Bu王1etinofGlacier Research7（1989）j45−j52 ⑥DataCenterforGlacierRcsearch，JapaneseSocietyofSnowandIce ム措 Patterned groundon the northern side ofthe West Kunlun Mountains，WeStern China ShujilWATAlandZHENGBenxing2 1DepartmentofGeography，FacultyofHumanitiesandSocialSciences，MieUniversity，Kamihama，Tsu，514Japan 2LarlZhouIn或ittlteOfGiacまologyandGeocryology，AcademiaSinica，Lanzbou，Ch重na （ReceivedI）ecember5，1988；RevisedmanuscriptreceivedJanuary23，1989） Abstract Mapping of earth hummocks，SOrted nets，SOrted stripes andlobes，Smallandlarge fissure mpolygons，andsomeotherperiglacialphenomenasuchasrockglacicrs，debris−mantledslopes，and involutions were condtlCted on the northern slopes of the West Kunlun Mountains，nOrthwestern margir10ftheTibctanPlateau，basedonfieldresearchin1987．Manydifferentkindsofpatterned groundoccurintbezoneabove5200minaititude，Whiiein汰ezonel）elow5280m，patternedgrotlnd occursonlyinlimitedがaces．Thisintensivedistributioninthehigherzonemaybeduetotheexistence ofcontinuouspermafrost，Whileinthelowerzonethepatternedgrounddevelopsinplaceswherethe soilmoistureconditionisfavorablc． l．lntroduction Snowq andice十free areas of highmountain re− glOnSareSituatedinperiglacialenvirorlmentS，Where 1984；Cui，1985；Kuhle，1985；1987；Koizl】mi，1986； Wang，1987；Koazeetal．，1988），andthenorthernside OftheHimalayas（軋爵Zhengetalリ1982）．Incontrast， inthenorthwesternpart oftheTibetanPlateauin− 許Otlndたostdevelopsvar；ousperiglaciaipbeれOme11a Or主arld berleath the ground surねcet To assess払e periglacialdomain prestlmably extends very much Cluestounderstandclimatological，geOmOrPhological， topography，Only few studies have been carried out periglacialenvironmentsisoneofthemostimportant andecologlCalsituationsinthehighmountainregion． Afterthefirstassessment oftheperiglacialvertical −ZOnationonaglobal∝aiebyTro王1（1944），theverti− Caldisとributionofpatternedgroundbasbeenstudied invarious mountain chains of the earth（e．glGraf， 1971；H捌1ermann，1972；Ellenberg，1974；Iwata et al．， 1976；Iwata，1986）．Eachofthesezonationsrepresents a differentfeature：Thefeaturesvarywiththeloca− ti川1． OnandaroundtbeQinghaトⅩizang（Tibet）Plat・ eaumanyperiglaciaiphenomenahavebeenobserved and mapped（e．g．Cui，1981；1982）．Detailed studies were concentratedinthe northeastern corner of the Plateau，i・e・，QuilinShanandtheEastKunlunMourl− とains（g．g，LanzhouInst主tuteofG王aciologya！ldCryo− pedology，Academia Sin主ca，1983；Liang and Cheng， CludingthelⅣestKunltlnMountains，inwhicbareathe because ofits high snow】ine and relatively gentle （GeomorphologyGroupintheComprehensiveExpedi− tionTeamtoXinjiang，1978；Li，1987；LiandHe，1989）． InJuly，1987，We Carried out fieid research on periglacial phenomena on the northern side of the West Kunlun Mountains as members of the”Sino −JapaneseJoint GlaciologicalExpeditionin Wcst KunlunMountains1987”（Zhengetalリ1988）．Basedon thisfieldwork，Weillustratethedistributionofpat− terned grotlnd and discuss the characteristics ofthe periglacialenvironmentofthearea． 2，Thestudyarea Theう好est Kunluれ MoⅥntains，locatedi‡lthe northwestern margin of the Tまbetan Plateau，are ブイ（i Fig，1．‡ndexmapoぎthepatternedgroundontbenorther王ュSide oftbeWestKunll】nMolユntairlS∴N甘汀心ersindicaもetheloca− tionsofthepat仁ernedgrotlnds王10WnilュTablel．