CzsÁåAiÀÄ 4
¹°PÁ£ï
F CzsÁåALwp¨3|Yp$YJqw
x wp3Ozt
wr][¹8
|±'z$3M3J
8
|±|3qp$$L3¤8Jw
t8&M$Lt|±M
x |3qp*]§JX$LYT38
p¨xwMt|±M
x &ªQ3|3p¸wY¤ªQ3|3p¸8
*]§JX$Lp¨xwMt|±M
x |3qptJr8
&$YJwp¨rQwLTt|±M
x |3p¸wY¤|3qp$$L3¤8
*r$L88
p¨rQwLTt|±M
sS3
wp®p wJpJ$Lq3$J=p
$ Lt8&]
uV
x$L:p 3w=
]
rw
¯ 5uV8w]J
&M$Lz
r¯J$vÅ]¦t
x
$tw9(]33JWw*$O
wJ
p
¨3]8&]J$Lq34¯$L80
rT
woz±
wJ
uW= w]{] Jr8
|± 3$T tJw
|3p¸$$L3¤8
p¨t
3z]wJ8]VY-$]
rM8W
{
9Y¤ |3p¸T'3¿µ T¸q$]3=|3pp ¨
Y$LLM]¦ tI¹|$L¸p ]Vp wJ
p¨ |3
-$] 8JZ{9]¦ &] $$L3¤w JY
]VYwz± -$]'YoÅ]¦x}|3qpz3W
´ 8
DY¯uW=
3MY&Hp |3]J$Lq3xuVG
p$Lw ®8
*r3JWwY¤Y$Y¯Hp]&uVwo$]9$L.p|3p¸3MY&]V®$Lpw8|
*r$L8w8|t
w¹8
wJ8pT$L{(z±
w½¬Äj
|3p» -$t r] αQq«p
|
$LwL» -$t
r]o$]rT]]©
|
$LwL»]&[¼3z´&[w=3w4
DY¯ªQ3|3p¸
37
eÁ£ï §fððAiÀĸï
]VY8$3Y89w]zDY²8p«t3wLTÎ8Z§Y§]VYxpJp«
']VM
]VYxp Mp|´p 0$] &[w -JT &3·J8 wz3 ]VYwp« &]J
rJwLWwp« qJsw x]Vpwq«Y w]z HM8
Y$] $4W¼ &W8 J=p Y² wY§ &W Y²8p«
xwMz ) x]Vp $L3wyY J$Lp }§³]
$4W¼Yy$]Y}p]tI¼|$L»j]wµwLY²J$Lp
}§³wp« tJ$Ltz´] .3$]J J$Lp}§³] uwW8$L
w8 &Z &oÈ3k -$] &vÈr²$LrO¢]©$O 1824J|´
tI¼|$L»
|3p» &p« r²Y±4
&]p« ]VY -$]
DY¯Hp¸
oÈ
YM
]
tI¹|$L¸
|3qpwLp®z3´W8
$3Y
Si
rJwLW$6® 14
J~$6®
28
({3°p¸xp® 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p2 CxÀªÁ [Ne] 3s2 3p2
tJr8
&ªQ3ªQ3
zuV®Y
uVx$L8Tr]J]|±J
Y$L|±'4µGp¸&p$YJ]¥p|3qp]|3
&[w |3P¸8
]V
(z±w wJp Jr]|± &p3 8¯8
|± zuV® 8p¹P¸
MKJ¸3p¸ PrH¸ 1r{¸8
$Y JY¨ wY¤ *rJY¨8
|± |3p¸ $$L3¤8
(Jww
*]§JW
=p¨9rUwLU]|3wp ¨wJ
&[wuW=w9¨$LwL¸rU$L$o8
x}¯WwLU HU w$L|± 3]8 w9¨$LwL¸ '3µ¿T¸ wY¤ |3p¸
*$P8Y¤])*Y©p¨wp¨JM3¤T¯3±M3¸'w±]$o8Y
]w9¨$LwL¸
'3µ¿T¸p¨x|p8{8Y¤]&p$YJJ$Lq34¯$L$L|±r{
·]|3wp¨
|3p¸T'3µ¿T¸ur¹UzT¯rV±M3¸'w±o$]Y
$L{8Y¤]*$Lw
rU$L&ªQ3Jr]|3p¸
*£
Si + 2MgO
SiO2 + 2Mg
38
ªQ3|3p¸*]§JX
