Product Diversification, Entry

Oligopoly Theory (2)
Quantity-Setting Competition
Aim of this lecture
(1) To understand the concept of quantity-setting
competition
(2) To understand the ideas of strategic substitutes
and complements
(3) To understand the relationship between the
stability of Cournot equilibrium and comparative
statistics
Ologopoly Theory
1
Outline of the Second Lecture
2-1 Monopoly
2-2 Price-Setting or Quantity-Setting
2-3 Cournot Model
2-4 Strategic Complement and Strategic Substitute
2-5 Stability Condition
2-6 Stability Condition and Comparative Statistics
2-7 Stability Condition and Uniqueness of the
Equilibrium
2-8 Cournot Limit Theorem and Perfect Competition
Ologopoly Theory
2
Monopoly Producer
P
D
MC
MR
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y
3
Equilibrium of Monopoly
Producer
superscript denotes equilibrium
values of monopoly
P
D
PM
MC
MR
0
Ologopoly Theory
YM
Y
4
Marshallian View of the Market
Monopolist chooses its output and
the price is determined by the market
clearing condition
P
D
PM
MC
MR
0
Ologopoly Theory
YM
Y
5
Walrasian View of the Market
Monopolist chooses its output
and the price is determined by
the market clearing condition
P
D
PM
MC
MR
0
Ologopoly Theory
YM
Y
6
Why does not the monopolist
choose both quantity and price ?
MR
P
D
PM
0
YM1
Ologopoly Theory
MC
Y
7
Why does not the monopolist
choose both quantity and price ?
MR
P
D
MC
PM1
0
Ologopoly Theory
YM
Y
8
Duopoly
Suppose that there are two or more firms in the
market
~The price depends on both its own output and the
rivals' outputs.
~The output depends on both its own price and the
rivals' prices.
⇒The competition structure depends on whether firms
chooses their outputs or prices.
Quantity Competition Model (The second lecture)
Price Competition Model (The third lecture)
Which model should we use ?(The third lecture)
Ologopoly Theory
9
Cournot Duopoly
Firm 1 and firm 2 compete in a homogeneous
product market.
Each firm i independently chooses its price Yi.
Each firm maximizes its own profit Πi.
Πi=P(Y)YiーCi(Yi), P: Inverse demand function,
Y: Total output, Yi: Firm i's output, Ci: Firm i's cost
function
P' <0, C' >0, C'' ≧0 (Henceforth, I assume these
conditions unless I explicitly make contradicting
assumptions.)
Ologopoly Theory
10
reaction function
Reaction function of firm 1~R1(Y2):Given the output
of firm 2,Y2, Y1=R1(Y2) implies that Y1 is the optimal
output for firm 1.
The first order condition
P+P‘Y1 =C1' ⇒ R1(Y2) is derived form this
The second order condition
2P'+P''Y1 - C1''<0
Henceforth, I assume the second order condition
conditions unless I explicitly make contradicting
assumptions.
Ologopoly Theory
11
Cournot Equilibrium
Nash Equilibrium of the Cournot Model
~Cournot Equilibrium
Derivation of the Cournot Equilibrium
Solving P+P'Y1 =C1' , P+P'Y2 =C2'
Ologopoly Theory
12
Residual Demand
residual demand
P
D
MR
Y2
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
MC
Y
13
Derivation of reaction function
P
residual demand
D
MR
Y2’
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1’
MC
Y
14
reaction curve of firm 1
Y1
reaction curve of firm 1
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y2
15
slope of the reaction curve
P+P'Y1 -C1'=0→dY1/dY2= - (P'+P''Y1)/(2P'+P''Y1 - C1'')
P'+P''Y1>0⇒upwprd sloping of the reaction curve
(strategic complements)
~an increase in the rival's output increases the
marginal revenue of the firm: unnatural in the context
of Cournot competition, but it is possible.
P'+P''Y1<0⇒downward sloping of the reaction curve
(strategic substitutes)
~ an increase in the rival's output reduces the marginal
revenue of the firm
In this course, I assume P'+P''Y1<0 unless I make
explicit contradicting assumptions.