TbeconとOur intervalsare200乱1：R6earCbroutesぎ2：VoIcaniccone，3： Invoiution，4：Rockglacier． Iwata and Zhens j47 COmpOSedofthehighandrelativelygentlemainrange andthe relativelylowbut steep northrange（Kara− tas壬1i−Liusbtag Sbarl）．BetⅥ7eerltbese紬O rangeS 抽ereexistsabigbplateau−1ikebasin，CalledAsbikule Basin，withyoungvoIcaniccones（Fig．1）， Althoughclimaticconditionsoftheareaarerath・ erdryasshowni11LiandHe（ユ989）andt‡1epreSent firnliileSOntheglaciers主sabout5800ma．s．l．intbe area（Scientific Expedition to the Qinghai¶Ⅹizang Plateau，1986），thehigher part ofthemain rangeis COVeredwithexteTISiveglacierst Themountainsbor− dertbeTaklimakanDesertonthenorthⅥritboutany densevegetationzone：neitherdenseherbaceousvege− tation nor forest exists on the north slopcs of the KunlunMountai壬1S．Gras澄S，CuS圭IionpiarltS，anddvarf ShrubsparseiyocctlrOnaVaStdrylandarea． Ageologicalmapoftheareawhichisassumedto Fig．2．ThegrourldsurfaceofÅsbikuieBasiniscoveredwi琉 Iavaandtephra．Nodistinctpatternedgroundisdistributed onthesurface．AyoungvoIcaniccone，CalledtheAshikule VoIcano，eruptedin1951． havebeenrevisedusingI．andsatimagesexists（Chen， 1984）．Tbe main parts of the molユntain ranges are COmpOSedofcrystailinerockssuchasgranite，gneiss， t‡leÅshikuleBasincoveredbyvoicanicまava，tephra， andalluvialfansediments（Fig．2）， andsyenite，butalargepartofthesttldyareaconsists TypesofpatternedgroundaridtheirlocaとioilSare Ofphyliiticsandstoneandsiltstone，Theeasternhalf Sbo耶IillTablel．Noping（）OrOtherlargefrosとmoりnd OftheAshikuieBasinwasocctipiedbybasalticlava， basbeenfound，butmanyoneswerereportedon軌e and the otherareas of tbe basin by Pleistocerle and SOuthside ofWest Kunlun（Li，1987）as wellasEast HoIocenefangravels． Kuniun（g．＆Kubie，19拓；Koizumi，198軋Somer】Otice− OlirreSearChrot鹿Sareirid重catedi‡1ぎ；g．1：Ol汀 ablefeattireSaregivenbeiow： ObservationsofperigiacialphenomenaⅥrerei言mitedto rclativelysmallareasalongourroutes． ．■？．J．J〃（V〃小／‘イーーl…ルんノ川川柚木（川（／∫りノブ＝／仙ゾ 3．Distribution ofpatternedground Theywere found ona dryriverbed at Subashi （4130milュaitiもude），locatedin a smalまbasinin払e upperreachesoftheKulapuDaiyaRiver，Whichisa Patter‡ied ground basbeenregarded as a good indicator of perig王acialenvironmentsy butit occurs Onlyin placesマFbich exist suitabまe conditio11S．The tribtltaryOftbeKeriyaRiver（Locs．14，17〉．Theyare theiowestpatterlledgroundinthearea，because払ere turesandfrequentfreeze−−thawcycleswithabundant moisture co‡ltentin soii，While restra孟ned by rougb materialsand dense vegetation cover．Debris move− mentintheearthbyfrost actionisfreqtlently oblit・ formgorges．Nosoli幻uctionfeaturesuchasindistinct lobescouldbeobservedevenontbefeⅥFgentleslopes Ofmoraineswhichhadbeenbuiltinthema摘vaileyby arldrapidmasslⅥ0VementprOCeSSeS．TbliS，CO一重Sider・ 1ng the distribt裏on ofpatterned ground，We Should ユご．占∼ケル／〃／〃川≠眉h frost action occurintensivelyby bothlow tempera− eratedbyothergeomorphicprocessessuchasfltlVial payattentiontoal1surroundingenvironments．Figure lsbowsahorizontaldistr主butionofpatternedground Which、We Observedin tbe study area．Patter‡led groundexistsinrelativelyinlimitedareas：itparticu− 1arlyoccursinareasadjacenttoglacierterminionthe northern siope of tbe Kunlun mairlrange，Wbile‡10 Patternedgroundbasbeen毎undintbemainpartof isllOrOOmforpatternedgroundintbelowersectionof the Kulapu Daiya where steep rocky valley slopes pastglaciersfromtributaryglaciers． DespiねOftbemostcommoTlpattelⅥedgro11‡1d抽 thelower altitudes oflmmid mountains，earth hum・ mocksarerareiyobservedont‡1enOrthsideofⅥ毎朝 Kunllユn，0Vingtothelackofdensevegetationcover， AfelVpatChesofear血hummockswerefoundinturf alongthesma11streamfromtheglacieraboveYakeN baketakeataltittldesof5230−5300nl（Locs．