Animism
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〇
スη17mlsm is a cOllabOraJOn between Extra Cly―
Kunsthal Antwerpen,the Museum Of
ContempOrary Art,Antwerp(M HKAL the Kunsthalle Bern,the Cenerali Foundation,Vl,nna,
the HOuse Of wOrid culturesin BeHin,and the Free University Berhn
l
Anirnism Volumel
Ediled byスnserm Frranke
′´
′
先ノ
ん
2ι
Sι
ι
rnbι
4gPrι 計
「
Anirna's Silent Repatriation:Reconsidering
Anirnism in the Contemporary Worid
Masaro Fu々 us力 ima
訛綸
鍛Fi嵐 盤総11堂 よ獄yttT:‖ 翼鋼身
一Ｉ■〓〓■■一〓
l Ma× Weber,711e
g/ο f
ο
Socわ ′
Re′ o′
οn,trans
Ephra m Fischoff(London:
Methuen.1965)
eP/Otesね
2 Max Weber,■ り
n`
and ille,′ ri Of Caρ ′
"llSm,
trans Talcott Parsons(London:
George Al en&じ nw n,1978)
fr12た
誕
e
3 Yoshinott Shiozawa,Oη
Order oF Marke`:F7omス ηル
`わ
ex′ :/い n
m ro Comρ ′
υ
」apanesel{TOkyo:
Chikuma― Shobo,1990)
e9υ ′
′
,br′
輩
J舗糞
∬ 鸞 拗浴 婁
聰
乱IT」 r:1:l:y:llCi葛 iTttliti:l峨
覇:tX盤 篤∬
ough the
::安
holes of inodernit】
らI invite readcrs to a bricf round trip th■
―‐
so as
different in tilnc,space and content―
to providc cases to reconsider the possibility of her rcne、 ved rolc in thc
threc sccnes that follow
contemporary、 vorld
Masato Fukushirna
Sccnc l:ヽ rillages OfJaVa,IndOnesia.
欺∬
T群 糧
者
孔号 し
挽f背 鳶
∬機i謂 喘
聰∬
11』
;:::S絶
somc classical cxamples Of thc livelincss Of the wOrks Of anilna in thc
盤 蝶緻瑚
器 鸞麓
臓 掘鮮織釜
I
l豊 1彗
Onc day lny land10rd,Onc Of thc lcadcrs Of thc OrthOdOx Muslim
sch001 0fthc village,noticed thatl wasintercstcd in the phcnOmcnOn Of
spirit posscssiOn and he sOmc、 vhat rcluctantly agrccd t0 1ct me nlcct Onc
of thc well―
knOwn spirit mcdiums in the villagc.At a glancc,thc man,
in his rnid― fOrties,100ked likc a bOrn―
tircd pcasant,scra、 vntt Suntanned,
and rcticcnt.Thc land10rd asked the rnedium tO invite thc spirits hc was
in cOntact with,and at nrst he grumbled,a bit rcluctant tO respond.
But altcr a bricf exchange Of wOrds bctween the twO,thc medium
becamc silcnt fOr a inOmcnt and then suddenly hc explodcd int0 1augh―
tern the facial exprcssion changcd dramatically frOn■
pcasant tO that of an aggrcssivc and cxcitcd pcrsOn、
that Of a rcticcnt
vith glaring cycs,a
pcrson vcry hard to imagine as thc samc as thc onc a few minutcs be―
蕩
鸞
喜
I量
鱗
謀
灘
騨
:
iξ
量よ 胸 盤 l∴ :憮 期 寵 Ⅷ『 F聰 轟
嵩 り ∫1:慨 柵
opiniOn abOut this kind Of phcnOmenon.He、 vas embarrassed by wit―
ncssing such a dramatic transformatiOn Ofthc pcrsonality Of the rnedi―
締
li鮮li∫ 戯[}I軸 鰐榊島奄
鸞
l:i∬
犠:獅鳶嚇
累量
壼モ 精]章∫
:黒
:l灘
lc棄
C
lavan“
Irrespcctive Of the land10rd's ObviOus distastc,spirits are witncssed
cver)n″ hcrc in JaVa;thcy are supposcd to cause various cffects,sOme―
tillles attacking pcople in thc fOrms Of lllisfOrtunc or illness Or sOme―
撥轟
驚ユ
節買蓮犠欄離
張
聾覺
ings is tO sOothe thcm sO thcy dO nOt cause damagc to pcople.メ i bricf
stay in a Javancsc villagc M/0じ ld easily lcad you tO a full cncOuntcr with
such cntitlcs.
