¾Ìˆu¹Z»Yž»ZmÃZ´Œ¿Y{Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
Ž‚ÌËZaÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡
Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]

{Zm€§Ê^mÄÌmZu,ÊÆ·YsÁʸŸ|¼uY
d§ZË{xËZe
‰€Ë~axËZe
Ã|Ì°q
,½ZÀ¯Z¯
€Ÿ { ,½Y€œ¿\uZ
Ã|̬Ÿ Ä] |¿ÁÊ» Z¼‹Ä] ½Z»Z‡ €Å ÊËYY{ ¾Ë€eºÆ»
|À¿YÂeÊ»ZÅ
½Z»Z‡
d‡YÄËZ»€‡ZËÉÁZÀ§dˀË|»Y€eY‹{Z̈],Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»€“Zu
ʇ€],€“ZuÄ ·Z˜»¥|Å|ÀŒz]{Â^Æ]Y{ÂyÊf]Z«{€°¸¼Ÿ{ÂyÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»Yɀ̳ÀÆ]Z]
Y€¨¿ªÌ¬veÉZ»MÄ »Zmd‡YÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yZiM
{½Z³»µÁ|m…Z‡Y€]ZÆ¿MY€¨¿ {Y| eį|¿{Â]Ê»Zœ¿ÉZÅÃZ´Œ¿Y{Yʰ˽ZÀ¯Z¯
ž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–y Ä»ZÀŒ‡€aÁ{YZÅÃ{Y{ÉÁM
ž¼mÉY€]|Àf‹Y{d¯€‹ŠËZ¼Ìa¾ËY
|ÌËPeÊËYÂfv»ÁɏªË€—YÄ»ZÀŒ‡€aÊËYÁd‡YÃ|‹Ã{Z¨f‡YÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÁÊ¿Zˆ¿Y
Á Ê¿Zˆ¿Y ž]ZÀ» dˀË|» ÉZÅʌ»–yÉY€]wZ^¿Á€¯ Y|¬» Ä^‡Zv» ªË€— Y ÊËZËZa |‹
SPSS Y‚§Y¹€¿ –‡Âe Ã|‹ÉÁM
ž¼m
ÉZÅÃ{Y{ |»M d‡{Ä]
Ê¿Z»Z‡ {€°¸¼Ÿ ÉY€]
¶Ì¸ve Á Ä˂ne {» d‡Y€ËÁ µ‚Ì·Y‚§Y¹€¿ÉZfyZ‡ cÓ{Z » ɁZ‡µ|»Á
d‡Y€ËÁ
d¯ZŒ»,{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY,‰Â»M,¹Y|zf‡YÉZÅ
Ĩ·R»Ä¯{Y{½ZŒ¿€“Zu
Ä ·Z˜»
d§€³Y€«
|¿Y{ ºÌ¬fˆ» Á Y{ÊÀ » ,d^j» ÉYĘ]Y Ê¿Z»Z‡ {€°¸¼Ÿ Z] ,cZ»|y ½Y€^m Z]ÃY€¼Å ½ZÀ¯Z¯
ÉYĘ]Y,Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸZ]Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÁÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅ
ʌ»–y¾Ì],¾ÌÀr¼Å
€]ÊfˆËZ],|Å{ŠËY‚§YY{Ây{€°¸¼Ÿ|ÅYÂz]ÃZ´Œ¿Y{€³Y{Y{{ÂmÁºÌ¬fˆ»ÁY{ÊÀ »,d^j»
Ê]ZˁY½Âr¼Å¶»YŸ€´Ë{ Y,ÃÁԟÄ]
|‹Z]Äf‹Y{ɀfŒÌ]|̯Pe‰Â»MÁ¹Y|zf‡YÉZÅĨ·R»
|ËZ¼¿Ã{Z¨f‡Y,{Ây{€°¸¼Ÿ{Â^Æ]dÆm,cZ»|y½Y€^mÁ½ZÀ¯Z¯d¯ZŒ»,{€°¸¼Ÿ
‰Â»M-¹Y|zf‡YÁ[Zzf¿Y-Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ-Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZÅÃYÁ|̸¯
[email protected]
[email protected]
YÁ€ad^«Y€»ÃÁ€³Ê]€»,ÉZf‡|ÌƋÊËYÂÅÃZ´Œ¿Y{µÂXˆ»Ã|ÀˆË¿
dˀË|»ÃÁ€³ZË{Zf‡Y,¾Ì»YÊ»Zœf¿Y¹Â¸ŸÃZ´Œ¿Y{,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»É€f¯{
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
Ä»|¬»
-,, ‚WÂ/´ÀÌ»Á{d‡ZŽZ»Z‡ÉZÅÊËYY{¾Ë€eºÆ»YÊ°ËÊ¿Zˆ¿YÄËZ»€‡ÃÁ€»Y
½|̇ dÆm ɂËÄ»Z¿€]
,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ» ɂËÄ»Z¿€]
{ÂmÁY~·,½YZ°¼ÅÁɀ¨Y¶¬¿Ä]
Z],ʇZb‡€Ì» d‡Y ÉÁ€“ Ê¿Zˆ¿Y ž]ZÀ»ÉZˆÆ] dËZÆ¿{ Á ʋÂ»M ,ÊeZÆ»ÉZŁZÌ¿ Ä]
Á€/Ì̤e µZ/u{ c|/‹Ä/] ‚ÌqļÅ,ɀŒ] cZ»Â¸ »ÁŠ¿Y{ [Zf‹€aÁ žË€‡ ÉZÅd§€ŒÌa
Ä] ÄmÂe
|/À»ZÌ¿ cZÌu ¹ÁY|e ÉY€]ÁÃ{Â]¶»Z e { –Ìv» Z]Z] ÉZÅÄ¿Z»Z‡
½YÂÀŸÄ]ZÅ
½Z»Z‡
.d‡YµÂve
ÉZ/m ,Z/¯ –Ìv» {cZ^4iÁÁ€»Y ,,Ã{Y€¨ m |ÀfˆÅ ʘÌv»cY€Ì̤e Ä] ÊW³x‡Za
Á |Ë|m Y¿Y Ä]Y {Ây ÉZm ʼË|« ÁÊfÀ‡ žËZÀ Á d‡Y Ã{Y{ ½ZÀ̼—Y¹|Ÿ
Á ÊeZ^iÊ]
Ä] Y {Ây
d/Æm,Â/¿ÉZ/ÅÄ/ŒË|¿YYÃ{Z¨f/‡Y€]Ã|ÀËY‚§|̯Pe ,,ÊËZ^—Z^— |¿YÃ{Y{
½MÄf§ZËÄ ‡Âe
€/ŽZ/À¯Z¯d/‡YɁÁ€/»YÉZŹZœ¿Ê³„ËÁ¾Ë€eºÆ»,Ê¿Z»Z‡ÉZÅ
dÌ·Z §ÊËMZ¯Áʌz]€iY
€/]|/¿ÁÊ/»Z¼/‹Ä/]ÄËZ»€‡¾Ë€e‰YZ],Ä¿Z«ÔyÉZÅ
Ã|ËYÁZ°§Y,Zŀœ¿¾f‹Y{¶Ì·{
Ä]½Z»Z‡
Z¼‹Ä]
½Z»Z‡ÉZÅÊËYY{¾Ë€eºÆ»Yʰ˽ZÀ¯Z¯,½Z»Z‡€Åʳ|À·Z]Á|‹ÉY€],…Z‡Y¾ËY
Ä/¯|/Å{Ê/»½ZŒ¿ ½Y€´Ë{Á®Ì·Z»ÉZÅÄf§ZË
,,½Z»…MÁŠÌ¿{|¿ÁÊ»
Ê/Œ¿Y{½ZÀ¯Z¯{ÂmÁ,–Ìv»€¼fˆ»ÁžË€‡cY€Ì̤e¶]Z¬»{½Z ¨¿É}ÉZŁZÌ¿Ê˳
x‡ZaÉY€]
½YÂÀŸÄ]ZÅ
ÃZ´Œ¿Y{€´Ë{¥€—Y
,,½Y€´Ë{Á®Ì·Z» d‡YY{Ây€]É{Zˁd̼ÅYY
Ä/]ZÅÃZ´Œ¿Y{|¿Y{ZÌ¿½Z‹½ZÀ¯Z¯|‹ÁÉY|Æ´¿,[~m
Ä],ʌÅÁ„aÁʋÂ»MÉZÅ
Ĉ‡R»
ÁŠÅÁ„/adËY|/ÅÄ/¯½Z/‹Z¯Ä/]Z/Æ¿M,Ä/nÌf¿{|/¿Y{Z̿Â̴¿YZ]ÁÃ|Ë{‰Â»MÊ¿ZÀ¯Z¯
€iR/»{€]Z¯Ä¯d‡YÃ{Y{½ZŒ¿cZ¬Ì¬ve{Â]|ÀÅYÂy|Æ f»,d‡Y½Z»Z‡Ä ‡ÂedÆm‰Â»M
{€/°¸¼ŸÉY€/]Z/e{Z/‡Ê»{Z«YÃZ´Œ¿Y{½ZÀ¯Z¯,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yYÊy€]
ɀ̳Z//¯Ä//]Z//],,½Y€//´Ë{Á¾//q |/ À¿Z¼]|//Æ f»½Z//‹Z¯Ä//],ÃZ´//Œ¿Y{[Â//¸˜»
Ä//¯—½Z/
/¼Å|//]ZËÊ//»Z//¬eYÃZ´//Œ¿Y{{€//°¸¼Ÿ,Ê¿Z//ˆ¿Yž]Z//À»dˀË|//»5\/‡ZÀ»ÉZ//ÅÊ/
/Œ»–//y
,ŠÅÁ„/ad/̨̯|/À¿Z»Ê/¼Æ»ÉZÅÁÂu{ÃZ´Œ¿Y{{€°¸¼ŸÉZ¬eYÉY€]{€¯ÃZ‹YÊ·
1. Dominguez
2. Danish and Usman
3. Malik
4. Chen
5. Lew
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
