Oligopoly Theory (2) Quantity-Setting Competition Aim of this lecture (1) To understand the concept of quantity-setting competition (2) To understand the ideas of strategic substitutes and complements (3) To understand the relationship between the stability of Cournot equilibrium and comparative statistics Ologopoly Theory 1 Outline of the Second Lecture 2-1 Monopoly 2-2 Price-Setting or Quantity-Setting 2-3 Cournot Model 2-4 Strategic Complement and Strategic Substitute 2-5 Stability Condition 2-6 Stability Condition and Comparative Statistics 2-7 Stability Condition and Uniqueness of the Equilibrium 2-8 Cournot Limit Theorem and Perfect Competition Ologopoly Theory 2 Monopoly Producer P D MC MR 0 Ologopoly Theory Y 3 Equilibrium of Monopoly Producer superscript denotes equilibrium values of monopoly P D PM MC MR 0 Ologopoly Theory YM Y 4 Marshallian View of the Market Monopolist chooses its output and the price is determined by the market clearing condition P D PM MC MR 0 Ologopoly Theory YM Y 5 Walrasian View of the Market Monopolist chooses its output and the price is determined by the market clearing condition P D PM MC MR 0 Ologopoly Theory YM Y 6 Why does not the monopolist choose both quantity and price ? MR P D PM 0 YM1 Ologopoly Theory MC Y 7 Why does not the monopolist choose both quantity and price ? MR P D MC PM1 0 Ologopoly Theory YM Y 8 Duopoly Suppose that there are two or more firms in the market ~The price depends on both its own output and the rivals' outputs. ~The output depends on both its own price and the rivals' prices. ⇒The competition structure depends on whether firms chooses their outputs or prices. Quantity Competition Model (The second lecture) Price Competition Model (The third lecture) Which model should we use ?(The third lecture) Ologopoly Theory 9 Cournot Duopoly Firm 1 and firm 2 compete in a homogeneous product market. Each firm i independently chooses its price Yi. Each firm maximizes its own profit Πi. Πi=P(Y)YiーCi(Yi), P: Inverse demand function, Y: Total output, Yi: Firm i's output, Ci: Firm i's cost function P' <0, C' >0, C'' ≧0 (Henceforth, I assume these conditions unless I explicitly make contradicting assumptions.) Ologopoly Theory 10 reaction function Reaction function of firm 1~R1(Y2):Given the output of firm 2,Y2, Y1=R1(Y2) implies that Y1 is the optimal output for firm 1. The first order condition P+P‘Y1 =C1' ⇒ R1(Y2) is derived form this The second order condition 2P'+P''Y1 - C1''<0 Henceforth, I assume the second order condition conditions unless I explicitly make contradicting assumptions. Ologopoly Theory 11 Cournot Equilibrium Nash Equilibrium of the Cournot Model ~Cournot Equilibrium Derivation of the Cournot Equilibrium Solving P+P'Y1 =C1' , P+P'Y2 =C2' Ologopoly Theory 12 Residual Demand residual demand P D MR Y2 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1 MC Y 13 Derivation of reaction function P residual demand D MR Y2’ 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1’ MC Y 14 reaction curve of firm 1 Y1 reaction curve of firm 1 0 Ologopoly Theory Y2 15 slope of the reaction curve P+P'Y1 -C1'=0→dY1/dY2= - (P'+P''Y1)/(2P'+P''Y1 - C1'') P'+P''Y1>0⇒upwprd sloping of the reaction curve (strategic complements) ~an increase in the rival's output increases the marginal revenue of the firm: unnatural in the context of Cournot competition, but it is possible. P'+P''Y1<0⇒downward sloping of the reaction curve (strategic substitutes) ~ an increase in the rival's output reduces the marginal revenue of the firm In this course, I assume P'+P''Y1<0 unless I make explicit contradicting assumptions. Ologopoly Theory 16 Reaction Curve of Firm 2 Y2 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1 17 Reaction Curve of Firm 1 Y1 0 Ologopoly Theory Y2 18 Cournot Equilibrium reaction curve of firm 1 Y2 reaction curve of firm 2 Y2C 0 Y1C Y1 superscript C denotes Cournot Equilibrium Ologopoly Theory 19 Existence of the Equilibrium From the definitions of the reaction function and the Cournot equilibrium, we have R1(R2(Y1C)) =Y1C , R2(R1(Y2C)) =Y2C We can use the fixed point theorem to show the existence of the Cournot equilibrium. Substituting Y1≠Y1C into the above system →The discussions on the stability and the uniqueness of the equilibrium. Ologopoly Theory 20 Stability |R1(R2(Y1))-Y1C| < |Y1 -Y1C | |R2(R1(Y2))-Y2C| < |Y2 -Y2C | ~Starting form the non-equilibrium point and consider the best reply dynamics →The distance form the equilibrium point is decreasing ⇒Cournot equilibrium is stable. Ologopoly Theory 21 Stable Cournot Equilibrium Reaction Curve of Firm 1 Y2 Reaction Curve of Firm 2 Y2C1 Y2C 0 Y1C1 Y1C2 Y1C Ologopoly Theory Y1 22 Unstable Cournot Equilibrium Reaction Curve of Firm 2 Y2 Reaction Curve of Firm 2 Y2C1 Y2C 0 Y1 Ologopoly Theory C2 Y1C1 Y1C Y1 23 A Sufficient Condition for the Stability of the Cournot equilibrium |Ri'| < 1 The absolute value of the reaction curve is smaller than one. ~On unit increase of the rival's output changes the optimal output of the firm less than one unit. Ologopoly Theory 24 Why do we often assume the stability condition? Cournot Model is a One-Shot Game. It seems nonsense to discuss the dynamic adjustment. However, most IO papers assume this condition. Why? (1) This condition is plausible since it is satisfied under standard settings of cost and demand conditions. (2) evolution, learning (3) for comparative statistics (4) uniqueness Ologopoly Theory 25 Stabilityの条件の意味 (1) 通常の設定ではこの条件は満たされるから 反応曲線の傾き dY1/dY2= - (P'+P''Y1)/(2P'+P''Y1 - C1'') 戦略的代替(P'+P''Y1<0) , C1''≧0 →-1 <R1'<0 同質財でなかったり、限界費用が逓減していたりす れば戦略的代替のケースでも安定性の条件を満た さないことはある。いずれにせよ、この分野でよ く使われる標準的な設定では安定性の条件は満た される事が多い。 Ologopoly Theory 26 Stabilityの条件の意味 (3)比較静学をするため ・stabilityの条件を課さないと比較静学をしたとき正 負を確定できないことが多い ・通常満たされないような変な条件下で通常と逆の counter intuitiveな結果を出してもしょうがない Ologopoly Theory 27 Question: Suppose that firm 2's marginal cost is constant. Consider the effect of a reduction of firm 2's marginal cost on firm 2's reaction curve. Y2 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1 28 企業2の費用と反応曲線 Y2 0 Ologopoly Theory 反応曲線は上方にシフト Y1 29 企業2の費用とCournot均衡 ポイント:企業2の費用が低下 すると企業2の生産量が増え 企業1の生産量が減る。 