15，16）． Bu11etinofGlacier Research ／・ノバ Tablel．Types andlocations of patterned ground． Loc． Patterne（ヨgrolmd Location LargeSCa王efissure Sma】トscalefisst汀e Confluence of Alakesayiand Kezileshayi Rivers Southeast of 5040 Smalトscale fissure Fr8nモalflat 4960 0Ilfan suげace 5000 Near dried poo1 5400 Fはt p】ace orlthe moraine Near termiiluS Of AlakesayiGl， Near Yakebaketake 5亜O Debrismant王ed slopes 5350 Near Yakebaketake 5400 Debris mantled slopes 2mintervals 0n ridge So珪ed】obes Debris isiands Sorted net Sma11sorted net and strlpe＄ Near Yakebaketake Near Yakebaketake Near Yakebaketake Ridge between riversfrom 5400 5360 5310 5400 Sorted net Terminus of Sorted net Subashi 4160 Incomplete，Dry river Earth hummocks Earth hunlmOCks Eartb blmmOCks Near Yakebaketake Near Yakebaketake 5260 bed Along stream from glacier 4160 Dryriver bed polygons polygons polygons Large−SCale sorted patterned ground brge−SCaie sorヒed net Large一蹴aie sorted 0 0 9 ハ U 1 2 1 3 1 Stripes Large−SCale sorted StrlpeS Large−SCale sorted StrlpeS 4 1 5 6 7 Li血uang Pass piace of Bulakem bashi Glacier Shtlangyang Pass Near termint王S Of Å1akesayiGl． Åititude Additionaic（〉mment lTl−l 4920 Å主akesayiGl． Bulakebas壬IiGl− 1 Slぬashi 0rlねn stldace，a2−3m Side，par仁1yユnaCtive？ 0n ddge Inside of recent moraine 0n ridge Flat surface on pass， fine material＄ In tbe boliow on a rocent mora童ne 1 1 1 0n old moraine，nearly square plans with a5−10m side 5300 Inside of moraine 1 T‡leiocat拍nS are Shownin Fig．1 ・ − 1 3．3．50γお♂クαfお用e♂g和〟乃d Mostsortedpatternedgroundexistsathighalti− tude above5200m a．s．1．Sorted polygons，debrisis− 1ands，SOrtedlobes，and sorted nets occupy flat and gerltly sloping surfaces of both morailleS and bed− rocks．In particular，1arge−SCale sorted stripes and sorted lobes are extensively distributed on debris mantledslopescomposedofphylliticrocks（e，g，Fig・ 3）．NeartheterminusoftheAlakesayiGlacier（Locs． 5，6），itwasobservedthatmeltwaterflowingoutfrom permafrost drained tbrougblines oflarge stones of stripesandfurrowssurroundingcellsofsortedpoly− gons，and fine materials hlthe centralparts ofthe patterned ground were saturatedwith mclt water・ Smalトscale sorted net and stripes also occur atthe higheraltitudeof5400m：thesesmallfeaturesaredue tothemudstonewbicheasilybreakintoslⅥailpieces （g．爵Loc．12）． FigY3，Largescalesortedstripesandlobesonadebris−mantled siope．Loc．No．7atnearYakebaketake（5350ma・S・り・ IwataandZbe喝 Sorted patterned ground was observed at two iocaまitiesaround5000minaltitude：Omeislargescale SOrted，netSi‡1theviciri主tyofadriedpoolonShuang− yangPass（5000m）（Loc．4）arまd払eotberissorもednets atthebottomofthehoilowintherecentmoraineof J・JJノ SurepOlygo‡1StOthesoutbeastofIィitぬuangPass，nO distinct patterned ground主s distributed on flat sl汀・ facesintheAshiklユIe Basin．Smallinvoiution ofvoト Canicgiasswasfoundsol血ofAぬikuleI．ake（ぎig．5）． theBulakebashiGlacier（Loc．13）．Thus，theyoccurred inpiaceswhereer主Oughwaterbadbeenstlpplied on SO‡ⅥeSpeCialoccasions． J．イ．f心JJ汀♪り小㌢り〃∫ OnthepiedmontfantothesoutheastofLiuhuang Pass，Smallscalefissurepolygonsoccurinawidearea alor主ganabandonedroad（Loc，2）．