
Seleml sterok were detued âfter the ergosterol such as
tle
stiBnâ
ÿerols lsolaied Èom broad beâns of Calabar Tlre snosterol. whiclr
to be iù rhe hisher plants ald other sterols, which a.e badly
knoM like brassicaslérol I l8l
seemed
I-6-2-Clâssifi câtion ând strrcture:
Sletl]ls ofvegelable origin are ûol prelty knowù, mong those:
- Tïe
ersosterols which
double bonds.
il giles âll
fi6
as a cnlde lonntJâ CaEL r,
the colored rcactions
ofst.rols
it has lhree
[181.
-
Tbe stignâsterols, whose structure wâs elrcidâted by Femholz and
Guiterâs.
-
The sitosterol:
in
Creek lânguâge sitos meâns gain
is tle
equivâlent of cLolesterols in animals [] 81.
-
Tlre chôleslerôI, which was isolated Êom (red algae) by Isuda and
â1.
in 1958 and ftom lomato by JolnsoD ard al. in 1963
Table Ns6 illustsates prinoiDal vesetable sterols
I8l.
Trble ,\i6: The principrl vegehble sieroh
Vegetâble sterols
.'Y"
"1- e.gosterol, 2- stigmasterol, 3- aluosterol,4- sitoÿerol,
5-cholesterol, 6-desmosterol. 7-tucost€rol, 8- sarsosterol.
I-6-3-Medicinâl Action ând IIses:
Sterols involve
â wide ralge of
therapeutic effects includins the
antitunor properties. They increase the capacity of T-cells lo diüde, thus
increase
tle
number
of T-cells in ollr defenses. Sterols also help to
regdâte the imbâlance
of
B-cells, stârting
a
disorder antoimmm
dysfrnctioDal to Îùctioû nomatly
Tïey stimulâte the proliferatio, ofT-cells, reduce the cholesterol LDL
And remov€ co.istol secretion by adrenârin sland [32].
I-7- The cârdiotonic slvcosides:
I-7-l-Generâl informâtion:
æ heterosidês, Whose structùre is very
similar to thât of sâponosids [2]. These compounds hâve ân action on
The cardiotonic glycosides
the work and rhlthm ofcardiac mlscl€ t2l I.
The cardiotonics glycosides have enough restricted distribution in dÉ
plmts. wlereas they are acoompæi€d by sapo ns in mary
fâûüeq partiürlarly in Digitalis
and the stroplanthus [] 11.
plants
I-7-2-Classilicslion ând strutture:
From
because
a
struotural üe\rpoint, these compounds are glvco-Stéroides
oftle stucture
that is slightly ditrerent
fton the ag\cone [1]'
Two tlpes ofthis sroup are distin$islÉd betow:
Cardenolides
Bufâdienolides
They have 23 cdbon atoms âûd a lactôûe ovole with 5 chains in
Position Cl ? cârrying only one Nsâturâted bond
[l].
2 /bùIâdiepolides:
üth 6 cbains
which cmies hào double ùnsatuât€dbotds on C17 112,11.
Ttey have 24 carbon atoms aûd
â
lactoûe cvcle
Tâble Ns7 iltusùates the prinoipal skeletons ofthe slvcosides cardiotoûic'
'tâb\e Nel: DrinriDà\ §keletoN oI ille gtrtosides
tàIdiotoric
Cenuine
L
eme.togmine, 4-digôxigenine 5-cymrig€.ine
I-7-3-Medicinf,l Action ând llses:
Al present, the cardiotonic glycosides âre
ùsed for the
followins
- The cârdrâc insufficiency ÿrt} flow beats, getrerally in associâtion with
rbe d;uJetic one, in parlicùlù when tfiere is an aùriclllar fibrilatjon [5].
-
The troubles of sùprâ ventriculâr rale. deceleradon or reductiol ot
andculêr fi bnllatioi [5].
However, corater indicâtions were noted tÉcause
Sùbstùces such
as
oltlE
ùse ofthese
re ventriculâr lyperexcnabiliry and the Amculo-
l
lt
!l
]
chapter
ll
lUonography
Fig.ll.
Ephedru olota
Eûhedla Alqla(Dec, )
Ye acul.i.e,ame :
Alardâ 123,401.
French
ephédres[241
nâIne
:
l-TâxoIlomv:
reisn
Sub reien
:
r comophyte[25.26]
Embranchemeot :
Sub
Embrecheme,t :
Clâss
Order
Family
Genus
Species
eucaryoto vesetable [25.26]
spemaphÿe [2s,26]
chlamydospeme [25,26]
:sâccowleâet26l
:snetal[26]
:epleddraceae[27,26,40],snetaceâe[23]
: ephedrâ [28.27,26,40,23].
: lJàià128,27,26,40,231
2-Botanical Description:
Slrùbs with joined rcw€rs, canying on nre level of nodes a s,nall opposed
leaves, âltemâting fiom one flode to ânother; flowers in small coæs, males
ând females getremly on dltrerent feel, the cones females with bracls
growi,g during matuation. [28].
3-BioeeogrâDhv:
Comon
in âll Westem
ùd Noûem
Sahara
tud the
Sddi
Ssne
1281.