½Y€/^ÅɁZ/‡Ã{Z/»M,Z¼fmY{ŠÅÁ„aºÆ‡,ʼ¸ŸÉ‚ËÄ»Z
¿€]d̨̯,ZÅÃ|°Œ¿Y{ʼ¸ŸZ^fŸY
Z/],Z/ÅÃZ´Œ¿Y{YÉZ̈]|ÀÀ¯Ê»Z¨ËYYÉ{€^ÅYʌ¬¿½ZÀ¯Z¯,½Ô̐vf·Y¡Z§d̨̯ÁÃ|ÀËM
Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–y½{¼¿É{€^ÅYɇ
Ä],ÃZ´Œ¿Y{{€°¸¼ŸÉZ¬eYd̼ÅY­{
‚¯€»®ËÄ]½|‹¶Ë|^edÆmx‡YÊ»‚Ÿ|À»ZÌ¿Œ¯ÉZÅ
ÃZ´Œ¿Y{ÁÃ{Â]¾f‹Y{€]¹Z³µZu{
ÉY€]|ÀfˆÅÁ€ŒÌaÁ€e€]ÉZÅÃZ´Œ¿Y{†Ì‡PeªË€—Y,ÉYĬ˜À»t˜‡{‰Â»MÉY€]ʸ¸¼·Y¾Ì]
,Ä/¬˜À»ÁŒ¯t˜‡{ÊÅZ´Œ¿Y{É|À]Ã{{Â^Æ]ÉY€]Œ¯ÉZÅ
ÃZ´Œ¿Y{,€»Y¾ËY¾fyZ‡Ê¸¼Ÿ
s˜/‡ŠËY‚/§YZ]ʌ¿Y{½ZÀ¯Z¯Á[€n»,Zf¼»Ê¼¸ŸdXÌÅÉY|Æ´¿Á[~mªË€—YÊfˆËZ]
Y Ê/°Ë ½Z/¿M ÉZ/Åd/̸]Z« Á Z/ÅZf§ʇ€] Á ½ZÀ¯Z¯Ê]ZˁY|ÀËZ¼¿¹Y|«Yʸ̼°ecÔ̐ve
ºÅY€/§ ½Z/¿M ‰Á€/a Ä/ÀÌ» ,{Â/y {€°¸¼ŸY ½ZÀ¯Z¯ÉZ‡ÃZ³
MZ]d‡Y ½Y€Ë|» ʸY ¦ËZ›Á
Á Ê/¨À» ÉZ/ÅZf§ ¥~/u Á \/‡ZÀ» ÉZ/ÅZf§ɁZ/‡¾Ë‚´ËZ/m Ä/ÀÌ» { Ä/¯ Y€/q |/‹ |ÅYÂy
\/m»İ¸] {Y{ |ÅYÂy Z¬eY Y ½ZÀ¯Z¯ ÊËMZ¯ZÆÀeÄ¿€»Y
¾ËY {€¯ |ÀÅYÂy ‰Ôe Šz]€iY€Ì£
,,|ƌ»ÃZ´Œ¿Y{Ä»Z¿€]Ás€—d¿ÁZ »Ê¸yY{ÄˀŒ¿ |‹ |ÅYÂy ‚Ì¿ ½Z»Z‡ ʌz]€iY
|/‹ÁZ¬eY,|¿Y{Œ¯ÊŸZ§{ÄÌÀ]dˬe{Ê»Zœ¿ÉZÅÃZ´Œ¿Y{įÊËY‚ˆ]Š¬¿ÄmÂeZ]
|/‹,‚/¯Y€»¾ËYɁZˆÆ]ÉZÅZ¯ÃY¾Ë€eÃ|¼ŸYÊ°Ëd‡Yd̼ÅY‚WZuZ̈]‚¯Y€»¾ËYʨ̯
{|//‹¾//ËYª//¬veh//ŸZ]Ä//¯ÊËZ//ÅÊ//Œ»–/
/yÄ//¸¼mYÁd//‡YÉÁMÂ//¿Ád//Ì«ÔyÄ //‡ÂeÁ
d/‡YÊ¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|/»dÆm\‡ZÀ»ÉZÅʌ
»–yɀ̳Z¯
{‹ʻʻZœ¿ÉZŽZ»Z‡
Ä],
ÉZÅZ¯ÃY¾Ë€e|̨»Á¾Ë€e
\‡ZÀ»YÊ°ËÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»\‡ZÀ»ÉZÅʌ»
–yɀ̳Z¯
Ä]
Ä/]Ä/mÂeZ]d‡YÊ»Zœ¿ÉZŽZ»Z‡{ÉÁM¿ÁdÌ«ÔyÄ ‡ÂeÁ|‹dÆmÉ{€]Z¯Áʸ¼Ÿ
d/XÌÅÉZ”ŸYÁ½Y{Zf‡YY,|ÀfˆÅÂv»ÁZÀ§,ÊËYÂÅd À{Ã|‹Äf§€³Z¯
Ä]ÉZÅ
Ä¿Z»Z‡Ä¯
¾ËY
Ä /‡ÂeZ/]¹Z/´¼Å|/À¿YÂf]Ze|ÀÅ{‰Á€aɀeZf¼»Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»Ä¯{ÁÊ»Zœf¿Y‚¯Y€»¾ËYʼ¸Ÿ
Äf/‹Y|¿Ê¸°/Œ»ÊËYÂ/ŝZ/§{ÁÊ/¸»d/ÀÌ»Y™Zv·YŒ¯ZeÃ{¼¿d¯€uÊ»Zœ¿žËZÀÄ¿YÁZÀ§
€iR/»ÉY€/mYÂ/y{Z/ÅÃZ´/Œ¿Y{{€/°¸¼ŸÄ/],Äf/ˆËZ‹Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»Ä ‡ÂeÁ‰Â»M|‹Z]
Á[Z/zf¿Y¶»Z/‹ Z/Åʌ»–y¾ËY
{Â]|ÅYÂyÄfˆ]YÁÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yğ¼n»
Ê]Z/ˁYÁ‰Â/»M,Êf¯Z/Œ»É€Ì³ºÌ¼e,cZŸÔ—YºÌƈe,cZ»|y½Y€^m,½ZÀ¯Z¯¹Y|zf‡Y
1. Human Resource Management Policies
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
®/˽YÂ/ÀŸÄ/]Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|/»\‡ZÀ»ÉZÅʌ»–yɀ̳Z¯Ä],Á¾ËYYd‡Y{€°¸¼Ÿ
d/‡YÉÁ€/“ZÌ/ˆ],Ê»Z/œ¿ÉZŽZ»Z‡{ÉÁM¿ÁdÌ«Ôy‰€fˆ³Z‡€fˆ]
|À»¹Zœ¿‰Á
{€/°¸¼Ÿ€/]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–ycY€iYʇ€]ªÌ¬ve¾ËYʸY¥|ŅZ‡Y¾ËY€]
Ê/Ÿ€§¥Y|/ÅY,©Â/§¥Y|/ÅYÄ]Ê]ZÌf‡{ÉZf‡Y{d‡YŒ¯ÉZÅÃZ´Œ¿Y{YÊ°Ë{Ê¿Z»Z‡
Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yÉY~³€ÌiPe½Y‚̻ʇ€]
d‡YÃ{Â]ªÌ¬ve¾ËY€œ¿|»ºÅ¶Ë}
ŠËY‚/§Y-Ê¿Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼Ÿ€/]Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yÊËZ‡ZÀ‹-Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]
Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»ÉZÅdÌ·Z §ÊŒz]€iYÁÊËYZ¯µZ^«{ZÅ
½Z»Z‡ÊÅZ³M½Y‚Ì»
ŠÅÁ„acZÌ]{Y€]ÉÁ€»
-|/‹Ê/»¾Ì»ÁÉÁZÀ§,cY‚ÌÆne,µÂa¶»Z‹½Z»Z‡€ÅÊ¿Zˆ¿YÉZÅÄËZ»€‡,ÊfÀ‡ÃZ´¿{
µZu{Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»Ä]ÉYÄÀ˂ÅÃZ´¿Ád‡Ys€˜»ÄËZ»€‡¾Ë€fÆ]½YÂÀŸÄ]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»ÃÁ€»YÊ·Á
Ä/]{Y€/§Y–/‡Âe{Z‡{Z«Y½Z»Z‡Ä¯d‡Y½MÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»Y¥|Åd‡Y¾f§¾Ì]Y
{‹ʻŠ‹Â¯Ád‡Yʌz]€iY\ˆ¯,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»{ʸY¥|Å
|]ZËd‡{d̬§Â»
|/ËMºÅY€/§½Z»Z/‡¥Y|/ÅYª/¬ved/Æm{d/̸]Z«¾Ë€/eŠÌ/],{Â/m»ž]ZÀ»YÄÀÌÆ]Ã{Z¨f‡YZ]
dˀË|/»Â/y{Ã|/‹¹Zn¿YcZ ·Z˜»
,,€§Z˜ŸÁÊ¿Y{‚ˁY¶¬¿Ä]-,Âaʸ«
{€/°¸¼Ÿ€/]Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yį|Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿½ZÀ¯Z¯{€°¸¼ŸÁÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»
Ád//ËY-,,d//ˆ³ d
/‡YY~//³€iY½Z»Z//‡®//ËÊf]Z//«d//˂»\//ˆ¯Á½Z//À¯Z¯
,½Z/¯-,,½Y€/´Ë{ÁÊ/‹¯-,,½Y€´Ë{ÁÊq¸]-,,½Y€´Ë{
Z/¯Ä/]Z/Åd¯€‹Êf]Z«d˂»{Â^Æ]ÉY€]½YÂeʻįYÊ»Z³Ã{‚¿Z‹,€¨a,
{ŠÀ˂/³,½Z/À¯Z¯d/ÌÀ»YÄ/]½YÂ/eÊ/»Z/ŹY|/«Y¾/ËYÄ/¸¼mY{Y{Y€/«ÊËZ/‡ZÀ‹{»,dˆ]