TbesamepoiygorlS were found on the fanin front of the Buiakebashi Glac主er（Loc．3）▲Largemsca重efissurepoiygons5−10m longwereformedontheoldmorai‡妃at洩ecorl魚1enCe oftheAlakesayiandKezileshayiRivers（Loc．1，Fig■ ぎig．5，Invo王utionofvoIcanicglassso㍊tbofÅsbiklユIeLakeミ472￠ 111I． Tb主smeanstbatthelackofpa仁ternedgrouIlddoesn（）t implythatthe打ostactiondoesnotoc（：Ⅵrinthebas主n． This is also supported by the fact that patterns of lⅥanyfestoonswbichareiikeiytobeforme（璽bysoii− 幻uctionwereobservedonslopesofvoIcanicconesand OnLiuhuangPass；bothwerecoveredbyvoIcanicash a‡ldscoria． ■ムユn丸壷一触川廿−／．ヾり／坤肝症Jノバ／tサt−∫ Tb野areOneOft壬1emOStpeCuiiarlandscapesin the West Kunlun Mountains as wellas the north∼ Fig、4．Largesca王e罰sslユrep（〉iygorlSOnt壬IeOidmora董neatt壬1e CO点盈uellCeOftbeÅiakesayiandKeziiesbayiRivers（4920m a息i．，Loc∴No．1）． 4）．Theground sl汀faces oft‡1eSethreelocaiitiesare composedofrelativelyfinematerialssucbassandand WeStern part Of the Tibetan P！ateat主．Most valley Slope＄arOundStibasbi，汰elユpperreaChoftheKulapt】 DaiyaRiver，haverectilinearprofiles，rangingfrom23 −300in angle，and are coveredwith relatively fine materialswbichseemtoorigiriatemai黒まyfroIⅥもepbra， While the surface rubbielayeris very thin．Some silt，butafewsmallstonesarescattered．Thefissures solまfiuction features such asindistinctlobes arld Ofthese polygons，Whicbbave王号O Sharpedges，Were Sとripeswereobservedon払esesまopes，tbereforefrost filledwithwindblownsand，butwebelievethatthey openbythermalcontraetioninthescverecoldnessin winterasmailyautborshavereported．1Vehavenot COnfirmed the existence ofice wedges orice veins undemeatht‡lefisst汀eSま）ydiggiilgapit， 孔Otherperiglacialphenomena andlandIorms ・J．ノ．JJ‖†l）ナノー／〆けり Exceptfortheabove皿mentionedsmai王∝alefis− Creepandgelifluctionmayoccur，Onthenorthslope Of the Kunlun main range，distinct debris−mantled Slopes aresit11ated above arolユnd5200minalもitude exceptonsteeperslopesover35Pandsnow−andice ¶COVered slopes．As melュtio王1ed above，1arge−SCa呈e SOrtedstripesoccurinalmostplacesonthesedebris mantles；Thisfactsuggeststhatintensivegelifluction CauSedbysatl汀atedactivelayerofthepermafrostact e純ctivelyontheseslopes．E汀aticbouidersexisting Ontheseslopesshowthatthesesiopeswereoccupied byglaciersirithe‡JaStGlacial，抽ereた汀ethesedさbris Bulletin of Glacier Research JJち（ノ mantieswereformedbyintensive鉦ostsbatteriれgin thepastlO，000¶15，000yearsafterbeirlgreleasedfrom Othermountains werefound amongsor−ted polygons Whichoccurmainlyinthehigherzone（frostshatter glaciers． Ontheotherhand，eXpOSedbedrockslopeswith onlylittledebrisMmantlearedistributedonthegentle ZOne）ingeneral（Iwata，1986）．Mostpatternedground round hillswest oftheconfiuence ofthe Alakesayl Vegetation，itisclearthat theplantcoverdecreases above5200m：Thecoverageratebecomesbelowafew percent，The highest occurrence of the patterned groundwasobservedatanaltitudeof6198m onthe marginoftheChongceIceCaponthesouthernsideof mo11ntain負anks between S壬Iuangyang Pass aIld the andKezileshayiRivers，ataltitudesbetween4900m． Weconsiderthatthealmostcompletelackofdebris cover is due to very fragile phyllitic rocks wherc disintegratedfinermaterialsbyfrostshatteringhave beer王blownawaybywind． 4．3．fわcゑg由仁ゐγ Distinctrockglacierswereidentifiedontheeast Valley wallof thelower valley ofthe Alakesayi isconcentrateabove5200m，Whichcoincidesrough1y withtheupperlimitofgrassvegetation．