オーストラリア研究(英語) Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) [email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess Japanese, Aussie defense chiefs hold powwow on cooperation 「米国以外で、豪州ほど緊密で高い協力をしている国はない」 “Except for the United States, no other nation maintains closer and higher levels of security cooperation with Japan than Australia” Ｄ Japanese Defence Minister Akinori Eto Australian Defense Minister David Johnston and Japanese counterpart Akinori Eto review an honor guard before their talks at the Defense Ministry in Tokyo Thursday. Richard Flanagan wins Booker Prize for “The Narrow Road to the Deep North” • The novel commemorates his father's experience in a Japanese POW camp • Flanagan is the 3rd Australian to take the award, after Thomas Keneally &Peter Carey • Said he was “ashamed to be Australian” during a scathing attack on the environmental policies of the Abbott govt: – Abbott declared that “coal is good for humanity” at the opening of a new mine in Queensland state that week… 14 Oct 2014 Australia's Parliament House Lifts Face Veil Ban • Australia's Parliament House on Monday lifted a shortlived ban on facial coverings including burqas and niqabs after the prime minister intervened. • The department that runs Parliament House had announced earlier this month that "persons with facial coverings" would no longer be allowed in the open public galleries. • The ban had been widely condemned as a segregation of Muslim women and a potential breach of anti-discrimination laws. Oct 20, 2014 Migration: White Australia MIGRANT OR IMMIGRANT? Migration = to move (migrant) (literally to change one’s place of living) Immigration = to move into (immigrant) BUT both describe those who have settled in a country other than their country of origin (i.e. NOT short-term workers, businesspeople, tourists, students, ‘entertainers’ etc) Defining an “International Migrant” 1) Crossing a state border 2) Minimum period of stay (e.g. 3 months +) 3) Residential ‘Intention’ Often the state defines who is and is not an IM • 移民・移住者 rarely heard in popular usage • Officially 入国者 is used rather than 移民在日外国人、ニューカマー、外国人労働者、日系人、アジアから来た花嫁さん etc “Japan has no migrants and is not a migrant society” 1788: 11 ships, 1500 人 (50% 囚人) （160,000 囚人 over next 80 years) GOLD-RUSH • 1850年代にオーストラリア東部で金鉱山が発見され、大量の移民が流れ込んで来た。 • イギリスを始め、アイルランド、フランス、ドイツ、イタリア、中国等、様々な国の人々が金鉱に押し寄せた。 • Migration at 50,000/year • 1888: Phrase ‘White Australia’ first appears… Origins of White Australia Policy Origins of White Australia Policy Origins of White Australia Policy DISTURBANCES AT CLUNES. (1873): MINERS RESISTING THE INTRODUCTION OF CHINESE LABOR. US House ‘regrets’ Chinese Exclusion Act • The House of Representatives unanimously passed a resolution Monday decrying a law — more than a century old — that prevented Chinese people from immigrating to the United States. • The resolution voices ‘regret’ for the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned Chinese workers from further immigration and barred existing residents from naturalisation and voting. • The Act lasted for roughly six decades, and marked the first and only time the United States federal government explicitly rejected an immigrant group on the basis of their origin. June 19, 2012 Pre-War (Federation-1945) Top 6 Overseas Born, 1901 1% 3% 9% 3% 4% 59% 21% UK Ireland Germany China New Zealand Sweden/Norway Other Total Overseas Born (外国生まれ) 857,576 (22.7%) Total Australian Population: 3,773, 801 Pre-War (Federation-1945) • 20世紀の初頭まではオーストラリアへの入国に関して人種による規制はなかった • しかし、中国から数多くの金採掘業者が入ってくるのに従って、非ヨーロッパ系移民に対する反発が強くなった • このことが1901年に発足した新連邦議会による初の移民制定法：「白豪主義政策」 Immigration Restriction Act (1901) （いわゆる「白豪主義政策」） • Goal : assimilation – Creating an ethnically homogeneous society (though exclusion of non-Europeans never written into law!) • Rationale: theories of racial superiority • Implementation – Fines for ships carrying ‘undesirable’ migrants – Dictation test… Dictation Test (移民資格試験 ) • 政府は公然と人種差別政策が行われている事実を隠蔽するため、移民資格試験を設けました • 移民審査官が移民申請者のヨーロッパ言語理解能力を試すもので、事実上形式だけの検査 • 聞き取り試験の際、審査官が申請者を受け入れないと判断すれば、その場で申請者が話すことが出来ないと思われる言語を選んで質問しました。 