Role of agriculture, forestry and fisheries for biodiversity Hiroyuki Matsuda World Resource Forum, Preconference in Nagoya, 16 September 2009 11:20-12:00 JST, Ecotopia Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 1 Which is Pacific chub mackerel? Recently, Japan import Atlantic chub mackerel. Japanese often eat Atlantic chub mackerel than Pacific chub mackerel. ① ② 2 Today’s overview     Convention on Biological Diversity Ecological Footprint Ecosystem services Role of agriculture, forestry and fisheries for biodiversity 3 Biological diversity, Biodiversity Ecological diversity (landscape including desert) are important  Biodiversity, endangered species and common species are important  – Red data book – Living planet index  Genetic diversity between and within local population – Source of evolution 4 Convention on Biological Diversity 1992  “Noting also that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat 5 Significant and largely irreversible changes to species diversity – Humans have increased the species extinction rate by as much as 1,000 times over background rates typical over the planet’s history (medium certainty) – 10–30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are currently threatened with extinction (medium to high certainty) 6 GBO2 WWF Living Planet Index (LPI) ＝average population relative abundance based on research data, which include 1686 species and about 5 thousand local populations in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems over the world 7 http://www.wwf.or.jp/activity/wildlife/news/2008/20081029.htm Convention on Biological Diversity Adopted at Earth Summit in 1992  With Framework Convention on Climate Change, Declaration of Forestry Principles –  Coming into force in 1993 (USA did not attend) Three laws of CBD 1. Conservation of biodiversity 2. Sustainable usage of that component 3. Equitable sharing of benefits by using genetic resource  Draw up national strategy of biodiversity 8 http://www.biodiv.org/default.shtml Conference of the Parties to the CBD adopted in 2002  2010 target：We significantly decrease rate of decline for the biodiversity at global, region and state level by 2010  Strategic plans – ①Biodiversity is a basis for human life of sustainable development – ②Losing speed of biodiversity is even now accelerating – ③We have to act against these crises 05/12/16 9 9 Today’s overview     Convention on Biological Diversity Ecological Footprint Ecosystem services Role of agriculture, forestry and fisheries for biodiversity 10 Super-Malthusian Increase of population and per capita energy consumption World Population (0.1 billion) Energy Consumption (1000kcal/day/person) １ Year (A.D.) Data: Earl Cook (1971) and Joel E. Cohen (1995) 11 Ecological footprint (gha) Decreasing Ecological footprint, Increasing biological capacity with.. WWF 2002 Biodiversity conservation Built-up land Energy Fisheries Forestry Grassland Agriculture Biological carrying capacity 12 Ranking of per capita EF 13 WWF Living Planet Report 2004 Global Ecological Footprint http://www.ecofoot.jp/ Our life step upon the size of 2.4 the Earth, we have to goal to size of one that. 14 WWF 2004 Today’s overview     Convention on Biological Diversity Ecological Footprint Ecosystem services Role of agriculture, forestry and fisheries for biodiversity 15 Grobal change Human well-being Ecosystem services Provisioning service Biodiversity Cultural service Supporting service Ecosystem functions Regulating service (MA2005) 2008/3/2 16 Why protect nature? Sustainability = We protect nature for future generations to enjoy ecosystem service (Ecological Society of America reported 1996) 16 Measuring natural value （Costanza et al 1997)  Provisioning = agricultural, fishery and forestry products ca. 14 billion yen/year  Regulating = material circulation ca. 170 billion yen/year  Provisioning service << Regulating service  Natural value of fishing ground > compensation for fishers 17 17 Main direct drivers of change in biodiversity and ecosystems （Global Biodiversity Outlook 2: GBO２） 18 Status of Provisioning Services Provisioning Service crops livestock Food capture fisheries aquaculture wild foods timber Fiber cotton, silk wood fuel Genetic resources Biochemicals, medicines Fresh water Global Status            Japanese Status?            19 GBO2 Status of Regulating and Cultural Services Regulating services Air quality regulation Climate regulation – global C.R. – regional and local Water regulation Erosion regulation Water purification and waste treatment Disease regulation Pest regulation Pollination Natural hazard regulation Cultural services Spiritual and religious values Aesthetic values Recreation and ecotourism Global Status           Japanese Status?             Cedar pollen allergy ?   20 GBO2 Today’s overview     Convention on Biological Diversity Ecological Footprint Ecosystem services Role of agriculture, forestry and fisheries for biodiversity 21 Global Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) scheme Indirect DFs Human Well-being • • • • • •Security •Basic material… •Health •Good relationship… •Freedom of choice.. Demographic Economic Sociopolitical Cultural & Religious Science & Technology Japan NSBAP* Ecosystem S. •Biodiversity •Supporting S. •Provisioning S. •Regulating S. •Cultural S. 1. 2. 3. • Over-use Under-use Direct DFs Disturbance A) Habitat change B) Climate change Climate Change C) Invasive species D) Over-exploitation E) Pollution 22 *NSBAP=Nat’l Strategy for Biodiversity and Action Plan Underutilization of secondary habitat (Satoyama) Import and Self-sufficiency 1000ton 100,000 Imports of food supplies (1000ton) left axis 80,000 Self-sufficiency ratio (%) right axis (%） 100 80 60,000 60 40,000 40 20,000 20 0 Abandonment of farmland 0 23 Expert Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment on Biodiversity in Japan, 2008 Forest1 scale of forestry ecosystem, the changes of soundness ① Trends of cumulative forest volumes 5000 cumulative (million m3) Forestry 森林蓄積量（百万m3） 4500 4000 4432 人工林 forest Artificial 4040 天然林、その他 Native forest, others Total 計 3483 3500 3138 2651 2862 3000 2338 2484 2500 2079 2000 1500 1361 1887 558 665 1892 2186 798 1598 1054 1000 500 0 1329 1414 1388 From the 1960s, forest volume is increasing from about 190 million m3 to 440 million m3. Especially, artificial forests are significantly increase. 