A Reconsideration of the Validity of Post-Structural Ecocriticism Title Author(s) Citation 小樽商科大学人文研究 (2011), 121: 81-95 Issue Date URL 杉村, 泰教 2011-03-31 http://hdl.handle.net/10252/4575 Rights This document is downloaded at: 2014-10-27T12:54:00Z Barrel - Otaru University of Commerce Academic Collections 81 AR e c o n s i d e r a t i o no f t h eV a l i d i t yo fPostS t r u c t u r a lE c o c r i t i c i s m 岨 YasunoriSUGIMURA LawrenceCoupe a r g u e si n The G r e e nS t u d i e sR e a d e rt h a t,f o r ,n a t u r e 'i sn o t h i n gb u t‘ as i g nw i t h i nas i g n i f y i n g p o s ts t r u c t u r a l i s t s‘ s y s t e r n ',andt h u st h e r ei s‘ nos u c ht h i n ga sn a t u r e ',a p a r tf r o r nac u l t u r a l e g a r d st h ep o s t s t r u c t u r a l i s t s 'viewo fn a t u r e d i s c o u r s e . Hence,Couper nwhichn a t u r ei ss u b o r d i n a t et oh u r n a nb e i n g s . a sa n t h r o p o c e n t r i s r n,i Heg o e s ont oo b s e r v et h a tt h e ye r n p h a s i s es i g n i f i c a t i o nt ot h eu t t e r i t ht h er e s u l tt h a tt h es i g nhasn o t h i n gt odo e x c l u s i o no fr e a lo b j e c t s,w x i s t i n gb i r d s,r n o u n t a i n s,andw a t e r s . Hea t t r i b u t e st h e w i t ha c t u a l,e r e c e n td r a r n a t i cd e c r e a s eo ft h ep o p u l a t i o no fb i r d si nB r i t a i nt ot h i s ‘ s e r n i o t i cf a l l a c y ¥ 1 i d e do p i n i o np r o b a b l yr e f e r st ot h ev i o l e n c ei n h e r Thisr a t h e rones 附 e n ti nt h es y r n b o l i s a t i o no fat h i n g . Language,S l a v o jZ i z e ko b s e r v e s, ‘ i n s e r t st h et h i n gi n t oaf i e l do fr n e a n i n gwhichi su l t i r n a t e l ye x t e r n a lt o i t '.2 Thus ,t h et h i n gi ss I 1 1 1 p l i f i e dandr e d u c e dt o' as i n g l ef e a t u r e ',i t s ‘ o r g a n i cu n i t y 'b e i n gd e s t r o y e d( V i o l e n c e,p .6 1 ) . Languagei sc o r n p o s e d i g n i f y i n gc h a i ncann e v e rbec o r n p l e t e :i t o fas e r i e so fs i g n i f i e r s,andas r e a t e sane t e r n a l alwaysa d d sa n o t h e rs i g n i f i e rt oi t s e l fi n f i n i t e l y,andc 3 which l e a d st ot h ep o s s i b i l i t yo fl i r n i t l e s s d e s i r ef o rs y r n b o l i s a t i o n, o rt h i sr e a s o n,t h a twe v i o l e n c ei n f l i c t e dupont h et h i n g . Z i z e ka r g u e s,f exceeda n i r n a l si no u rc a p a c i t yf o rv i o l e n c ej u s tb e c a u s ewea r ea b l et o p .6 1 ) . Oura b i l i t yt os y r n b o l i s ei st h u si n n a t e, ando r i g i n a t e s speak( i b i d ., t . f r o r nt h egapbetweenu sando u re n v i r o n r n e n 82 人文研究第 1 2 1 輯 Becauset h egapk e e p su sfromr e t u r n i n gt on a t u r e,wee x e r to u r s y m b o l i s a t i o na b i l i t yt ocopew i t ht h eu n i v e r s e, o re l s et h ec l e f ti sc o v e r e d h ei l l u s i o n upw i t hi l l u s i o nt h a twea r et o t a l l yharmoniousw i t hn a t u r e,t b e t o k e n i n gt o t a l i t a r i a n i s mt h a ti sf a rmoredangeroust h a nt h ed e c r e a s e o ft h ep o p u l a t i o no fb i r d s .4 I nt h ed i s c u s s i o nbelow,Ia r g u et h a te c o c r i t i c i s ms h o u l d,f i r s tandf o r e m o s t,i n v e s t i g a t et h ev a r i o u sf e a t u r e so f o u rv i o l e n c et h a ti sb e i n gi n f l i c t e dont h ehumanandnonhumane n v i r o n ment,andt h a tp o s t s t r u c t u r a l i s te c o c r i t i c i s mi ss t i l lv a l i dn o to n l yi nt h e t h eb e a u t i f u l a n a l y s i so fo u rv i o l e n c eb u ta l s oi nt h ec l o s eexaminationo f‘ ands u b l i m e 'i nn a t u r e . Whenwea r ebornt h e r ei st h ep h y s i c a landp h y s i o l o g i c a lc u t t i n go f t h eu m b i l i c a lc o r dfromt h emotherf i g u r e,andwel a t e rovercomet h e O e d i p u sp h a s ebym e n t a l l ys e p a r a t i n go u r s e l v e sfromt h emotherf i g u r e . T h i sn e c e s s a r i l yl e a v e sagapbetweenu sando u rm i l i e u . Ourd e s i r ef o r t h emotherf i g u r eo rf o rt h ewombc r e a t e sas i g n i f y i n gc h a i nt of i l lt h e u tt h egapremainso p e n e d . S i n c e gapandr e s t o r et h ep r e v i o u su n i t y,b rwhatJ a c q u e sLacanc a l l st h es y m b o l i co r d e r, i s, t h es i g n i f y i n gsystem,o t h e r e f o r e,c r e a t e dw i t h o u te v e ra t t a i n i n gc o n t a c tw i t ht h et h i n g,t h e p .1 8 7 8 8,2 0 1 2 0 2 ) . s i g n i f y i n gc h a i ni salwaysl n a d ei n c o m p l e t e( E v a n s,p I t must,t h e r e f o r e,be remembered t h a tt h es i g n i f y i n g system c a n n