Shinshu University Institutional Repository SOAR-IR Title Author(s) Citation Issue Date URL Rights Increase in the number of Endangered Butterfly species in Japan from 1991 to 2012 NAKAMURA, Hiroshi; KODA, Keiko 信州大学農学部紀要 50（1-2）: 23-29(2014) 2014-03-25 http://hdl.handle.net/10091/17512 Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture SHINSHU UNIVERSITY Vol.50 No.1・2 (2014) 23 Increase in the number of Endangered Butterfly species in Japan from 1991 to 2012 Hiroshi NAKAMURA and Keiko KODA Laboratory of Insect Ecology AFC, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University Summary:We surveyed the changes in the numbers of endangered species of Japanese butterflies from 1991 to 2012 on the basis of the Red Data Book and the Red List published by the M inistry of Environment. Total 47 butterflies were red listed in 1991, increasing to 91 species (including subspecies)in 2012. The rate of critically endangered (CR)and endangered (EN)species was the highest for butterflies (from two species in 1991 to 30 in 2012)in other category species.Thirty-seven species of the Lycaeidae family are currently included in the Red List (40.7%). Thirty species (42.3%)of the 71 butterfly species (not including sub-species)in the Japanese Red List are found in Korea.From all the Red List butterflies, 50.5% are grassland species. Key word : endangered butterflies, Red Data Book, Red List, Ministry of Environment, grassland butterflies insects . The 2 revision of the Red List species Introduction was performed in the year 2000, the 3 revision was released in 2007 (insects),and the 4 revision During the United Nations Conference on Envi- was released in 2012 (insects) . ronment and Development (UNCED)held in 1992 In this study, we surveyed the changes in the (Earth Summit), the Convention on Biological recorded endangered species of Japanese Diversity (CBD) was signed by 157 nations.CBD butterflies from 1991 to 2012 on the basis of the is a global agreement addressing all aspects of Red Data Book and the Red List published by the biological diversity: genetic resources, species, Ministryof Environment.We also discussed about and ecosystems . the endangered butterflies distributed both in The International Union for Conservation of Japan and Korea. Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) published for the first time in 1966 the Red Data Book with Red List Categories the two volumes on endangered mammals and birds. The situation of endangered wildlife at the The IUCN Red List of Threatened species, time was summarized into this book for the pres- published in October 1996, was the first Red List ervation of biodiversity . The Red Data Book adopting the revised Red List Categories . The has no legal implications but serves as the Red List of insects in Japan was published four scientific basis for the promotion of endangered times between 1991 and 2012. In this study, we wildlife conservation . usedthe Red List Categories considered as the 4 In Japan,the first Threatened Wildlife of Japan Red Data, the Threatened Wildlife of Japan-Red -Red Data Book was published in 1991 by the Data-Revised Edition published by the M inistry Ministry of Environment (the Environment of the Environment in 2012, and outlined as fol- Agency at that time).This first edition of animals lows:Extinct (EX), species thought to be extinct incorporated 697 species, including 209 species of in Japan ; Extinct in the Wild (EW),species found Received December 9, 2013. Accepted February 4, 2014. only in captivity