33¸p$o8 |3wp¨ &r3¹ ªQ3 |3pp¨ rT$L{8Y¤] Dp
r¯wLW] |3wp¨ 33¸p$o8 x]®Y¸ 3zw$L|± 8$L $r3¹xz±]$L
3]83Tt]tW£]ªQ3|3p¸]J3Y¤]
) x]Vp]|± Dp r¯wLW] |3wp¨ t
w] &Z &w}® (z±w]|±
3u¹J$TwL¸*Y©Z¤$LL8Y¤]
*£
SiO2&ń6L&2Ń
&$YJ£34¯$L
&ªQ3|3p¸wY¤ªQ3|3p¸8
z3´W8
&ªQ3|3p¸
ªQ3|3p¸
3Tt]tW£]JpJ=pwG¯]
J=p8MwLJ|3y]
3$]tW£]rU
3UwYr]|±x]®Z¤p&w3
²z©wQ8x]®Z¤pw3
ªQ3|3p¸4$Yz=4¯$LL
&ªQ3|3p¸4$Y3Uw4¯$LLrO
rOw]]¦
8$L|±3]8&]Jw{¿
r]Jw*Y¹W4¯$L8
8$L|±3]8*M$Lwoz±
0
88Y¤]
|3p¸&{w]J&]33RU*£Y$L|±&Jw38Wx]
¥ÀvÉÛ ºÀaÑ
'wY¼33£3]|´
|3p»]}²W $6±wY§ w8¼$6±8JZ
|3p»w8¼3
M](YJ]VY8p«rY§D
|3qpJ$Lq38W8
&ªQ3|3p¸wªQ3|3p¸9$Yz=4¯$LLrO
&ªQ3|3p¸8$L|±r3¯ }wL pw9wY¤ '4µGp¸p|± 4´rw
¯ 9*M]|3p¸
T'3µ¿T¸*Y©Z¤$LL8Y¤]
39
Si + O2
SiO2
) 4¯ $ L $L |± * £ vT 8 T $ L L 8 Y ¤ ] ($[ J$L q3 4¯ $ L 8 8
§»gÀĵÀÚPÀ Exothermic4¯$L8
p¨Y¤J
|3p¸ qMp|± x|pw8woz± ']J 3$r9 3$LL¦8 u$Lp¨ xuVI
T¯Gpp¨vT8TwLTY¤]
Si + 2H22ń6L22 + 2H2Ń
u
£É£À¦¹PÉÆ½î
3]3v®WY&[ww9«
$LwL»wÎu$Lp«y
]8zT²Gp»
&qz vT8T$LL8w]J HY8 &p3²ww9 &w8 '3¸ÂT»8 ]J3Y§w
&Îw]J
|3q8Îwp«zw8Wx]
|3p¸wY¤33¸px}¯Wwp¨x]®Y¸3zw$L|±3]8|3p¸3u¹T¸
3u¹J$TwL¸*Y©Z¤$LL8Y¤]
6L&ń6L&
)J$Lq3 4¯$LpT]8 *£ M3$LL8Y¤]*£ M3$LL8w ($Y
J$Lq34¯$L88CAvÀgÀĵÀÚPÀ Endothermic4¯$L8
p¨Y¤J
=OwQ3 4.1 : &]V¼ =w= 8´3» rU$Lp« uy8 43º uy$L|´ YW¦p
&puVww8Y§] µz¬ UOG¼$P» rU &[w 0$] DQ3 w~$8» T rU$Lp«
3$L|´ Y8]3$TqMq$]0]© wLUv
&puVww8Y§]&$YJ¦3wY§ tJ»
*¦3 J$Lq3 4²$L8]©$Y &$YJ¦3 wY§ tJ *¦3 x|q3JW 4²$L8
(Dissolution(w
8wq
]²w±]x|p4²$LuVZ3t]ÎwX$LJ$Lq3t]ÎwX$L'8t]
($]Vp*M$Lw]tJ*¦3J$Lq34²$L']J&4 &p«'8w]&$YJ¦3
4²$L&wq$L$3´JT»*r¬3Jx|pw8w]&$YJ¦3x|q3JW3
¢3»
Tw~$8»TqMp|´x|pw8w]tJ»*¦34²$L
40
¹°PÁ£ï ¸ÀAAiÀÄÄPÀÛUÀ¼À G¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ
I$L{P¸&p¨8TqJp¨
w]qJp¨9rMwZ¹z
*r$L9Y¤J
UÁf£À vÀAiÀiÁjPÉAiÀİè
ªÀÄgÀÀ½£À §¼ÀPÉ.