Yct this was Only half thc stOr■
aS I S00n realizcd.Af‐
cw mOnths
iatet a fricnd Of nline,alsO a rcsearchcr On rural culture,came to sec
mc to repOrt that he had encOuntercd legendary Salllinists in a vil―
轟Itti盤鳥罵粥
i彗
i殺 樅驚
顎
ry in cctttral Java.Unlikc Othcr prcscnt revolts,hOwcveら
:
the Sallllinists'
鯖驚llξ]ifl::疑 『岳
悧fll[;[::籠l:11:lnotrCallァ
:∫
Animism
186
undcrstand
5 The Sam n sts use a sort
of clandest ne vocabulary hard
to fathOm by Outsiders Forin―
stance,when they were asked
the rname,they answered
thattheir name was man(Or
woman卜 The rage:One for ever,
and so on Behind such tricky
conversation hes their pecuttar
no10n Oflanguage On Samin
sm atiarge,see Harry Benda
and Lance Casues,The samin
Movement,3ッ dlagen roF de
乃a′ ,と and,en yorkenkυ nde 125
{1968)AIso see partthree of
Masato Fukush ma,Rellg′ ο
n and
Soc′ er/ο f」 a/a
ttn Japanese]
(TOkyo:Htuz ShObo,2002)
I塩 llt
署盤鷹管
満製よ
iお l諸 盟
器:flt潔 鷺
ind、 vas one such cnclavc.
Thc Salllinists livcd a very inodest life,rarely attcnded to any othcr
謡鮮柵 lI構 鮮 鮮h塊鰤庶
make love and to cultivatc thc nclds.
From this basic tcnet dcrivcs a dozen subsidiary rules,one Of which
human actlon and conditlons.
蹴
腑:W:躍導 灘謂よ
a胤常tFll∬ 密
」
露
li府 ょ
i¶
『翼驚』
露
∬肌 1靴 繁篇認驚il品 脆
累n
ir淵
島
撹
繊
W麟
轟 鍵織
lc17。
:燎
〕a sort
確凛 肌驚∬ll羅 :瑞:蹴為翼思X:∬:蹴鳳
i ary hard
, Forin―
li』
lllind witncsscd the rnassive advcnt of thc gospcl that the von Ncu―
re asked
ered
la n(Or
le for ever,
Ih tr cky
pecu iar
n Sa nnin―
′
Benda
e Sam n
ο
`de
々
υ
nde 125
ree of
力 わρaη d
anese]
2002)
6 Howard Gardner,η he Mわ dЪ
οr/ο fめ e
New Schfence′ ス″たそ
″οn(New York
Cο 9″
￨′
"Ret/oル
Basic BOoks,1985)
,o4asato Fukushirna
:
、
vas whatI、 vitnessed during iny stay in London in the 1990s.The very
bclief in thc sirnilarity(or CVen identity)bctヽ
VCCn thc computcr and hu―
man mind iust,SOmewhat awkwardlyt corrOdcd,and even the invcn―
tion of parallcl distributcd prOcessing and thc ncural nctWOrk model,
、
vhich in fact cxpanded thc vcry nOtion of computation signincantlL
fcll short of reviving the cnthusiasn■ that we witnesscd at thc initial
stagc of its developmcnt.
/hilc thc heatcd controvcrsy aboutthc rclation betwecn computa―
tion "ζand thc human lnind、 vcre gradually subducd,another attempt bc―
gan to take shapc,namely artincial life,or alifc,as is called at present.