4-Therâpeutic ùses:
Ephedra Àala is used in the cases ofcolè flu dd respiratory dÀeases. Its
instructions fbr use require a maceration or nixture [29]
F
ig.ll
Lau naea resedilolia
t5
Launoefl resedifolio (L)
Nomenclature:
Vcrnacular name: adaid.[28.30]
1-Taxonomvi
Sub Jùrclion
Reigr
Sùb
reigl
Class
Sub class
Series
: angiosperm [25.26,40]
: eucaryote vegetable [25,26]
: connophyles 125,261
: spennâphyle [25,26,401
dicofyledon [25,26.40]
igamopetale [26]
: inférovarieae letracyclic [26]
: aste.ale [26J. synantherale [25,]81
:
con1posereae[25,28.26,38.40,]01
:
Sub
family
:
Iiguliflorous [40]
: launaea
[28,40,30]
: resedifolia [28,40,301.
2-Botânical Description:
Robust plârt, clambering
\rith ÿems very glâbrous rowers, cuhrary leâves
ùot enbracirg. lower cut oul ù liled lobes. Ovoid or subcyhrdnc
flowcrheâds, Leûgthened. Akenes of 4-7 mm. stnooih or lelÿety. with
dimension prolonged ât ihe bâse in4 âcüte spus [29]
3-Bioqeosrâohv:
Commoù in the Sahara ùortlenr
ùd
ceùtral Medrt [29].
,l-Therâpeutic llses:
fte ody indication ofdris plax is irr tfic case ofscorpion prmchre , the
patient chews some leaÿes oflaunaeâ resedilolia ând swâllowsthe jui.è1291
Mùosnphy
I
Fig.l3. Oud eÿa africanl
ll
O adrreÿa
ùh icûha (R.Br\
Nom€nclature:
verMculâr mne:
hânnet elbel I21l
1-Taxonomv:
Reip
I eucâryote vegetable [25,26]
Sub reisn
: comophltes t25,261
Junction ; spemphfe [25,26]
Sub
Junction :
Class
Sub class
Sûies
O.der
Sub order
Emily
Genus
Species
â,siospeme [25,26]
dicotyledones 125,261
r dia\?etâle [25,26]
: thalêmieflore [26], l;liflore [25]
: pùietal [26]
: rhoedâle 126l
:
rcrucifere[23,26,27,3].411.
: oudneyat23,27, 28, 311.
:
aÊicma [23,27,28,31].
2-Botanical description:
Shrub very btuching wholê leàves, flèshy spaulâtes. FloweÉ in shot
bunches. purple rose, large enoush 10 - 25 lm [27]. cylind.ical ând nârow
Êùits coniaining 12-20 winged seeds i.sened on two rows.
3-BioeeoÈraphv:
Cormon in the Northem Sâhâm, ouED M'zâb. E1 Golèâ, Oùùglâ, Biskm
d Tùisian South [28], ând âho in g/pseous ând rocky grcunds [3 1].
4-TherâDeutic usesi
is r:,ixed qirh Ltusô ia ltuertuis. the
wbole is reduced to very fine powder in moistening with wâter in order to
make a pasie, applying to the feet ând hands [29].
Skindise$e; Ordrela ay'icdha
lll
eiobgical activ§
chapter
I
&------------_---
I- Antimicrobial Àctivitv:
The protocol used for ântibacterial ânâtysis is as foliows:
The bactenâl cultre redium
is
MUELLER-Hinton's agEr,
rhe
antimic.obial activiry lests have been realized in lhe CHU Cotrtaûtine's
bacteriolog/ labomlory. The bâcteriâl snrbs colne ûom the sme
labomtory. For the
cren
tests, Nine shlbs
æ
chosen:
Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aurcus , Prclew nirubilis, Serrctio sp
Entercbdctet
sp,
PseudoûotuN aercgekosa, Prcteus ÿilgaris,
aûe8, SMna sp and shisella lbxreri By lzck of
avâilability of sufficie.t plats exracls q@tities to carry out well
inhibition zones test âs the MIC, hro limit concentrations were selecêd
mg/t ùd l0 mginl so as to valorize
th€ possible âDtimicrobiâl actiüty
of the three t]3ed planB exhâcrs, Oudneya
.nd Epheùa alata. 1161.
40
1
ûic
a,
Iawa
lesedifolid
Il-MeâsurementMethods of Antimicrobiâl Activi
The artimicrobial activily of the plalts is detected by drc development
degee obseNation of tle vaded microorganisns whicl lhe Plant extrâcls
Tluee Deûods of aitimicrobic activily detection a.e aÿailable, ùalncly:
diffusûn. dihrlion ând bioautocrapht, metüod. lfiese ùethods are ùsed
lusl to la\e an idc. aloul the prescnce or ùc absence oîÿrbstances
havirg an ântimjcrobic activity in the extracl. tfie polcntial ol the active
compouds
is
given only on pùre compounds using
a
ÿandards
mcthodoiosYf36l.
Il-l-nifT'^iotr Mêthod:
It is called also the disc-diitirsion ,nethod, or discs nethod, or
disc
metlod nris merhod is Drost suitable
paper
for lhe sifting offunsicides, âs
weli âs for other ântimicrobic âgents lMeed, tfie Agar difl'nsion method
is llsed in
lle
antunicrobiai
antifimgal siftnrg-
il
has been also used to neasure the
actiüly.