or cultivation ; Threatened, species facing a risk of extinction. These are 信州大学農学部紀要 24 Table 1 第50巻第１･２号（2014） The number of Red List insect species (including subspecies)by Ministry of the Environment of Japan from 1991 to 2012 Edition of Red List Year Category EX EW CR＋EN VU NT DD LP Total No. of target species 1st 1991 2 0 24 16 166 - 1 209 30000 2nd 3rd 2000 2007 2 3 0 0 63 110 76 129 161 200 87 122 3 2 392 566 30000 30000 4th 2012 4 0 171 187 353 153 2 870 32000 EX :Extinct, EW :Extinct in the Wild,CR :Critically Endangered,EN :Endangered,VU :Vulnerable, NT :Near Threatened, DD :Data Deficient, LP :Threatened Local Population CR :65 species, EN :106 species Table 2 The number of Red List butterfly species (including subspecies)by M inistry of the Environment of Japan from 1991 to 2012 Edition of Red List Year 1st 2nd 3rd 4th See Fig. 1; Category EX EW 1991 0 0 2000 2007 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 CR＋EN Total No. of target species VU NT DD LP 2 5 40 - 0 47 250 14 18 30 24 27 16 40 44 44 0 1 1 0 0 0 78 90 91 250 250 250 CR :13 species, EN :17 species divided into three subcategories: subspecies and local populations) of Red List Threatened I (CR＋EN): whenever numerical insects compiled by the Japanese Ministry of assessment is possible,species under the category Environment between 1991 and 2012. The IUCN of Threatened I will be divided into the two usually adopts the term taxon as species and categories: subspecies are included in the Red List. For Threatened IA, Critically Endangered simplification we usedthe term (CR):facing an extremely high risk of regard to subspecies and local populations.Total species with extinction in the wild. 209 species of insects were listed in 1991 from Threatened IB :Endangered (EN):fac- 30,000 target species. The Red List of insects ing a very high risk of extinction in the increased to 392 species in 2000 and increased wild. again to 870 species in 2012. The number of Red Threatened II, Vulnerable (VU):species facing a List insects increased 4.16-fold over a period of 21 high risk of extinction. years. Near Threatened (NT): species being close to Over the same period,the number of VU species qualifying for or are likely to qualify for a increased 11.7-fold (from 16 species in 1991 to 187 threatened category in the near future. in 2012) and CR＋EN species increased 7.1-fold Data Deficient (DD): inadequate information to (from 24 species 1991 to 171 in 2012).Although the make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of percentage of Red List insects in relation to the extinction on the basis of its distribution and/or total number of species targeted was 0.7% in 1991, population status. it increased to 2.7% in 2012. Locally Threatened Population (LP):species facing a difficulty in maintaining a viable population. Table 2 shows the number of butterfly species included in the Red List compiled by the Japanese Ministry of Environment from 1991 to 2012. A Changesin the number of insects in the Red List total of 47 butterflies were red listed in 1991,with this number increasing to 90 species (1.91-fold Table 1 shows the number of species (including increase) in 2007. Only one species, Glaucopsyche NAKAMURA et al.:Increase in the number of Endangered Butterfly species in Japan from 1991 to 2012 25 Table 3 The number of Red List butterflies in each family by M inistry of the Environment in 2012 Family Category Total Total of (including family/sum subspecies) of total (%) No. of species (A) No.of target A/B species (%) (B) CR EN VU NT DD Papilionidae Pieridae 0 0 0 3 1 1 3 4 0 0 4 8 4.4 8.8 3 6 21 23 14.3 26.1 Lycaeidae Nymphalidae 7 3 8 1 7 3 14 7 1 0 37 14 40.7 15.4 26 13 70 53 37.1 24.5 Satyridae Hesperiidae 2 1 2 3 1 3 11 5 0 0 16 12 17.6 13.2 13 10 28 36 46.4 27.8 Danaidae Libytheidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 5 1 0.0 0.0 Total 13 17 16 44 1 91 100 71 237 30.0 See Fig. 1 lycormas (Lycaeidae), distributed in Hokkaido was added to the Red List in 2012 . The number of species categorized as CR＋EN category increased 15.0-fold (from two species in 1991 to 30 in 2012), and those categorized as VU increased 3.1-fold (from five speciesin 1991 to 16 in 2012). The number of NT species barely increased over the same period.From 2007 to 2012, 12 species were added to the CR＋EN category.In contrast,a decrease by 11 species was observed in the VU category. This shows that the risk of extinction for threatened butterflies is evolving Fig. 1 Coenonympha oedippus annulifer, one from high in the direction to veryhigh or extreme- of the Critically Endangered (CE)species ly high. of the Satyridae family. (Shiojiri City, July 17, 2005). Butterfly speciesin each family in the Red List butterflies.Three species of the Melitaeini tribe in Nymphalidae are foundin Japan, Melitaea scotosia Table 3 shows the number of butterflyspecies in (CR), M. protomedia (CR), and M. ambigua ni- each family included in the Red List compiled by phona (EN), all of which are categorized as the Japanese Ministry of Environment in 2012. Threatened I endangered species.We investigated The Lycaeidae family includes 37 Red List the annual change in the numbers of adult M. butterflies (40.7%). Becausethis Red ambigua niphona at the Mibu Riverin Nagano List butterflies included both species and subspecies, Prefecture,where this species is mainly distribut- we only considered the number of species and ed and it is categorized as an endangered species showed the percentages in relation to the number (VU) .In 2002,we found a large number of adults of target species within the family.The Satyridae and its food plant, Veronicastrum sibiricum as family had the highest percentage of endangered shown in Fig. 2. In 2009, neither the butterfly nor species (46.4%),followed by the Lycaeidae family the plant was present in the same area,primarily with 37.1% of endangered species.Fig.1 shows an because of overexploitation of V. sibiricum bythe adult specimen of Coenonympha oedippus an- Sika deer Cervus nippon.Afterwards,M. ambigua nulifer, a critically endangered (CE)species from niphona also disappeared at this area, and a the Satyridae family. similar case was reported at Nikko in Tochigi The Nymphalidae family includes 14 red-listed Prefecture, Japan . 信州大学農学部紀要 26 第50巻第１･２号（2014） 2002 - 2003 Ａ Ｂ 2009 - 2010 Ｃ Fig. 2 Ｄ Extinction of Mellicta ambigua niphona (Nymphalidae)at the M ibu river area of Ina City in Nagano Prefecture.A :Adult of M. ambigua niphona (July 17,2003).B :Food plant,Veronicastrum sibiricum subsp.japonicum (July 12,2002).C :Sika deer eating grass (September 10,2010). D :Grassless area injured by Sika deer (September 4, 2009). Table 4 The number of Japanese Red List butterflies (not including subspecies)distributed in Korea Family No. of Japanese Red List species (A) No. of species in Korea (B) B/A (%) Papilionidae Pieridae Lycaeidae 3 6 26 1 2 10 33.3 33.3 38.5 Nymphalidae Satyridae Hesperiidae 13 13 10 7 4 6 53.8 30.8 60.0 Total 71 30 42.3 Korean butterflies included in the Japanese Red List Table 4 shows the