1430 1502 1540 1591 1702 1780 Expert Committee for 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1990 1995 2002 2007 the Comprehensive 出典：林野庁資料より作成 Assessment on 24 * due to discussion, this data was drafted with the work at present Biodiversity in Japan, time without adequacy of contents and depiction, and have possibilities of significantly changing by future 2008 Annual net change in forest area by region (1990-2005)  Forest area includes primary forests, modified natural forests, semi-natural forests, productive forest plantations and protective forest plantations. Net change in forest area takes into account afforestation efforts and natural expansion of forests. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 25 GBO2 Forest4 usage and control of forest -② Domestic timber production and self-supply ratio of conifer and broad leaf tree 90,000 100% 80% 70,000 Broad-leaf 広葉樹 60,000 60% Needle-leaf 針葉樹 Lumber amount 木材輸入量 of import 用材自給率 Self-supply ratio of timber 40% 1000ｍ3 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 20% 10,000 0 0% 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 年 1985 1990 1995 2000 Self-supply ratio of timber 80,000 用材自給率 The self-supply ratio of timber which was 90% in the 1950s significantly decrease and it recently goes under 20%. The lumber amount of import increase rapidly in the 1960s and it hover around the 70 million m3 levels during recent years. With this domestic material production also decrease, it hover around the 15 million m3 which is more than 1/3 below the peak.. While hardwood account for 40% of material production in the 1970s, they decline under 20% recently years. 26 出典：農林水産省大臣官房統計部生産流通消費統計課「木材需給報告書」 Expert Committee for the Comprehensive * due to discussion, this data was drafted with the work at present Assessment ondeliberation. Biodiversity in Japan, 2008 time without adequacy of contents and depiction, and have possibilities of significantly changing by future Underutilization of secondary habitat (Satoyama) Population of hunters Distribution of sika deer 27 Newsweek 2003.7.14 28 2002/6/21 28 The 5th World Fisheries Congress invited lecture by Meryl Williams (CoML steering committee) “Marine ecosystem services and fishing: agreements and disagreements between fisheries scientists and ecologists” at PACIFICO Yokohama on 21th Oct. 2008. Counter-view 1: Spatial Methods Walters Can J Fish Aquat Sc 2003 Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Data: Japanese longline - Interpolated line - Myers & Worm method - Mean catch rate, fished cells 29 Capture fisheries production in marine areas （FAO, SOFIA2006)   Landing is decreasing in Northwest Atlantic, but... It is increasing in Western Central Pacific! 30 Fishing down (MA 2005) ?    Mean trophic level is obtained by FAO FISHSTAT and FISHBASE It does not mean the degree of overfishing Japan has a high MTL (Ecological Footprint?) 31 By D.Pauly Changes in the Marine Trophic Index 32 GBO2 Pauly D., Watson R. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B;2005;360:415-423 Difference in fish consumption between countries Low Value Food Fish as a Share of Total Fish Consumption Total Fish Consumption (Metric Tons) 140000 90 120000 80 70 100000 60 80000 Percent Metric Tons Consumed After Doug Beard 60000 Developing World 50 Developed World 40 30 40000 World 20 20000 10 0 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 1970 Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Year From Delgado et. al. 2002, Fish to 2020, Table E.14 From Delgado et. al. 2002, Fish to 2020, Table 3.3 33 Catch and mean trophic level in Japan 34 We can use >2 million tons of pelagic fishes sustainably in Japanese EEZ.  But demand-supply mismatch: overfishing and underuse. 35 Source: Fisheries Research Agency, Japan New Zealand imports Pacific saury (samma) 36 http://kaiseki.ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~katukawa/blog/2008/07/post_378.html Mr.Mitsutaku makino Construction to protect spawning/breeding area Phase1 Phase2 Phase3 Phase4 120 100 (Sited from Kyoto Institute of Oceanic and Fishery Science HP) 80 60 40 20 Temporal Fishing Ban(%) MPA Construction (km2) 0 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 37 年度図2　京都府沖合海域における各施策の経年変化 Fiscal Year 37 12 laws of ecological approach Nairobi correspondence at CBD 2000 CoP5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Society will select the management goal Decentralization of management Think multi piled effect to other ecosystems Management by economic sentence Conservation form and function of ecosystem Management at a limit of ecosystem function Working on desirable time and space Setting goal is from longterm perspective Knowing change is unavoidable 10. Balance of conservation and usage 11. Entertain scientific, traditional and regional knowledge 12. Include related fields of social and natural science  5 operational guidance （abridged copy ） Guide2 Implementation for equity allocation of benefit Guide3 Application of practicing of optimal management Guide5 Save a mutually combination of sector 9. 38 Environmental issues may be understood by traditional ecological knowledge  Mottainai value  Grace of nature  Ecosystem services  prudent  Risk/benefit  Awed by nature  Stewardship  Closed local economy  Food Mileage  Mutual consensus  Public involvement  External-market 39 Ecological risks from the perspective of Asia Rice and fish are important and good food although these are contaminated heavy metals and dioxins of which concentrations exceed European food security standard. We need a new idea with environmental risks. Paddy field and artisanal fishery are environment friendly. Do not believe temporal global standard and accept diversity of local codes. Rabbit hutch has few ecological footprint but it was criticized a decade ago. Not only protect with utilitarianism such as conservation of nature = ecological service, but also need to feel wasteful for eradication unnecessarily. Fishery in a developing country is characterized by co-management. Fishers need to in-depth discuss to make a decision. Losing traditional rice terrace 40 Discussion of fishery cooperative（sometimes conversation amount to 200 times per year）