e.g. ゲール語やトランシルバニア語が使用されることも ‘write out dictation and sign in the presence of an officer, a passage of 50 words in a European language directed by the officer’ Níl aon tintéan mar do thintéan féin Scileann fíon fírinne. Is fear rith maith ná drochsheasamh Fillean meal ar an meallaire Aithníonn cíaróg cíaróg eile. Ní hé lá na gaoithe lá na scolb. Ná bac le mac an bhacaigh is ní bacfaidh mac an bhacaigh leat. Nuair atá an cat amuigh bíonn na luch ag damhsa. Meallan muilte Dé go mall ach meallan siad go mion. Japanese Reaction • Japan raised strong objections to Australia's Immigration Restriction Act • Japan lobbied the British extensively during the passage of Bill through Australian Federal parliament • Japan again tried to end White Australia by inserting a racial equality clause into the League of Nations preamble (1919) – Defeated by Australia PM Hughes… Tests then and now… • Dictation Test (1901-58) for migrants – 1904-09: only six out of 554 passed. No-one was able to pass the dictation test after 1909 (2000+ individuals excluded?) • New 市民権 Test for would-be citizens from October 2007 (revised 2009) – English proficiency – Australian history, values, customs, & laws 「すべての移民は英語を話し、男女が平等であることを理解すべきだ」 John Howard (2006.9.5) 目次あなたへのメッセージ 3 試験対象セクションパート 1 – オーストラリアとその国民 8 パート 2 – オーストラリアにおける民主主義の信念、権利、自由 16 パート 3 – オーストラリアの政治と法律 22 試験対象セクションの用語集 30 練習問題 34 Post-War (1945-1975) • POPULATE OR PERISH! 「人口を増やさなければオーストラリアは消滅する」 – From 1947 mass migration programs responded to need for labour post WWII ‘Ten-pound pom’ campaign • British citizens encouraged to immigrate to Australia in the 1950s and 1960s • ‘Assisted passage scheme’: journey from UK to OZ cost only ￡10 (\2000) for adults. • Those under 18 were free! • 1 million plus British citizens emigrated Official Apologies • 2009 Kevin Rudd official apology • 2010 Gordon Brown (British PM) “Oranges and Sunshine” オレンジと太陽 Post-War (1945-1975) • POPULATE OR PERISH! 「人口を増やさなければオーストラリアは消滅する」 – From 1947 mass migration programs responded to need for labour post WWII • Gradual Easing of Migration Restrictions – 800 non-European refugees allowed to stay – 650 Japanese war-brides (can apply for PR) • Focus on Southern European Migrants… – Painless integration… 移民はスノーウィマウンテンの大規模なダムや水力発電所の建設のために働きました Post-War (1945-1975) • 1957: non-Europeans with 15 years residence allowed to become citizens • 1958: Revised Migration Act abolished dictation test, removed mention of race • 1966: Well qualified non-Europeans accepted, PR available to all after 5 years Post-War (1945-1973) 1965: Labour’s longstanding commitment to White Australia policy is removed Whitlam (Labour) government ‘73 • All migrants could become citizens after 3yrs • Race to be ignored in selection of migrants • International race agreements to be ratified • 1975: Racial Discrimination Act 期間別(5か年抽出)移民出生主要6か国と総移民数に占める割合 1970年6月30日までの5年間 25% 46% 2% 3% 7% 9% 8% 総移民：８０４，１００ UK/Ireland Yugoslavia Italy Greece New Zealand Germany Others 期間別(5か年抽出)移民出生主要6か国と総移民数に占める割合 1980年6月30日までの5年間 25% 44% 12% 2% 3% 5% 9% 総移民：３４４，７００ UK New Zealand