number of red-listed Japanese butterflies, which are also found in Korea.We compared this list with the relation of Korean species included in the Korean Butterfly Atlas (1996-2011) and found that 30 species (42. NAKAMURA et al.:Increase in the number of Endangered Butterfly species in Japan from 1991 to 2012 Ａ Fig. 3 27 Ｂ Luehdorufia puziloi (NT)distributed in Korea and Japan.A :Male adult (M inamiminowa Village, April 22, 2008). B :Specimen in Laboratory of Insect Ecology AFC possession. Table 5 The number of Red List butterflies (including subspecies) in each habitat by M inistry of the Environment in 2012 Category Habitat Forest Grassland Alpine Total Total CR EN VU NT DD No. (%) 4 30.8 2 11.8 5 31.3 17 38.6 1 100.0 29 31.9 No. 8 15 8 15 0 46 (%) 61.5 88.2 50.0 34.1 0.0 50.5 No. (%) 1 7.7 0 0.0 3 18.8 12 27.3 0 0.0 16 17.6 No. (%) 13 100 17 100 16 100 44 100 1 100 91 100 See Fig. 1 3%)of the 71 red-listed Japanese butterflies (not that grassland environments preferred by including sub-species) are found in Korea. The butterflies, such as Shijimiaeoides divinus, percentage was particularly high for the families Maculinea teleius, Plebejus subsolanus, Pyrgus Nymphalidae and Hesperiidae. M ost of the maculatus, and Hesperia florinda (Appendix), wil- Threatened I (CR＋EN) species were distributed ldisappearin Japan. both in Japan and Korea (Appendix). One example is Luehdorufia puziloi (NT),which is distribut- References ed in both Korea and Japan (Fig. 3). In contrast, Luehdorufia japonica (VU), from the same genus, is only found in Japan . 1) CBD (2013) Convention on Biological Diversity. ［Cited 30 November 2013］Available from URL : http://www.cbd.int/. Crisis on the grassland butterflies 2) Environment Agency (1991) The Threatened Wildlife of Japan-Red Data Book-Volumes of the We classified the red-listed butterflies into three habitat categories: forest, grassland, and alpine species (Table 5).Grassland species presented the highest percentage of endangered species (50.5%). In fact, grassland butterflies accounted for the Vertebrata/the Invertebrata. Environment Agency. 3) Hasegawa J (1994)Did Melitaea ambigua niphona in Nikko disappear by Sika deer? Gekkan Mishi 278:30-32. 4) IUCN Species Survival Commission (2012)IUCN 61.5% of the total number of the CR category Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1 sec- species and 88.2% in the EN category.This shows ond edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.［Cited 30 信州大学農学部紀要 28 第50巻第１･２号（2014） November 2013］Available from URL : http://jr. Book.［Cited 30 November 2013］Available from iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist cats crit en.pdf. URL :http://www.biodic.go.jp/rdb/rdb f.html. 5) Kim S, Lee C, Kwon TS, Joo H, Sung J (2012) 8) Nagano Prefecture (2004) Red Data Book Korean Butterfly Atlas (1996-2011). Korea Forest Nagano edition -Animals. Nagano Prefecture, Research Institute, Seoul. Nagano. 6) M inistry of the Environment (2006) The 9) Shirozu T (2006) The standard of butterflies in Threatened Wildlife of Japan-Red Data BookRevised Edition. Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Gakken, Tokyo. 10) Vie JC, Hilton-Taylor C, Pollock C, Ragle J, Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo. Smart J,Stuart S, Tong R (2008) The IUCN Red 7) Ministry of the Environment (2013) Japan Integrated Biodiversity Information System.Red Data List : A keyconservation tool.IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 日本における1991年から2012年までの絶滅危惧チョウ類の増加 中村寛志 ・江田慧子 信州大学農学部附属アルプス圏フィールド科学教育研究センター 信州大学山岳科学総合研究所 要 約 1991年から2012年の間に環境省が公表したレッドデータブックとレッドリストを基に，日本の絶滅危惧チ ョウ類の種数の変化を分析した。