PÀvÀÛj¸ÀĪÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ GdÄÓªÀ
¸ÁzsÀ£ÀUÀ¼À°è ¹°PÁ£ï
PÁ¨ÉÊðqïzÀ §¼ÀPÉ.
¹°PÁ£ï£ÀÀ
¸ÀAAiÀÄÄPÀÛUÀ¼ÀÄ
PÀlÖqÀUÀ¼À vÀAiÀiÁjPÉAiÀİè
t
3$LL8w3$4¯P¸x}¯W]
vÀAiÀiÁjPÉAiÀÄ°è ªÀÄgÀ½£À §¼ÀPÉ.
¹°PÁ UÀrAiÀiÁgÀUÀ¼À
vÀAiÀiÁjPÉAiÀÄ°è §¼ÀPÉ ºÁUÀÆ
3¯wP8¯sÅ$Lz±t
3
jhÄgïPÁ£ï,
PrH¸8
p¨'uVJW8
vÀAiÀiÁjPÉAiÀÄ°è §¼ÀPÉ.
x |3p¸8
3t¹q3¸r|wJ¸Y$LLM3$L|±t
Y¤J|3p¸x]®Y¸
wPJ¸wY¤(YJz3JX8
Y¤z3w=w9t
3$LL8Y¤](]Jt«J¸8
(JY¤] qMp qJ]V3w9 (pµ{OJ¸w9 t
3$LL8Y¤] x]®Y¸ z3JX8
Y¤|p3w=3$LL¦8w]w8woz±
¹°PÉÆÃ£ïUÀ¼ÀÄ - ¹°PÁ£ï, DQìd£ï ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ºÉÊqÉÆæÃPÁ§ð£ïUÀ½AzÁzÀ gÀ§âgï£ÀAvÀºÀ
$$L3§8 *] 3t¼q3» r|wJ»8 8 u$4 Z§ *M$L] ']©M$]Î
(w8p«&9«qJ]V3w§8Y$LLM3$L|´wY§&9«qJ]V3tP¢8Y$LLM3$L|´
§¼À¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ.
x |3p¸ G &Jw3 (]p¨ r¯uVw3M$LL] &G &Jw3wp¨9
Ts$8¸wz3 rMwZ¹t])MZ$L&Jw3wp¨P¯qµJ¸T$LT¸
&p3|Yw$Tz8
I. CY$LLM3$L|±t
Y¤J
ZÀlĪÀnPÉ 4.2 : xr]-Î3¢³q3»¸&$8Uy$]w3²Dr»T$LT»P²q¸¢J»8p«
$8²
&w83$L¼x]Vp]t8wLZ$8²
D¯ÉÆÃa¹
Gw¼q$LwL»&Jw3w§w]J
|3p»]t3wLY²w±r3w9].3"
PÁgÀt ºÀÄqÀÄQ
CªÀvÀðPÀ PÉÆÃµÀ×PÀzÀ 14p w8¼]|´p ]VY8] 3t¼p»
|3p» Gw¼q$LwL»
&Jw3z3·W8]©J3t¼p»8wLY²&Jw3z3·Wxz´.3"
41
x 3Y¤M
=38
p
¨=3]
¯ wz3MYwLTwwJ
p
¨qwpUJt]&wJ t
w =3¯w|3p¸3u¹T¸o$] wLU]¦8¯pP¸&p¨r|}¸wLTu3]J
|3p¸3u¹T¸&p¨t
Y¤J ]V® w]J |3p¸3u¹T¸]=J$]p ¨$8
¯
&]p¨]3U¡$Lp¨=rwLTzt
x wJp 3W8
p¨ 38]3 &$Q Y$LLM]¦p¨ wJ
38] &[w *G
38]Emery Paper-p¨wJ
ZÀlĪÀnPÉ 4.3 : uJuJ8Y²]wJp3W8p«t
Y$LLM
]*G38]8p«
$8²
&w8&8Y±Y$Lp«wJ8z8JJHY=D¼
x*£]VJX8&]®Yy$]9$LwJ
p¨wJ
Yr¤3Sand bath)
w9r¯$L8}{$L|±wY¤M$Lw|±t