o tdominatet h er e a l,a st h i si sbeyondo u rc o n t r o landu n a t t a i n a b l e . I ft h i sr e a li sc a l l e d‘ n a t u r e ',' n a t u r ei s ',a sRaymondW i l l i a m so b s e r v e s, ' p e r h a p st h emostcomplexwordi nt h el a n g u a g e ¥ 5 T h i sd o e sn o ti m p l y, however,t h a twedon o tharmt h ee n v i r o n m e n t . Themosta n t h r o p o・ c e n t r i ca t t i t u d ei st op r o j e c to u ri n n e ra g g r e s s i v e n e s so n t ot h eo u t s i d e ti si m p o r t a n tt on o t et h a t worldduet oo u rd e s i r ef o rs y m b o l i s a t i o n . I o u ra g g r e s s i v e n e s so r i g i n a t e si nt h en a r c i s s i s t i cr e l a t i o n s h i p between o u r s e l v e sando u rs u r r o u n d i n g s . Thed u a lr e l a t i o n s h i po ft h i sk i n di s AR e c o n s i d e r a t i o no ft h eV a l i d i t yo fP o s t S t r u c t u r a lE c o c r i t i c i s m 83 c h a r a c t e r i s t i co ft h em i r r o rs t a g e,whereinac h i l d,ageds i xt oe i g h t e e n d e n t i f i e sw i t ht h es e l f i m a g ei nt h em i r r o r,a l t h o u g ht h eimagei s months,i s t i l lu n s t a b l eande a s i l yd i s i n t e g r a t e s . Thes u b j e c t ' sa b i l i t yt of i n dt h e s e l f i m a g ei nt h el 1 1 i r r o ri st h ef i r s ts t e ptowardst h eu n d e r s t a n d i n go f s y m b o l i cr e l a t i o n s h i p s,b u tt h es u b j e c tsometimesf e e l st h a th i so rh e r I 1 1 1 a g ehasbeenb r ・o kent op i e c e s . As y n t h e t i cegoi salwayst h r e a t e n e d i n c et h ei n f a n t, byt h ep e r c e p t i o no fh i so rh e rr e a lbodya sfragmented,s a ts i xmonths,i sn o tmatureenought oc o o r d i n a t et h eb o d y . Ne e d l e s st o h em i r r o rs t a g ed o e sn o thave‘ i t sh i s t o r i c a lv a l u e 's omucha s‘ i t s s a y,t s t r u c t u r a lv a l u e ' :i ti sn o tamerephenomenono ft h ed e v e l o p m e n t a ls t a g e tr e p r e s e n t s' t h ec o n f l i c t u a ln a t u r eo ft h ed u a lr e l a t i o n s h i p ' o ft h ec h i l d . I .1 1 5 ) . ( E v a n s,p The s e n s eo ff r a g m e n t a t i o nm a n i f e s t si t s e l fi n‘ t h e images o f c a s t r a t i o n,m u t i l a t i o n,dismemberment,d i s l o c a t i o n,e v i s c e r a t i o n,d e v o u r i n g,b u r s t i n gopeno ft h eb o d y ',andt h e s eimagesa r efoundi nt h eworks o f Hieronymus Bosch,where ' ap r i m i t i v ea u t o s c o p yo ft h eo r a l and c 10 a c a lo r g a n shasengenderedt h eformso fdemons¥6 Thus,t h ed i s c r e p ancy between t h ew h o l e n e s so ft h es p e c u l a r image and t h el a c ko f sd i r e c t e d c o o r d i n a t i o no ft h er e a lbodyc r e a t e si n n e ra g g r e s s i v i t y,whichi outwards andp r o j e c t e do n t ot h eo u t e rw o r l d . Therei sa d i s t i n c t i o n betweena g g r e s s i v i t yandg e n e r a lv i o l e n c e . Thel a t t e rr e f e r ss i m p l yt o h eformeri ss i t u a t e di n‘ t h ed u a lr e l a t i o n v i o l e n tb e h a v i o u r,whereast betweent h eegoandt h ec o u n t e r p a r t '( E v a n s,p .6 ) . Thed u a lr e l a t i o n s h i pa tt h em i r r o rs t a g ei sbasedonn a r c i s s i s m, whichi sd e f i n e dbyLacana s‘ t h ee r o t i ca t t r a c t i o n 't ot h em i r r o ri m a g e . Na r c i s s i s mh a sac h a r a c t e ro fb o t he r o t i c i s manda g g r e s s i v e n e s s :e r o t i 閉 cismb e c a u s et h es u b j e c ti ss t r o n g l ya t t r a c t e dt oi t simage,anda g g r e s s i v e n e s sb e c a u s et h ew h o l e n e s so ft h es u b j e c t ' sl 1 1 i r r o rimagec o n f l i c t s 84 人文研究第 1 2 1 輯 w i t ht h el a c ko fc o o r d i n a t i o no fi t sr e a lbody( E v a n s,p .1 2 0 ) . Loveand l t r u i s t i c h a t ec o e x i s ti nt h en a r c i s s i s t i cr e l a t i o n s h i p . I nt h i ss e n s e,a f e e l i n gi sn o tt obet r u s t e d . Thea g g r e s s i v e n e s sbasedonn a r C l S S 1 s m, Lacano b s e r v e s,' u n d e r l i e st h ea c t i v i t yo ft h ep h i l a n t h r o p i s t,t h ei d e a l i s t, t h e pedagogue,and even t h er e f o r n 1 e r '( E c r i t s : as e l e c t i o肌 p .8 ) . I t f o l l o w st h a te n v i r o n m e n t a ld e s t r u c t i o ni sp e r p e t r a t e dn o to n l ybyt h o s e g o o d 'p e o p l e . I n whou s eg e n e r a lv i o l e n c eb u ta l s obyt h ea c t i v i t i e so f‘ o r example,t h e i r t h ec a s eo fWilliam Kent and C a p a b i l i t y Brown,f l t h o u g hw e l ln 1 e a n t,i sa c t u a l l y‘ t h ea r t i f i c i a l l a n d s c a p eg a r d e n i n g,a “ n a t u r e ' " upon n a t u r e .7 Thomas J e f f e r s o np r e s e n t s r e i m p o s i t i o no f“ t 'l 1 1 i n g l i n gw i t hoverwhelmingv i o n a t u r e' a sas o u r c eo fe r o t i cd e l i g h “ l e n c e .8 Ont h eo t h e rhand,KateSoperf i n d s,i nWordsworth'spoem' N u ι t h ee x p r e s s i o no fi n c e s t u o u sd e s i r e sheh a r b o u r stowardst h ebough t i n g ', 'sd e s i r ef o rt h emotherf i g u r e,o rf o rt h ewomb, o fh a z e l s . Thes u b j e ct t r i e st or e s t o r et h en o s t a l g i cm o t h e r c h i l du n i t y : Andw i t hmycheekononeo ft h o s eg r e e ns t o n e s l e e c ' dw i t hmoss,b e n e a t ht h eshadyt r e e s, That,f Layroundmes c a t t e r ' dl i k eaf l o c ko fs h e e p, 1h eardt h emurmurandt h emurmuringsound, I nt h a tsweetmoodwhenp l e a s u r el o v e st opay fi t sj o ys e c u r e T r i b u t et oe a s e,and,o Theh e a r tl u x u r i a t e sw i t hi n d i f f e r e n tt h i n g s, Wastingi t sk i n d l i n e s sons t o c k sands t o n e s, Andont h ev a c a n ta ir . o s e, Thenup1r Andd r a g g ' dt oe a r t hbothbranchandbough,w i t hc r a s h AR e c o n s i d e r a t i o no ft h eV a l i d i t yo fP o s t S t r u c t u r a lE c o c r i t i c i s m 85 Andm e r c i l e s sr a v a g e ;andt h eshadynook h eg r e e nandmossybower Ofh a z e l s,andt a t i e n t l ygaveup Deform'dands u l l i e d,p T h e i rq u i e tb e i n g :andu n l e s sInow Confoundmyp r e s e n tf e e l i n g sw i t ht h ep a s t, Event h e n,whenfromt h ebowerIt u r n ' daway, E x u l t i n g,r i c hbeyondt h ew e a l t ho fk i n g s If e l tas e n s eo fp a i nwhenIb e h e l d Thes i l e n tt r e e sandt h ei n t r u d i n gsky._9 Thev i o l e n c eu s e dbyt h es u b j e c tt of u l f i lh i si n c e s t u o u sd e s i r e,however, e n t a i l sremorseandas e n s eo fp a i n,t h ec o n n o t a t i o no fwhichi si n t e r p r e t t h ei n e v i t a b l em o t h e r c h i l ds e p a r a t i o n 'and‘ m a t e r edbyKateSopera s‘ .1 4 3 ) . T hisi n t e r p r e t a t i o ns u g g e s t st h a tt h e n a lp u n i s h m e n t s '( S o p e r,p u l t i m a t egapbetweenhumansandt h eenvironmenti sa t t r i b u t a b l et oo u r i n e v i t a b l es e p a r a t i o nfromt h emotherf i g u r eo rt h ewomb,whicht u r n s d a sD i n g ) ' . TheThingi s‘ t h e o u tt obewhatLacanterms冗heThing( h em o t h e r '( E v a n s,p .2 0 5 ),and f o r b i d d e no b j e c to fi n c e s t u o u sd e s i r e,t 1 1 1 a k e st h es u b j e c t‘ c i r c l eroundi tw i t h o u te v e ra t t a i n i n gi t '( i b i d .,p .2 0 5 ) . h es u b j e c t ' sv i o l e n c ea g a i n s tn a t u r ei s I nWordsworth's' N u t t i n g ',t c a u s e d by t h e Thing,which i s,however,t h ef o r b i d d e no b j e ct . The s u b j e c ti st h e r e f o r es u p p o s e dt omovearoundt h eThingw i t h o u tt o u c h i n g i t . Oncei ti sv i o l a t e dbyt h es u b j e c t, t h el a t t e rc a n n o ta v o i dp a i n . Asi s r e u d 's‘ p l e a s u r ep r i n c i p l e 'r e l i e v e st h ep a i nbyp r o h i b i t i n g w e l lknown,F i n c e s tandbyk e e p i n gt h es u b j e c ta tac e r t a i nd i s t a n c efromt h eThing, w h i l ee v e r yd r i v eo rd e s i r ep e r m i t st h es u b j e c tt ot r a n s g r e s st h ep l e a s u r e w i t ht h er e s u l tt h a tt h es u b j e c ts u f f e r s‘ p a i n f u lp l e a s u r e 'o rwhat p r i n c i p l e, } o u z s s a ηc e ',whicht h ep l e a s u r ep r i n c i p l ea t t e m p t st op r e v e n t Lacanc a l l s‘ 86 人文研究第 1 2 1 輯 ( E v a n s,p p .9 1 9 2 ) . Sincet h es u b j e ct 'sd e s i r et or e t u r nt ot h ep r e o e d i p a l f u s i o nw i t ht h emothermakesi tr e g r e s st ot h em i r r o rs t a g eandeven f u r t h e rback,i tl a p s e si n t ot h en a r c i s s i s t i cr e l a t i o n s h i pw i t hi t sc o u n t e r p a rt . Then a r c i s s i s t i cd u a lr e l a t i o n s h i pe n g e n d e r sn o to n l ye r o t i c i s mb u t sd i r e c t e d towards t h es u b j e c ta sw e l la si t s a g g r e s s i v e n e s s,which i c o u n t e r p a rt . Lacanr e f e r st ot h i sr e c i p r o c a la g g r e s s i v e n e s sa s‘ n a r C l S S l S “ t i cs u i c i d a la g g r e s s i o n( a g r e s s i oη s u i c i d a i r en a r c i s s i q u e ) 'whichl 1 1 e a n st h a t p .1 2 0 ) . Thus,every d r i v e, t h es u b j e c ts u f f e r ss e l f d e s t r u c t i o n( E v a n s, which l e a d st h es u b j e c tt ov i o l a t et h ep l e a s u r ep r i n c i p l e,go t h r o u g h }OUZSS αn c eands u s t a i ns e l f d e s t r u c t i o n,i sv i r t u a l l yad e a t hd r i v e( i b i d .,p . 