1991年にはレッドリストに指定されたチョウ類は47種であったが，2012年 には亜種を含めると91種に増加した。絶滅危惧 類（CR＋EN）の種数は，1991年の２種から2012年の30種 となり，他のカテゴリーランクに比べて最も増加率が高くなった。科別に見ると37種のシジミチョウがレッ ドリスト種に指定され，全体の40.7％となり最も種数が多かった。亜種を除いた日本のレッドリスト71種の チョウ類のうち，42.3％にあたる30種が韓国にも生息していた。レッドリスト種の50.5％が草原に生息する チョウ類であった。 キーワード：絶滅危惧チョウ類，レッドデータブック，レッドリスト，環境省，草原性チョウ類 NAKAMURA et al.:Increase in the number of Endangered Butterfly species in Japan from 1991 to 2012 29 Appendix Chenge of category rank in Red List butterflies in Japan from 1991 to 2012 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Japanese name ウスイロオナガシジミ九州亜種 オガサワラシジミ タイワンツバメシジミ南西諸島亜種 キタアカシジミ冠高原亜種 ゴマシジミ本州中部亜種 ゴイシツバメシジミ オオルリシジミ本州亜種 ウスイロヒョウモンモドキ ヒョウモンモドキ オオウラギンヒョウモン ヒメヒカゲ本州中部亜種 タカネヒカゲ ヶ岳亜種 ヒメチャマダラセセリ Scientific name Family 2012 Antigius butleri kurinodakensis Celastrina ogasawaraensis Everes lacturnus lacturnus Japonica onoi mizobei Maculinea teleius kazamoto Shijimia moorei moorei Shijimiaeoides divinus barine Melitaea protomedia Melitaea scotosia Fabriciana nerippe Coenonympha oedippus annulifer Oeneis norna sugitanii Pyrgus malvae malvae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Satyridae Satyridae Hesperiidae CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR Leptidea amurensis Eurema laeta betheseba Gonepteryx rhamni maxima Everes lacturnus kawaii Maculinea teleius daisensis Niphanda fusca Plebejus argyrognomon praeterinsularis Plebejus subsolanus iburiensis Plebejus subsolanus yaginus Shijimiaeoides divinus asonis Zizina emelina Melitaea ambigua niphona Coenonympha oedippus arothius Lethe marginalis Pyrgus maculatus maculatus Aeromachus inachus inachus Hesperia florinda florinda Pieridae Pieridae Pieridae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Nymphalidae Satyridae Satyridae Hesperiidae Hesperiidae Hesperiidae EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 ヒメシロチョウ ツマグロキチョウ ヤマキチョウ タイワンツバメシジミ本土亜種 ゴマシジミ中国・九州亜種 クロシジミ ミヤマシジミ アサマシジミ北海道亜種 アサマシジミ中部低地帯亜種 オオルリシジミ九州亜種 シルビアシジミ コヒョウモンモドキ ヒメヒカゲ本州西部亜種 クロヒカゲモドキ チャマダラセセリ ホシチャバネセセリ アカセセリ ギフチョウ ミヤマシロチョウ チョウセンアカシジミ キタアカシジミ北日本亜種 ゴマシジミ 方尾根・白山亜種 ルーミスシジミ ツシマウラボシシジミ アサマシジミ中部高地帯亜種 ハマヤマトシジミ ウラギンスジヒョウモン ヒョウモンチョウ本州中部亜種 オオイチモンジ ウラナミジャノメ本土亜種 タカネキマダラセセリ南アルプス亜種 アサヒナキマダラセセリ オガサワラセセリ Luehdorfia japonica Aporia hippia japonica Coreana raphaelis yamamotoi Japonica onoi onoi Maculinea teleius hosonoi Panchala ganesa loomisi Pithecops fulgens tsushimanus Plebejus subsolanus yarigadakeanus Zizeeria karsandra Argyronome laodice japonica Brenthis daphne rabdia Limenitis populi jezoensis Ypthima multistriata niphonica Carterocephalus palaemon akaishianus Ochlodes asahinai Parnara ogasawarensis Papilionidae Pieridae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Satyridae Hesperiidae Hesperiidae Hesperiidae VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 ヒメギフチョウ本州亜種 ヒメギフチョウ北海道亜種 ウスバキチョウ ミヤマモンキチョウ浅間山系亜種 ミヤマモンキチョウ北アルプス亜種 クモマツマキチョウ ヶ岳・南アルプス亜種 クモマツマキチョウ北アルプス・戸隠亜種 イワカワシジミ ベニモンカラスシジミ四国亜種 ベニモンカラスシジミ中国亜種 ベニモンカラスシジミ中部亜種 カバイロシジミ オオゴマシジミ ゴマシジミ北海道・東北亜種 リュウキュウウラボシシジミ ヒメシジミ本州・九州亜種 キマダラルリツバメ クロツバメシジミ九州沿岸・朝鮮半島亜種 クロツバメシジミ東日本亜種 クロツバメシジミ西日本亜種 カラフトルリシジミ コノハチョウ ヒョウモンチョウ東北以北亜種 アサヒヒョウモン カラフトヒョウモン フタオチョウ アカボシゴマダラ奄美亜種 オオムラサキ シロオビヒメヒカゲ札幌周辺亜種 クモマベニヒカゲ北海道亜種 クモマベニヒカゲ本州亜種 ベニヒカゲ本州亜種 キマダラモドキ シロオビヒカゲ ダイセツタカネヒカゲ タカネヒカゲ北アルプス亜種 マサキウラナミジャノメ リュウキュウウラナミジャノメ ヤエヤマウラナミジャノメ タカネキマダラセセリ北アルプス亜種 ギンイチモンジセセリ ヒメイチモンジセセリ スジグロチャバネセセリ四国亜種 スジグロチャバネセセリ北海道・本州・九州亜種 Luehdorfia puziloi inexpecta Luehdorfia puziloi yessoensis Parnassius eversmanni daisetsuzanus Colias palaeno