Rathcr than talking about thc、 vorking of the human lnind,research―
ers tried lloorc audaciously to deinc M/hat life is,by lncans of cOmputer
silllulation based on cellular automata.Thesc automata prolifcrate like
a unit of life,such as genes or gcrllls,and you can obscrvc how they
or evolve in number on a displaL fol10wing a couple of silnplc
gro、 v
rulcs in rclatiOn to the neighboring cells.Somc insisted that this could
siinulatc the very cvolution of living things through thousands of gcn―
vcnt furthcち insisting that thcsc ccllular
′
ι
ο,and other。 ゃ
crations′ πs′ ′
automata vvcrc actuallyク ルυθ
In a lccturc hcld in a small ofAcc in Tokyo,prcscnting the gcn―
.
cral map of cOntrovcrsics around thc status of alife philosophically in
thc 1990s,lllainly for thc purpose of introducing thc Original idea of
C.G.Langton and his fol10wers,7 1 remember l had a very acutc scnsc
Of″ a_ν ク about thc way the vcry status of such silllulation M/as dis―
`′
cusscd.It
was something quite siinilar to the、 /ay the nature of human
7 C aus Emmeche,T71e caden
わめe Macわ hef rlle ttη ech9
Scたnce ο
fス r″ flc,aた ′
た{Pttnc_
lllind was dcbated in the frame of representation and computation.
1994)
eton:Princeton University press,
Naturall,as in the case of artincial intelligence,thcrc were thosc for
and against thesc ldeas
Yct at the samc time,I alsO remcmbcr that l was alsO struck by
thc fact that thcrc wcrc somc,as far as l observcd thc lccturc― roo■ ■
,
who,if somc、 vhat hcsitantl"agrecd、 vith the idea that thcsc ccllular
οcould bc denned as alive.It was an cyc― opcncr to
automata′ πsグ ルι
mc,in a scnsc,as therc arc a varicty of ways to denne lifc.And the es―
sential function of these automata、 vas sclf-lnultiplication in rclatiOn to
others,and somc seemed to bclieve the csscnce oflife was rcduciblc to
such a silnple opcration.
Of coursc,1lke in the casc of artincial intclligcncc,there is a hugc
gap bet、 veen nlinlicking ccrtain aspects of a living thing and insisting
that thesc automata are actually living,yct l fOund it not casy to cx―
clude the validity of the idca of lifc― as― it― could― bc for dcscribing ahfe.
Sccne 3:A ncld muscum of architccture in Tokyo.
The third sccnc is at the、 vestern outskirts Of thc expanding capital of
TOkyO.Thcrc lics a largc park、 vherc you ind a neld muscum oftradi―
tional and rnodern bulldings,some of which are traditionalfarmhOuses
cquippcd with a couplc of well― knOwn items for traditional JapaneSC
α77,′ ,and sliding papcr doors,Westcrn
houses,such as earth loors,′ αι
visitors that l have accompanied thcrc usually lllarvel at、 vitncssing thc
actual opcnness of thc structure of thcsc hOuscs,as well as at thc thin―
ncss of thcsc sliding doors.Once l inet a Finnish student of contcmpo―
rary architccture thcrc,and later I M/ondcrcd if he noticed thc historical
Anlmism
鮮曹]熙 撚滋壺難1椰
椰敬
alriness.
Therc is,howevcち an itcm which time― presscd visitors oltcn ovcr―
look:a smali shrine on thc wall,close to thc cciling in the innermost
roon■ ,thc
darkcst part of the house.Traditional houscs arc usually
ith a portiOn
furnished、vith this kind of lniniature shrinc,usually Ⅵ″
8
For a claSSiCalintroduction