3 3 ) . L a c a n ' sc o n c e p to ft h ed e a t hd r i v ei sc u l t u r a l,w h i l eF r e u d ' sc o n c e p t . ForFreud , t h ed e a t hd r i v er e p r e s e n t st h et e n d e n c yo fe v e r y i sb i o l o g i c al p .3 2 3 3 ) . The s u b j e c ti n organismt or e t u r nt ot h ei n a n i m a t e( i b i d .,p Wo r d s w o r t h ' s' Nu t t i n g 'b a r e l ys u c c e e d si novercomingt h ed e a t hd r i v e and l i v e s up t ot h ep l e a s u r ep r i n c i p l e . He d o e sn o t damage n a t u r e o rd o e shed e s t r o yh i m s e l f . u n n e c e s s a r i l y,n h eh u n t e r sd e p i c t e di nWilliamG o l d i n g ' sLord0 1t h e Byc o n t r a s t,t F l i e sa r ea tt h emercyo ft h ed e a t hd r i v e . Theyk i l la n i m a l sandhUl1 1 a n s, l a y waste t ot h e environment,and a r ef i n al 1y on t h ev e r g eo fs e l f d e s t r u c t i o n . Whent h eh u n t e r sruna f t e ramotherp i gands l a u g h t e rh e r, t h e i ro r i g i n a lp u r p o s eo fp u r v e y i n gmeatd e t e r i o r a t e si n t ot h ef u l f i l m e n t o fi n c e s t u o u sd e s i r e :' T h es p e a rmovedforwardi n c hbyi n c handt h e t e r r i f i e ds q u e a l i n gbecameah i g h p i t c h e ds c r e a m . ThenJackfoundt h e t h r o a tandt h eh o tb l o o ds p o u t e do v e rh i sh a n d s . Thesowc o l l a p s e d u n d e rthemandt h e ywereheavyandf u l f i l l e duponh e r ¥ 1 0 Theyo u t r a g e rt h ef o r b i d d e no b j e c to fi n c e s t u o u sd e s i r e,and have a t h e Thing,o h e a v y 'p l e a s u r e j o u i s s a n c e . Contrary t ot h es u b j e c ti n s e n s a t i o no f‘ AR e c o n s i d e r a t i o no ft h eV a l i d i t yo fP o s t S t r u c t u r a lE c o c r i t i c i s m 87 ' N u t t i n g ',t h eh u n t e r si nLord0 1t h eF l i e st r a n s g r e s st h ep l e a s u r ep r i n c i p l e . S i n c et h ep l e a s u r ep r i n c i p l ei st h ep r o h i b i t i o no fi n c e s tandr e g u l a t e st h ed i s t a n c ebetweent h es u b j e c tandt h eThing,i ti sr e g a r d e da sa p .1 4 8 ) . The h u n t e r st h u sg r a d u a l l yd i s r u p tt h e s y m b o l i c law ( E v a n s, s y m b o l i co r d e r,u n t i lt h e ya r edominatedbyt h ed e a t hd r i v e . Theyk i l l h e i rmeat,andexposet h e i rheadsont h ep o i n t e dendo fa p i g s,devourt n t i lt h e ymurder s t i c ka ss a c r i f i c i a lo f f e r i n g st o anunknownb e a s t,u SimonandP i g g y . Theyf i n a l l yp u r s u eRalphw i t ht h ei n t e n tt oexpose h i sheadont h ep o i n to ft h es t i c kj u s ta st h e yhavedonew i t hp i g s 'heads, ands e tt h ewholei s l a n donf i r et osmokehimo u t . Thee n v i r o m n e n t a l u n n i n gaway,c u r s e st oh i m s e l f :' T h e d e s t r u c t i o ni ss u c ht h a tRalph,r f o o l s ! Thef i r emustbea l m o s ta tt h ef r u i ttrees-whatwouldt h e ye a t L o r d0 1t h eF l i e s,p .2 1 1 ) . T h e i rs e l f d e s t r u c t i o ni sPI ・ e d i c t e d tomorrow?'( . i nt h i sremark Asd i s c u s s e d,t h er e c i p r o c a la g g r e s s i v e n e s sstemsfromt h em i r r o r s t a g e . Thehumanbodyc o n s t r u c t sh i so rh e regoi nt h em i r r o rs t a g eby i d e n t i f y i n gw i t ht h es p e c u l a ri m a g e . Evansn o t e s : h ebabys e e si t sb e h a v i o u r Evenwhent h e r ei snor e a lm i r r o r,t r e f l e c t e di nt h ei m i t a t i v eg e s t u r e so fana d u l to ra n o t h e rc h i l d ; t h e s ei m i t a t i v eg e s t u r e se n a b l et h eo t h e rp e r s o nt of u n c t i o na sa s p e c u l a ru n a g e . Thehumanb e i n gi sc o m p l e t e l yc a p t i v a t e dbyt h e . . . Je x p l a i n swhymanp r o j e c t st h i simageo f s p e c u l a ri m a g e :t h i s[ . h i sbodyo n t oa l lo t h e ro b j e c t si nt h eworldaroundh i m .( E v a n s,p 1 9 0 ) I nLord0 1t h eF l i e s,Samneric,t h et w i n s,whoa l s oa c ta sh u n t e r s,a r et h e 88 人文研究第 1 2 1 輯 r o o to ft h es p r e a d i n gv i o l e n c e . Theyalwaysp r o j e c tt h e i re v e r yg e s t u r e i g h t each o t h e r,i g n o r ed i s c i p l i n e,and prompt t h e o n t o each o t h e r,f e a d st oe n v i r o n m e n t a ld e s t r u c t i o n . d i s r u p t i o no ft h ecommunity,whichl Thea u t h o r ' sp u r p o s ei nd e p i c t i n gt h et w i n si nt h i smanneri sn o tt od e a l w i t ht h et w i n sa ss u c hb u tt oi n d i c a t et h ed e a t hd r i v ei n h e r e n ti nt h e m i r r o rs t a g e . Thesamep u r p o s ebyt h ea u t h o ri sw i t n e s s e di nt h ed e p i c t i o no ft h e t w i n sSophyandTonii nD a r k n e s sV i s i b