OPTIMIZING UTILIZATION OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE FEED RESOURCES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COSTEFFECTIVE AQUACULTURE FEEDS IN MALAYSIA 1Wan Zahari, M and 2Wong, H.K. 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine UMK. 2Strategic Livestock Research Centre, MARDI, Serdang, Selangor AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY • Expanding rapidly - fresh water fish. • Tilapia, catfish and grass carp and giant freshwater prawn • Extensive involvement of private sectors under the NKEA Programme. • 22,800 freshwater culturists - Sabah, Perak, Penang, Selangor and Johore. • 82.8% - freshwater ponds - 635,000.00 mt AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY • • • • Feed - 50-70% of the variable cost. About 14% locally produced 86% (620,000 tons) imported. Need to reduce costs by using locally available feed ingredients. FOCUS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COST-EFFECTIVE FEEDS • Identification and evaluation of nutrient contents in selected local feedstuffs • Application of least cost formulation in maximizing the usage of local resources • Application of advance feed processing techniques (covering physical, chemical, biological and biotechnological methods) • Refinements of feedstuffs composition and nutrient requirement prior to evaluation of feed performance at the laboratory and commercial scales OBJECTIVES • • Enhancing utilization of local resources, both from the agriculture and livestock industries • Improving nutritive value of feedstuffs • Adding value to various agricultural wastes • Reducing feed price and cost of aquaculture production • Ensuring regular supply of competitive aquaculture feed. DIETARY REQUIREMENTS • A suitable energy source • Proper balance - proteins, CHO, lipids, minerals, vitamins and GR factors. • Protein most expensive - SBM and FM PROTEIN SOURCE LOCAL FISH MEAL • Thrash fish - Supply and Quality not consistent (Protein low, high ash and salt) CP: 55 - 65%, Ash: 18-27%, ME: 2930 kcal/kg Lipid: 6.6 – 7.6% • Inclusion level : < 5 % POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES FOR IMPORTED FISH MEAL • • • • • • • PKC Soya bean meal Poultry feathers and meat Bone meal copra meal Soya bean waste Brewers waste PROTEIN SOURCES • • • • • • • • • • Fish meal Fish solubles Tilapia meal Keli / catfish meal Meat and bone meal Poultry offal meal Poultry by-product meal Feather meal Worm meal House cricket PROTEIN LIPID 67% 7% 30% 4% 55 % 11% 60% 9% 50% 10% 52% 32% 60% 16% 85% 8% 66% 28% 62% 8% • • Vegetable – low protein - deficient in lysine, methionine and tryptophan Local legumes –  Leucaena leucocephala,  Asystasia intrusa  Gliricidia sepium,  Morris alba  Flamengia macrophylla  Hibiscus cannabinus. ALFALFA Leucaena leucocephala • Petai belalang • almost 18 m tall • Leaves of leucaena are highly nutritious • high in protein, minerals and βcarotene Gliricidia sepium • High protein content CATFISH DIET Ingredient Amount (kg/100kg) Maize 22.20 Wheat poll 5.00 Palm oil 7.00 Gliricidia 30.00 Soybean meal 0.25 DCP 0.20 Limestone 0.50 NaCl 0.30 Lysine 0.10 Methionine 0.00 Fish meal 10.00 Premix(Vit-min) 0.13 Total Estimate cost/tonne 100.00 RM 1,353.15 Flamengia macrophylla Puereria phaseoloides • Climbing legume, slightly woody, hairy. • Young shoots are densely covered with brown hairs. • Leaves is large, trifoliate in shaped and covered with ascending hairs. Centrosema pubescens • Climbing herb with strong tendency to root at nodes of trailing stems. Arachis pintoi • Perennial herb developing a strong taproot on the older crowns and forming a dense mat of stolons. • The leaves is tetrafoliolate shaped, with ovate leaflets • The flowers is yellow in color. CASSAVA LEAVES GRASSES RUMPUT PANGOLA (Digitaria decumbens) RUMPUT MARDI DIGIT (Digitaria setivalva) RUMPUT SIGNAL (Brachiaria decumbens) RUMPUT SETARIA KAZUNGULA (Setaria spacelata cv Kazungula) RUMPUT DWARF NAPIER (Pennisetum purpureum) RUMPUT SETARIA SPLENDIDA (Setaria sphacelata cv splendida) CORN WASTES ANF found in legumes : • • • • • • • • Protease inhibitors Phytoheamagglutinins Lectins Tannins Alkaloids Mycotoxins Saponins Gums These enzyme inhibitors interfere with digestion of fishes Diminish productivity and lead to toxicity if taken in excess ENERGY SOURCES CEREAL POTENTIAL LOCAL CHO SOURCES • • • • • • Broken rice Brown rice Sago meal Rice bran with germ Rice polishing Tapioca meal WHEAT POLLARD RICE BRAN PALM KERNEL CAKE (PKC) • • • • • Excessive Fat content High shell content High Cu Ca : P imbalance Small particle size PKC 20% - tilapia, catfish and grass carp (Ng, 2004). Technology & Product Development Oil palm fruit Palm kernel expeller (PKE) 35% PKE 7.4% CPO Manufacturing PKE based pellet 30 % CP 12.54 MJ/kg ME Cost: RM 1.11/kg Source: MARDI (2010) The performance FCR and mortality rate comparable to commercial diet. Higher weight gain (g) Lower Mortality Rate (%) 100 90 97.2 91.0 PKE based feed 80 70 Weight (g) 63.7 60.9 60 50 48.4 46.9 40 31.8 30 25.3 20.5 20 17.5 11.2 10 9.7 4.6 4.3 0 1 3 5 7 Culture Period (week) SOURCE: MARDI (2010) 9 11 13 PKE based feed POME POME NUTRITIVE VALUES Dry matter (DM) Crude protein (CP) Crude fibre (CF) Ether extract (%) Ash (%) Nitrogen free extract (NFE) Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) Metabolisable energy (ME) 91.1 % 11.1 % 17.0 % 12.0 % 9.0 % 50.5 % 0.70 % 0.50 % 45.0 % 6.52 (MJ/kg) ANTI-NUTRITIVE FACTORS • • • • • • • • • • • hydrosable and condensable tannins trypsin inhibitors mimosine, phytates acids, Oxalates Silica HCN lectins (haemagglutinin) Glucosinolates Glucosides Goitrogenic compounds FUTURE RESEARCH PROJECTS • Compounds offensive to the olfactory receptors • Pigments, binding agents, preservatives and attractants . • Factors affecting bio-availability of nutrients • Factors affecting vitamin / lipid stability during storage (oxidition) - A, E and other natural antioxidants More ingredients should be evaluated and mixed into commercial feed formulations in order to obtain complete and balance diets for aquaculture. Thank You