½Y€/^m,cZ/Æ»|/‹Á‰Â/»M,½Z/À¯Z¯ÉZ/‡|À¼¿YÂeÁd¯ZŒ»,cZŸÔ—YºÌƈe,¹Y|zf‡Y
1. Guest
2. Wright
3. Balochi et al.
4. Qureshi et al
5. Khan
6. Pfeffer
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
Ä/¯|/Å{Ê/»½ZŒ¿dˆ³cZ¬Ì¬ve{€¯ÃZ‹Y½ZÀ¯Z¯ÉZ¬eYÁ©Â¬uŠËY‚§Y,cZ»|y
Ä/]½Z/À¯Z¯x/‡ZaÄ/]Ê¿Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼Ÿ€/]Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|/»ÉZÅʌ»
–yÁcZ»Y|«Y€ÌiPe
Ê/¯Y{YÉYY{½Z/À¯Z¯€/³Yd/‡YÄf/ˆ]YÁÊ¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»Ã|‹Äf§€³Z¯
Ä]ÉZÅʌ»–y
,|À/‹Z]Ê/¨À»Ê¯Y{YÉYY{,½ZÀ¯Z¯€³Y,†°Ÿ€]Ád§ZË|ÅYÂyŠËY‚§Y{€°¸¼Ÿ,|À‹Z]d^j»
{Â/mÁ€/]ÊÀ^»dËYÉZÅÄf§ZËÊÀˀeZ°ËY,ÃÁԟÄ]d§ZË|ÅYÂyŠÅZ¯Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ
0Y{|/n»Y½Z/À¯Z¯{€/°¸¼Ÿ€/]ž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÊŒ»–yÁ½Z»Z‡Ê¿Zˆ¿YÄËZ»€‡dÌÅZ»¾Ì]Ę]Y
,½Z/À¯Z¯Ê/Œz]€iYį{Y{½ZŒ¿|¸Ì‡ÂÅÉZŊÅÁ„a,Ä]ZŒ»—
Ä]{Y{Y€«|ÌËPe{»
ÁÊ/¿Ó{ÉZ/ÅÄ/f§ZË{Y{½ZÀ¯Z¯Zf§€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yÄ]É{Zˁʴfˆ]YÁ
cZ»|/y½Y€/^mÁd¯Z/Œ»,Ä /‡ÂeÁ‰Â/»M,ŠÀ˂/³Á¹Y|zf/‡YÄ/¯|/Å{Ê/»½ZŒ¿|¸Ì‡ÂÅ
–/‡ÂeÃ|/‹¹Z/n¿YÉZŊÅÁ„a€´Ë{¥€—Y
|¿ÁÊ»Z¼‹Ä]
Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»ÉZÅʌ»
–y½YÂÀŸ
Ä]
,‰Y{Z/acZ»|/y½Y€/^m,{€/°¸¼ŸÊ]Z/ˁY,Ê/ÅÁ€³Z¯,|‹Á‰Â»Mį{Y{½ZŒ¿Ê·ÁÊ·
€iR/»½Z/À¯Z¯ÉÁÀ/Æ]ŠËY‚/§YÁ{€/°¸¼Ÿ{Â^Æ]{,½ZÀ¯Z¯dÌÀ»YÁÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»É‚ËÄ»Z¿€]
É|/À]Ä/¬^—Ä/]Ê/‹¯,€´Ë{cZ/^ŸÄ/]{Y{ÊËY‚/ˆ]Š/¬¿½Z»Z/‡É€Ë~/a¥Z/˜ ¿Y{ÁÃ{Â]
¹Z/œ¿,{€/°¸¼ŸÊ]Z/ˁY¹Z/œ¿,‰Â/»M,ŠÀ˂/³¹Z/œ¿¶»Z/‹Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–y
,Ä/ ·Z˜»¾/ËY¥Y|/ÅYÄ/]Ê]ZËd‡{ÉY€],¾ËY€]ZÀ]{Y{€aÊ»½ZÀ¯Z¯d¯ZŒ»ÁcZ»|ycY€^m
Ä/]cZ»|y½Y€^mÁ½ZÀ¯Z¯d¯ZŒ»,{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY,‰Â»M,¹Y|zf‡Yĸ¼mYʨ¸fz»{Z ]Y
d‡YÃ|‹Äf§€³€œ¿{Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»
ÉZÅ
ʌ»
–y½YÂÀŸ
ÃZ´Œ¿Y{{€°¸¼ŸÁÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»ÉZÅʌ»
–y
Ä/]Ê]Z/Ëd/‡{ÉY€/]YZ/ŹZ/œ¿ÁÊ¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|»Yʨ¸fz»ÉZÅʌ»–y,ZŽZ»Z‡
,µ°/‡YÁ,½Â/ˆ°m |/¿€Ì³Ê/»Z/¯Ä/]Êf]Z/«d/˂»dˬeÁ½ZÀ¯Z¯Ã¬·Z]ÉZÅÉ|À¼¿YÂe
1. Ekaterini
2. Huselid
3. Delaney
4. Lee and Lee
5. Qureshi
6. Jackson andSchuler
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
|/Å{Ê/»½ZŒ¿Ã|‹¹Zn¿YÉZŊÅÁ„a
,,½Z¯Y¶¬¿Ä],ʧÁ{®»-,
{Y{{Â/mÁY{Ê/À »Ád/^j»ÉYĘ]YÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÁÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅ
–y¾Ì]
ʌ»
,½Y€/´Ë{ÁÊ·-,,€qÁ€¯Á¥‚Ë-,,€fW‡ÁZ¼ˆe-,|¸Ì‡ÂÅÁ€°Ì]
É{€/°ËÁÄ/¯|/¿{Y{½Z/Œ¿ ½Z/¯Á ½Y€/´Ë{Á¾Ë€/³,,½Z/¯-
ÁÉ|/À»dËZ/“ŠËY‚/§YcZ/^m»,Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yɀ̳Z¯Ä]{ÄqZb°Ë
Ê/¼ÌeÁÉ{€/§É{€/°¸¼Ÿt˜/‡ÉZ¬eYcZ»Y|«Y¾ËYÄnÌf¿Á{€¯|ÅYÂyºÅY€§Y½Y|À»Z¯|Æ e
{€/°¸¼ŸÁÊ¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»ÉZ/ÅÊ/Œ»–/y½Z/Ì»•Z/^eYÊ/‡€]Â/y{Ê/¸^«cZ ·Z˜»d‡Y
Á½YÂ/f»ÉZ/Ìf»YcZ/¯YZ/Åd¯€/‹¾/ËYYÉ{Y|/ eÄ/¯|/Å{Ê/»½Z/Œ¿ÉZneÉZÅd¯€‹
,,€qÁ€¯Á¥‚Ë-,,ÂeZ¯Á|¿Zq |¿YÄfˆmÀÆ]
É|̸¯{€°¸¼ŸÉZŎyZ‹
Á½YÂ/f»ÉZ/Ìf»YcZ/¯{€]Z/¯|/¿YÂf]Ä/¯ÊeZ/Ì]{Y,|/Àq€/Å,,½Z¯-,
µZ/u{d/‡Y­|/¿Y,|/Å{Y€/«|/ÌËPe{»YʋÂ»MŠz]{É|̸¯{€°¸¼ŸÉZŎyZ‹
ÉY€/]É|/̸¯{€/°¸¼ŸÉZ/ŎyZ/‹Á½YÂf»ÉZÌf»YcZ¯É€Ì³Z¯Ä]€]ʟZ¼mYpÌÅ,€“Zu
{Y|¿{ÂmÁÃZ´Œ¿Y{{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÁŠÀ˂³Á¹Y|zf‡Y
Ê»Äf¨³É|ÀËM€§Ä],¹Y|zf‡Y
|/mYÁ{Y€/§Y[~/mÁÊËZ/‡ZÀ‹Ä/]Z/ŽZ»Z‡½Mʗį{‹
¹Y|zf/‡Y¾ÌÀr¼Å,,½Y€´Ë{Á€ŒÌ§ |¿Y{€aʻʸ¤‹ÉZÅdÌ «Â»Y€uYÉY€]–ËY€‹
¹Z/n¿Yì·Z/]½Z/À¯Z¯[~mÁÊËZ‡ZÀ‹¥|ÅZ]ZŽZ»Z‡Ä¯ÊfÌ·Z §ZˉÁ½YÂÀŸÄ]½YÂeÊ»Y
{½ÔÅÂ]|À¿Z¼ÅÊ¿Y€´ŒÅÁ„acY€œ¿…Z‡Y€]
,,½Y€´Ë{Á¿ {€¯¦Ë€ e,|ÀÅ{Ê»
½Á|/]–ËY€/‹ÉYY{{Y€/§Y[Zzf¿YÁ{Y| eŠÅZ¯ÉY€]d‡YÉ|ÀËM€§,ŠÀ˂³¶¿…YÁ
1. McDuffie
2. Tessema and Soeter
3. Rizov and Croucher
4. Balanced Score Card (BSC)
5. Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
6. Chand and Katou
7. Rizov and Croucher
8. Bohlander and Snell
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
Z/f§€³Á{Â/]|/ÅYÂy½YÂeZ/¿,¥Y|/ÅYÄ/]Ê]ZÌf/‡{{,½Z»Z/‡,\/‡ZÀ»{Y€/§YŠÀ˂³ÁÊ]ZˁY
ÉÁÀ/Æ],{Z/ˁÊËZ/n]ZmÄ/]½YÂ/eÊ/»cÔ°/Œ»¾ËYĸ¼mY
|‹|ÅYÂy{Y€§Y¦¸fz»cÔ°Œ»