In diÈusior teclmiqùe, discs silh paler (5 to 7 ,nm of diânreter)
are
n4regnâted by plants extrâcts ând deposted on lhe agar agd mediùm
ÿrface thât is contained
i,
Petf, dishes Aller nrcùbation Îrom 2
at a srrtable temperatue (25 1o
a.ound dre disc
(r
1o
4 dêys
40'C), the diameter oftlE oleal
nbitioû diamete, is nEasured[]61
.
zoùe
This method has several advarxages:
-
cùent p.actice [11].
discovered wa tlis Method.
It is fâst- and gives excellert resùlts for tfie
Several antrtu.gal compoùnds were
-
Ïre
tiny qùætity extract use and thc posibilily oftesting ùp to six
compoùnds by peai dishes against onlv one rnicro-orsânisml36]
.
II-2-Dilution Method:
A
series
of ditûion 10. raw plant e\nacl is ca.ried out: afieNards,
the sâ e protocol âs prerioùs is âdopted. the advartages of thcse
teclmiqùe are tfie folloÿings:
'
-
Allows to evâluâte the MIC tninr,nùm infiibitory concentration).
Allows to sarry out curÿes oflested miüo-o.ganism lrowth
Severâl ând diÈèreùt microorgânisms
ll is very app.eciated to test pùre
re
tesred simultùeously nl
samples, in pânictrld whe. a fiigh
desee of sensitiüt-v is recornme'1dedl36l
.
II-3-Bioâutosrâphÿ
TIle bioautoeraphy. as â nethod of bâcterial actiüty localization in a
chromalogrâD. is ldgely appiied in the searchr,.lg field for new ântibiotics
starlirg liorn ile microoryanisrns. This melhod hâs been inplemerled lo
mitigate the problems due
lo the differential
diffrlsion starting from
clnomâtoeBrn towards dish of Agd by di.ect autobioerâphical detection
on the chomatogmphic layer. However dris method requires Dorc
oomplex mioobiologicâl equipmeît jû spite ofthe hciliry
meÛod makes to test
hig y
active antibiôtios.
lt is mi
üth
what thi§
promisiû8 for
plânts extracts tEsts whjch g§trerâfly c.ontain antimicrobiâl agents much
less aotive in comparison
ütl
availabl€ antibioüos [36].
t
chapter lV
E»<perirnental
trrart
I-Materiâls:
I-1-Eouipment:
l.
2.
3.
4.
Stmdard drling ove! Memmert.
crinder oftne karlkolb §?e.
Mâ$edc Agitator standdd conpoùd Gallenthmp.
Balance ofthe Sdtorius qpe ofprecision 0.001 g.
I-2-Reâqents:
Acids:
HCI
H:SOr
CHTCOOH
chlorohydric Acid.
sulphuric ac;d
acetic Acid
Alcohols:
CIITOH
methdol
C:H5OH
êthânol
Eesr§!
NHr
monia
NHPH âûmoniâ Sâits:
Feclr
HSCI,
Kl
non chloride
merclùy chlo.ide
potâssim;odure
Orqrnic Solÿâ s:
CHCI3
chlorolom
Reæetrt olMeyer:
SolutionA:
SolutionB:
13.55 s of HgCl, dissolved in 20 ml ofH?O.
49.80 gof dissolved KI in 20 ml ofH,O.
The two solüiois ùe mixed æd d;luted with disrilled water
u! to I
li1er.
II-Samplins:
l-PicHnq of Phntsl
when the plênts arc used for their medicinal properties, it is necessary to
understând rhât iheir aclive principles âre olien volêtile
md then
freshness
plays m impoiânt role [33].
The best penod of picking the plants is cmièd out at the begiming of
aftemoon in dry and suimy weather when their acfive principles reæh their
naximurn t341.
2-Druins ofPIâûtsl
The medjcinal plants have been genemlly dned before then use. The
drying of oü plants is cânied out mder shade in open air dwing
â
week.
3-Powderfus ofPlânts:
The Powddng
sdnder
(l
of
our planh have be€n câûied out in a gâuges
rnn).
4-Conservâtioll of Plantsi
So âs to be well prctêcted, ou. medicinêl plânrs were preseryed in
containers ofwell-sealed glæs in order to keep their color, odor, tâste a
s-Pickins Areâ:
Hâssi Ben Àbdellâh is one
Ouarsla by a distânce
ofihe largest municipâlities in Northem
of20l.,ia il
hæ â surface of3060
Km:. Its
con-ûnes
Northeù by :N'gousa municipaliry.
Soulherly by : Ain Beidâ müicipaliry.
Easledy by : Hassi Messâoud ard H;djira mmicipêli1y.
Westdy by: Sidi rrhouiled muicipaliry[]slAcco.ding to its special situâtion it is considered as a smâll ând rypicâl
exmple ofecoregion in Sahüa as far as ihe vegeial cover, animals ând
weather are concemed- Thùs it has been chosen as a sample
ofpicking our
m-Active
P
nciple Detection:
l-Volrtil oils:
I
.
2.
Subject tbe pianfto steam distillâtion.
Rèmovê tirè condensed watêr-
Positive obseûation:
-Appeame ola rhin oily lâyerwith
2-Alkâloids
l.
pleasalll odor.
