オーストラリア研究(英語)

オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Uluru/King’s Canyon
ウルル(エアーズロック)、カタ・ジュタ、キング
スキャニオンへ二泊三日で行ってきました。
ウルルは有名なこともあり、見慣れていまし
たが、写真や映像で見たあの巨大な岩が目
の前に現れると、想像以上に大きく、感動し
ました。風の谷のナウシカのモデルではない
か？とも言われる
Uluru/King’s Canyon
何と言っても一番感動したのが、映画「世
界の中心で愛をさけぶ」のラストシーンの舞
台にもなった、キングスキャニオン。。。上
から見える景色は果てしなく砂漠と砂漠の
植物のみで、ただキングスキャニオンだけ
が佇んでいるように感じました。。。人生で
初めてこんなにも美しい天の川を見ること
ができました。
Misogyny (ミソジニー )=女嫌い・女性嫌悪
Abbot names lone Woman to
Cabinet
Foreign Minister Julie Bishop
• Australian prime minister Tony
Abbott has rekindled sexism
accusations that have dogged his
career by naming only one woman to
his 19-member cabinet
• Mr Abbott, a 55-year-old former
Roman Catholic seminarian, battled
perceptions of sexism to lead his
conservative coalition to an election
victory…
• Mr Abbott was branded "a
misogynist" and "sexist" by Ms Gillard
in a speech that was lauded by
feminists around the world. Sept. 18, 2013
Julia Gillard's accuses
opposition leader, Tony Abbott,
of being sexist and a misogynist
(性差別主義者)
(女嫌いの人)
October 2012
PM's speech draws global
commentary: Lessons for
Obama?
•The Australian October 10, 2012 1:23PM
Definition to be broadened from “hatred of women”
to “entrenched prejudice against women”
PM accused of 'mansplaining'
... but what does it mean?
condescending/patronizing
=恩着せがましい
September 17, 2015
Leaked document tars Malcolm
Turnbull as worst minister on
appointing women
• Mr Turnbull has promised to promote more women to
his cabinet in contrast to Mr Abbott who appointed
just one woman - deputy leader Julie Bishop - to his
first cabinet, and promoted a second in his second
line-up, announced in December last year.
• "There is no greater enthusiast than me for seeing
more women in positions of power and influence in
Parliament, in ministries right across the country, I
can assure you of that. I am very committed to that,"
Mr Turnbull told journalists on Wednesday.
September 17, 2015
Australia has made much Progress to date…
Julia Gillard: 1st
female PM
Penny Wong: 1st Asianborn woman in cabinet
Quentin Bryce:
1st female
governor
general
“the gender gap was
narrowest and
women’s leadership
strongest in New
Zealand, Australia,
the Philippines, Sri
Lanka, and Mongolia”
2011.09.16 p.5
2011.09.28 p.5
Australian capital gives goahead to gay marriage
• Gay couples are expected to flood to
Canberra to wed after the Australian
capital became the first state in the
country to approve same sex marriage
• The Federal Government has confirmed it
will go ahead with a High Court challenge
after the ACT today became the first
Australian jurisdiction to legalise same-sex
marriage.
October 2013
Australia celebrates its first
gay marriages
• Australia's first gay
marriages have been
held in the national
capital Canberra,
despite the prospect
of a High Court
decision ruling
against the unions
later this week.
07 Dec 2013
Stephen Dawson (r) and his
partner Dennis Liddelow pose for a
wedding photo in front of
Parliament House in Canberra
BUT equality still a long way off
say 4 famous feminists…
Anne
Summers, an
Award-winning
author &
journalist
Germaine
Greer
Eva Cox, a founder of the
Women's Electoral Lobby
Elizabeth Evatt, the first Chief
Judge of the Family Court
Australian Feminism
3 Waves of Feminism
1) Equality Feminism (suffrage movement)
•
Securing the same rights as a man
2) Difference Feminism (1970s)
•
Women are not the same as men: destruction of
male-dominated society necessary (liberation)
3) Androgynous (両性具有の) Feminism
•
Biological sex differences are irrelevant in the
postmodern world
History of Feminism in Australia
1894 South Australia gives women the right…
(a) to vote (選挙権)
(b) to stand for parliament（参政権）
（候補者になれること）
1902 Same dual rights given to all (white)
women in Australia: a world first!
History of Feminism in Australia
1912
1921
Maternity Allowance ($$$ for white
working women on birth of child)
1st woman to win seat in parliament
BAR ROOM
SUFFRAGETTES
(参政権拡張論者)
Merle Thornton (r)
and Ro Bognor
chained to the bar
of the Regatta
Hotel, Brisbane,
after being refused
a beer
(March 1965)
The ‘Marriage Bar’
1966
History of Feminism in Australia
1972 Federal Child Care Act (funding)
– for public servants only
1973 Maternity Leave Act (52 weeks)
1975 Family Law Act : ‘no fault divorce’
– evidence of cruelty/adultery no longer nec.
