オーストラリア研究(英語)

オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Migration: White Australia
MIGRANT OR IMMIGRANT?
Migration = to move (migrant)
(literally to change one’s place of living)
Immigration = to move into (immigrant)
BUT both describe those who have settled in
a country other than their country of origin
(i.e. NOT short-term workers, businesspeople, tourists, students, ‘entertainers’ etc)
Defining an “International
Migrant”
1) Crossing a state border
2) Minimum period of stay (e.g. 3 months +)
3) Residential ‘Intention’
Often the state defines who is and is not an IM
• 移民・移住者 rarely heard in popular usage
• Officially 入国者 is used rather than 移民
在日外国人、ニューカマー、外国人労働者、
日系人、アジアから来た花嫁さん etc
“Japan has no migrants and is
not a migrant society”
1788: 11 ships, 1500 人 (50% 囚人)
（160,000 囚人 over next 80 years)
GOLD-RUSH
• 1850年代にオーストラリア東部で金鉱山が発見さ
れ、大量の移民が流れ込んで来た。
• イギリスを始め、アイルランド、フランス、ドイツ、イタ
リア、中国等、様々な国の人々が金鉱に押し寄せた。
• Migration at 50,000/year
• 1888: Phrase ‘White Australia’
first appears…
Origins of White Australia Policy
Origins of White Australia Policy
Origins of White Australia Policy
DISTURBANCES AT CLUNES. (1873): MINERS RESISTING
THE INTRODUCTION OF CHINESE LABOR.
US House ‘regrets’ Chinese
Exclusion Act
• The House of Representatives unanimously passed
a resolution decrying a law — more than a century
old — that prevented Chinese people from
immigrating to the United States.
• The resolution voices ‘regret’ for the Chinese
Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned Chinese
workers from further immigration and barred existing
residents from naturalisation and voting.
• The Act lasted for roughly six decades, and marked
the first and only time the United States federal
government explicitly rejected an immigrant group
on the basis of their origin.
June 19, 2012
Pre-War (Federation-1945)
Top 6 Overseas Born, 1901
1%
3%
9%
3%
4%
59%
21%
UK
Ireland
Germany
China
New Zealand
Sweden/Norway
Other
Total Overseas Born (外国生まれ) 857,576 (22.7%)
Total Australian Population: 3,773, 801
Pre-War (Federation-1945)
• 20世紀の初頭まではオーストラリアへの入国
に関して人種による規制はなかった
• しかし、中国から数多くの金採掘業者が入っ
てくるのに従って、非ヨーロッパ系移民に対す
る反発が強くなった
• このことが1901年に発足した新連邦議会に
よる初の移民制定法：「白豪主義政策」
Immigration Restriction Act (1901)
（いわゆる「白豪主義政策」）
• Goal : assimilation
– Creating an ethnically homogeneous society
(though exclusion of non-Europeans never written
into law!)
• Rationale: theories of racial superiority
• Implementation
– Fines for ships carrying ‘undesirable’ migrants
– Dictation test…
Dictation Test (移民資格試験 )
• 政府は公然と人種差別政策が行われている事実を
隠蔽するため、移民資格試験を設けました
• 移民審査官が移民申請者のヨーロッパ言語理解能
力を試すもので、事実上形式だけの検査
• 聞き取り試験の際、審査官が申請者を受け入れな
いと判断すれば、その場で申請者が話すことが出
来ないと思われる言語を選んで質問しました。
e.g. ゲール語やトランシルバニア語が使用されることも
‘write out dictation and sign in the
presence of an officer, a passage
of 50 words in a European
language directed by the officer’
Níl aon tintéan mar do thintéan féin
Scileann fíon fírinne.
Is fear rith maith ná drochsheasamh
Fillean meal ar an meallaire
Aithníonn cíaróg cíaróg eile.
Ní hé lá na gaoithe lá na scolb.
Ná bac le mac an bhacaigh is ní bacfaidh mac an bhacaigh leat.
Nuair atá an cat amuigh bíonn na luch ag damhsa.
Meallan muilte Dé go mall ach meallan siad go mion.
Japanese Reaction
• Japan raised strong objections to
Australia's Immigration Restriction Act
• Japan lobbied the British extensively
during the passage of Bill through
Australian Federal parliament
• Japan again tried to end White Australia
by inserting a racial equality clause into
the League of Nations preamble (1919)
– Defeated by Australia PM Hughes…
Tests then and now…
• Dictation Test (1901-58) for migrants
– 1904-09: only six out of 554 passed. No-one
was able to pass the dictation test after 1909
(2000+ individuals excluded?)