,Êf]Z/«d/˂»ŠËY‚/§YÉY€/],¾ËY€]Z/À]{€¯ÃZ‹Y|À»Z¯Ê¿YÁZŒ§ÁÊ¿Ó—ÉZÅd^Ì£,¾ÌËZa
€iR/»ÁYZ/¯Â/—Ä/],½Z/^¸—ÁY{¾Ë€/fÆ]Ä/¯|À˂³€]YÊ^‡ZÀ»Ê»Y|zf‡Y‰ÁÊfˆËZ]ZÅ
½Z»Z‡
ÁÃ{Â/]Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»Ê¸Y¦ËZ›ÁYÊ°Ë,¹Y|zf‡Y,,¾¼Ì¸¯ |¿Â‹[~m
{ÂyÄ]¿Ä]€»Y¾ËYį|ÀËZ¼¿¹Y|«Y½Z^¸—ÁY{¾Ë€fÆ][Zzf¿YÁ[~mÄ]Ze|À¯Ê»®¼¯½Y€Ë|»Ä]
¶»Z/‹Ê¼/‡¹Y|zf/‡YÉZ/ʼnÁ
,,¾/¼u {‹ʻʿZ»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ{Â^Æ]Ä]€nÀ»
ÉZʼnÁįʷZu{|ÀfˆÅZŽԟYÁÉYÄ°^‹ÉZÅÄ»Z¿€^y,ZÅÄ»Z¿Á{Ã|‹É|À]Ĭ^—cZ¤Ì¸^e
,²/ÀqÁ¾/q d/‡Y½Z/À¯Z¯€ËZ/‡Á½Y{Zf/‡Y–‡Âeʧ€ »ÁÉ{€§cZ—Z^eY¶»Z‹Ê¼‡€Ì£
{»ʨ¸fz»ÉZŊÅÁ„a{,|Ë|m½ZÀ¯Z¯ÉY€]¦¸fz»Ê»Y|zf‡Yž]ZÀ»ÊŒz]€iY
,
Ê]Z/ˁYÁʸ¤/‹ÉZ/¬]w€/¿½Â/»M–/‡ÂeÊ/‡Z‡YÂ/—Ä/],Ê/Œz]€iY¾/ËYÁd§€³Y€«Ê‡€]
€/]Ê»Y|zf/‡YÉZ/ÅÊ/Œ»–/yÄ/¯|/Àf§ZË{½Z¬¬v»,Âv¿¾Ì¼ÅÄ]d‡YÃ|‹¹Zn¿Yʸ¤‹{€°¸¼Ÿ
Ä/¯|Àf/ˆÅ€/»Y¾/ËYª/§Y»½Y€´/ŒÅÁ„aYÉZ̈],Ä]ZŒ»—Ä]d‡YY~³€iYÊ¿Z»Z‡ÊŒz]€iY
{‹ʻ½Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸŠËY‚§YÁ
Êf]Z«d˂»Ä]€nÀ»€iR»ŠÀ˂³Á¹Y|zf‡Y
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÁ{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY
½MZ//]¶£Z//‹{€//°¸¼ŸÄ//¯d//‡YÉ|//ÀËM€§,{€//°¸¼ŸÊ]Z//ˁY|//¿|¬f »†ËÂ//Ë{Á{Á
d/ËZÆ¿{Á½Y€Ë|/»,½Zf/‡€a€‡,½Z/À¯Z¯{Â/‹¹Z/n¿Yd/‡{įʻZ´ÀÅÁ{‹
ʻɀ̳ÁY|¿Y
ÁcÂ/«•Z/¬¿Y{¹Z/œ¿¦Ì/ÂeY{€/°¸¼ŸÊ]Z/ˁYÂÌ/‡Z¯|/‹|/ÀÅYÂy|À»Ã€Æ]½MY½Z»Z‡
²/Àŀ§{|/À¯Ê/»¦/ˀ eÄ/·Âv»¦ËZ/›ÁÉY€/mYZ/]Ä/˜]Y{ÃÁ€/³Z/Ë{€/§{€°¸¼Ÿ¦ “
Yd‡YcZ^Ÿ{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁYd‡YÃ|‹¦Ë€ eĿ³¾Ë|]{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁYʨ̏ÂedˀË|»
ÃÂÌ/‹®ËYʌz]½YÂÀŸÄ]įÊ]ZˁYʟ¿ÄËÁÄ],‰Z¯{¹|zfˆ»d̬§Â»½Y‚Ì»Ê]ZˁYY
1. Kleiman
2. Rehman
3. Werder & Daevis
4. Casio
5. Management culture
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
ª]YÂ/‡,{€/̳Ê/»cÂ/€¼f/ˆ»Â/—Ä]ZÅÊ]ZˁY½M{įÉYÃÂ̋{€Ì³Ê»cʿZ»Z‡
Â/—Ä/]ÊÅZ/³,{€/̳Ê/»cʻY|«Y{€°¸¼Ÿ{Â^Æ]ÉY€]Á{‹ʻÉY|Æ´¿lËZf¿ÁÊ]ZˁY
|/ÀËM€§Ä/]{€/°¸¼ŸÊ]Z/ˁYʸ¯Â/—Ä/],,Ê/¸Ì]{Y |/À˳Ê/»Ê]ZˁYY½MďÔy
ÁcYZ//œf¿YÄ//¯ÉY
Ä/
/¿Â³Ä//]Žz//Œ»ÉZ//ÅÃÁ{{Z//ÅÃZ´f//‡{{€//°¸¼ŸÉ€//̳ÁY|//¿YÁŠnÀ//‡
,|/‹Z]Ã|/‹¡Ô/]Y½MÄ/]¶/^«YÁ¥Z¨/‹Ã|¿Â/‹Ê]ZˁYÃZ´f‡{ÉY€]cÁZ”«{»ÉZÅ
ŽyZ‹
Ä/¯d/‡YÊ/À »¾Ë|/]0Z/»Â¼Ÿ{€/°¸¼ŸÊ]Z/ˁYsԘ/Y,,Z/‡€^—{Â/‹Ê/»©Ô—Y
ÃZ/»Ê/—{{€/§Ê¸¤/‹{€/°¸¼ŸÃZ]{Ze{‹ʻ¹Zn¿Y|À»Z¯Á€Ë|»½Z̻ĿÓZ‡ÉYÄ^uZ»
Á½Z/m {Â/‹ÉÁM{€/³,{€/°¸¼Ÿ{Â/^Æ]Ä/]\Ì£€eÉY€]ÊËY€mYÉZÅÄ»Z¿€]ÁÃ|‹hv]Äf‹~³
{€/°¸¼ŸÁ{€/°¸¼ŸÊ]Z/ˁY½Z/Ì»Ä/¯|/Å{Ê/»½Z/Œ¿¦/¸fz»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
,,½ÂÌf‡Y
,,½Y€//´Ë{ÁÊ/‹¯-,,½Z/¯ {Y{{Â//mÁY{Ê/À »Á€iR/»ÉYÄ/˜]YÊ¿Z»Z/‡
½Z/Ì]{ÁÁÊ/ÅÁ½YÁ€/],µZ/j»½YÂ/ÀŸÄ/],,¾/qÁ²/Àq-,Ê·ÁÊ·-
ʬËÂ/ŒeÉZ/Åd/yY{€aÁʼ‡‰Â»M¶¼°»Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yį|¿{¼¿
{€//°¸¼ŸdˀË|/»|¿Â//‹Ê/»ÉÁÀ//Æ]{Â/^Æ]Ä//]€/nÀ»ÁÃ|//‹{€/°¸¼ŸÊ]Z//ˁYŠËY‚/§Yh/ŸZ]
dˀË|/»Ê´¿Â/´qÃ|/ÀÀ¯†° À/»Á{‹ʻ½Z»Z‡®ËYÊf¼ˆ«É€Ì³
°‹hŸZ],½Y|À»Z¯
¶
Ê]Z/ˁY€iR/»€/Ì£ÉZ/ÅÊ/Œ»–y,ÃÁԟ
Ä]
,,¾fˆË€¯Á€ËÊ»
d‡ZÆ¿MÊ¿Zˆ¿YÄËZ»€‡
,€/f¼¯ÉZ/¯Ã‚/Ì´¿YÁÄ/ÌuÁ¶»Z/‹[¸˜»Z/¿cÔ°/Œ»YÉZ̈]Ä]|¿YÂeÊ»|À»Z¯{€°¸¼Ÿ
ŠÅZ¯Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸdËZÆ¿{ÁÃ|‹€nÀ»½Z»Z‡YdËZ¼u{ʸ̻Ê]ÁÉÁÃÁ€Æ]ŠÅZ¯
|/¿YÂf]Z/eÃ{Â]ʸ¯[ÂqZq®ËÃ|¿€Ì³€]{ÊfˆËZ]€iR»{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY,d¬Ì¬u{
|]ZËÊ»
|nÀ/ˆ],|/‹Z]{€/°¸¼ŸYÊ]Â/¸˜»t˜/‡{½{€¯Z/¯Ä/]{Z/«|À»Z¯Ä¯YÊËZÅ|ÀËM€§Ê»Z¼e
,,½Y€´Ë{Á†¸Ì³
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÁ‰Â»M
½Z/À¯Z¯¾f/‹Y{Y€Ë-d‡Y½ZÀ¯Z¯‰Â»M,½Z»Z‡€Å{ÊeZÌuÁʸY¦ËZ›ÁYÊ°Ë
,,c{Z /‡ d/‡Y½Z»Z/‡É|/»MZ¯ÁÊËYZ/¯½Y‚/Ì»{¶»YŸ¾Ë€eºÆ»YÊ°Ë,Ã|ˁÁ
1. John andSteven
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
ÉZ//ÅZf§,Ê//¸ §Á|//Ë|m½Y|//À»Z¯Ä//]cZ//Æ»Ä//WYYd//ÆmÄ//¯ÊËZ//ʼnÁÄ//]‰Â//»M
ÁÊ/ˆÌ¿{ {Y{ÃZ/‹Y,|/¿Y{Z/Ì¿½MÄ/]½Z/‹¶¤/‹ÉY€]ZÆ¿MįÊËZÅÊËZ¿YÂe€ËZ‡ÁÂv»Š¿Y{
{€Ì³Ê»Y€«Ã{Z¨f‡Y{»É{€§ÉZÅ
ŠËY€³ZËZÅ
cZÆ»sԏYÉY€]‰Â»M,¾Ì¨Ë€³
,{Y€/§Y{ɀ/Ì̤e{Z/nËYÁ|‹,Ä ‡ÂeÁlËÁ€eÄ],‰Â»M¾ÌÀr¼Å,,|§Á|4·€Å
Á¦ËZ/›Áʳ|/ÌrÌaŠËY‚/§YÄ/]Ä/mÂeZ/],,µÁZ/a |/À¯Ê/»®¼¯ZźÌeÁZÅ
ÃÁ€³
ÉYÃ{Z ·Y©Â§d̼ÅYY,€iR»Ê‹Â»MÉZÅ{€^ÅYÄ ‡Âe,ɁÁ€»Yž»YÂm{ZÌ¿{»ÉZÅcZÆ»
ÁÃ{Â/¼¿®/¼¯{Â/yÄ/¨Ì›Á¹Z/n¿Y{Y{€§|¿YÂf]įʋÂ»M,€´Ë{cZ^ŸÄ]d‡YY{Ây€]
,½Y€/´Ë{ÁÊ·-,{Zm€§Á€³€] {Â]|ÅYÂy€iR»‰Â»M,|ËZ¼¿€eŠz]€iYYÉÁ{€°¸¼Ÿ
{Â/^Æ]{Ä/¯Y|/À»Z¯Z/Ì¿{»ÉZÅd̸]Z«,‰Â»M,,½Âm²¿Ze-,