l e . Asac h i l d,s u f f o c a t e dbyh e r c l o s er e s e m b l a n c ew i t hh e rs i s t e r,Sophyg r a d u a l l ya c c u m u l a t e sf e e l i n g s o fv i o l e n c ew i t h i nh e rl n i n d . Shet r i e st oi n f l i c tt h e s eont h eo u t e rw o r l d . Al a r g ep e b b l eh u r l e dbySophyh i t s,bychance,oneo ft h ed a b c h i c k s t . Thed a b c h i c ki sk i l l e dont h es p o tandi s swimminga f t e rt h e i rparen i n s t a n t l yc a r r i e dawaydownstream. Sophyf e e l se x c e s s i v eenjoyment, o r}OUZSSω1c e, towardst h eb l a c kh o l el e f tb e h i n dbyt h edeadc h i c ki nt h e m i d s to ft h eb e a u t yo fs u r r o u n d i n gn a t u r e : nt h ec h e e r f u l,b u t t e r c u p p l a s t e r e d [ A ]st h eh o l i d a yl e n g t h e n e d,i e n j o y m e n t so ft h ewater-meadowandb u t t e r f l i e sandd r a g o n f l i e s, andb i r d sonboughsandd a i s yc h a i n s,s h et h o u g h tr oωd i l yo ft h a t o t h e rt h i n g,t h a ta r c,t h a ts t o n e,t h a tf l u f fa snomoret h a nas l i c e u c k,t h a twaswhati twas,l u c ke x p l a i n e de v e r y t h i n g ! Or o fl u c k,l h i de v e r y t h i n g .ll C a r r i e dawaybyt h ed e a t hd r i v e,Sophyd e v e l o p sh e ri l l u s i o no fv i o l e n c e, ands e e k st or e a l i s ei ti nt h ep l a no fk i d n a p p i n ganArabp r i n c e l i n ga sa h o s t a g ei no r d e rt o demand a ransom f o rt h ef u n d so fi n t e r n a t i o n a l h eh a s af a n t a s t i c daydream o fs t a b b i n gt h e t e r r o r i s t s . Moreover,s kidnappedb o y ' scockw i t hh e rk n i f e . Shehasa c t u a l l ye x p e r i e n c e dan AR e c o n s i d e r a t i o no ft h eV a l i d i t yo fP o s t S t r u c t u r a lE c o c r i t i c i s m 89 orgasmbyj a b b i n gap e n k n i f ei n t oh e rs u p p o s e dh u s b a n d ' ss h o u l d er . Whiles t e e p e di ns u c hj o u i s s a n c e, s h eh a sg r e a tf e a ro ft h eimageo f a r t y,Sophy t h eb l a c kh o l eopeneda m i d s tt h es y m b o l i cw o r l d .12 Atap ap i e c eo fp a p e rw i t hab l o t c ho fi n koni t 'w i t h screamsandf a i n t sa t‘ whichsomeoneb e g i n st op l a yagamel i k eaRorschacht e s t( D a r k n e s s .1 5 7 5 8 ) . Her j o u i s s a n c ei st h u s accompanied by s u f f e r i n g . V i s i b l e,p Shef e e l sh e r s e l fe n d l e s s l yswallowedupi nt h eb l a c kh o l et h a ts h eh a s c r e a t e dw i t h i nt h es y m b o l i c world,s o much s ot h a th e rs i t u a t i o ni s .1 5 6 )o r‘ e n t r o p y '( i b i d .,p . d e s c r i b e da s' e n d l e s s l yr u n n i n gdown'( i b i d .,p 1 8 5 ) . I ti so b v i o u st h a tt h ed e a t hd r i v ei sa n a l o g i s e dw i t he n t r o p yi nt h i s 1y,Freudr e g a r d st h ed e a t hd r i v ea s an a n a l o g u eo f p a s s a g e . Actual e n t r o p yi nt h ef i e l do fthermodynamics. Entropyhas ani r r e v e r s i b l e t e n d e n c yt op r o c e e dtowardst h et e r m i n a ls t a t eo fe q u i l i b r i u m .13 Lacan, ont h eo t h e rhand,i sopposedt oF r e u d ' sa n a l o g y . ForLacan,t h ed e a t h 1t oc r e a t efromz e r o,awil 1t ob e g i nagain'Y Thes i g n i f y d r i v ei s' awil i n gc h a i no ft h es y m b o l i co r d e ri s,a c c o r d i n gt oLacan,foundedont h i s .2 1 2 ) . Sophyi su n a b l et op e r c e i v et h e n o t h i n g n e s s( ' T h ed e a t hd r i v e ',p p o s i t i v ea s p e c to ft h ed e a t hd r i v e,s u c ht h a th e ra g g r e s s i v e n e s stowards o t h e r si sf i n a l l yd i r e c t e dt oh e r s e l f . Herp l a no fa b d u c t i o nh a v i n gbeen e rl o v e rGerryh a v i n gr u nawayabroadw i t hh e rs i s t e r f r u s t r a t e d,andh wonderedhowmuchdamages h ehaddone [ t o]h e rf a c e ' Toni,Sophy‘ ( D a r k n e s sV i s i b l e,p .2 5 3 ) . Herv i o l e n c ea g a i n s to t h e r sh a sl e dt os e l f d e s t r u c t i o n . Thep o s i t i v ea s p e c to ft h ed e a t hd r i v ei sc l e a r l yr e p r e s e n t e di na p a s s a g eo fA P a i r0 1B l u eE y e s by Thomas Hardy. Henry Knight, E l f r i d e ' sl o v e r,a c c i d e n t a l l ys l i p sfromt h ep r e c i p i c ewhenhemanagest o r e t r i e v eh i sh a tt h a th a sbeenblowno f fbyabackwardeddyo fw i n d . His bodyi sb a r e l yk e p tfromf a l l i n gbyt h er o o to far o c kp l a n theg r a b sw i t h 90 人文研究第 1 2 1 輯 a l lh i sm i g h t . B e f o r eh i se y e sa p p e a r saf o s s i l i s e dt r i l o b i t e . I t se y e sa r e r e g a r d i n gh i se y e s . Knightandt h ei n a n i m a t eb e i n gmeetw i t heacho t h e r a tt h ep l a c eo fd e a t h . As e r i e so fmentalp i c t u r e sa r i s e si nh i sminda t t h i smoment: Timec l o s e dupl i k eaf a nb e f o r eh i m . Hesawh u n s e l fa tone e x t r e m i t yo ft h ey e a r s,f a c et of a c ew i t ht h eb e g i n n i n ganda l lt h e l o t h e di nt h e i n t e r m e d i a t ec e n t u r i e ss i m u l t a n e o u s l y . F i e r c emen,c a r r y i n g,f o rd e f e n c eanda t t a c k,hugec l u b s h i d e so fb e a s t s,andc r o s efromt h erock[ … ]. Behindthems t o o dan andp o i n t e ds p e a r s, h e r e . Hugee l e p h a n t i n eforms,t h e e a r l i e rb a n d . N0 manwast h ehippopotamus,t h et a p i r,a n t e l o p e so fmonstrous mastodon,t h emegatherium,andt h emyledon-all,f o rt h emoment,i n s i z e,t v e r l a p p e dbyt h e s e, werep e r c h j u x t a p o s i t i o n . F u r t h e rback,ando edh u g e b il 1edb i r d sands w i n i s hc r e a t u r e sa sl a r g ea sh o r s e s . S t i l l moreshadowyweret h es i n i s t e rc r o c o d i l i a no u t l i n e s a l l i g a t o r s u l m i n a t i n gi nt h ec o l o s s a ll i z a r d,t h e ando t h e runcouths h a p e s,c i g u a n o d o n . Foldedb e h i n dweredragonfonnsandc l o u d so ff l y i n g r e p t i l e s :s t i l lu n d e r n e a t hweref i s h yb e i n g so fl o w e rd e v e l o p m e n t ; t i l lt h el i f e t i m es c e n e so ft h ef o s s i lc o n f r o n t i n ghimwere ands oon, ap r e s e n tandmodernc o n d i t i o no ft h i n g s . Theseimagesp a s s e d [] . 1 5 b e f o r eK n i g h t ' si n n e re y ei nl e s st h a nh a l faminute… S i n c et h et r i l o b i t e ' sgazei si m p e n e t r a b l et oK n i g h t ' se y e s,heo p e n sh i s i n n e re y e and l o o k sa th i sn 1 e n t a lp i c t u r e s . From t h ef a c tt h a tt h e ta p p e a r st ohI 1 nt obea i m p e n e t r a b l egazei sbeyonds y m b o l i s a t i o n,i b l a c kh o l eopenedi nt h em i d s to fh i ss y m b o l i cw o r l d . Theb l a c kh o l ei s whenh i se y e sa r et u r n e di n w a r d s . Hismental a b o u tt oswallowhimup, AR e c o n s i d e r a t i o no ft h eV a l i d i t yo fP o s t S t r u c t u r a lE c o c r i t i c i s m 9 1 p i c t u r e s,b r i e fa st h e ymaya p p e a r,e n a b l ehimt or e g a i nt h es y m b o l i c u t o r d e r . Thet r i l o b i t e ' si m p e n e t r a b l egazes u g g e s t st h ed e a t hd r i v e,b Knightc r e a t e sfromt h i sn o t h i n g n e s st h em a g n i f i c e n tmentalp i c t u r e s m a g f i l l e dw i t hl i v i n go r g a n i s m s . C o n f r o n t e dw i t ht h ed e a t hd r i v e,hei 6 i n e st h a tl i f ed e v e l o p sfromt h ei n a n i m a t ea si fhewereborna g a i n .1 AlthoughFreud a n a l o g i s e st h ed e a t hi n s t i n c tt oe n t r o p y,t h a ti s,t h e i r r e v e r s i b l er e t u r nt ot h et e r m i n a ls t a t eo fe q u i l i b r i u mo ft h ei n a n i m a t e s p h e r e,hea d d st h at‘ d e c i s i v ee x t e r n a li n f l u e n c e s 'o b l i g eal i v i n gs u b s t a n c e t o 'make e v e r more c o m p l i c a t e dd e t o u r sb e f o r er e a c h i n gi t s aim o f d e a t h ¥ 1 7 Freudt h u sp u t sforwardt h eh y p o t h e s i st h a td e a t hi n s t i n c t sa r e, f r 0 1 1 1t h ev e r yf i r s t,a s s o c i a t e dw i t hl i f ei n s t i n c t s(Beyond t h eP l e a s u r e P r i n c 争l e,p .5 1 ) . HenryKnighti sm i r a c u l o u s l yr e s c u e dbyE l f r i d e,whoh u r r i e st o b u ti ti sh i sw i l lt ob e g i na g a i nand t h es i t ew i t har o p eo fh e rownmaking, p a t i e n t l ya w a i tr e s c u et h a ts a v e sh i sl i f e . I nt h i sc o n t e x t,t h ed e a t hd r i v e n a r c i s s i s t i cs u i c i d a la g g r e s s i o n 'b u t d o e sn o tawakeni nHenryKnightt h e‘ p r e p a r e sf o rhimt h ef o u n d a t i o nonwhicht oproducet h es i g n i f y i n gc h a i n r . o ft h eS Y l 1 1 b o l i co r d e Havingc o n f i r m e dt h ef a c tt h a tt h ed e a t hd r i v ed o e sn o talways n s t e a d,l a y st h e l e a dt ot h er e c i p r o c a lv i o l e n c ei n t r i n s i ct on a r c i s s i s mb u t,i e a lw i t ht h ev i o l e n c ei n h e r f o u n d a t i o nf o rt h es y m b o l i co r d e r,wemustd e n ti nt h es y m b o l i s a t i o n . Asd i s c u s s e da tt h eb e g i n n i n g, s y m b o l i s a t i o nby salwayse x t e r n a lt on a t u r e,d o e sn o tr e p r e s e n tn a t u r e l a n g u a g e,whichi b u ts i m p l i f i e sandr e d u c e si tt o' as i n g l efeature¥Thus, n a t u r e ' s' o r g a n i c .6 1 ) . J onathanBateo b s e r v e st h a tl a n u n i t y 'i sd e s t r o y e d( V i o l e n c e,P guagei ss p l i tfromn a t u r eb e c a u s eo fi t sf u n c t i o no fr e p r e s e n t a t i o n :t h e ' t 白 l het 白 h i 泊 ngm s i g n i f i c a t i o nbyl a n g u a g ecann e v e rr e p r e s e n t‘ 欄 ト.