I
Dissolve l0 s ofdry powde. in 50 nn ofdiluted HC1
2. Make
l.
a
(l
%).
the ext àct basic with NHr.
F$mct rhe mi\îüe
I
4. Evapomte the orgânic
times with 20 rnl
of CHCI]
.
phase rhen dissolve rhe precipira& in 2 ml
of
diluted HCi (1 %).
5. Add ro.he solution 3 drcps ofthe Mayer.eagent.
Posftive obs€rvâtion:
-Apte.lmce of wàiie precipilâle.
3-FIâvonoidsr
-Macerare 20 g ofdry powder in 150 mldilured
.18
HClrl qr, dûing
24
hoû,.
Positive observâtion:
l.
Appemce of
a
cleâr yellow color in the higher part of test rube.
2. Aiter filtration, retm l0
m1
ofbasic filtrare wilh NILOH.
4-trr€€ tr'lâvonoids:
r ofprevious filtrât€.
2. Add2.5 r ofpentânol.
l.
Tâke 5
Positive observrtion:
-The âlcoholic phase, which is in top oftest tuhe, is coloured
i.
cleai
yellow.
5-Trnnins:
1.
Extmct I 0 s from dry powder with ân âqueous solution
ofC,I{pH
2. Filter ând lest lhe filrrare wirh drops ofFectr solution.
Positive observÀtion:
Appearance of green
colol
6-Saûonosids:
l.
Put2 g ofpowder at boiling wiib 80 mlofdistilled warer.
2. Filrer ârd
cool rhe
solutior
I
%.
Positive observâtion:
-Appedece offoâm, which lâsts
â few moments-
7-Cardetrolides:
l.
Macerâte I gofdrypowder in20 ml of distilled stster and filter it.
2. TâÏe
10 ml of filtrate
ad exftci
it with
a
ûir1ue of l0 ml of
(HClr, C,H5OII).
3. Evapomte the orgânic ph6e ùd dissolve
the lr€cipitate in 3 ml
oficy
cHrcooH.
4. Add
some drcps
ofFeclr followed by I hl ofHrSOi
concenû€1ed on
the wê1ls oftèst tube with much ôfânêntion.
Positiv€ obse.vation:
Appeùùce ofâ green-blæ color ir
Lhe
acid phase.
E-Sterols alrd lriterpenesi
l.
Dis,olve 5 soIdD poqder in20 mlofoilelher. and fiher.
2. EEpomte till
d$,ness, the residue is dissolved
;.
0.5 ml ofacetic
ânhydric acid
ùd
theh in 0.5 ml
3. The solüions
âre
tEnsfered in a test rube ihen âdd 1 tnl from
concenlrâted
ofHclr.
H)so!.
50
Positive observation:
-The
fomtio,
of
a
purple or brown ci.cl€, then becomes grây in the zone
of contact betwed th€ two liquids.
g-Cormrrins:
I 3r
ofthè ethe. ertêct are evqpoEted to dryness, the residue is
dissolved in hot waær.
2. Afier coolin&
the solution is divided in two tubes : one tube
üll
contâin the reference ând the âqueous solùtion ofthe second tube is
made âlkslire
wiù
0.5 ml ofarmoniê solution (10 perc€nt).
Positiv€ oh§€rvfltion:
-The occurrence ofan intense fluorcscence under
presence of
Col,lMins ard its de.ivatives.
5I
Ul/ light ird;cates the
lv-The alcohol extract:
The elhânol or melhanol exhacls from the defatled vegetal products
Mayconlain impo.tant groups of natuÉl constituents, âs forexample:
_
Pol$henols (tanni,§. etc....)
Reducing compomds
_
Alkaloid salis
Polyphenolic glycosides
_
Sterol glycosides (cardiotonic aâponosid,
Triterpene glycosides
Ve.y good result may be also obtained by exlruction with alcohol (70 30
per
cen,
t391.
Plxnts Extrâcts:
The extrâcls
ofour plants was caried out by the following method
:
-According the table mentioned below Îâke the quânrifies of d;trerent organs
-For each plâ.t the mix.ture powder soal<ed in solution of ethânol ând wâter
(70-30 percent).
-A1ler 24 hours, the mixtùe is taken to be filtered.
'The fi1bâte is evâporated
ùdq
vâcum, io oblain our dry exlract.
Table Nc8: Extrrct tâble
Roots
Sten§
(s)
(g)
l5
42.5
42.5
2.80
l5
70
Leâves (e)
5.5
Flowe6 (g)
l5
B.E: before exlraciion- A.E: Afte. extractiôn
A,E
2.50
7.50
240
BF,
l5
2.20
70
6.8
21
V-The Antibacterial Method (diffusion method):
The disc
irpregrâæd
of Wêttnmr's
0.
sterile pâper
N I (5 Im of diùerer)
is
I nn ofthe methanolic solution then dried al low êmperâtæ.
The technique àâs been repeated
till all the quanriry (0.1 ml) is
concentrared
;n the disc and ro obtain a concentration equâls 0.1 m g / disc æ
well
Eâch
extract is tesied with the sâme micro-organism within tbrce repettion to hâve
the most probâble âverâge of its âctivity, then rhe disc is set down rmder
âseptic conditiotr on the Inoculâled medim sùface, conraini.g eâch
speciflc micro-orsanism (bâcterium
or rnushroom). After 24 horrs of
'C for the bâcteri4 lhe posirive results are âssessed by the
measueûeft of the clear inhibitor zone arcund paper disc; this zone
incubation at 37
coresponds to the intriisic extÉct acrivilyl36l.