Á€/¸Ì»-,,½Y€/´Ë{Á,²/¿€a¶/°» |/Å{Ê/»ŠËY‚/§Y,|Àf/ˆÅ|/̨»Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ
ÉYÄ/˜]YÊ¿Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼ŸÁ‰Â»M½Z̻į|Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿Ê¸^«cZ ·Z˜»,,½ÂÌf‡Y
,YÁ{Â]ÁÂeZ¯-,,½Z¯-,,½Y€´Ë{Áʌˀ̯{Y{{ÂmÁY{ÊÀ »Ád^j»
Á ½Z/¯ÉZ/ÅÄ/f§ZË,µZ/j»½YÂÀŸÄ]
,Ä´À̇-,,¾qÁ²Àq-,
Ê¿Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yÁcZ»Y|«Yį|Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿ ÂeZ¯
Á¹Y|zf/‡YÁŠÀ˂/³|À¿Z»Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»¦¸fz»ÉZÅʌ»–yYÉY{Ây€]d‡Y€iR»
{Â/‹Ê/»€/nÀ»|/À»Z¯{€°¸¼ŸŠËY‚§YÄ],\‡ZÀ»ÉZÅcZÆ»ÄWYYZ]ÃY€¼Å,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»Ä ‡Âe
ÊËÓZ/]d/̼ÅYY½Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼Ÿ{Â/^Æ]d/Æm|/À»Z¯‰Â»Mį{Y{½ZŒ¿µÁZa,Ä]ZŒ»—Ä]
ÁÊ¿Z»Z/‡²/Àŀ§½YÂ/eÊ»½MªË€—Yįd‡YÉY‚]Y
Ä]Zj»Ä]‰Â»MįY€q
d‡YY{Ây€]
{¼¿Âˆ¼ÅlËZf¿Z]Y|À»Z¯Zf§
1. DeNisi and Griffin
2. Herold and Fedor
3. Paul
4. Tung-Chun
5. Mackelprang et al
6. Millar and Stevens
7. Katou and Budhwar
8. Singh
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÁ|À»Z¯d¯ZŒ»
,Ê¿Z»Z/‡ÉZ/Åd/Ì·Z §ÊËYZ/¯ÁÊ/Œz]€iYdÆm,¿ÉZÅČË|¿YYÃ{Z¨f‡Y€]Ã|ÀËY‚§|̯
Pe
ÁZ/°§Y,Z/ŀœ¿¾f/‹Y{¶/Ì·{Ä/]½Z»Z/‡€/ŽZÀ¯Z¯d‡YɁÁ€»YÉZŽZ»Z‡Ê³„ËÁ¾Ë€eºÆ»
YÊ/°Ë{Â/¼¿Z/Ÿ{Y½YÂ/eÊ»¶Ì·{¾Ì¼ÅÄ],|¿ÁÊ»Z¼‹Ä]ÄËZ»€‡¾Ë€e
‰YZ],Ä¿Z«ÔyÉZÅÃ|ËY
d/ËÂŽMcZ/ÌuÁÁcZÌ/ÂyZ/]\/‡ZÀf»,|À¼/‹YÄËZ»€/‡¾/ËYÄ]|¿YÂeʻįÊËZÅ®^‡
Ê ¼m¶¬ŸÉ€Ì³Z¯Ä]Z]®^‡¾ËYd‡YÊf¯ZŒ»dˀË|»®^‡,|Å{Ä ‡ÂeY½MÁÃ|̌z]
{ʼƻŠ¬¿ į d‡ZËÂa ÊfˀË|» {€°ËÁ ®Ë Êf¯ZŒ»dˀË|»|»M|ÅYÂyªËZ§ZŊ·Zq€]
€f/ŒÌ]ÊÅÁ€³d¯ZŒ»|«€Åį|Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿cZ¬Ì¬ve
|À¯Ê»
Z¨ËY ½Z»Z‡ Ê¿Zˆ¿Y ž]ZÀ» Ä ‡Âe
Á¾¿Z¯­Â¯
|]ZËÊ»ŠËY‚§Y½ZÀ¯Z¯
É|À¼¿YÂe½Y‚Ì»,|‹Z]€eÃ{€fˆ³Ê¿Z»Z‡½Á{cZ—Z^eYÁ
ʳ|/¿ ÉZ/À]€ËÃYÂ/¼Å Á Äf‹Y{ |¿ÂÌa½Zˆ¿Y ʳ|¿ Z] Z]€Ë{ Y d¯ZŒ»,,¯Âm
€/ZÀŸ Y Á Ê¿Z/ˆ¿YÄ /‡Âe|/̸¯ ,d¯ZŒ»d‡Y Ã{Â] ɀŒ] ¾Ë¿ Á ¾Æ¯ ÉZŽ|¼e
Á ʟZ¼fmY
Y €/“Zu€/Ÿ,½Y€/œ¿\uZ/€fŒÌ] {ÁÊ»Z¼‹Ä]
ZÅŒ¯ ʟZ¼fmY Á É{Zf«Y Ä ‡Âe ʸY
d/̼¯Zu½YÁ{ Ä/¯ |/¿ÁZ] ¾/ËY€] Á Ã|¿YÂy Á dˀË|» Y Êf¯ZŒ» dˀË|»Á dˀË|» €Ÿ
dˀË|/» ®^/‡ ,Ã|/ÀËM { |ÀÀ¯Ê»ÊÀÌ]
Á Ã|‹ ɀb‡ Ä¿YZ¯Äœ§Zv»Á É{Y|^f‡Y ÉZÅ®^‡
ŠÌa
dˀË|/»µZ/¼ŸYZ/],,ʼÌÅY€]Y{€¯|ÅYÂy Ä^¸£dˀË|» ÉZÅ®^‡
€ËZ‡ €] Êf¯ZŒ»
d¯Z/Œ»Z/]{Â/‹Ê/»¾Ì¼/”eÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ{Â^Æ]ÁºÅY€§cZŸÔ—Yµ{Z^ed€§,Êf¯ZŒ»
½Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÊŒz]€iYɀ̳
e|ÀËM€§{½ZÀ¯Z¯
ºÌ¼
,½Y€/´Ë{ÁÊ¿Â/f¿M |]ZËÊ»ŠËY‚§YZÅ
Ä/¯|/Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿Ã|‹¹Zn¿YcZ¬Ì¬ve,,½Âf¿{-,,½Y€´Ë{Á|ËÂË{-
ÁÊ/‹¯-,,½Z/¯ {Â/‹Ê/»½Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼ŸŠËY‚/§YhŸZ],½ZÀ¯Z¯d¯ZŒ»Ä¯
Á¥‚//Ë-,,½Y€//´Ë{Á²//¿-,,YÁ{Â//]ÁÂeZ//¯-,,½Y€//´Ë{
Y€//̳Y€§d//̨̯dˀË|//»Z//]ÊËZ//ŽZ»Z/
/‡,ÃÁÔ//ŸÄ/
/],,k€//m-,Z//qÁ€¯
1. Participative management
2. Kuokkanen L., Jouko K.
3. Antonio et al
4. David et al
5. Denton
6. George
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
Ä/],ÊfˀË|/»ÃÂÌ/‹¾/ËYɀ̳Z/¯Ä]Z]Y€Ë
|ÀÀ¯Ê»Ã{Z¨f‡Yɀ̳
ºÌ¼e{Êf¯ZŒ»É{€°ËÁ
,,¶ËZŒÌ»Á‚̯½Zm
|À]Z]Ê»d‡{É{ZˁÉZËY‚»
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÁcZ»|y½Y€^m
¦ËZ/›ÁÁ¦/¸fz»¶£Z/Œ»¹Z/n¿YÉYY{Z/ŽZ»Z/‡Ä¯d‡YʋY{Za¹Zœ¿,cZ»|y½Y€^m
Y¾Ì/]¾/ËY{Ä/r¿M,,¾Ì¨Ë€/³ÁÊ/ˆÌ¿{ |/ÀÀ¯Ê/»{Z/nËY{Y€§YÉY€],½Z»Z‡½Á{
Á\/‡ZÀ»ÉZ/ʼnY{Z/ad/yY{€aÉY€/]\/‡ZÀ»€f/ˆ]ɁZ/‡ºÅY€/§,d/‡YY{Ây€]ÊËÓZ]d̼ÅY
|/ÀÀ¯Ê/»‰Y…Z/ˆuY‰Y{Z/ad/§ZË{Z/]ZÆ¿MįÉ—
Ä]
d‡Y½ZÀ¯Z¯Ê»Z¼eÉY€]ÉÁZˆf»
\‡ZÀe,½Z»Z‡{ZÆ¿Md¯ZŒ»ÁZÅd̸]Z«,ZÅcZÆ»Z]ZʼnY{Za¾Ì]ÊfˆËZ]įd‡Y€¯}½ZËZ‹
ÁcZ»|/y½Y€^m½Z̻į|Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿cZ¬Ì¬ve,,½Y€´Ë{Á€ŒÌ§ |‹Z]Äf‹Y{{ÂmÁ
,¾/»MÁÂ/Ìm€Ìm {Y{{Â/mÁY{Ê/À »Ád/^j»ÉYÄ/˜]YÊ¿Z»Z/‡{€°¸¼ŸÁ½ZÀ¯Z¯{€°¸¼Ÿ
ÁÊ/ŒË¯-,,½Z/¯-,½Z/»…MÁŠÌ/¿{-,ÉÁ¾ÌqÁ²¿Y¾Ì‹-,
,,¾/qÁ²/¿Zq-,,YÁ{Â/]ÁÂeZ/¯-,,€fW‡ÁZ¼ˆe-,½Y€´Ë{
Z/]|/À¿YÂeÊ/»Z/Åd¯€/‹Ä/¯|/Å{Ê/»½Z/Œ¿cZ]Á½Z‡Ê»ÉZÅÄf§ZË,µZj»½YÂÀŸÄ]
,½Z/À¯Z¯ÉY|Æ´¿Á‰‚Ì´¿Y,[~m€]ÃÁԟ,\‡ZÀ»ÉZʼnY{ZaÁÊf]Z«ÉZÅ{‚¼f‡{dyY{€a
¹Z/œ¿Ä/¯|/Àf§ZË{Á|aÁ‚ÀËY,€´Ë{cZ^ŸÄ]
|ÀÅ{ŠËY‚§YYZÅd¯€‹|‹Á{€°¸¼Ÿ
ÁÃ|À/‹Á€§{€§{€°¸¼Ÿ{ÊÆmÂe¶]Z«cY€iY,{ÁÊ»Z¯Ä]½Z³|À‹Á€§ÉY€]įÊeZ»|y½Y€^m