Althoughwe did not carry ol戒a detailed ecologicalslⅣVey Of tbeWest KunlunMot】ntains． 6．Discu5Sion Glacier（see Fig．1）．The altitude of the terminusis locatedatat〉Out5300minaltitude．TIleybelongtoとhe Li（1983）discussed the verticalzonation of a periglacialenvironment arld conciuded that t王ュe glac10genic rock glacierⅥrhich the pre−eX主まing gla≠ （1987；1989）bas reported tbat alInOSt ailkinds of perigiaciaipbenomena are distr呈bt豆ediTlthe nor紘一 tongue type and represent the same features as a terminalmoraineofaglacier．Theyarelocatedinthe KunlunMountainsareofthecontinentaldeserttype， Wherefrostshatteringisthemainweatheringprocess Centralpartofalarge−SCalelandslidetopography＄O and allmountain surfaces except sharp ridges are that the origin of the rock glacier seems to be a governed by periglacialslope processes．In fact，Li ciericeⅥデaSCOVered勺Viththeialldslidemass． 5．Verticaldistribution ofpatternedground Verticaldistribution ofthe patternedgro11ndin tbisareaisscilematicaliyi王IustratedinFig，6，Wbicll WeSternpartOftheTibetanPlateatlincludingthesouth Slope oftheWest Kunlun Mountains．This seemsto indicatethatperiglacialphenomenadevelopverywell inthisregion．However，COmparedwiththelargearea COVeredinLiShude’sreports，thearealproportまonof the areasirlWhich perigiaciaiphenomena occ11rirl Smallpatchesisverysmall−Onthesouthernsideofthe WestKunlunMountainsbetweenGozhaCoLakeand theChongceIceCap，WeuneXpeCtedlyobservedthat the distribution of patterned ground is extremely limitedilュSmallareasフand types ofpheT】Ome11a are Al ◎2 ヰ3 払一与 u5 06 ＃7 √び8 ∈ヨ 9 Fig．6．Verticaldistributionofpatternedgroundinthenorthside OfWestKunlun．rrhesectionindicateslandformsalongthe research route．1ニEarth hummocks，2：SmallSCale sorted polygons，3：Large鵬∝ales（〉rtedpolygoヱ1S，4：Sortedstripes， 5：Sortedlobes，6：Smaiトsca主e f毒∬Ⅵre pOlygons，7：Large 山SCalefissurepoiygons，8：Involution，9こGlacier． Showsthattheverticalzonationisquitedifferentfrom those of humid mountains where several zones are arrangedfromtbelowertotbehigheraltitlユdes（g▲g． ‡wata，1986）．In this area，ma町diだerent ki‡1ds of patterned ground occur at the same altitude．The Carth hummocks which are dominantinthelower periglacialzone（turf−banked solifluction zone）in pooi●illVariety． Onthe northern side ofthe West Kunlun Moun− tains，theintensive distribution of sorted patterned groundislimited to above5200min altitude as mentionedabove．Accordingly，thelowerboundaryof tileCOnti†luOuSSOrtedpatそernedgroundcanbedrawn atabol止5200minaititlユde．‡notherwords，t壬IeZOne above5200misdistinguishedasarealfrostshatter ZOne．This corresponds with the zone above about 5500monthesouthslopebelowtheChongceIceCap， Wherelarge scale sorted circles and debrisislands OCCupさF the elltireground surねce（Li，1987，and our Observations）．The frost shatter zones seem to be fringes oftheglacialarea onboth sides．The dense distributionofpatternedgroundinthiszonemaybe 1wataandZheng dueto theexistence ofcontinuous permafrostin an extremelysha11owactiveiayerandalsooffrosトSuS− Ceptiblephyiliticrocksandclay叩richglaciaideposits． Ontheotherband，jtldgingfromthedistribution of patterned ground，もelow5200min alti餌de，it occurs oniyinlimited placesⅥ7here soilmoisture COTltentmaybesu拝icierまttOCauSefrostdisturbances intbesoii．