apan,
tO the nat ve re igion of」
η′
ο:め e
see SOkyo OnO,Sh′
l1/a/(Ъ kyα
scOtt L“
R71υ
κam′
C E tttJe,196a and
η f Oro力 s,
Jeton,Sわ ′
aた ,FesF′
1/aた
″お,Sac“ d
,Sρ ′
`ο
9Ces(OXfOrd1 0xfOrd Universた y
Pl・
Press,2002)
Of various ritual fOods provided as an offcring to spirits or dcitics.8
Forcign visitors lnay havc rcgrcttcd having failed to noticc such cxotic
tradition thcre,yct theyヽ /Ould soon bc compensated by discovcring
countless numbcrs of shrincs,hcrc and thcrc,largc and small,only if
「
1潔 [鑑 il群 h鬼 iyttfff∬y朧:tltti]&
鷺
ま』
讐 服富寵澪
認麗∫
htttL撫漁蹴 碍
:考
:」
tt窓
■り
e Ca′ den
ηerg′ η
θ
O(P“ nc
rslty Press,
醐 驚蛾栃 撮]轟 聾淋 鮮
:豊撚 椰椰鼈 il富蠅
獅
1椰
血貯
麓鴨
罫
]鳳 盟
電蠍絋:鶴躍締
艶I脚隆慰撚 _黎要離
聾
榊 :鸞樅難1墨III鮮 昴離釜
憚寵
li犠
詈
難
甲鱗墨
櫛1聾
妻
甲
鮮蝦菫ill嶺質
翼
重‖
滅蓮
騨墳熊Xttl驀椰 鐵 雌
S:Ъ
rttL宙
mκ
L与
h躍
幣iぶ::ei儀 ∬麗fr鮒 ぶ猟∬壼 譜:留鼻群
紺七
1朧 1猫 u
翼
:ifl:遠 IWIW:蠅 l∴ 麟 辞
the woman in thc documcntary
特4asato Fukushima
What imprcssed mc,thcn,、 vas not rcally thc contrast bctヽ vccn
thc two.Rathcち it was the overwhclming sclf― conndencc of thc spir―
itualists vis― )― vis
the cautious psychiatrists.The contrast、 vas most
apparcnt in the casc of the documentary part inentioncd abovc.Thc
psychiatrist's diagnOsis of dissociation Of personality at the scene was
nOt directly follo、 vcd by any concrete M/ay of treating the、
voman,
whilc the spiritualist,asserting that it、 vas causcd by a spirit of un―
known origin at a glance,quickly went on to identi"whO the pos―
SCSSlng splrit、 vas.
In thc cxchange ofconversation bctween the woman and the spi←
itualist,the latter gradually revcalcd thc idcntity of thc spirit,、 vhich
turncd out to be that of her fricnd、 vho had dicd in a car accident
in thc recent past.The spirit thcn rcvcaled that it had possesscd the
woman bccausc it rnissed hc■ ヽVhen this proccss Of identincation was
oveち the woman camc to hCrsclf again,in front of thc psychiatrist,
M″
h01ooked somcwhat cmbarrasscd to、 vitness the cxchangc betv″ een
9 The same issue is treated
thc t、 vo.9
more theoreicallv in YuJi sasaに
,
F/om Reゎ lon fο PSycわ ね″/ln
」apanesel{TOkyo:Kongo― shup‐
pan,1986)
Anilnat repatriation to thc contemporary cultural sccne.
曝 」 ポ ￨]:
搬 1種 :111垂 まili驀
、投 塞
ious ways anima manifests itsclf in a contcmpOrary contcxt.Anima's
I魏
livcliness cannOt be casily conined to a particular placc or culturc.
Sccnc l sho、 vs that thc very lourishing of spirit posscssion in onc
i庶
恩篇1猟
L施 里
ょ
灘 輩熱
1釜 謂 IW鳳 籠
l鑑 籍ltti∬ 智
1ま lξ t脇 罵』
誕
暮紹::」 蹴惚
瑠t認 哩繋町灘器鰹
」認1盆 ::鷲 :∬鮮鷺滉
I鰍富
紹夏T∬ ∬職軋:督ItT∬翼瀾 I
fぷ 計
鮮il::悧首
dSSЪ
[艦 電
配驚北:寵 thoddLarnfromthetrOメ
驚
電
Slil』
絲写tplilTT[1‰ 輩蹴 Teltttyt籠 ぷ犠鳳婿
FT藍17ボ 翼請it麒』憲彙
:∬ よ
T」 乳
:::Ji『 畿
irt鷲
tよ
il量
c」 l lllages
cause damage to people but may also carry fortunes.Thcy lnay lllake
:∬
by building up an intricatc net、 vork of rclations.Thcy are thc cmbodi―
ment of thc ncxus of cultura1/natural rclations.
Once this densc net、 vork of conncctcdncss is understood in the
T舞
凛嚇鸞電‖壁
齢
Ⅷ夏f龍 笹朧嘗llli譜 騰∫
:』
難驚il麟麟難難難Itti苺
蓮1露掛l鰹薇l暴難押 椰瀞
i篇
cd on thc lllcaning of space rcprescntcd by the small shrinc ofthe Japa―
ncse farmhouse,、 vhcn thcy compllcd thc theory of architecture bascd
On thc abstract and empty notion of functional space.