,Á€/»YÊf]Z«ÁÃ|ÌrÌa–Ìv»®Ë{,¾ËY€]ZÀ]{Y{‰Á€§½Y‚Ì»™Zv·Y½Z»Z‡Ê¸¯ÊŒz]€iY
½Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼Ÿ{Â/^Æ]Z/]0Z¼Ì¬f/ˆ»Ä¯Ä¿YÁM¿cZ»|y½Y€^mÉZÅ{€^ÅYZe|À‹Ôe{ZŽZ»Z‡
¹Z/œ¿,,¶ÌËZ/ŒÌ»Á†Ì/¿{-,²
/ÀË·Á½ÂÌf‡Y |ÀÀ¯ÊËZ‡ZÀ‹Yd‡Y–^e€»
Ä/]|/ËZ]½Z»Z/‡{‰Y{Z/aÉZ/˜ŸYÁŽÌ/ze,€/´Ë{cZ^ŸÄ]|‹Z]Šz]€iYÁYZ¯|ËZ]‰Y{Za
|/ËZ]Zf/‡Y¾ËY{¹|«¾Ì·ÁY½YÂÀŸÄ]{Z‡¾°¼»,½Z»Z‡ÉY€]YÃ{Z]€j¯Y|uį|‹Z]ÉYĿ³
1. Tessemaand Soeter
2. Mayson and Barret
3. Ine´s and Pedro
4. Steven and Loring
5. Denis and Michel
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
d/¬Ì¬u{|/‹Z]€iR/»{€/°¸¼ŸÄ/]•Á€/Œ»,‰Y{Z/aÉZ/˜ŸYÄ/¯{‹ÊuY€—É—‰Y{Za¹Zœ¿
,,c{Z ‡ |‹Z]Ê¿Z»Z‡¥Y|ÅYÄ]¶Ì¿dÆm{,{€°¸¼Ÿ
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÉZŀ̤f»
ÁµZ/u¾/q d/‡YÃ|/‹Ã{Z¨f/‡Y Ä/¿Z³|ÀqÊ¿Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼ŸÉZ/ŀ̤f»Yª/̬ve¾/ËY{
Ä/]ÄmÂeZ]ÁÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸY­Y{Y½Y‚̻Ĩˆ¸§…Z‡Y€]į
,,d̼‡Y|¸Ì§²¿Ó
{Ä/¯É{YÂ/»Y {Â/‹Ê/»É€/̳ÁY|¿Y[ÂyʸÌyZe|]ʸÌy c€°Ì·…Z̬»¦Ì—
Ä/]½Z»Z/‡Ê]Z/Ëd‡{¹Âƨ»Ä]ÊËYZ¯Ä]½YÂeÊ»|ÀfˆÅY~³€ÌiPeÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸY­Y{Y
¾Ë€/f¼¯Yɀ/̳À/Æ]Z/]Ê¿Z»Z/‡¥Y|/ÅYÄ]Ê]ZËd‡{ÉZÀ »Ä]ʌz]€iY-Ã|‹¾ÌÌ e¥Y|ÅY
Z/]Ä/¸]Z¬»ÁZ/Åd/€§YÃ{Z¨f/‡Yd/ÆmÊ¿Z»Z/‡ÉZ/Åd/̧€›ŠËY‚/§Y¹Âƨ»Ä]Ä ‡Âe-ž]ZÀ»
{€/°¸¼ŸY½Zˀf/Œ»Á½Z/À¯Z¯,Z¯€/‹,¶/Ì^«Y½Z/ ¨¿É}Ê»Z/¼eÊ/À ËÉ|À»Z/“-ZŊ·Zq
½YÂ//ÀŸÄ/]cÓÂ/v»ÁZÅ|/ÀËM€§¹Z/¼e{ÉÁMÂ//¿d/ËZÆ¿{Á|À/‹Z]Äf/‹Y{dËZ/“½Z»Z/‡
{€¯ÃZ‹Y,|¿Â‹Ê»s€˜»Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÉZŀ̤f»
{Â/mÁÄ/˜]YÊ¿Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼ŸÁÊ¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–y½ZÌ»ªÌ¬veÄ̓€§
{Y{
ªÌ¬veʇZÀ‹‰Á
ÃÂÌ/‹ Ä/¯ d/‡Y É{€]Z/¯ ,ŠÅÁ„/a ¥|/Å ™Z/v· Ä/] Á Ê/¼¯ ŠÅÁ„/a ®Ë €“Zu ªÌ¬ve
Y ª/̬ve ÉZŀ̤f» ¾Ì] •Z^eY hÌu Yd‡Y ʌËZ¼Ìa Â¿ Y Á ʨ̏Âe ½M { ZÅÃ{Y{
ÉÁM{€³
cÓ{Z »ÉZ‡µ|» d‡YÉZfyZ‡ cÓ{Z » ɁZ‡µ|»€]ÊÀf^»ŽzŒ»—Ä]ÁÊ´fˆ^¼Å
Â¿
Á Z°/‹MÉZ/ŀ̤f» ¾Ì] –]YÁ ÃZ]{ ÊËZÅÄ̓€§½Â»M
ÉY€] Ê »Zm ÉZ»M {€°ËÁ,ÉZfyZ‡
Ê/¸Ì¸ve®/ÌÀ°e Á Ã{Â/] ½Y|/]•Â/]€» ÉZ/ÅÄÌ/“€§ Á ɀœ¿ [ÂqZq ¶Ì¸ve Á ½ÂÀ°» ÉZŀ̤f»
1. Multiple organizational performance
2. Chenhall & Langfield-Smith
3. Effectiveness
4. Efficiency
5. Development
6. Satisfaction
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
Y ÉYğ¼n»Ze |Å{Ê» ½Z°»Y €´ŒÅÁ„a Ä] į d‡Y ɀ̤f» |Àq ½Â̇€³ Ã{Y¿Zy Y É|À»Á€Ì¿
{€°ËÁ¾ËY ªË€—Y,¾»ÂÅ|Å{ Y€« ½Â»M {» ½Z»‚¼Å — Ä] Y ½Â̇€³ cÓ{Z »
ÉZŀ̤f» €j¯Y į Zn¿M Y {€¯ ½Â»M Ã|ÌrÌa ž»YÂm { Y ɀœ¿ ÉZŵ|» ½{Â]µÂ^«
¶]Z«
½YÂeÊ»
ŠÅÁ„/a¾/ËY{ÉZfyZ/‡ÉZ/‡µ|/»YÃ{Z¨f‡Y,|ÀfˆÅ½ÂÀ°»c Ä] ªÌ¬ve¾ËY { {Âm»
,cZ»|/y½Y€/^mÉZ/ÅÄ/¨·R»Ä˜]Y¾ÌÌ eÉY€]Á¾ËYY,,…Z´‡{Â]|ÅYÂy\‡ZÀ»
YÊ¿Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼ŸÁ½Z/À¯Z¯¹Y|zf‡Y,½ZÀ¯Z¯‰Â»M,Êf¯ZŒ»dˀË|»,{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY
Ä/]ÉZfyZ/‡µ|/»{d/‡YÃ|/‹Ã{Z¨f/‡Yµ‚/Ì·Y‚§Y¹€¿ÁÉZfyZ‡cÓ{Z »ÉZ‡µ|»‰Á
ÉZ/ÅÃ{Y{Ä/]Ä/mÂeZ/]Z/ŽÁ¾ËY
{‹ʻÄmÂeZÅ
Ä̓€§µ|»{ŽyZ‹€ÅÉZŽÁ½ZÌ»–]YÁ
€/ŀ/iY€Ì/ˆ»ÁÉY~/³€ÌiPe½Y‚/Ì»,,¾Ì/·¾Å|¿Â‹Ê»¾ÌÌ^eĿ¼¿YÃ|‹ÉÁM{€³
–/]YÁ¥€/ »Ä/¯{Â/‹Ê»ŽzŒ»Á¾ÌÌ eµ‚Ì·Y‚§Y
¹€¿Y¶Zu¶Ì¸ve–‡ÂeZŀ̤f»Y®Ë
{d/‡Yª/̬veÄ »ZmYÊ «YÁlËZf¿…Z‡Y€]Z°‹MÁ½ÂÀ°»ÉZŀ̤f»¾Ì]Ã|»Md‡{Ä]ɀœ¿
Ê»Â/ƨ»µ|/»ÁŠÅÁ„/aÉZ/ÅÃ{Y{©Z/^˜¿Y½Y‚/Ì»¥€/—®/ˁYÉZfyZ/‡cÓ{Z/ »ÉZ/‡µ|»
–]YÁÉY{ÊÀ »€´Ë{¥€—YÁ{‹
ʻʇ€]
\‡ZÀ»‰Y€]YÉY{Ây€]™Zv·YŠÅÁ„a
Ä/]Á{ÉZ/¯d^/ˆ¿¶»Z/‹µ|/»\/‡ZÀ»‰Y€/]ÉZ/ŎyZ
‹|¿Â‹Ê»½Â»MÄf§ZˉY€]µ|»{
d/‡YAGFI ‰Y€/]ÊË°¿Ã|‹¶Ë| eŽyZ‹ÁGFI‰Y€]ÊË°¿ŽyZ‹,É{YMÄm{
ÁY€f°qÂ//¯,É{YMÄ//m{Ä//]Á{ÉZ/¯d^//ˆ¿Ä//¯d//‡YY{Â/y€]\//‡ZÀ»‰Y€//]YÊ·|/»
®/ÌÀ°e¾/ËY|/‹Z]Y€/f¼¯‚/Ì¿RMSRÁY|/¿YÁ€f/ŒÌ]|/{YGFIÁAGFI Y|/¬»
ÉY€/]d/‡Y€/œ¿{Â/»€/̤f»Ã|/¿Y€]ZË¥€ »Êf«{ÄqZ]Ê]Zzf¿YÉZŎyZ‹{Z‡Ê»ŽzŒ»
€Ë{Z/¬»ÉYY{Ä/¯ÊËZ/ŎyZ/‹‰Á¾/ËY{d/‡YÃ|/‹Ã{Z¨f/‡YÊeÃZ»MYÂ“»ʇ€]
µ|//»Yʬ]Z/»ÁÃ{Â//]Y{Ê/À »ÉZ//»M™Z/v·Y|Àf//ˆÅ±Y€//f¼¯Z//ËÁY€//e±
‚/]
|¿Â‹Ê»¥~uɀ̳
ÁY|¿Y
1. Segares
2. Haenlein
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
ɀ̳Ŀ¼¿
‰Á Á ÉZ»M Ä »Zm
Ä/]Ä/ »Zm{Y€/§YYÉ{Y|/ e[Zzf¿YÉY€]įÊËZŹY|«Yğ¼n»Yd‡YcZ^Ÿ,ɀ̳Ŀ¼¿
É{Y| eYd‡YcZ^ŸÄ¿Â¼¿,ZÌ¿š§Zu{€Ë~aÊ»¹Zn¿Y,|À‹Z]Ä »Zm½M¥€ »Ä¯ÉÂv¿
Á†¿Z/neYÁÃ{Â/]Ä »Zm¥€ »ÁÄf‹Y{dÆ]ZŒ»,Ä »ZmcZ¨Z]ZÆ¿McZ¨Ä¯Ä »Zm{Y€§YY
ɀ/̳Ä/¿Â¼¿‰ÁYŠÅÁ„/a¾/ËY{,Z/Ì¿š§Z/u|À/‹Z]Y{Ây€]Ä »Zm{Y€§YZ]ÊÀ´¼Å