• New 市民権 Test for would-be citizens
from October 2007 (revised 2009)
– English proficiency
– Australian history, values, customs, & laws
「すべての移民は英語を話し、男女が平等であるこ
とを理解すべきだ」 John Howard (2006.9.5)
目次
あなたへのメッセージ 3
試験対象セクション
パート 1 – オーストラリアとそ
の国民 8
パート 2 – オーストラリアにお
ける民主主義の信念、権利、
自由 16
パート 3 – オーストラリアの
政治と法律 22
試験対象セクションの用語集
30
練習問題 34
Post-War (1945-1975)
• POPULATE OR PERISH!
「人口を増やさなければオーストラリアは消滅する」
– From 1947 mass migration programs
responded to need for labour post WWII
‘Ten-pound pom’ campaign
• British citizens encouraged to immigrate to
Australia in the 1950s and 1960s
• ‘Assisted passage scheme’: journey from
UK to OZ cost only ￡10 (\2000) for adults.
• Those under 18 were free!
• 1 million plus British citizens emigrated
Official Apologies
• 2009 Kevin Rudd official apology
• 2010 Gordon Brown (British PM)
“Oranges and Sunshine”
オレンジと太陽
DVD-6291
Post-War (1945-1975)
• POPULATE OR PERISH!
「人口を増やさなければオーストラリアは消滅する」
– From 1947 mass migration programs
responded to need for labour post WWII
• Gradual Easing of Migration Restrictions
– 800 non-European refugees allowed to stay
– 650 Japanese war-brides (can apply for PR)
• Focus on Southern European Migrants…
– Painless integration…
移民はス
ノーウィマウ
ンテンの大
規模なダム
や水力発電
所の建設の
ために働き
ました
Post-War (1945-1975)
• 1957: non-Europeans with 15 years
residence allowed to become citizens
• 1958: Revised Migration Act abolished
dictation test, removed mention of race
• 1966: Well qualified non-Europeans
accepted, PR available to all after 5 years
Post-War (1945-1973)
1965: Labour’s longstanding commitment to White
Australia policy is removed
Whitlam (Labour) government ‘73
• All migrants could become citizens after 3yrs
• Race to be ignored in selection of migrants
• International race agreements to be ratified
• 1975: Racial Discrimination Act
期間別(5か年抽出)移民出生主要6か
国と総移民数に占める割合
1970年6月30日までの5年間
25%
46%
2%
3%
7%
9%
8%
総移民：８０４，１００
UK/Ireland
Yugoslavia
Italy
Greece
New Zealand
Germany
Others
期間別(5か年抽出)移民出生主要6か
国と総移民数に占める割合
1980年6月30日までの5年間
25%
44%
12%
2%
3%
5%
9%
総移民：３４４，７００
UK
New Zealand
Vietnam
Lebanon
South Africa
Mayasia
Others
期間別(5か年抽出)移民出生主要6か
国と総移民数に占める割合
1990年6月30日までの5年間
18%
49%
13%
6%
6%
4%
4%
総移民： 616,100
UK
New Zealand
Vietnam
Philippines
Hong Kong
Malaysia
Others
期間別(5か年抽出)移民出生主要6か
国と総移民数に占める割合
2000年6月30日までの5年間
18%
48%
11%
8%
4% 5%
6%
総移民： 438,600
New Zealand
UK
China
Yugoslavia
South Africa
India
Others
27%
10%
DY 2009/12/09 p. 15
India now Biggest Source of
Migrants to Australia (2011-12)
2010-11: 21,768
2010-11: 29,547
TOTAL 2010-11:
184,998
(70% skill stream, 30%
family stream)
(N.B. New Zealand citizens are not counted as part of the migration program).
Re-emergence of White Australia?
Attacks on Indians…
Foreign student death details
suppressed (July 1 2009)
st
Protest in New Delhi against racial
attacks on Indians in Australia
(January 17th 2010)
‘Curry Bashing’ Attacks
Australia is upset with a cartoon published in an Indian
newspaper that shows a person in a in a Ku Klux Klan hood
wearing a Victoria Police badge. The cartoon mocks recent
remarks by Australian officials that say attacks against
Indians are not racist, but typical "urban crimes“ (2010/1)
Re-emergence of White Australia?