胸壮. Dingα ηs z た c め h ) 'o r‘ t h e廿l i n g s o fn a t u r e i nt h e m s e l v e s ', whereas‘ e c o p o e t i c s ', 司 司 92 人文研究第 1 2 1 輯 heg o e sont os a y,a f f i r m s' n o to n l yt h ee x i s t e n c e,b u ta l s ot h es a c r e d n e s s, o ft h e t h i n g s o f n a t u r e i nt h e m s e l v e s '( T h eSong0 1t h eE a r t h, p p .2 4 7 4 8 ) . 岨 S i n c eL a c a n ' s' t h eThing( d α sD i n g ) 'i st h ef o r b i d d e np l a c e,i ti s r e g a r d e da ss a c r e d . I nt h i ss e n s e,Kan t 'sD ingans i c hh a sana f f i n i t y w i t ht h eThing,whichi s,however,anemptyp l a c ew i t h i nt h es y m b o l i c w o r l d . When a commonplace o b j e c tq u i t ea c c i d e n t a l l yo c c u p i e st h i s h eo b j e c tbecomess u b l i m ei r r e s p e c t i v eo fi t sq u a l i t y( T h e emptyp l a c e,t S u b l i m eO b j e c t0 1l d e o l o g y,p .2 2 1 ) . Z i z e kc o n t e n d st h a t' t h es u b l i m ei s ano b j e c ti nwhichwecane x p e r i e n c e[ t h e ]v e r yi m p o s s i b i l i t y,[ t h e ] permanentf a i l u r eo ft h er e p r e s e n t a t i o nt or e a c ha f t e rt h eT h i n g '( i b i d .,p . 2 2 9 ) . ForKant,however,t h ef e e l i n go ft h es u b l i m ei sc a u s e dbysome ‘ i m p o s i n g phenomenon' b e c a u s eo ft h en a t u r eo fat r a n s c e n d e n t, u n a t t a i n a b l eD仇: ga η s i c h,w h i l e,i nL a c a n ' s' t h eT h i n g ',anym i s e r a b l e th appenst of i l lo u tt h eemptyp l a c eo ft h e o b j e c tcanbes u b l i m ewheni Thing( i b i d .,p .2 3 4 ) . A1 t houghKan t 'sD仇:g a η s i c handL a c a n ' s' t h e h u sevoket h es u b l i m e,t h e ya r eo fa T h i n g 'a r eb o t hu n a t t a i n a b l e,andt d i f f e r e n to r d e r . A ccordingt oZ i z e k,however,Kan t 'sD ingans i c hi sa s muchanemptyp l a c ea sL a c a n ' s' t h eT h i n g '( i b i d .,p .2 3 3 ) . Fromane n v i r o n m e n t a lp o i n to fview,t h ef e e l i n go ft h es u b l i m ei s evokedn o to n l ybysomei m p o s i n g,f e a r f u l,o rc e l e s t i a lphenomenao f n a t u r eb u ta l s obyt h emostcommonplace,o rt h emosth a r m f u l,organ 圃 i s m s . Givent h er e l e v a n c eo ft h ea e s t h e t i ct ot h es u b l i m e,wea r el i a b l e t oo v e r r a t et h ep i c t u r e s q u eo ra w e i n s p i r i n go r g a n i s m st h a tdoc o n s i d e r 樽 a b l eharmt ot h ehumanandnonhumane n v i r o n m e n t,s i n c et h ef e e l i n go f t h es u b l i m ei sn o tbasedont h ei n t r i n s i cq u a l i t i e so fo b j e c t sb u tont h e p r o b a b i l i t yo ft h e i rf i l l i n gt h eemptyp l a c eo ft h eT h i n g . C o n v e r s e l y, e v e nthought h e r edoe x i s tmany' u n p i c t u r e s q u eb u te c o l o g i c a l l yc r u c i a l phenomena'( T h eSong0 1t h eE a r t h,p .1 3 8 ),wea r en o tl i k e l yt ohavea AR e c o n s i d e r a t i o no ft h eV a l i d i t yo fP o s tS t r u c t u r a lE c o c r i t i c i s m 帥 93 s p e c i a li n t e r e s ti nthemu n l e s swel e a r nt h e i re c o l o g i c a li m p o r t a n c e,o r u n l e s st h e ychancet ot a k eont h es u b l i m ebyo c c u p y i n gt h ev o i do ft h e Dingans i c ha sw e l la so ft h eT h i n g . c 1udet h a twhatBater e f e r s Fromt h ed i s c u s s i o nabove,wecancon t oa st h ep i c t u r e s q u e,o rt h es a c r e d,i nn a t u r el a r g e l yd e p e n d sonf o r t u i t y . I tf o l l o w st h a tt h ev i o l e n c ea g a i n s tn a t u r ed e p e n d sn o ts omuchont h e a t h e r,oni t sc o a r s e n e s s . Crudes y m b o l i s a t i o n s y m b o l i s a t i o ni t s e l fb u t,r wouldn o to n l yd i s r u p tn a t u r e ' so r g a n i cu n i t yb u tl e a v es omanyphenomenau n s y m b o l i s e dt h a twew i l lhaveg r e a td i f f i c u l t yi nd i s c e r n i n gt h e a u t h e n t i c i t yo ft h enumerouss a c r e do b j e c t st h a ta r eq u i t ef o r t u i t o u s l y e l e v a t e di nt h e i rp o s i t i o n . Wemightw e l lp r e s e r v et h eo b j e c t st h a ta r e a p p a r e n t l ys a c r e db u ta c t u a l l yt h emosth a r m f u l, wh i 1ee r a d i c a t i n gt h o s e t h a ta p p e a rt obee x c e p t i o n a l l yu n a t t r a c t i v eb u thaved e f i n i t ee c o l o g i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . As a r e s u l t,b i o d i v e r s i t ymaybecome t e r r i b l yi m p o v e r i s h e d . I no r d e rt op r e v e n tt h ev i o l e n c eo fs y m b o l i s a t i o n, wemustd e v e l o p o u rs y m b o l i s a t i o na b i l i t yt ot h ef u l l, andt r yt oe l u c i d a t ea smanyphenome s p i t et h ef a c tt h a tanu n s y m b o l i s a b l er e s i d u a lalways enaa sp o s s i b l e,d r e 町l a m s . 