/cvcら the point is that thc apparcnt dissolution of thc
Hcre,hoヽハ
、
/ork of anillla is only half of the story.Sccne l depicts the scattcrcd
ハ
distribution of anirlla's habitat thrOugh thc rural arca ofJava.ThC dis―
connccting po、 vcr of Salllinislll,a sort of rcvitalizcd traditionalisn■ ,ac―
tually、viPcd out thc v″ orks of anilna,、 vhilc in thc ncighboring villagcs
shc was still activc and busily connecting disparatc reillns of our living
space.The point is that if anilna is understood as the ncxus of Culturc/
naturc,itヽ vill constantly appcar and disappcar from our vie聯 Ъin ac―
cOrdance with thc shifting balancc of cultura1/natural conditions,so
that in thc vcry proccss Of rCappearance,anilna lllight come into vicw
in a vcry diffcrent shape from its traditional vcrslon,、 vhich M/ould go
iS treated
n Yui sasakL
,力
′
ai/in l
ong。 _shup‐
y哄
腱
藍Л壇1::増 誂霞糧L電 胸::器 悪電
鼈∴欝
1記サ
fOrm of blinking cellular automat〔
agility ofthis candidate for a ncw forin of anima,asidc from its small
fl・
―
numbcr of supportcrs,is its very lilnited connectcdncss― altllost c10SC
―in contrast to thc shining richncss of relations、 vhich thc
to nothing―
traditional anilna spaヽ
ハ
/ns around hCt as shoヽ vn in Sccne l.The onto―
logical status of thc blinking altomata is indccd ambiguous,so are the
nc、v
chilnera likc prOducts― tO― bC of thc ncwly cmerging synthctic bio―
tcchnologI Thesc ncw cntitiCs lnay expand our ixcd nOtion Oflifc,yet
thc automata arc far frOn■ causing illness or cxplaining our rnisfortunc,
Or cven incorporating into our body.Thc scopc ofthcir
ι
クογ
たis
largcly
cOnined to thc vcry lilnitcd area of activity in the computcr display or
in thc test tube,in its cxtrcmc forlllls.Forthem to grow as a nc、
v fOrm
Of anillla,they、 vould necd to connect various clcmcnts in our daily
zones of activity.
Conversel)Ъ oncc thC prcrcquisitc of anilna as the ncxus of con―
ncctcdncss is somcwhat fu11llcd,thcrc is a chancc for thcsc nc、 v cnti
tics to gro、 v as hcr ncw candidate.Herc we should pay carcful atten―
tion to the multifacetedncss of the、 vord``life."ヽ
Fic、 ving
it fron■ thc
cstcrn linguistic tradition,it is hard to And a precise scmantic
エア
non― ｀
countcrpart in,say.Japancse language.Ditlerent terms in JapanCSe
lllight be allocatcd to its derivatives,such as cvcryday life,life sciencc,
ァ
フ
ι
′is for a biologicaltcrm
lifc world and so on To putit concretel)Ъ sθ ル
z is for social life,and sι ′for
α′
z),S`′ た
gα た
′
ηZι グた′
likc life scicncc(sθ
‖
LⅧ
岬鷹
philosophical lifc.The notion of life actually intcgratcs thesc lnultiple
:誌R″
:r讐
but not thc wider reallnn of the s(
i場 11:事
票
1難L霧 1ぞ ￨
″,and sι ′
たク′
).
(Sι ′
sO ifthc nc、 v candidatcs for anilna,oncs not conined to computcr
silllulation but any form of images and shapes,arc rcady to conncct
diftcrent rcalms of our``life''in the multifacctcd mcaning ofthc word,
′form of anilna cmcrging
Mrc are going to bc cye、 vitncsscs to thC nC、 ハ
fron■ our contcmporary tcchno― scientinc environmcnt.BCing still at the
prilllitivc level of devclopmcnt,thcre arc in fact a profusion of can―
didatcs for the contemporary aninla.And somc ofthem in fact may
audaciously challcngc thc bordcr bct、 vecn lifc and non―
varlous strateglcs.
卜
Иasato
Fukushima
191
life、 vith thcir
turら tOt」
■
サ
F舗￡∬珊
堰 精脱翼∬草誕
the a“ rmat市 c voに
rary agc of a supericially cmpt,Ъ Sp:盤
of modcrn architecturc.
Animism
iH選
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