Attacks on Muslims…
December 2005
Cronulla Riots
Cronulla Riots
• Dec. 10th 2005: Lebanese Australian men
attacked members of the N. Cronulla Surf
Life Saving Club after they asked them to
stop playing soccer because it was
disturbing other beach users
• The next day, 5,000, mainly whites,
gathered on Cronulla Beach
• Australia's biggest racist protest since
vigilante miners killed two Chinese at
Lambing Flat in 1860…
• “Australians not racist”, says Howard
Riots infiltrated by neo-Nazi’s
• The Patriotic Youth League, which calls itself a
"radical nationalist" group, was founded by One
Nation activist Stuart McBeth in 2002.
• It has links to the German-based skinhead group
Volksfront, the British Nationalist Party and the
New Zealand National Front.
• It has campaigned for the immigrants to be
deported and for foreign students to be kept out
of universities.
讀賣新聞１４．１２．０５ p.7
「白豪主義」なお
豪・移民と衝突
• 衝突は、１９７０年代に撤廃されたとはいえ、
完全に消え去ることのない「白豪主義」と、米
同時テロ以降に深まった中東系移民への不
信感に起因する民族対立を改めて浮き彫り
にした。
• イスラム系人口は全体の１．５％（３０万人）
– ４割は７０年代の内戦を逃れてきたレバノン系
讀賣新聞 2005.12.13 p.7
Australian Muslim
frontbencher suffers online
abuse after Koran oath
• Australia’s first Muslim
frontbencher, Ed
Husic, has been
subjected to “extreme”
abuse after he chose
to swear his oath of
office on the Koran.
July 2013
Australia's Parliament House
Lifts Face Veil Ban
• Australia's Parliament House on Monday lifted a shortlived ban on facial coverings including burqas and
niqabs after the prime minister intervened.
• The department that runs Parliament House had
announced earlier this month that "persons with facial
coverings" would no longer be allowed in the open
public galleries.
• The ban had been widely condemned as a
segregation of Muslim women and a potential breach
of anti-discrimination laws.
Oct 20, 2014
オーストラリア人の約1割は人種至上主
義者＝調査(1 in 10 Aussies racist)
2008年 09月 29日 19:42 JST
［キャンベラ２９日ロイター］人口に占める移民の比率が高く、多
民族国家として知られるオーストラリアだが、国民の１０人に１人は「人
種至上主義者」であることが調査で明らかになった。(belief in racial
supremacy)
調査はウエスタン・シドニー大学が約１０年にわたり、ニューサウスウ
エールズ州の約１万２５００人を対象に実施。イスラム系など一部の民
族グループが現代オーストラリア社会に属していないと考える人も全体
の４６％になるなど、人種差別的視点を持つ人が少なくないことも明ら
かになった。(Muslims don’t belong in Australia)
調査を率いたケビン・ダン氏は、地元ラジオ局に対し「８０％以上の人
が文化の多様性はメリットがあると考え、オーストラリア社会にとって良
いことだと見ている」とコメント。その上で、全体の１０分の１は、人種に
よって優劣があると信じる人種至上主義的な人だという見方を示した。
VIDEO
Next Week: Multicultural
Australia…
オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Acute Skills Shortage: 97,500
skilled workers wanted for 2005…
• Pastry Chefs
• Cabinet makers
• Bricklayers
• Motor mechanics
Worst Drought in 100 years
• Howard unveils $350m drought
relief (October 16)
• Since 2001 the Howard Government has
spent $1.25 billion in drought relief
• TOUGHER stage 3 water bans could be
imposed across Melbourne by Christmas if
no rain
(limit garden watering to just 2 days/week)
• BUT, Government will not consider changing
policy to sign the Kyoto Protocol...
Australian dollar overtakes
US dollar
The Australian dollar is worth more than the US
dollar for the first time since it became a freely
traded currency (2010/10/15)
Tamworth rejects Sudanese
refugees
• A group of Sudanese refugees has been
refused residence in Australia's most
"Friendly Town" because of fears they
could spark a repeat of the race riots that
gripped Sydney a year ago.
• Tamworth city officials said on they had
rejected residency for 5 Sudanese families
because they could stir racial unrest in the
city, 260 km northwest of Sydney.
Dec 15 2006

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