Ologopoly Theory
16
Reaction Curve of Firm 2
Y2
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
17
Reaction Curve of Firm 1
Y1
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y2
18
Cournot Equilibrium
reaction curve of firm 1
Y2
reaction curve of firm 2
Y2C
0
Y1C
Y1
superscript C denotes Cournot Equilibrium
Ologopoly Theory
19
Existence of the Equilibrium
From the definitions of the reaction function and the
Cournot equilibrium, we have
R1(R2(Y1C)) =Y1C , R2(R1(Y2C)) =Y2C
We can use the fixed point theorem to show the
existence of the Cournot equilibrium.
Substituting Y1≠Y1C into the above system
→The discussions on the stability and the
uniqueness of the equilibrium.
Ologopoly Theory
20
Stability
|R1(R2(Y1))-Y1C| < |Y1 -Y1C |
|R2(R1(Y2))-Y2C| < |Y2 -Y2C |
~Starting form the non-equilibrium point and consider
the best reply dynamics
→The distance form the equilibrium point is
decreasing
⇒Cournot equilibrium is stable.
Ologopoly Theory
21
Stable Cournot Equilibrium
Reaction Curve of Firm 1
Y2
Reaction Curve of Firm 2
Y2C1
Y2C
0
Y1C1 Y1C2 Y1C
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
22
Unstable Cournot Equilibrium
Reaction Curve of
Firm 2
Y2
Reaction Curve
of Firm 2
Y2C1
Y2C
0
Y1
Ologopoly Theory
C2
Y1C1 Y1C
Y1
23
A Sufficient Condition for the
Stability of the Cournot
equilibrium
|Ri'| < 1 The absolute value of the reaction curve is
smaller than one.
~On unit increase of the rival's output changes the
optimal output of the firm less than one unit.
Ologopoly Theory
24
Why do we often assume the
stability condition?
Cournot Model is a One-Shot Game. It seems
nonsense to discuss the dynamic adjustment.
However, most IO papers assume this condition. Why?
(1) This condition is plausible since it is satisfied under
standard settings of cost and demand conditions.
(2) evolution, learning
(3) for comparative statistics
(4) uniqueness
Ologopoly Theory
25
Stabilityの条件の意味
(1) 通常の設定ではこの条件は満たされるから
反応曲線の傾き
dY1/dY2= - (P'+P''Y1)/(2P'+P''Y1 - C1'')
戦略的代替(P'+P''Y1<0) , C1''≧0
→-1 <R1'<0
同質財でなかったり、限界費用が逓減していたりす
れば戦略的代替のケースでも安定性の条件を満た
さないことはある。いずれにせよ、この分野でよ
く使われる標準的な設定では安定性の条件は満た
される事が多い。
Ologopoly Theory
26
Stabilityの条件の意味
(3)比較静学をするため
・stabilityの条件を課さないと比較静学をしたとき正
負を確定できないことが多い
・通常満たされないような変な条件下で通常と逆の
counter intuitiveな結果を出してもしょうがない
Ologopoly Theory
27
Question: Suppose that firm 2's
marginal cost is constant. Consider the
effect of a reduction of firm 2's marginal
cost on firm 2's reaction curve.
Y2
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
28
企業2の費用と反応曲線
Y2
0
Ologopoly Theory
反応曲線は上方にシフト
Y1
29
企業2の費用とCournot均衡
ポイント:企業2の費用が低下
すると企業2の生産量が増え
企業1の生産量が減る。
Y2
企業1の
反応曲線
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
30
Unstable Cournot Equilibrium
均衡が(局所的にでも)
unstableな状況だとcounter
intuitiveな結果が出てくる。
→普通の需要関数、費用関
数では出てこない状況を考
えてcounter intuitiveな結果
を出してもしょうがない。
Y2
企業1の
反応曲線
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
31
Stabilityの条件の意味
(4) 均衡のuniqueness
安定性の条件が大域的に満たされている
→前述の対応を考えることによって、Contraction
Mapping Theoremがそのまま使える
→均衡の一意性が保証される。
(Remark) 安定性の条件はあくまで十分条件であって
必要条件ではない
Ologopoly Theory
32
Stable Cournot Equilibrium
Y2
reaction curve of firm 1
reaction curve of firm 2
Y2C
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1C
Y1
33
Unstable Cournot Equilibrium
Reaction Curve of Firm 2
Y2
Reaction Curve of Firm 1
Y2C
0
Y1C
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
34
Unstable Cournot Equilibrium
前ページの例
Cournot均衡3つ、内点は不安定。この内点に注目し
て比較静学する意味あるか?