– Property split 50/50
1975 Sex Discrimination Act (Employment)
1986 (‘99) Affirmative Action
- Companies must submit regular reports
New Laws to Support Parents
• From 2010 every parent entitled to 1 year
unpaid parental leave with their job
guaranteed
– 2 parents= 2 years of leave!
• Since 2005-06 a A$4,000 (\350,000) ‘Baby
bonus’ has been paid to parents for their
newborns
– Birthrate 1.95 in 2012!
• Australian population forecast to jump
65% to 35 million by 2049!
“Equality will only get us so
far…women have equal
access to the law, but what if
its categories, constructs,
and interpretations are based
on men’s experiences of the
world?”
Marilyn Lake (1999:4)
3 Waves of Feminism
1) Equality Feminism (suffrage movement)
•
Securing the same rights as a man
2) Difference Feminism (1970s)
•
Women are not the same as men: destruction of
male-dominated society necessary (liberation)
3) Androgynous (両性具有の) Feminism
•
Biological sex differences are irrelevant in the
postmodern world
The Female Eunuch：Germaine Greer
(去勢された女)
Biology
Society
Individual
“One
is not born a
one
SEX woman,
GENDER
SEXUALITY
one”. （性的嗜好）
（性別） becomes
（ジェンダー）
Simone de
Beauvoir
Male
=
(Female)
Masculinity = Heterosexual
(Femininity)
(Homosexual)
The Female Eunuch: Key
Arguments
• Girls conditioned (社会化された) from a
young age to accept gender-roles
• Physically and psychologically women’s
energy and vitality have been suppressed
• Encouraged individual rebellion,
independence, liberty: “no option but to run
away”
“What will you do?”
(さあ、あなたは何をする？）
Agree or Disagree?
• The nuclear family (核家族 ) is a source of
inequality (不平等) for women (A) ・ (D)
• The economic dependence of a woman on
a man is sex slavery (性奴隷)
(A) ・ (D)
• The high divorce rate is a sign of women’s
liberation (女性解放)
(A) ・ (D)
MASCULINE CHARACTERISTICS
Practical, rough, proud
豪
Unemotion
al, taciturn
Hard-working, diligent,
conservative,
persevering, rational
DESCRIPTION OR
EXPECTATION?
Strong, outspoken,
active, cheerful
Kind
日
Quiet, polite, passive,
courteous, servile,
demure
FEMININE CHARACTERISTICS
According to the myth the typical Australian
is a practical man, rough and ready in his
manners and quick to decry any
appearance of affectation in others. He is a
great improviser, ever willing to have a go
at anything, but willing to be content with a
task done in a way that is near
enough.…He swears hard and consistently,
gambles heavily and often, and drinks
deeply on occasion…he is usually taciturn
rather than talkative…he believes that Jack
is not only as good as his master, but, at
least in principle, probably a good deal
better, and so he is a great knocker of
eminent ｢偉い｣people.
Russel Ward, The Australian Legend (1958: 1-2)
MASCULINE IMAGES
Bushranger (山賊)
ANZAC (軍隊)
Heath Ledger in Ned Kelly
Convict (囚人)
FEMININE CHARACTERISTICS
‘Damned Whores’
(売春婦)
‘God’s Police’
(神様の警察)
Japan: 10位 (豪=2)
Japan: 57位
(豪=7)
2010
Japan: 94位 (豪=23)
UN Gender Empowerment
Measure (GEM)
• Seats in parliament held by women (%)
• Female officials, administrators, and
managers (%)
• Female professionals and technical
workers (%)
• The income women earn (ratio to male
income)
1999: Rank 38
2003: Rank 44
2007: Rank 54
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2009 (2009: 186)
Australia
(Rank 7)
Japan
(Rank 57)
Seats in
parliament (%)
36%
12%
Female officials,
managers(%)
31%
9%
51%
46%
0.77
0.45
Female
professionals
(%)
Income (ratio
male income)
WHO Global Gender Gap Index 2013
Download
Full Report
Here!
Women in Parliament (女性国会議員)： Japan 8%, Australia 25% (overall rank 24)
オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://info.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Australia sees first Aboriginal
woman in parliament
• Former Olympian Nova
Peris has become the first
Aboriginal woman elected
to Australia's national
parliament, a welcome
achievement for the centreleft Labor Party which lost
power in the polls.
September 2013
Aboriginal petition against
gay (same-sex) marriage
• The Uluru bark petition, backed by leaders of
70 different indigenous cultural groups, was
formally delivered to the government.
• The group opposes same-sex marriage on
the basis that traditional unions between a
man and a woman have always been upheld
amongst the oldest living culture on earth.
• Indigenous Liberal MP Ken Wyatt said
fathers and mothers were deeply honoured
in Aboriginal culture.
20th August, 2015

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