aias Colias palaeno sugitanii Anthocharis cardamines hayashii Anthocharis cardamines isshikii Artipe eryx okinawana Fixsenia iyonis iyonis Fixsenia iyonis kibiensis Fixsenia iyonis surugaensis Glaucopsyche lycormas Maculinea arionides takamukui Maculinea teleius ogumae Pithecops corvus ryukyuensis Plebejus argus micrargus Spindasis takanonis Tongeia fischeri caudalis Tongeia fischeri japonica Tongeia fischeri shojii Vacciniina optilete daisetsuzana Kallima inachus eucerca Brenthis daphne iwatensis Clossiana freija asahidakeana Clossiana iphigenia Polyura eudamippus weismanni Hestina assimilis shirakii Sasakia charonda charonda Coenonympha hero neoperseis Erebia ligea rishirizana Erebia ligea takanonis Erebia neriene niphonica Kirinia fentoni Lethe europa pavida Oeneis melissa daisetsuzana Oeneis norna asamana Ypthima masakii Ypthima riukiuana Ypthima yayeyamana Carterocephalus palaemon satakei Leptalina unicolor Parnara bada Thymelicus leoninus hamadakohi Thymelicus leoninus leoninus Papilionidae Papilionidae Papilionidae Pieridae Pieridae Pieridae Pieridae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Lycaeidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Nymphalidae Satyridae Satyridae Satyridae Satyridae Satyridae Satyridae Satyridae Satyridae Satyridae Satyridae Satyridae Hesperiidae Hesperiidae Hesperiidae Hesperiidae Hesperiidae NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Lycaeidae DD 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 91 ヒメウラボシシジミ Neopithecops zalmora zalmora ↑ :Category rank up, ↓:Category rank down, ○ :Newly rank in ● :Species distributed in Korea ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 2007 2000 1991 CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN VU CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN VU CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN CR＋EN VU VU VU NT NT VU VU VU CR＋EN VU CR＋EN VU VU VU CR＋EN CR＋EN VU CR＋EN VU CR＋EN CR＋EN VU VU VU NT CR＋EN CR＋EN VU VU VU CR＋EN CR＋EN VU VU VU CR＋EN VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU NT VU VU NT NT VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU NT NT VU NT VU NT VU NT CR＋EN NT VU CR＋EN NT VU NT Korea ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● NT NT NT NT NT ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● NT VU VU NT VU NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT VU NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT VU NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT ● NT ● ● ● NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT ● ● ○ ↓ ↓ DD ● ● NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT VU NT NT NT NT NT NT VU NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT ● ● ● ● ● ● NT ● ● ● ● ● ● Habitat Forest Forest Grassland Forest Grassland Forest Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Alpine Grassland Grassland Grassland Forest Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Forest Grassland Grassland Grassland Forest Forest Forest Forest Grassland Grassland Forest Alpine Grassland Grassland Grassland Alpine Grassland Alpine Grassland Grassland Forest Forest Alpine Alpine Alpine Alpine Alpine Forest Forest Forest Forest Grassland Forest Grassland Forest Grassland Forest Grassland Grassland Grassland Alpine Forest Grassland Grassland Grassland Forest Forest Forest Grassland Alpine Alpine Alpine Forest Grassland Alpine Alpine Forest Forest Forest Alpine Grassland Grassland Grassland Grassland Forest
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