FE'i;j;EEr-r--rrfuE--H
lli
I
I
I
I
chapter V
Results
and
lscl'rsslott
V-Results:
V-l-Active principles detectio[ results
:
The resùlts of phytochemical tests relatiDg with eâch âctive prilciple
foreach plant. are ilhstrâted in the rable beloü.
Tâlrle J[o9 : Active principles in erc[ plârt
1
F.*.id.
The sisn ( +
The sign ( -
)
)
presence ofaclive principle
absencc ofthe âchve prtuciple.
l
V-l-Bâcteriâ results!
ÿ -7 -l - E§.heric h ia u, Ii
T able J{alO I
Eÿhertchia coli inhihition ,ônê di, mêrêr
Plant
Concentation(ns/ml)
(r)
00)
Dialnêtêi ofi,hibition
0
567
Ctl.an
I,R
(l) fl0)
0
666
(1)
182
(10)
963
1 Eschetichid côliDv.
Discrssion
According to the ohart abov€
itis
obvious that ë.alarâ is
more effcient thm Lresede;folia and O.aJticaûd on the
activiy of Eschetichia coli through the diameter of inhibition
zone which equals to 9.63mm atrd l.82mm at both cases of limit
concentration lmg/ml andl omg/ml.
DIZ : Diameter ofinhibition
O-A : Oudneya {tica a
: Launeae rcse.lelblia
EA : Ephedra alata
L.R
zone
V- I - 2 - Pmleût
Table
rrrttûh is
Nrll I hoteû
mnolrilic inhibilior zoDe diâmeter
LR
Concentsation(mslml)
Diâmeter of inhibition
i9
0)
12t
00)
648
(1)
0
EA
o0)
0)
'7 31
231
û0)
l0 59
:t "l
Chàn2 Ptu(eûs ùirubiliÿ DIZ
Discùssion :
Tbrough
tle
chân again,
it
has been regarded that l.:.alata has thÊ
highest iîhibition zone dian€t€r. Thüs mêans has a considEr €trecti\€ness
asaiast
ttote$
irabilis by 10j9û§, in contrâry, to O.aÎicand
aû
L-rcsedi/olia, \\hich they arc less ântibâcterial effectiveness whose 6-48
mn aûd 7.3I mm in üis case of I 0 ms/ml . even in the câse of I mg/ml.
57
Y
-l-3 - Ps e u do mo n as ae ros e nos a :
T^ble fi12 | Pseadodonas aêrogerord inàibitior
ConoenûEtion(mg/ml)
0)
(t0)
Diameter of inhibition
0
8.83
bR
diàmeter
LR
OA
Plant
zoDe
(l)
EA
00)
(r)
( r0)
3.82
0
7.31
a
Chatt-3 - Pseudononas ae rcgenosd
DIZ
I)iscussion :
Contrâry to the cases above, wirh Psddononas ærogenosa tlte cha'1
a hâs the highest ântibâcteriâl etræt thrcùgh its
dianeter, l'tricl equals 8.83 mm xûeanwhile ther€ is no
shnws nrat O.dticd
inlibition zone
indication ofthis activity with
1
mg/ml, for âI plants extract
.
V-l4-Serratia so
Trble.l&13 : §ezuda sp inhibition zone diâmete.
I,R
o.A
Concenhation(ms/n )
Diâmeter of i.hibition
(L)
0
(10)
(r)
(10)
0
(r)
00)
0
8.1 I
:.1 .l
Cbart.4- Serrdtia sb
DV
Discussion :
Once aAàin the Ealata extnct test proves lhât hâs high effectiveness.
here agâinst .Se,,/alia sp.
This ètrectiveness ftay get ât the sM ofboth
other extracts of O.d.fricatu aod L.rcsedifolia. Tlùoush the inhibition
zone dimeter that equals 8.1I mm. Whereas in the câse of
I mgûi
and
l;kewise the former tesq âll the extrâcts have shom no ùtibacterial
âclivity.
V-
-5
1
Tâ ble
-\laphv lo coccas
.\!l
4:
.§rlpl4t
au rc u§
caccrrs arreüs inhibition ,one diâmeter
Concentrâtion(ms/ml)
Diameter of ilhibition
(l) I
o I
IR
(ro)
808
(t)
(r0)
(t)
00)
0
6:16
102
15:12
l
Clun.5
Stâphylococcùs aueus D1Z
Disc'rssion :
The obvious defe.erce appears aSain |ÿtt]n Staphylo.oc.us aùrcts
lhough llre defereùce benreen the iilibrrion zone diâneter values of
tle sum of both
8.08üù
differetu planl. Wlereas t:a/a/d hâs a diameter eq{al
otler planrs widr 15.32 mn, in opposite ofO.aff,cana
And
L.pseluôLa 6.36 nn whle for ln-s/ml
rhe valÙe 1.02 mm is iust
!R@lts &d
disuG;
L
Y-l-6-Sanetta
Table . b15 : Saæ,ra ry i,hibitiûD zoîe dirmerer
Concentation(noslml)
uameÉr ot DrubûoD
(l)
o.A
0
(10)
(r)
294
0
IiÈ:
l.,i
!9
û0)
326
ChÀtt.6. :hnetta
o)
o0)
0
6.08
ï '--i
",,,.