3wLTY¤J
ZÀlĪÀnPÉ 4.4 : -xM *G 38]wp« qMp|´ &o© JY8yM &p$YJ '
38]wp«HJ93TxMqMp$}3$=w*$L]
wL p±w9 '4¸ G p»$L Y $$L 3§ 8 GÎ3¼3
|3]|´ '4¸ G p»
&oÈ3w9]©JGÎ3¼3wz´w$t]I8
3JW 5DYxz´w]J
|3] r|wJ»p J=p$L|´ F]²Y Porosity (z´
89 qJ 0Jz '¬]xz´]¢ 0Y§Q¢p J=p -p«Î9] ) t8 w$op
YJ8Z8|´Z$LxM
Hx3r¯w5®8q
T$LLOwL¸8
JU$L{M$LLw8¹3 M] .33~$L
Ix8
wY¤ |3$L3¤ ©$G r¯W8
Yw J3w=
Js3
·z Ix wz] |3wp¨ t
3
·Y¤w uVY¤
w$Y]3zw®8
u
wW88|3p¸&w}®3
DY¯T$LLOwL¸8
3{¨Jasbestos8Gw$P¸w$Y]36¹p8
|
± 8W$L|±3zwLTwwJ83z±0T$LwwJ3zww|3¸-$twZ¤
$t$oÅ 3y{y$] t
zwJ |3] 3W8
}²3}8
|± p
w]M$]
88Y¤]o:¹3z]wJ8wL|p®$LY38M3wYwJW]|±*JTw]M$]
8$L|±Y{Tw|3]3W8
}²3
}8
p
¨rw
¯ ~Yw
¤ &]3$Y{ 3z8JM8
&wJ*Y¤w'J8®39&qzw5wTJ3´38
p¨rJ{u3
42
&uV®
I (|±pz'$L8
p¨qT{9]3¤*Y¤Jwp¨'$LwLU
1 &ªQ3Jr]|3p¸*]§JW]|±J$Lq34¯$L$L|±r{
·]*]
|3wp¨ur¹Uzt
w'w±
-T¯3±M3¸'w±
vT¯rV±M3¸&w±
pQ¯3¸'w±
UzªM3¸'w±
2 )J$Lq34¯$L$L|±*Y©Z¤$LL8w(p¨$]*Y©p¨
Si + 2H22ń6L22 + ________
-H2
vO2
Si UO3
3 |3qp)$$L3¤8
r4qJ]V3w9t
3$LL8ww¤
-|3p¸T'3µ¿T¸
v|3p¸3u¹T¸
|3p¸8
UI$L{P¸
II 3¤r]8$]vO¥
wp¨uVZ¹wLU
1 |3qp-JTtJr8
&ªQ3wY¤BBBBBBBBBBB
2 |3]$o8ªQ3Jr]|3p¸rT$LzwZ¹u3]w¤BBBBBBBB
3 |3p¸wY¤ 33¸] x}¯Wwp¨x]®Y¸3zw$L|± 3]8 ]J3w
*Y©p¨BBBBBBBBBBBB
III$otJyM
-
v
18TqJp¨w]wLTw]
-3®|µ$LwL¸|3P¸
2:¹3(Abrasive)
vrw®¹QP¸
33$4¯P¸x}¯W]:O3
|3p¸
U|3
(3u¹J$TwL¸
43
IV3
9pr¯}¨88*Y¤M
1 |3p¸]*]§JW
]|±T¯ 3±M3¸wY¤T¯ rV
±M3¸'w±8
rYw
¯ p"
2 uVY8P$L|±J
w98w]VY$LLw]"
3 |3p¸ ) 3
9p w¤8
HY J$Lq3w9 wZ¹]8 *$P8w
4¯$L88J$Lq3x3JWtJyM
a'4µGp¸ bu
4 |3p¸3u¹T¸&p¨8rT$L{8Y¤]"
5 &ªQ3wY¤ªQ3|3p¸8
*]§JWwp¨xwM
7
44
© Copyright 2026 ExpyDoc