Y2 企業1の 反応曲線 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1 30 Unstable Cournot Equilibrium 均衡が(局所的にでも) unstableな状況だとcounter intuitiveな結果が出てくる。 →普通の需要関数、費用関 数では出てこない状況を考 えてcounter intuitiveな結果 を出してもしょうがない。 Y2 企業1の 反応曲線 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1 31 Stabilityの条件の意味 (4) 均衡のuniqueness 安定性の条件が大域的に満たされている →前述の対応を考えることによって、Contraction Mapping Theoremがそのまま使える →均衡の一意性が保証される。 (Remark) 安定性の条件はあくまで十分条件であって 必要条件ではない Ologopoly Theory 32 Stable Cournot Equilibrium Y2 reaction curve of firm 1 reaction curve of firm 2 Y2C 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1C Y1 33 Unstable Cournot Equilibrium Reaction Curve of Firm 2 Y2 Reaction Curve of Firm 1 Y2C 0 Y1C Ologopoly Theory Y1 34 Unstable Cournot Equilibrium 前ページの例 Cournot均衡3つ、内点は不安定。この内点に注目し て比較静学する意味あるか? このような無意味な議論を避けるために安定性の条 件を課すことが多い。 Ologopoly Theory 35 問題:企業2の利潤はどの点が一 番大きいか? Y2 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1 36 企業2の生産量と利潤 Y2 0 Ologopoly Theory より利潤が大きい Y1 37 問題:企業2の利潤はどちらの方が 大きいか? Y2 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1 38 企業2の利潤 こちらがより利潤が大きい Y2 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1 39 企業2の利潤 等利得曲線 Y2 0 Ologopoly Theory Y1 40 Cournot均衡と効率性 Y2 企業1の 反応曲線 企業1の 等利潤曲線 企業2の 等利潤曲線 Y2* 0 Y1* 両企業の利潤が 増加する領域 Ologopoly Theory 企業2の 反応曲線 Y1 41 Welfare Implications ・各企業はライバルの利潤に与える影響を考えない で生産量を決定 →Cournot均衡での生産量は企業部門全体の利潤最大 化の観点からは過大生産 ・各企業の限界費用は価格を下回る。 →Cournot均衡での生産量は総余剰最大化の観点から は過小生産 Ologopoly Theory 42 Cournot Oligopoly 企業1、企業2、...企業nが同質財市場で競争 企業2は同時に独立に各自の生産量を決定 各企業の利得は自社の利潤 Ologopoly Theory 43 Cournot Equilibrium Cournot均衡の導出 P+P'Y1 =C1' 、 P+P'Y2 =C2'、... P+P'Yn =Cn'の連 立方程式を解くだけ 全ての企業がsymmetricなら P+P'Y1 =C1'、Y=nY1 の連立方程式から対象均衡を導出できる Ologopoly Theory 44 Symmetric Equilibrium Y-1 企業1の反応曲線 n-1 0 Y1* Ologopoly Theory Y1 45 Cournot Limit Theorem 企業1の一階条件 P+P'Y1 =C1' P(1+P' Y/P ・Y1/Y)=C1' P(1-η-1・Y1/Y)=C1' (η:需要の価格弾力性) η→∞ P → C1' (価格受容者の世界) Y1/Y→0 P → C1' (Cournotの極限定理の世界) Cournotの極限定理 企業数が十分大きくなれば価 格は限界費用に近づく Ologopoly Theory 46 Marginal Revenue for Small Firms P MR →P if Y is sufficiently small residual demand MR 0 Ologopoly Theory Y 47 perfect competition 価格受容者:価格を与えられた者として行動する者 自分が生産量を増やしても価格が変わらないと思い 込んでいる者 実際には需要の価格弾力性が無限大でない限り価格 は変化する。変化の程度はその企業が大きかろう と小さかろうと同じ。 「価格受容者=価格に影響を与えられないほど小さ な事業者」という説明は変。大きさにかかわりな く価格は変化する⇒完全競争というのはフィクショ ン Ologopoly Theory 48 Cournotの極限定理 Cournotの極限定理 企業数が十分大きくなれば価 格は限界費用に近づく 完全競争均衡≒Cournot均衡で企業数が十分大きな 世界 完全競争は現実の近似。 「企業が十分小さい⇒価格受容者として近似でき る」 Ologopoly Theory 49 strategic complements Y2 Cournot 均衡 企業1の 反応曲線 企業2の 反応曲線 Y2* 0 Ologopoly Theory 数量競争の文脈ではstrategic complementsになることはあまり 普通ではないがあり得なくはない Y1* Y1 50 strategic complements 企業1の 等利潤曲線 Y2 企業1の 反応曲線 企業2の 反応曲線 企業2の 等利潤曲線 Y2* 0 Y1* 両企業の利潤が 増加する領域 Ologopoly Theory Y1 51
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