.l "l
r-"-l
rÈ';i.1.
LR
I
spDtz
Discussion:
In tle cun€nt cas€ ad witt sarefas" rh€ rest has confmed tlrc
efectiveness ofà.alara w.th iniibiüon zone diame.er equâr
6.08rnm as
tailest one h opposir€ to3.26mD fot Lresede!ôtia
and O.aîicma
.
meanwhile the plants ext Àcts have not ex€ned ary
sigïficant effect.
l
L
I
V-l-7-Ptuteus ÿt lsoris i
Tâble. U6 : Pror&s ÿr.tgrit-inàiùitior zorê dirnêter
L.R
(l)
(10)
(1)
(10)
o)
(r0)
?.01
r173
0
509
0
7_01
Comenhationfûsrnl)
Diamèt6r of inhibition
9
t
i"l
s.
Cbar..1.
Prutil wlsa sDA
I)iscussion :
Th€ antibacterial âctiüty in this case due to O.ay'ica,?o eft€ct hâs
mârk€d the largest inlibition zone diameter against ?r?leùs vngaris
$at
is Estioated to be 11.73 mm for l0ms/srl while in the semûd cas€ of
Ime/ml the vâlue 7.01 mm supports the previous results
62
.
V-l-SShigella
llzxci
:
Trble j&11 | Slteellallâ,e'i-irltibitiotr zonê diÂneter
Plant
Concentlation(mslml)
Diâneter of iDnrl,ition
o.A
o)
LR
o0)
0
û)
0
û0)
))5
0)
00)
0
9.13
,9
Chatt.8. Shisella fleaeti DIZ
I)iscùssion :
Tttroush the last obart , it has been noted that
highest
colûln thât €quals 9.33
,.a/ola extract has tle
ffn in th€ case of l0 mg/ri , and
2-2ÿan rot L-rcsedefolia, \\h;le no iûdication in tl'e
case
of
lmg/ml,
thus E alara extrâct is more efficieat toÿaÂs shi4elb
flemie
than ùte
rest of plants extracts.
6l
ti
R*ùlts ed
disùG;
L
V-1-9-Ënteûha"t"r s
Table JlùlS : Et tenbûcter s,, tunibition zo.e
PIar
ô.A
q9!!€ntratio(ûrs/ml)
Diarneter oI
dirnéiêr
(1)
inhibni;
2.11
(
t0.)
I51
(l)
LR
(10)
0
0
0)
0
(10)
9.44
E
"T
C:ltd,r 9. I'nteroboLtet
sr DtZ
Discussion :
For the s€colld time a[d rlrough the
effectiveness more than
f.a/ara
"ÿ in tLjs test, bùt by slight
0.06
l
L
I
t
Im
ùùr, O.afiic@a has ù\
arld L.rese.jefolia
^gainst
Lnterobacter
deference beh{een tlem rcarly estinated as
Fm--i
Conaosioll
Conclusion
ln rhe sighr of aforemenrioned resulrr rhrough chârc and llbles
and
as compârison bet\reen diferent plants
ûn
resedefolia
I
Ephedra alata, LauNæ
Aldneya alricam , n seetr rhat Ephedla olota B rich
most âctiv€ principles especially wilh âlkaloid which
importmce
in
.
may hâs a
i\
great
the self-defens€ aeaif,st insects and other bacterjal a.d
fi]ngâl diseases
âs
âLrâdy mentioned in theorctical pen. l.oureæ
rcsedefolia thathas seveEl ætive principles, whseæ
Adneÿ aficaha
shows lhe least pr€sence ofthose principtes.
ln other side and âccording to the cbarts where ihe evolution of
atibæædal âctMry is illushated , it corid be sâid ùat Epheùa alata,
with the highest âctive principles Étes especially alkaloids and
flavonoids has
najoti§,
of
a
considerable ântibacteriâl effectiveness âgâinst th€
s!.h
bacteria
Setatia tp. Staphllo.occ6
Ou.lneya africaru has
a
as Escheichia coli, Proteus ni.qbili§,
ere6,
Saneia sp, Shigella lernire. And
effectiveness
asaiNt the
rcmainins ttuee.
Whercss Laureæ /esedefoüa has â less effect in comparison with the
We
methods
il
do
recominend deep studies supported
by
ârâllticâl
order to identiîy the actiÿe principles qulitâtively
ad
to
sort out the âi;tive compounds responsible aor such âctiviries in different
Genemlizlion ofthese tesb should be conducted on other kinds of
Baderia
so as to
confim
the previou æsults-
F,.-rE--:---rrff--EE
Bibu"*raphÿ
Biblioeraohy:
I
Ilanoua
et
Marel Fentiz : Etude ph],toclûnque gtuérale et nise
en évidence les alcâloides exiÿânts dans le «Trâ8aDum Nùdatùnr »
'lhèse in-qénieur, centre
réBion d EIboLr « wilâyâ de -Ouarslâ
»
universilaire de ourgla, 2000-2001.
wlvrv staff ac.uk/schoolshciences/chemistrv/tebbv/âlkâloids.htnl.
