オーストラリア研究(英語)

オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected]/http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Grand Final (October 3rd)
(120th annual Grand Final to be held since the match's inception in 1898)
The MCG (Melbourne
Cricket Ground), where
the match took place.
(優勝を決定するシーズン最後の試合)
Highlights
Shorten (ショーテン）
Australian Labor Party (労働党)
• National government from 1983~96,
2007~2013
Turnbull (ターンブル）
Liberal Party (自由党)
• National government from 1996-07,
2013~
Previous Federal
Elections
•2004
•2007
•2010
•2013
2004 Election: Historic Win
• 4th Election win for John Howard
(1996, 1998, 2001, 2004)
• Longest serving PM since Menzies
– founded Liberal Party in 1944
– PM 1945-1966
• 「サッチャリズムが手本」
• Coalition Senate majority for first time
since 1981!
（下院）
Nov. 2007 Federal Election
Kevin Rudd (Labor Party)
保
守
連
合
Landslide Victory
(圧倒的勝利）
13.6 million Australian enrolled to vote, turnout 94.76%
Turnout 95.17%
6 year terms: half seats
contested every 3 years
すばやく行動すること
Rudd Hits the Ground Running..
• Dec. 07: sworn in as PM
– 1st PM not to mention the Queen when taking
his oath of office
• Dec. ’07: signs Kyoto Protocol
• Feb. ‘08: apologises to ‘stolen generations’
• July ‘09: Iraq withdrawal completed
Night of the Long Knives…
(長いナイフの夜事件)
• June 2010: collapse in support
for Rudd's leadership of the
Party
• Rudd forced to step down, to be
be replaced by Julia Gillard
• 1st Australian Prime Minister to
be removed from office by his
own party during his first term
Aug. 2010 Federal Election
Letter from a Tsuda student
• 「8月21日はオーストラリアの選挙でした。実
際にその様子をオーストラリア訪問中に目の
当たりにし、以下における２つの事が私にとっ
ての驚きでした：
• （１）オーストラリアでは選挙は１８歳以上には
義務づけられているという点
• （２）選挙中にネガティブ・キャンペーンと呼ば
れる、相手の党を侮辱・批判するCMやポ
スターがあったこと。」
ネガティブ・キャンペーン
「オーストラリアは毎日ばんばんそのようなCM
を流してて驚きましたが、同時に新鮮だった。侮
辱とか批判とはいえ、私が見たのは、現在行っ
ているダメージある政策とか、無駄遣いの現実
とか、ショッキングな感じに流して「あなたはこん
な党に票を入れて、国にリスクを犯すのですか
？」的なことを訴えるものでした。
このようなキャンペーンをオーストラリアで日々
見てきて、私は今まで政治に全く無関心だった
のに、これを機に興味を持つ事ができました。」
Negative campaigning…
2010
72}
2010/9/8
Australia leader ousted in snap
leadership vote: Election to be
brought forward?
• Kevin Rudd beat
Australian Prime
Minister Julia Gillard in
a ballot for the Labor
leadership as the
ruling party seeks to
revive its fortunes
ahead of an election
that opinion polls show
it will lose in a
landslide.
Gillard passed a record amount of
legislation for a post-war Australian
Prime Minister
• Australia's first National Disability Insurance Scheme, of direct
benefit to the 500,000 Australians living with disability
• Introduction of carbon pricing & an Emissions Trading Scheme
which has reduced carbon emissions in Austr. between 8-11%
• Overseeing the Gonski review for the revolutionary overhaul of
the entire primary and secondary education sector
• Seeing that Australia take up a seat on the UN security council
for the first time
• Instituted life-changing policies for improvements in indigenous
literacy
• Overseeing a national broadband network of high-speed
internet
A super-competent leader
destroyed by sexism?
Achievement does not equal respect if
you're a woman
• It must beggar belief in other developed stations
to see a leader who has delivered low
unemployment, low interest rates, low inflation,
three triple-A credit ratings and the third-lowest
rate of debt in the OECD shafted so brutally.