94 人文研究第 1 2 1輯 NOTES ‘ ,G e n e r a lI n t r o d u c t i oぜ,TheG r e e nS t u d i e sRωd e r :From 1 LawrenceCoupe αn t i c i s mt oE c o c r i t i c i s m,e d .LawrenceCoupe( L o n d o n :R o u t l e d g e,2 0 0 0 ), Rom p p .1 8( p .3 ) . 2 S l a v o jZ i z e k,V i o l e n c e :S i xS i d e w a y sR e f l e c t i o n s(NewYork :P i c a d o r,2 0 0 8 ), p .6 1 n t r o d u c t o r yD i c t i o n a r y0 1Lαc a n i a nP s y c h o a n a l y s i s( L o n 3 DylanEvans,Anl 9 9 6 ),p .1 8 7 . d o n :R o u t l e d g e,1 4Z i z e ka r g u e st h a t' t h eg r e a t e s tmassmurdersandh o l o c a u s t shavealways beenp e r p e t r a t e d 'byt h o s ewhoa r etemptedt obet o t a l l yharmoniousw i t h I n t r o d u c t i o n ',The S u b l i m eO b j e c t0 1l d e o l o g y n a t u r e . See S l a v o jZ i z e k,' ( 1 9 8 9 ;r e pr .L o n d o n :Verso,2 0 0 8 ),x x v i i. i J onathanBater e f e r st ot h esame t . Hep o i n t so u tt h ed a n g e ro ft h en o s t a l g i cr e t u r nt ot h e‘ p u r i t y 'and e f f e c e m a r k s :' O n et h i n k sh e r eo faGerman ' v i r t u e 'o fpremodernv i l l a g el i f e,andr c h i c k e nfarmero ft h e1 9 2 0 swhoarguedt h a tc o r r u p t i o nandcowardicecame fromt h ec i t i e s,p u r i t yandv i r t u efromt r a d i t i o n a lBavarianv i l l a g el i f e . His namewasH e i n r i c hHimmlerandh i sprogrammef o rb r i n g i n gbackt h eo l d waysi n v o l v e dt h ee x t e r m i n a t i o no fm i l l i o n so ft h o s ewhohadnop l a c ei n Jews ,S l a v s,g y p s i e s,homosexuals)¥See t r a d i t i o n a lBavarianV i l l a g el i f e( J onathanBate,TheSong0 1t h eE a r t h(Cambridge,MA:HarvardU n i v e r s i t y P r e s s,2 0 0 0 ),p .3 6 . ωo r d s :A V o c a b u l a'YJノザ C u l t u r eandS o c i eか ( L o n 5 RaymondW i l l i a m s,Key d o n :Fontana,1 9 8 3 ),p .2 1 9 . a c q u e sLacan, E c r i t s :as e l e c t i o肌 t r a n s .AlanS h e r i d a n( L o n d o n :R o u t l e d g e, 6J 2 0 0 1 ),p .l 3 . 7J onathanBate,'From“Red"t o“G r e e n " ',TheG r e e nS t u d i e sRωd e r,p p . 1 6 7 7 2( p .1 7 1 ) . 8 Kate Soper,' N a t u r a l i z e d Woman and Feminized N a t u r e ',The G r e e n S t u d i e sReader,p p .1 3 9 4 3( p p .1 4 1 4 2 ) . 下J u t t i n g ',L y r i c a lB a l l a d s ,w i t hO t h e rPoemsi nTwo 9 WilliamW o r d s w o r t h, V o l u m e s( L o n d o n :T.N.LongmanandO .Rees,1 8 0 0 ),p p .1 3 2 3 5( p p .1 3 4 3 5 ) . .1 4 2 . Seea l s oKateSoper,p 1 0 WilliamG o l d i n g,Lord0 1t h eF l i e s( 1 9 5 4 ;r e pr .L ondon:FaberandFaber, 2 0 0 5 ),p .1 4 2 . 1 1 WilliamG o l d i n g,D a r k n e s sV i s i b l e( 1 9 7 9 ;r e pr .L o n d o n :FaberandFaber, 1 9 8 3 ),p .1 0 9 . 1 2 Thep s y c h o a n a l y t i cnamef o rt h i sv o i di st h ed e a t hd r i v e .SeeS l a v o jZ i z e k, l n t e r r o , gαt i n gt h eR e a l( L o n d o n :continuum,2 0 0 5 ),p .1 1 2 . ' Ac h i l di sb e i n gb e a t e n " :A C o n t r i b u t i o nt ot h eStudyo f 1 3 SigmundFreud," t h eO r i g i no fS e x u a lP e r v e r s i o n s ',OnP s y c h o p a t h o l o g y :1 ηh i b i t i o n s ,S ymptoms and A n x i e t y and O t h e r Wor k s,t r a n s .J ames S t r a c h e y (Harmondsworth: 9 9 3 ),p p .1 6 3 9 3( p p .1 6 6 6 7 ) . Penguin,1 AR e c o n s i d e r a t i o no ft h eV a l i d i t yo fP o s t S t r u c t u r a lE c o c r i t i c i s m 95 1 4 J a c q u e sLacan,' T h ed e a t hd r i v e ',TheSeminar0 /J a c q u e sLac αn :BookV I I TheE t h i c s0 /P s y c h o a n a l y s i s 1959-1960,e d .J a c q u e s A l a i nM i l l e r,t r a n s . D e n n i sP o r t e r( L o n d o n :R o u t l e d g e,1 9 9 2 ),p p .205-17( p .2 1 2 ) . 1 5 ThomasHardy ,A P a i r0 /BlueEyes(London:Macmillan,1975),p p .240-41 . Seea l s oY a s u n o r iSugimura ‘ ,R e p e t i t i o nandR e l a t i v i t y :TheI n n e rS t r u c t u r e a i r0 /BlueE y e s ', SHIRON:E s s a y si η E ηg l i s hLanguageandL i t e r a t u r e, o fA P 2 5( 1 9 8 6 ),6 9 8 8( 7 4 7 6 ) . 1 6 R .M.Rehder,寸heFormo fH a r d y ' sN o v e l s ',Thom ωH a r d y :A j t e rFi ; か Y e a r s,e d .LanceSt .JohnB u t l e r( L o n d o n :Macmillan,1 9 7 8 ),p .1 8 . 1 7 SigmundF reud,Beyondt h eP l e a s u r eP r i n c i p l e,t r a n s .J amesS t r a c h e y(New :Norton,1 9 6 1 ),p p .3 2 3 3 . York
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