Tlュissuggestthattbedistribl正ionofpat｝ ternedgrotlndbelow5200mgovernedbysoilmoisture COntent．Li（1987）reportedthaモモheiowerlimitof払e periglacialzone（lowerlimit of solifluction）ranges たom3舗Oto4000montbesouthernsideo‡tbeWest Kunlun．Onthenorthernside，thelowerlimitofsoli疇 幻uctionseemstobeatalmost洩esamea旺iもudeastbe SOuther‡1S】opes． Ontheso11tbemsideoft壬Ie Kun王unmainrange， thelowerlimitsofcontinuouspermafrostandsporad鵬 icpermafrostare4800mand46㈹m，reSpeCtively（Liチ ノこ；J 1987）・OnthenorthernsideoftheKunlunMountains， 洩e重0Ⅵrerlimitofpermafrostbasnotbeenconfirme8 yet．Tbefissurepolygons，however，SuggeSttわeexis− terlCeOfgroundiceand／orpermafrost．Ontheother hand，aCCOrdingtotbegrou‡ldtemperaturemeasure・ ment（Fushimi，HりperSOnalcommt量れication），払ete汀ト peraturegradientinsoiididriOtindicatetheexistence Ofpermafrostaとa！titudearotlnd5000morltbenortb− ernslopesduringourresearch．Furtherdiscussionis requiredtosolve血isdi抒erentirlterpretations， Comparedwiththeverticalzonationsofperigla→ Cialphenomena主n some placesinもhe East K㍑nlun Mountains（Cui，1981；1982；Kuhle，1985；Koazeetal．， 1988），豆isveryclearthattbeperiglacialzonesinl好est Klユniun shi食to higber aitit11de tballtboseiTIEast Kunlun（Fig．7）．Thezoneofvegeね如n−COVeredpaト ter‡1edground（zoneofboundsolifiuction）is‡10tdis岬 tinctinlⅣest Klユnlun．Åi払ol唱b deとailed discussion 200 くkm） ーーーー ぴpperlimまt of patterned gr〔−und 舶◎卵◎ Zone of op亡icalformatまon l∵∵‥∵−て− Of pat−terned ground 隼・しン・りizone tPrned grし−ul−d 」・止▲■・■▲一」 Permこ1fll〔1St∴1inl土亡 08如000 ニ∵ Lower boundary of patterned gro㍊nd Lower bolユndary of solj＿￡1uこti．on 机よ… Upper timberlまne Fig・7・pi独reれCeOぞverticalzonationsoftbeperigiacialphe・ n。m印abe掬eentbet‡1eEastKunまunandQiiまanMoulヽtains （炭住erKuble，1985）andtbeWestKunlunMountains・ Bulletin ofGlacier Research J．・；ご ShouidbedonebasedontIleCiimatologicaldatawhicb theexpeditionteamobserved，itissafelystatedthat Iwata，S．（1986）：Verとicaizonation of patterrled groⅥnd云n払e JapanesehighmotIntains．Geogr．ReportsTokyoMetropll Univ”21，209−221． thcsedifferencemaybeduetothedifferenceofdry・ Koaze，T．．Shimokawa，K．and Okazawa，S．（1988）：Some ob− nessinbothreglOnS．Thedrynessmayimplynotonly servations on thelandforms and vegetation of the East inclimaticconditionsbutalsoinedaphicconditions Kllnlun Mountains，CentralChina．SundaiShigaku（Meiji Univ．，Tokyoラ，72，115157（inJapaれ銭e）． Wbicb existe‡lCe Of water permeable voicanic mate汎 rials．TheWestKtlnlunMolユntainsmayhaveoneof Koizumi，T．（1986）：Icepi喝Oaridpingoilltbesourceareaoftbe YeliowRiverGakugeトchiri（TokyoGakugeiDaigaku），40， thehighestperiglacialzoneintheworld． Acknowledgments Ⅵre Ⅵ70uidiike to thank the members of the northern party of theWest Kunlun Expedition1987 fortheirassistanceinthefield．Thisstudywasaided byaGranトin−AidforScienceandCulture，Japanesc Government（the MonbushoInternationalScientific Researcb‡）rogram，No，62041043，63043030）． Re†erences 4ト47．（inJapanese）． Kuhle，M．（L985）：Permafrostandperiglacialindicatorsonthe Tibetan Platea11from theIlimalayan Mountainsin the south to theQuilin Shanin the north（280q40C）．Zeit．Geo− morp‡l−N．F．芦29j183−192． X。hle，M．（1987）‥Giaciai，nivalandperigiaciaienvirowleれらi王t northeasternQinghaiⅩizangP】atealj．i云Sir‡0→W．Germany Expedition（ed．）：Reportsonthe Northeastern Partofthe QinghaトⅩizang（Tibet）Plateau．176244． LanzhouInstitute of Glaciology and Geocryology，Aeademia 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