Endogenous Flexibility in Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) Joint work with Daisuke Shimizu Oligopoly Theory 1 Plan of the presentation (1) Rough sketch of the model and results (2) Background (2a)Production substitution and R&D (2b)Overview of spatial competition (3) Non-spatial interpretation of delivered pricing model (4) Explanation of related works (5) Formal explanation of our model (6) Results and implications Oligopoly Theory 2 Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) FMS:多品種少量生産 需要に応じて柔軟に生産する種類を切り替え、各 製品の生産量を柔軟に量を変える ⇔フォードシステム:少品種大量生産 Oligopoly Theory 3 Rough sketch of the model duopoly, delivered pricing model (shipping model), exogenous locations, Cournot competition, linear transport cost In the first stage firms choose the level of transport cost. In the second stage firms face Cournot competition. Our main concerns: Relationship between equilibrium and efficient levels of transport cost. Oligopoly Theory 4 Result Equilibrium level of transport cost is lower than socially efficient level. The level of transport cost corresponds to the degree of flexibility in manufacturing system Eaton and Schmitt (1994) →Firms adopt too flexible system from the normative viewpoint Oligopoly Theory 5 Welfare-improving production substitution ・限界費用の低い企業の生産量が増えて限界費 用の高い企業の生産量が減る →全体の生産費用が節約されて経済厚生が改善 する Oligopoly Theory 6 Welfare-improving production substitution 企 業 2 の 生 企業1の 産 量 反応曲線 0 Oligopoly Theory 変化後の 企業1の 反応曲線 企業2の 反応曲線 企業1の生産量 7 Welfare-reducing production substitution 企業1の 反応曲線 企 業 2 の 生 産 量 変化前の 企業2の 反応曲線 変化後の 企業2の 反応曲線 0 Oligopoly Theory 企業1の生産量 8 Two Models of Spatial Competition (1) Mill Pricing Model (Shopping Model) Consumers pay the transport costs. Consumers go to the firm's shop. (2) Delivered Pricing Model (Shipping Model, Spatial Price Discrimination Model) Firms pay the transport costs. Firms bring the goods to the markets. Oligopoly Theory 9 Mill Pricing Model (Shopping Model) 長岡京 河原町 高槻 梅田 茨木 淡路 Oligopoly Theory 10 Delivered Pricing Model (Shipping Model, Spatial Price Discrimination Model) 北海道 東北 九州 Oligopoly Theory 関西 東海 関東 11 Hamilton, Thisse, and Weskamp (1989) duopoly, delivered pricing model, linear transport cost, linear demand at point, Hotelling–type linear city each In the first stage firms choose their locations In the second stage firms face Bertrand or Cournot competition Oligopoly Theory 12 Bertrand Firm 1 0 Oligopoly Theory 1/4 Firm 2 3/4 1 13 Cournot Firm 2 Firm 1 0 Oligopoly Theory 1/2 1 14 Pal (1998) duopoly, delivered pricing model, linear transport cost, linear demand at each point, Salop–type circular markets In the first stage firms choose their locations In the second stage firms face Cournot competition Oligopoly Theory 15 Cournot Firm 1 0 1/2 Firm 2 Oligopoly Theory 16 Shipping modelのその他の研究 Oligopoly: Anderson and Neven(1991), Matsushima (2001),Shimizu and Matsumura (2003), Gupta et al (2004), Matsumura, Ohkawa, and Shimizu (2005) Welfare: Matsumura and Shimizu (2005a, 2005b) Oligopoly Theory 17 Shipping modelのその他の研究 General Transport Costs: Gupta (2004), Matsumura and Shimizu (2006) Mixed Strategy Equilibria: Matsumura and Shimizu (2008) Product Differentiation: Shimizu (2002), Yu and Lai (2003) Oligopoly Theory 18 Shipping modelのその他の研究 Multi Plants: Chamorro-Rivas (2000), Pal and Sarkar (2002) Different Production Costs across locations Mayer (2000) Oligopoly Theory 19 Shipping modelのapplications FMS: Anderson and de Palma (1998), Eaton and Schmitt(1994), Norman and Thisse(1999). Antitrust Gupta, Kats, and Pal(1995), Matsumura(2003,2004), Matsumura and Matsushima (2005) ,Matsumura and Okamura (2006) Mixed Oligopoly Matsushima and Matsumura (2003, 2006) Oligopoly Theory 20 Spatial Interpretation of Shipping Model Firm 1 Market A Oligopoly Theory Firm 2 Market B 21 Non Spatial Interpretation of Shipping Model: Technological Choice (Matsumura (2004)) Firm 1 Firm 2 Market A: Market B: Small Car Large Car Oligopoly Theory 22 Non Spatial Interpretation of Shipping Model: FMS Eaton and Schmitt (1994) Variant (firm 2) Firm 1 Base Product (firm 1) Oligopoly Theory Base Product (firm 2) Firm 2 Variant (firm 1) 23 Röller and Tombak (1990) duopoly, 2 markets, linear demand at each point In the first stage firms choose whether or not to adopt FMS. If a firm supplies for both markets iff it adopt FMS. In the second stage firms face Cournot competition →Private incentives for adopting FMS is too small from the normative viewpoint Oligopoly Theory 24 Intuition 双方がFMSを選ばないと双方が単一市場で独占 になる。 FMSを選ぶと競争が起こる →消費者の利益が増える →これを企業は考慮しないのでFMSを導入する 誘因は過小。 Oligopoly Theory 25 Röller and Tombak (1990)への疑問 Röller and Tombak (1990) あるいは他の多くの研 究が指摘しているとおり現在ではほとんどの企業が 何らかの形でFMSを導入している。 →incentiveは過小なのだけれどしかしそれでも浸 透してしまった、と考えるのは自然か? →既に(程度はともかくとして)浸透したシステムの 導入のincentiveを今更議論してもしょうがない(もち ろん彼らが論文を書いた時点では意味があった)。 Oligopoly Theory 26 この論文がやったこと ・FMSを入れるか入れないかというall or nothingの選択ではなく、FMSが導入されるこ とを前提として、そのflexibility を内生化する。 ・flexibilityの程度が過小なのか過大なのかを 分析する。 ・flexibilityの程度に依らず競争が起こってい る事を前提とする(当然競争の程度は変わる が)。 Oligopoly Theory 27 The Model ・exogenous locations(内生化しても同じ) ・circular-markets ・linear transport cost ・linear demand In the first stage each firm chooses t (unit transport cost). In the second stage firms face Cournot competition Oligopoly Theory 28 Notations Ii(ti): Investment Cost x∈(0,1): location qi: Firm i‘s output Q: Total output ci(ti) : Firm i's production cost p(Q)=A-Q: demand function πi: Firm i‘s profit Π: total profits CS: Consumer surplus W: social surplus tE: equilibrium level of t tW: optimal level of t (for W) tC: optimal level of t (for CS) tP: optimal level of t (for producer surplus) Oligopoly Theory 29 Two Models Model 1 Flexibility increases →Fixed Investment cost I(T) increases Model 2 Flexibility increases →Variable production cost c(T) increases Oligopoly Theory 30 Model 1 t 0 Oligopoly Theory 固定費を投入してflexibilityを確保 I(固定費用) 31 Model 2 base productの競争力を弱めてflexibilityを上げる t base productの生産 に高い競争力 高いflexibility 0 c(可変費用) Oligopoly Theory 32 Results Propositions 1 and 2 (Model 1) tC<tE tP>tE tW>tE Propositions 3 and 4 (Model 2) tC<tE tP>tE tW>tE ⇒Flexibilityをあげるprivate incentiveは大きす ぎる ⇒過大なflexibility Oligopoly Theory 33 Intuition(model 1, tC<tE ) Market A Market B t+c c Firm 1 t+c c Firm 2 tが下がる→競争が激化する→消費者余剰が増える 企業はこの効果を考えずにtを決めるので (消費者余剰最大化の観点からは)tが過大になる Oligopoly Theory 34 Intuition(model 1, tP>tE ) Market A Market B t+c c t+c c Firm 2 Firm 1 tが下がる→競争が激化し、Market A(B)での企業1(2)の 利潤が減る 企業2(1)はこの効果を考えずにtを決めるので (生産者余剰最大化の観点からは)tが過小になる Oligopoly Theory 35 Intuition (model 1, W E t >t ) Market B Market A t+c c Firm 1 c t+c Firm 2 tが下がる→Market A(B)での企業1(2)から企業2(1) への生産代替が起こる→費用の低い(高い)企業の生 産量が減り(増え)生産費用が増加→経済厚生悪化 企業1(2)はこの効果を考えずにtを決めるので (総余剰最大化の観点からは)tが過小になる Oligopoly Theory 36 Intuition (model 2, tW>tE ) Market A Market B t+c(t) c(t) c(t) Firm 1 t+c(t) Firm 2 tが下がる→Market A(B)での企業1(2)から企業2(1)へ の生産代替→経済厚生悪化(model 1と同じ) 企業1(2)はこの効果を考えずにtを決めるので (総余剰最大化の観点からは)tが過小になる Oligopoly Theory 37 Intuition (model 2, tC<tE ) Market A Market B t+c(t) c(t) Firm 1 t+c(t) c(t) Firm 2 市場Aの価格、CSはc(企業1の限界費用)+(c+t)(企業2 の限界費用)に依存→2c+tが最小のときCSが最大 企業1が市場AでのMCと市場BでのMCの和を最小化す ればtC=tEとなる。しかし企業1は2c+tを最小化するtでは なくそれよりも大きなtを選ぶ~Market Aでの企業1の生 産量の方が大きいからMarket Aでの費用をより重視する Oligopoly Theory 38 Why do Röller and Tombak (1990) obtain the opposite result? In their model, t changes from ∞ to 0 when firms adopt FMS. →Welfare-reducing production substitution never occurs. Oligopoly Theory 39 まとめ ・不完全競争市場では自分の得意な財への特化の 程度が過小になる ・しかしこの均衡状態は消費者の利益の観点から すると望ましい Oligopoly Theory 40 Extensions もし自由参入にしたら? →tをあげる→企業の利潤が増える→企業の参入が増 える→過剰参入の弊害が激化 ⇒tをあげることのwelfare gainは長期の方が小さい もし混合寡占にしたら? 公企業は私企業よりflexibilityを高める誘因がより大 きい →でも民営化すると全体のflexibilityはあがる Oligopoly Theory 41
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