Noura chaouch: Etùde des âlcâloides dans le coioquiDte
colocynthis wlsaris(L) Schrad ( cùcùrbilacée) dans la rég;on de
Otred N'sa ( u,ilayê de Oùarglâ ). Ttèse de masislère ùniversitaire
de Ouarsla, 200 L
Ceorûe) A. ( ordell ||,lroduc'ron Io aU€lo,d, a broÈe"e
âpproach, Libra{r of consress caialoFng in pùbtjcâtion data. 1946.
5 Jee Bmelor : Phannacognosie, Phltochitnie, pletes
,nédicinâles 3h'' ëdition 1999.
Kâriûâ Dehâk : Extraction et analyse des flâvonoides conterrus
dans la plante Relâma Retarn de lâ région de Oudglâ thèse de
mâiaistère. cenkc uiveNilaire de 069lâ.2001
7 Jâcqrc A'senaut : La chimie. dictionnâlre encyclopédiqùe . 2âne
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8. Jolm Wiley ed sors : basic organ;c chemislry . 1972
9. Abderrazak Mâroùf : Dictioùnâire de Ia boraiqùe, la phaDérosane
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I 0 YasmnE Djoudi : la mise en evideùce des flaÿonoid€s et
alcaloides exÀlants dâns Ia phnie Câppdis sp;nosa. L. Tlrèse
ingénieùr ceDae ùniversrtairc de ôùargla.2000
I I J-B.Pridham arldT Swain : Biosynthetic pathways in higher plaùts
Acade,nic press. L ând N. 1965
12 Pascal Ribereaù GayoD r Les composés phénoliques des ÿégélaux
Dunod. Pans 1968.
I I Bonner ùd Vmer : Plat biochemistry Academic press, Ne§
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I4.Eric Brown: Traité dc c|nnie organiqùe . l5'"'" édition, Pans 1999.
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biochimie I99l
l6 .l.Ducotn, Y Bessiére. A iattes : cllimie organique, fonctions
rnultiples et hélé.ocycles Paris- 1969
I7. R-Heller : biologie ÿegitale ll. rutridon et mélabolisDe Pa.is,
3
I
(
6
1969
18
M Javallierer Al :Traiié de biôchiDie sénérâle Tome 1, Pans.
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2001.
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:Ir..-Fll S+lJ.ll
2002
.lr E ü s-tÀ ,.r+ . .rtà^!
irô JF _,,_Ê .15
<ir r. r,i,t -r . . ..L.,,.1 :::. i,[ a!.,§. .. ..,,r1
'
''
\r ,)s,:
.-tgg4
)isr!.40
nA
.lJLlr i+!ll üûljrl :rFê ôjrÈ {ê ril +ê ., &+ +- l... JJÊ<J.41
1993 L.]!sLyl .!jrlr.I eL,Jin .lrrill LrLll . lrljlj r r...Ei, .lrJl+é
Àù!Es!:
Medicinâl
pldls [æ *ÿcra] ues in diferenr therâpeùtic nelds I mribioiics, tn6ei4 rùEe pl,rrs
hæ b€en shdied
,rÂdda ,/ara.
O"dneya altica a
actire principales. The ûôthod h.s beôn
ôIoÿ€d
ùÀ lama.a rdedy'ôl,a so 6 ro deled
is lhe
the
erhdôl e}1ft.iôn, fôIôÿed bt mlibadenal
&tiÿily ies tgainsr nine bacrqia. Escherichia coti, Prateus nirabilis,?ÿu.1orunar derueenoÿ,
Se atia
sp,
aùew
Stap]ÿlococcus
Sdneua
ÿ. Pnteuswlgatis, Shigela|l. ir.,
Enterobætù sp.
*ûÿs a
.ticatu ûd
As a coiclusiotr and tlmughoul cxpdimcntal iesults, it is cleat that Ephedra al.1a
sisnificdr dtibærûiâl ælMty asaiEt
Launæa ree.liloliû, that
Kq ÿo.n t MeiLinol
alicdm
and Lauka.d
s
tuy
plant§,
due
lles
bncteriâ, in
omp nù wù
Oudherû
ro EphedÉ âlara richen6s in âlkaloids.
Àttibactùial octiÿit!, Actiw pûn ipales, Ephedn alata Oudnelv
rcte.lilotia
Les plartes nÉdicitules
snt
ütilisÉ6 aux plusieus domines therapeutiqæs, comme
l'Andbiotiqüe- Pôù cel,, rrob plzrtes onl é1é etudées: Ephe.ltu aldia, O"dnera atiu et
Iiuruea rcsedifalia. Des testes des Drincip* æliG el
d ærivné
mdbaclériem conlE neuf:
Eÿherichia coli, Prcteus irahilis Pÿudohotus aùoqekosd, SetuIia sp, Stopll!1o.oc.$ aùeÆ,
Sane a sp, Ptuleùs ÿùlsôri\, Shisella.llqnne, Ëntùôbuciet sp.
api6 les Esulrals obtenus, il en .hn qie Ephe.lra dlat n û erei
sigifcatil anlre les bælénes choisies si elte csr coblaé avec les aûrcs plants Oudneÿ aJiicana
et Launaed reedilolia, ce qüi poûàir èe erpliqué pù la pÉserce des alk loides dm ,â pl,nle
Enf! de
cene étude er d
!4gtEdrÉ§ : Les pl,nres nndiciml, Acdvné mdbactérieæ, PrincipÈs Ntils. Ephedtu alata,
Oudneya aficaa d. LaMaeu reÿ.lilolia.