Vietnam Lebanon South Africa Mayasia Others 期間別(5か年抽出)移民出生主要6か国と総移民数に占める割合 1990年6月30日までの5年間 18% 49% 13% 6% 6% 4% 4% 総移民： 616,100 UK New Zealand Vietnam Philippines Hong Kong Malaysia Others 期間別(5か年抽出)移民出生主要6か国と総移民数に占める割合 2000年6月30日までの5年間 18% 48% 11% 8% 4% 5% 6% 総移民： 438,600 New Zealand UK China Yugoslavia South Africa India Others 27% 10% DY 2009/12/09 p. 15 Re-emergence of White Australia? December 2005 Cronulla Riots Cronulla Riots • Dec. 10th 2005: Lebanese Australian men attacked members of the N. Cronulla Surf Life Saving Club after they asked them to stop playing soccer because it was disturbing other beach users • The next day, 5,000, mainly whites, gathered on Cronulla Beach • Australia's biggest racist protest since vigilante miners killed two Chinese at Lambing Flat in 1860… • “Australians not racist”, says Howard Riots infiltrated by neo-Nazi’s • The Patriotic Youth League, which calls itself a "radical nationalist" group, was founded by One Nation activist Stuart McBeth in 2002. • It has links to the German-based skinhead group Volksfront, the British Nationalist Party and the New Zealand National Front. • It has campaigned for the immigrants to be deported and for foreign students to be kept out of universities. 讀賣新聞１４．１２．０５ p.7 「白豪主義」なお豪・移民と衝突 • 衝突は、１９７０年代に撤廃されたとはいえ、完全に消え去ることのない「白豪主義」と、米同時テロ以降に深まった中東系移民への不信感に起因する民族対立を改めて浮き彫りにした。 • イスラム系人口は全体の１．５％（３０万人） – ４割は７０年代の内戦を逃れてきたレバノン系讀賣新聞 2005.12.13 p.7 Tamworth rejects Sudanese refugees • A group of Sudanese refugees has been refused residence in Australia's most "Friendly Town" because of fears they could spark a repeat of the race riots that gripped Sydney a year ago. • Tamworth city officials said on they had rejected residency for 5 Sudanese families because they could stir racial unrest in the city, 260 km northwest of Sydney. Dec 15 2006 Foreign student death details suppressed (July 1 2009) st Protest in New Delhi against racial attacks on Indians in Australia (January 17th 2010) ‘Curry Bashing’ Attacks Australia is upset with a cartoon published in an Indian newspaper that shows a person in a in a Ku Klux Klan hood wearing a Victoria Police badge. The cartoon mocks recent remarks by Australian officials that say attacks against Indians are not racist, but typical "urban crimes“ (2010/1) オーストラリア人の約1割は人種至上主義者＝調査(1 in 10 Aussies racist) 2008年 09月 29日 19:42 JST ［キャンベラ２９日ロイター］人口に占める移民の比率が高く、多民族国家として知られるオーストラリアだが、国民の１０人に１人は「人種至上主義者」であることが調査で明らかになった。(belief in racial supremacy) 調査はウエスタン・シドニー大学が約１０年にわたり、ニューサウスウエールズ州の約１万２５００人を対象に実施。イスラム系など一部の民族グループが現代オーストラリア社会に属していないと考える人も全体の４６％になるなど、人種差別的視点を持つ人が少なくないことも明らかになった。(Muslims don’t belong in Australia) 調査を率いたケビン・ダン氏は、地元ラジオ局に対し「８０％以上の人が文化の多様性はメリットがあると考え、オーストラリア社会にとって良いことだと見ている」とコメント。その上で、全体の１０分の１は、人種によって優劣があると信じる人種至上主義的な人だという見方を示した。 VIDEO Next Week: Multicultural Australia… オーストラリア研究(英語) Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) [email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess Acute Skills Shortage: 97,500 skilled workers wanted for 2005… • Pastry Chefs • Cabinet makers • Bricklayers • Motor mechanics Worst Drought in 100 years • Howard unveils $350m drought relief (October 16) • Since 2001 the Howard Government has spent $1.25 billion in drought relief • TOUGHER stage 3 water bans could be imposed across Melbourne by Christmas if no rain (limit garden watering to just 2 days/week) • BUT, Government will not consider changing policy to sign the Kyoto Protocol... Australian dollar overtakes US dollar The Australian dollar is worth more than the US dollar for the first time since it became a freely traded currency (2010/10/15)