• The problem for Julia Gillard was not - as it had
been with her predecessor Rudd - her
performance. It was that, from to beginning to
end, she remained female…
UK Telegraph, 26 June 2013
Sept. 2013 Federal Election
トニー・アボットさんオーストラリ
ア次期首相
House of Representatives, 150 seats (Turnout 93.34%)
Ｖｏｔｅｓ
％
Ｓｗiｎｇ
5,583,213
46.55
-3.65
6,411,135
53.45
+3.65
Senate, 76 seats (Turnout 93.34%)
Australia’s Abbot Sworn in
Tony Abbot, left, poses with Gov. Quentin Bryce after being sworn in as
the 28th prime minister of Australia at Government House in Canberra
Major New Policies
• Abolish Carbon Tax
– 二酸化炭素（ＣＯ２）排出企業に負担を課す炭素
税の廃止
• Use the Navy to turn back asylum seeker
boats to Indonesian waters
– アジアや中東などからの避難民がインドネシアか
ら密航船で豪州を目指している船をストップ
• Give women up to six months maternity
leave, on full pay, upon the birth of a baby
– 有給の産休（6か月）
豪州の選挙制度（History）
豪州の選挙制度（History）
• House of Representatives (Lower House) 下院
（定数１５０）は小選挙区制
[日本：３００人は小選挙区制；２００人比例代表制]
• Senate (Upper House) 上院
上院（同７６）は全国８選挙区ごとに定数を選出する
比例代表制 (12 from each of the 6 states; 2 from each of
the mainland territories. Virtually equal power with HOR)
[日本：１５２人はmulti-member選挙区制；１００人比
例代表制]
豪州の選挙制度（History）
• 被選挙権・選挙権
– １８歳以上の国民（日本：２５・３０）
• 義務投票制
– １９２５年の総選挙以来
– ２０豪ドル（１６００円）の罰金
• 秘密（無記名）投票制
– １８５５年、世界ではじめて導入
• 女性参政権（１８９２年・１９０２年）
豪下
＄３５０
（￥２８，０００）
豪上
＄７００
（￥５６，０００）
日下３００万円
日上６００万円
Before being given the ballot paper,
voters must answer 3 questions
1)
What is your name?
2)
Where do you live?
3)
Have you voted before in this election?
No ID required!
How to vote?
Beach ballot: A family votes at a polling
station on Sydney's Bondi Beach in
Australia's general election Sunday. | AFPJIJI
Preferential Voting （下院＆上院）
順位制
「死票」(wasted votes)を防ぐため
• 全候補者に１位、２位etcと順位をつけて投票
• 一位票の過半数得票者がいなかった場合、最
下位の候補から除外
• 除外候補の投票した有権者の票は、２に選ん
でいた別の候補に回す
(this is called the distribution of preferences)
• 得票者が出るまでこの手順を繰り返す
To be elected (得票者になるため)…
HOR (下院): every
3 years
150 選挙区
(=electorates): each
electorate elects 1
member (=50%
required)
Senate (上院)
８選挙区: each state
has 12 senators:
usually 6 senators are
elected every 3 years
(=16.6% required)
上院
Senate
下院
House of
Representatives
(上院）
Problem: Senate Voting
Undemocratic?
Because most (95%) of voters only indicate a
party preference, the parties themselves
decide how preferences are distributed
e.g. 2007, Victoria: Independent candidate
elected to the senate despite receiving
only 1.88% of the vote (56,376) after
receiving preferences from all parties
(The Greens got 8.7% of vote but nothing!)
Some Key Political Figures
• Ken Wyatt, first
Aboriginal first selfidentifying* Aboriginal
member member of
the House of
Representatives (下院）
• Won the West
Australian seat of
Hasluck for the
Liberals (2010); reelected 2013
*N.B Mal Brough is of Aboriginal descent but does not
identify himself as such…
(上院）
Aboriginal Senate Members
• Neville Bonner, first indigenous
Australian to sit in the Australian
Parliament (1971~1983)
• Aden Ridgeway, only Aboriginal
member of Parliament (1999-2005)
• Former Olympian Nova Peris has
become the first Aboriginal woman
elected to Australia's national
parliament in 2013
Pauline
Hanson:
November
6th Lecture
Julia Gillard
• UK born
• HOR member for
Victoria since 1988
• Deputy Prime Minister
of Australia (1st woman)
2006~2010
• June 2010: Became
1st female primeminister of Australia
• Retired from politics
after losing leadership
election in June 2013
Penny Wong
• 1st entered Senate in
2002
• Was Minister for
Finance & Deregulation
• 1st openly gay
member of the
Australian
Commonwealth Cabinet
• 1st Asian-born Federal
Minister
• Now Labor’s leader in
the Senate…
Peter Garrett
Ex-Minister for School Education & Youth
(1st elected in 2004 election from New South Wales; resigned
with Gillard in June 2013; did not seek re-election)
APRA’s Ten Best OZ Songs
1.
Friday on My Mind (The Easybeats)
2.
Eagle Rock (Daddy Cool)
3.
Beds are Burning (Midnight Oil)
4.
Down Under (Men at Work)
5.
Pub With No Beer (Slim Dusty)
6.
The Loved One (The Loved Ones)
7.
Don't Dream It's Over (Crowded House)
8.
Khe Sanh (Cold Chisel)
9.
It's A Long Way To The Top (AC/DC)
10.
Quasimodo's Dream (The Reels)
Beds are Burning (Midnight Oil)
• The time has come
To say fair's fair
To pay the rent
To pay our share
The time has come
A fact's a fact
It belongs to them
Let's give it back
How can we dance when our earth is turning?
How do we sleep while our beds are burning?
オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected]/http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Roger Pulvers
(Playwright/Director)
• Leader in New
Wave Australian
Theatre
• Plays first to be
written by an
Australian in
Japanese

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