irÉ+
L', r ér! '+ .rirJ : -!-J J- J- +rrj J vr rrtd .-Jl, rq-.B
I ,1 i!, dli J È i \!! i! -'è. L!"tueo aÿJilalk. nLdP)d aî irkû rphpdta atdt
:s,r Èu,r§i ir srÊ
Eÿherichia ûli PrcteB hirahilir, Pÿu.lotohas @hgetusa, Seîaûa sp, Staphyloco.ct! aweu'
.üL :EÈ .:-ri
,
.
,r;JÀy
ir+lr
Sanetd
sp,
Prateus tuleois, Shigella Ûeflire, E
q
oha.tù
sp
j
,J -. i-rJ,lr .+ i+:rÉJ
è. rrrli,. Él,rlrJ qL }é }ir Ç Ephedra alsla
ir.si éLèriI +J J]è+r irgil..."J Lauwareÿdifalb oùlneta aîicda
É§r:11
d! JirÉ-
,l
Launæa reÿdiîolia . Où1tula
dîi.n& . tL.J ir.lr
.L:rrrsill
ll:.lr !Là .!+I
é13+,!
:GuLi
Ért
i3r
illtlcs
Medicinal planls has scveràlûses in dilÈrcnt therapeuic nelds as ùlibiorics. rherein three planh
hâs been nudied
r-l,grrzr ,/./.a O
.t'av .ûrau afi Lo tûca /sr?.r/,/d
so as to detecr
llr
âdive ùnripales Thê rothod has bæn folloÿed is lhe dhanol enracion, followed by a.riLâ.1erial
acivny tesl âgains nine ba.lerlà. t::tturilhù @h, Ptal.L: ,ji11thil^.Pÿtulo totds d.rcton^d
S.rdtu ÿ.\kuhtl.t.cc \ d
t! t
Satvtt.t
\p,lrd!n\ ÿ
lsarit, Shiqcllo.ll!flik,
ù
lrotuLte)
ÿ.
Às a co.clusio, and throughoui expenhenlal resuhs, n is clear thal riiDr.,r? dLld slDss
sie.iûcanr anibacteriâl aôtivny âgain$ rhêse bacreria, in mûpârisa^ ÿ|ith O
Ld
naca
rcruJtblid nûr's nay
.lklq alicdtû
â
àùd
due ro Epnedû alatarichene$ in alkâlolds
(»
Ke\ worde M.niLihnl !,kth|s, Antibd.tqid ûnriÿ, Àûir. ?.i,tci?dles, Lthè.1tu a!. d
4fn.ùùt 0ùd I aan!û rur.lifoha
Deÿt
les
plùnes médicirales sonr utilisées dans plùsieu6 doûaiies rhqapeuriqùes. conrn'e
l'Arnibiotiqùe rour cera. rroÀ plantes ont éré Aûdtées: LtlÈtla dldtû. Ou.tnelr altiuùù et
tdnacarcÿdioltnl»stestesdesprincipesactilsetdâcrivitéantibactêneinecônteneual
I,\.h.richxt .olj Ptlre : nùtbilt\, PrLl.nortr\ ebgc
aÿ
ÿrrano tp Sk?hrl.Lattù\
Soûtlne. Pt.k r ÿtlg{rh. Shigclla.fld nt, hnù.h.ktd'ÿ.
Enfii de cetre érudê d d âCrès les résullats oblênus, il esr clan que
&r./?e lL
sisnincaûI conùe les bactûies choisies sj elle esr co.Daré ave les autrs phnts
el l.ûùtued
kt..ltfulid
^
t rf \.
on etrèt
û/,?rtr a/ina,a
ce qui poumn ùrc expliqué par la preserce des alkaloides dans la planle
ltots clés Les pla ies rédicinal, Acrirné andbactsie..e, Principes
Otkùtqz.it'ica d et LaùnÈù rrçltifotnt
dctifs,
Lphc.ltu d|.nd,
!Ei!
i+
.rtu J)'l ;-rri
3iL:] jr).
;: # é!L-& ;}À-r éirJ,!
:ê31rÉirilÈ
lrrhlri.hid .oli, Ptat! s ntnzbilis, 1,\è|.1o"D as d.r.ce oÿt,:i a n !p, Itktpbtococc6 a tt s,
. &ûe u tt. lrlr!"s rtl8lri Shit<clla .11N tu. Et ù.bùcru I
;rÉ! É,È1Jr ê- ;j)rt érr>s,!r -J" É >t !l Ephedm âlara ,ri ,ti §r !r):! .\r i-j§- r
;:JL-!r *r 3)rù ir"(.rrrjlrr ieJ Jlaèr i ji -+-lr I tut@a rukltilntu Qù,l"ql Llijù|n
t.ûù û
rcçLtif.nra .
É
J:rJr
Lr{l
.;,}Jr
.!- J!rr:.I
A d,c)d al]riz,u . ôüJ rrrr .riirçJl iL:r À:,! .:+Àr éü,Jr ,!:Eirr éL!§r

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