このような無意味な議論を避けるために安定性の条
件を課すことが多い。
Ologopoly Theory
35
問題:企業2の利潤はどの点が一
番大きいか?
Y2
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
36
企業2の生産量と利潤
Y2
0
Ologopoly Theory
より利潤が大きい
Y1
37
問題:企業2の利潤はどちらの方が
大きいか?
Y2
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
38
企業2の利潤
こちらがより利潤が大きい
Y2
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
39
企業2の利潤
等利得曲線
Y2
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
40
Cournot均衡と効率性
Y2
企業1の
反応曲線
企業1の
等利潤曲線
企業2の
等利潤曲線
Y2*
0
Y1*
両企業の利潤が
増加する領域
Ologopoly Theory
企業2の
反応曲線
Y1
41
Welfare Implications
・各企業はライバルの利潤に与える影響を考えない
で生産量を決定
→Cournot均衡での生産量は企業部門全体の利潤最大
化の観点からは過大生産
・各企業の限界費用は価格を下回る。
→Cournot均衡での生産量は総余剰最大化の観点から
は過小生産
Ologopoly Theory
42
Cournot Oligopoly
企業1、企業2、...企業nが同質財市場で競争
企業2は同時に独立に各自の生産量を決定
各企業の利得は自社の利潤
Ologopoly Theory
43
Cournot Equilibrium
Cournot均衡の導出
P+P'Y1 =C1' 、 P+P'Y2 =C2'、... P+P'Yn =Cn'の連
立方程式を解くだけ
全ての企業がsymmetricなら
P+P'Y1 =C1'、Y=nY1
の連立方程式から対象均衡を導出できる
Ologopoly Theory
44
Symmetric Equilibrium
Y-1
企業1の反応曲線
n-1
0
Y1*
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
45
Cournot Limit Theorem
企業1の一階条件
P+P'Y1 =C1'
P(1+P' Y/P ・Y1/Y)=C1'
P(1-η-1・Y1/Y)=C1' (η:需要の価格弾力性)
η→∞ P → C1' (価格受容者の世界)
Y1/Y→0 P → C1' (Cournotの極限定理の世界)
Cournotの極限定理 企業数が十分大きくなれば価
格は限界費用に近づく
Ologopoly Theory
46
Marginal Revenue for Small
Firms
P
MR →P if Y is sufficiently small
residual demand
MR
0
Ologopoly Theory
Y
47
perfect competition
価格受容者:価格を与えられた者として行動する者
自分が生産量を増やしても価格が変わらないと思い
込んでいる者
実際には需要の価格弾力性が無限大でない限り価格
は変化する。変化の程度はその企業が大きかろう
と小さかろうと同じ。
「価格受容者=価格に影響を与えられないほど小さ
な事業者」という説明は変。大きさにかかわりな
く価格は変化する⇒完全競争というのはフィクショ
ン
Ologopoly Theory
48
Cournotの極限定理
Cournotの極限定理 企業数が十分大きくなれば価
格は限界費用に近づく
完全競争均衡≒Cournot均衡で企業数が十分大きな
世界
完全競争は現実の近似。
「企業が十分小さい⇒価格受容者として近似でき
る」
Ologopoly Theory
49
strategic complements
Y2
Cournot 均衡
企業1の
反応曲線
企業2の
反応曲線
Y2*
0
Ologopoly Theory
数量競争の文脈ではstrategic
complementsになることはあまり
普通ではないがあり得なくはない
Y1*
Y1
50
strategic complements
企業1の
等利潤曲線
Y2
企業1の
反応曲線
企業2の
反応曲線
企業2の
等利潤曲線
Y2*
0
Y1*
両企業の利潤が
増加する領域
Ologopoly Theory
Y1
51