d‡YcZ^Ÿ€“ZuªÌ¬veÉZ»MÄ »Zmd‡YÃ|‹Ã{Z¨f‡YċÂy€ÅYÃ{Z‡Ê§{ZeÁÉYċÂy
{Y|/ eÄ]Œ¯Ê»Zœ¿ÉZÅÃZ´Œ¿Y{YÊ°ËÊ¿Z^ÌfŒa
ÉY{Y½ZÀ¯Z¯Áʼ¸ŸdXÌÅÉZ”ŸYY
|¿|‹[Zzf¿YÉZ»MĿ¼¿½YÂÀŸ
Ä]|uYÁ
½Z³»µÁ|m…Z‡Y€]¹ÓĿ¼¿ºnu€¨¿
ZÅÃ{Y{ ÉÁM{€³Y‚]Y
½Â/»MÉY€/]cZ/ŸÔ—YÉÁM{€/³d/ÆmÄ/¯d/‡YÊ¿Y|/Ì»Â/¿YÃ{Y{ÉÁMž¼m‰Á
,²ÀÌ/‡ÉZ/ÅÄ»ZÀ/Œ‡€aYɀ/̳À/Æ]Z/]ÄfyZ/‡ª/¬v»Ä»ZÀŒ‡€aÁ{YªÌ¬veÉZÅÄ̓€§
dˀË|/»ÉZ/ÅÊ/Œ»–yŠz]ÉY€]Ê°Ë
½Y€´Ë{Á{Y‚Æ‹Á½Y€´Ë{Áʋ¯
Z/ŀ̤f»É€/̳ÁY|/¿Y…Z/̬»|/‹Ã{Z¨f‡YÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁYÉY€]ɀ´Ë{ÁÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»
d/‡{Ä/]‰ÁÁ{Ä]Ä»ZÀŒ‡€aÊËYÁd‡Yc€°Ì·…Z̬»¦Ì—…Z‡Y€]ÁÉYķ¬»c
Ä]
…Z/‡Y€/]įÄfyZ‡ª¬v»Ä»ZÀŒ‡€a¾Ìzf»ÃÂ̋Ä]Ä»ZÀŒ‡€aÊËYÁ|ÌËPe
µÁY‰Á{|»M
Y€/«Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|»ÃÂu¾Ìzf»Y€¨¿ZÌfyY{,d‡YÃ|‹ÊuY€—ŠÅÁ„aÄÀ̌Ìa
Ê/ËYÁÃÂ̋Ä]Ä»ZÀŒ‡€aÊËYÁ|ÌËPe
¹Á{ÃÂ̋{
|‹µZ¼ŸY½ZŒËY€œ¿{»cZuԏYÁd§€³
Ä/]•Â/]€»¶/»YŸÄ/̸¯º/ƧÄ/]Ä/mÂeZ/]d/§€³Y€/«Z/ÅÊ¿{»MZÌfyY{Ä»ZÀŒ‡€a,ɏ
Ä»ZÀ/Œ‡€aÊËYÁ,Ã|»Md‡{Ä]ÉZŊ‡€aÄ]¶»Z¯ÊË´z‡ZaÁ½Y€³ŠÅÁ„aɇYÄ»ZÀŒ‡€a
d/‡YÃ|/‹Ã{Z¨f/‡YwZ/^¿Á€¯ÉZ/¨·MY,ª/̬veY‚/]YÊËZËZaʇ€]ÉY€]d§€³Y€«|ÌËPe{»
Y€/f³‚]wZ/^¿Á€¯ÉZ/¨·MÉY€/]€Ë{Z¬»Ê»Z¼eÄ°ÀËYÄ]ÄmÂeZ]{‹ÂmµÁ|mÄ]
,Ê·M¿{Y{{ÂmÁÄ»ZÀŒ‡€a{Ê^‡ZÀ»ÉZ³Z‡ÄnÌf¿{,d‡Y
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
Zŀ̤f»wZ^¿Á€¯ÉZ¨·MµÁ|m
wZ^¿Á€¯ÉZ¨·M
ķ¬»¹Z¿
Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–y
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ
ZÅÃ{Y{¶Ì¸ve
ªÌ¬ve ÉZŀ̤f» ɀ̳ÁY|¿YÉZÅ
µ|»
ʇ€]
ɀ̳ÁY|¿YÉZŵ|»Êf‡{YZed‡Y¹Ó,ªÌ¬ve Ä̓€§½Â»Mĸu€»Ä]½|‹{YÁY¶^«
{€/°¸¼ŸÉZ/ÅZÌ »Y½Á{€/̤f»,Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|/»ÉZÅÊ
Œ»–yÉZÅZÌ »Y½Á€]
€Ì¤f»
¾/ËY {Â/‹Ê/»ÄWYY €Ì¤f»Á{¾ËY ɀ̳ÁY|¿YÉZŵ|»,Ä»Y{Y{Y~·{‹¶Zu½ZÀ̼—YÊ¿Z»Z‡
¹Á{ÁµÁYÄ^e€»É|ÌËPeʸ»ZŸ ¶Ì¸ve–‡ÂeZ¯
YÊ/°Ë É|/ÌËPe ʸ»Z/Ÿ ¶/̸ve { Â/‹Ê»¹Zn¿Y
ÉZ/Ŷ/»ZŸ½Â/À°» ÉZ/ŀ/̤f» ¾Ì/]•Z/^eYÊ/‡€] ÉY€]įd‡YÉZ»M ÉZʼnÁ¾Ë€eʼË|«
d‡Yɀ̳ÁY|¿Yµ|»€´¿ZÌ]Á
{ÁÊ»
Z¯Ä]
ZŊ‡€a
Ã|‹Ã|ÅZŒ»ÉZŀ̤f»
ÁÃ|»Md‡{
Ä]
ª/ˀ—Y,ÉZfyZ/‡cÓ{Z/ »Áɀ/̳ÁY|/¿YcÓ{Z/ »ÉZ/ÅÄ̓€§ÁÊ»Âƨ»µ|»Ê]ZˁY
µ|/»‰Y€]Ê]ZˁYdËZÆ¿{Áɀ̳ÁY|¿Yµ|»‰Y€]Ê]ZˁY
,ªÌ¬veµ|»Ê¸¯‰Y€]Ê]ZˁY
Ä/¯d/‡Y¾/ËYµ|/»Ê/¸¯‰Y€/]Ê]Z/ˁYY¥|Å,Ɂ³Z]{€Ì³Ê»cÉZfyZ‡
ÉZ/ŎyZ/‹µÁ|/m{{Y{ª§YÂeÁZ³Z‡ªÌ¬veÉZÅÃ{Y{Z]µ|»|uÄqZe{‹ŽzŒ»
,É{YMÄm{Ä]€W°‡YÉZ¯d^ˆ¿Ä]ÄmÂeZ]d‡YÃ|»MªÌ¬veÊ»Âƨ»µ|»Ê³|¿Y€]
{|/ŸYZ/Æ¿MÉÁ{€ÅįÃ|¿Z»Ê«Z]ÉZ˜yÁY|¿YÁ¹Á{ČËÉZ˜y\ˀ¬e
‰Y€/]ÊË°̿Ã|‹¶Ë| eŽyZ‹Á‰Y€]ÊË°̿ŽyZ‹¾ÌÀqºÅÁd‡Y€f¼¯
|/ÌËPeª/̬veÉZ/ÅÃ{Y{–‡ÂeªÌ¬veµ|»Ê¸¯‰Y€],|À‹Z]Ê»€f³‚]YZÆ¿MÉÁ{€Åį
{‹ÂmµÁ|mÄ]{‹ʻ
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
µ|»ÉY½Á€]
€Ì¤f» ɀ̳ÁY|¿Yµ|»
d/·Zu{YÊ¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yÉZÅZÌ »µÁYÄ^e€»Ê¸»ZŸ¶Ì¸ve¶°‹
Ád/^j»Ê´f/ˆ^¼Å–/]YÁ{Â/mÁYʯZ/uµÁYÄ^e€»¶Ì¸velËZf¿|Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿{Y|¿Zf‡Y¾Ì¼ze
Z/][Z/zf¿YÁ\ˀ/“Z/]‰Â/»M{Â/‹Ê/»Ã|ÅZŒ»Ä¯Ä¿Â³½Z¼Å
d‡YZÅZÌ »¾Ì]Y{ÊÀ
»
|ÀfˆÅYY{Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZ]Ê´fˆ^¼Å¾Ë€fŒÌ]
\ˀ“
ɀ̳ÁY|¿Y µ|» ½{Â]\‡ZÀ» €³½ZŒ¿
RMSEA=0.054 ĸ¼m Y µ|» \‡ZÀe ÉZŎyZ‹
d‡YÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yÉ
ZÅZÌ »
ŠÀ˂³
‰Â»M
ž]ZÀ»dˀË|»
Ê]ZˁY
Ê¿Zˆ¿Y
{€°¸¼Ÿ
d¯ZŒ»
½ZÀ¯Z¯
½Y€^m
cZ»|y
Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yÉZÅZÌ »É€Ì³
ÁY|¿Y
µ|»¶°‹
{Y|¿Zf‡Y¾Ì¼zed·Zu{
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
Y‚¿Á{ ÉZŀ̤f» ɀ̳ÁY|¿Yµ|»
{YÊ¿Z»Z/‡{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁYÉZÅZÌ »Ä]•Â]€»µÁYÄ^e€»É|ÌËPeʸ»ZŸ¶Ì¸ve¶°‹
{Y{½Z/Œ¿Y½Á{
€Ì¤f»µÁYÄ^e€»É|ÌËPe ʸ»ZŸ¶Ì¸velËZf¿|Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿{Y|¿Zf‡Y¾Ì
¼zed·Zu
ɀ̳ÁY|¿Yµ|»lËZf¿d‡YY{Ê
À »µ|»ÉZŀf»YZaÁ{Y|ŸYÄ̸¯Á\‡ZÀ»É€Ì³ÃY|¿Yµ|»Ä¯
Ã|ÅZ/Œ»Ä/¯Ä/¿Â³½Z/¼Åd/‡Y Z/ÅZÌ » ¾Ì/] ÉY{Ê
À »Ád^j»Ê´fˆ^¼Å–]YÁ{ÂmÁYʯZu
¾Ì/]{YÊ´f/ˆ^¼Å¾Ë€f/ŒÌ]\ˀ/“Z/]ÊËYZ/¯†b/‡Á\ˀ/“Z]dËZ“{‹ʻ
RMSEA=0.087Ä/¸¼mYµ|/»\/‡ZÀeÉZ/ŎyZ/‹|À‹Z]Ê»YY{Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÉZÅZÌ »
d‡YÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁYÉZÅZÌ » ɀ̳ÁY|¿Yµ|»½{Â]\‡ZÀ»€³
½ZŒ¿
Ã|ÅZŒ»Ä¯Ä¿Â³½Z¼Å
|Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿µ|»{YZŀ̤f»Y®Ë€ÅÉY{ÊÀ »{Y|ŸY¶°‹
Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yÉZÅZÌ »¾Ì]Ę]YÉY€]Ã|»M
d‡{
Ä]ÉY{ÊÀ »{Y|ŸY{‹ʻ
d¯Z/Œ»,{€/°¸¼ŸÊ]Z/ˁY,‰Â/»M,ŠÀ˂³Á¹Y|zf‡YÉZÅZÌ »Á
ª¸˜»|/«Y€/f³‚]{|Ÿ¾ËYįZn¿MYÁd‡YcZ»|y½Y€^mÁ½ZÀ¯Z¯
{‹ʻ|ÌËPeZŀ̤f»¾Ì]Y{
ÊÀ »ÁºÌ¬fˆ»,d^j»Ä˜]Y{ÂmÁY~·,d‡Y
ÉÁM¿
dËZ“
ÉZÅZÌ »
{€°¸¼Ÿ
Ä ‡Âe
Ê¿Z»Z‡
ÊËMZ¯
ʌz]€iY
{Y|¿Zf‡Y¾Ì¼zed·Zu{Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÉZÅZÌ »É€Ì³ÃY|¿Y
µ|»¶°‹
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
ŠÀ˂³
‰Â»M
ž]ZÀ»dˀË|»
Ê]ZˁY
Ê¿Zˆ¿Y
{€°¸¼Ÿ
d¯ZŒ»
½ZÀ¯Z¯
½Y€^m
cZ»|y
t- valued·Zu{Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yÉZÅZÌ »É€Ì³
ÁY|¿Y
µ|»¶°‹
|/Å{Ê/»½Z/Œ¿µ|/»{YÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÉZŀ̤f»Y®Ë€ÅÉY{ÊÀ »{Y|ŸY¶°‹
{€/°¸¼ŸÉZ/ÅZÌ »¾Ì/]Ä/˜]YÉY€/]Ã|»Md‡{Ä]ÉY{ÊÀ »{Y|ŸY{‹ʻÃ|ÅZŒ»Ä¯Ä¿Â³½Z¼Å
Ê/Œz]€iYÁÊËYZ/¯,Ä /‡Âe,dËZ“,ÉÁM¿ÉZÅZÌ »ÁÊ¿Z»Z‡
ºÌ¬f/ˆ»,d/^j»Ä˜]Y{ÂmÁY~·,d‡Yª¸˜»|«Y€f³‚]{|Ÿ¾ËYįZn¿MYÁd‡Y
{‹ʻ|ÌËPe€Ì¤f»Á{¾Ì]Y{
ÊÀ »Á
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
ÉÁM¿
dËZ“
ÉZÅZÌ »
{€°¸¼Ÿ
Ä ‡Âe
Ê¿Z»Z‡
ÊËMZ¯
ʌz]€iY
t- valued·Zu{Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÉZÅZÌ »É€Ì³ÃY|¿Y
µ|»¶°‹
ªÌ¬ve€Ìˆ» ¶Ì¸veÉZfyZ‡µ|»Ê‡€]
¾Ì/] Ê´f/ˆ^¼Å\ˀ/“,{Y|¿Zf/‡Y¾Ì/¼zedÌ /“Á{ª/̬veÉZfyZ/‡µ|/» ¶°/‹
½Z/Œ¿YÊ¿Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼ŸÊ]Z/ˁYÉZ/ÅZÌ »Z/]Ê¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|/»ÉZ/Åʌ»
–yÉZÅZÌ »
¾/ËY¾Ì/]ÉÂ/«0Zf^ˆ¿Ê´fˆ^¼Å{ÂmÁYʯZuįd‡YZ]€]Y€]Ã|»Md‡{Ä]\ˀ“|Å{Ê»
µ|/»½{Â/]\/‡ZÀ»€³½ZŒ¿
RMSEA=0.078ĸ¼mYµ|»\‡ZÀeÉZŎyZ‹
|‹Z]Ê»€Ì¤f»Á{
d‡Y{Y|¿Zf‡Y¾Ì¼zedÌ “Á{ŠÅÁ„aÉZfyZ‡
Ã|ÅZŒ»Ä¯Ä¿Â³½Z¼Å
|Å{Ê»½ZŒ¿µ|»{YZŀ̤f»Y®Ë€ÅÉY{ÊÀ »{Y|ŸY¶°‹
ÁÊ¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yÉZÅZÌ »¾Ì]Ę]YÉY€]Ã|»M
d‡{
Ä]Y{ÊÀ »{|Ÿ{‹ʻ
ª/¸˜»|/«Y€f³‚]{|Ÿ¾ËYįZn¿MYÁd‡YZ]€]Y€]Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁYÉZÅZÌ »
|ÌËPe€Ì¤f»Á{¾ËY¾Ì]Y{ÊÀ »ÁºÌ¬fˆ»,d^j»Ä˜]Y{ÂmÁ€]ÊÀ^»ŠÅÁ„aÄ̓€§Y~·,d‡Y
{‹ʻ
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
{Y|¿Zf‡Y¾Ì¼zed·Zu{ŠÅÁ„aÉZfyZ‡µ|»¶°‹
ÉY{ÊÀ »{Y|ŸYd·Zu{ŠÅÁ„aÉZfyZ‡µ|»¶°‹
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
ªÌ¬veµ|»Ê¸¯‰Y€]•Â]€»cZŸÔ—YµÁ|m
Y|¬»
€f»YZa¹Z¿
É{YMÄm{
É{YMÄm{Ä]€W°‡YÉZ¯d^ˆ¿
RMSEAZ˜yÊ^ˀ¬eÁ~n»¾Ì´¿Z̻ČË
NNFI¹€¿€Ì£‰Y€]ŽyZ‹
RMSEA”P€f»YZaY|¬»
CFIʬÌ^˜e‰Y€]ŽyZ‹
IFIʌËY‚§Y‰Y€]ŽyZ‹
RMRÃ|¿Z»Ê«Z]Á~n»¾Ì´¿Z̻ČË
GFIʳ|¿Y€]ŽyZ‹
RMRÃ|‹
{Y|¿Zf‡YY|¬»
AGFIÄf§Z˶Ë| eʳ|¿Y€]ŽyZ‹
ŠÅÁ„alËZf¿~yZ»
ɀ̳ÄnÌf¿Áhv]
d/‡YÊ¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–y€ÌiPe½Â»M,Ä ·Z˜»¾ËY¥|Å
Ê¿Z»Z/‡{€/°¸¼Ÿ€]ÊÆmÂe¶]Z«€ÌiPeÊ¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»–yį{Y{½ZŒ¿Ä ·Z˜»¾ËY
¶/Ì^«YÊ¿Z/ˆ¿Yž]Z/À»dˀË|/»ÉZ/Åʌ»–yÄ]ÃZ´Œ¿Y{{€°¸¼ŸÄ¯{Y{½ZŒ¿€“ZuªÌ¬ve{Y{
€/“ZuÄ/ ·Z˜»d‡YÄfˆ]YÁcZ»|y½Y€^mÁ|À»Z¯­Y{Y,{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY,‰Â»M,¹Y|zf‡Y
,|̸/‡ÂÅ,½Y€/´Ë{Á¾/q,½Y€´Ë{Áʋ¯–‡ÂeÃ|‹¹Zn¿YcZ ·Z˜»Z]
ÉZÅd‡ŻÁZÅʌ»–y{ÂmÁ{Y{ÉZ³Z‡¾qÁ²¿ZqÁ€qÁ€¯Á¥Á‚Ë
ÉZ/Ŏ/zeÉZ/ŹY‚/·YÁZ/ÅtÌm€/e¾f§€/³€œ¿{d/‡YÊ/»Y‚·Yɀ»YZÅÃZ´Œ¿Y{{Ê»Y|zf‡Y
½Z/^¸—ÁY{d/‡Y€Ë~/aZ¿[Z/ÀfmYɀ/»Y½ZËÂn/Œ¿Y{¹Y|zf/‡YÁ[Z/zf¿Y|ÀËM€§{½Z»Z‡¦¸fz»
,ŠÀ˂/³5Ê/¼¸Ÿ\/‡ZÀ»½Â/À§Yɀ/̳À/Æ]Z],\‡ZÀ»ÉZÅÊ´fˆËZ‹…Z‡Y€]ÊfˆËZ]Ê»Y|zf‡Y
É{Z/ˁ{Y| e,ÂnŒ¿Y{[~m|ÀËM€§ÉY€]\‡ZÀ»ÉZŀfˆ]ɁZ‡ºÅY€§Z]d¬Ì¬u{|¿Â‹[~m
,|/‹Z]€f/ŒÌ]¶¤/‹½ZÌ/“Z¬f»{Y|/ e|«€Åd‡YÊÆË|]|¿Â‹Ê“Z¬f»,–ËY€‹|mYÁ½Z^¸—ÁY{Y
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
{Y€/§YZ/ÆÀeÄ/¿Ä/¯d/‡Y€iR/»Ê»Z/´ÀÅ|ÀËY€§¾ËYÄf^·Y-d‹Y{|ÅYÂyɀfŒÌ][Zzf¿Yªu½Z»Z‡
Ä/]Ê/aY|/f]Y½Z/¼Å{‚Ì¿|ÀfˆÅdÌuԏ|«Z§Ä¯Ê¿Zˆ¯Ä°¸],|¿Â‹½Z»Z‡[~m–ËY€‹|mYÁ
½{€/¯kZ/yÁ{YÁ–ËY€‹|mYÁ{Y€§Y[~mÊÀ Ë,•€‹Á{¾ËY|¿ÂŒ¿\¸—ÁY{ÁÃ{€]€»Y¾ËY
\‡ZÀ»Ê‹Â»MÄ»Z¿€]¾ËÁ|e,É| ]¹Z³
d‡Y¹Y|zf‡YÁ[Zzf¿YcZËÁ€“Y,–ËY€‹|«Z§{Y€§Y
ÁÊ//À§Š//¿Y{|//À¿YÂf]Z//ed//‡YZ//Ì¿ÉYÄ//§€uÁÊ//zeÉZ//ʼnÂ//»MZ//À¯{ÉYÄ//ËZaÁɀ//œ¿
Êf/ˆËZ]‰Â/»M|/ÀËM€§|/¿ÁMd/‡{Ä/]Ä/·Âv»¦ËZ/›ÁÄf/ˆËZ‹¹Zn¿YÉY€]Y¹ÓÉZÅcZÆ»
Ä/]¶/Ì¿{ɀe€iR/»Á€eµZ §Š¬¿Ze{€¯®¼¯½ZËÂnŒ¿Y{Ä]½YÂf]Ze{‹Y€mYÁ¾ËÁ|eÉ—
½Z/À¯Z¯ÁÊ/¼¸ŸdXÌÅÉZ”ŸYÉY€]\‡ZÀ»‰Â»MÄ»Z¿€],ÃÁԟÄ]|À‹Z]Äf‹Y{½Z»Z‡¥Y|ÅY
Ä/¸¼mYd/‡YÉÁ€/“É€/»Y,½Z»Z/‡5½Z/À¯Z¯ÉZ/ÅcZ/Æ»¹ÁY|/»{Â^Æ]ÉZf‡Y{Ê¿Z^ÌfŒa
Ä/¯d/‡YÊ/¸Ì¼°ecÔÌ/veÉZÅÄf‹ŠËY‚§Y,{¼¿ÄWYYŠz]¾ËY{½YÂeʻįÊËZÅZ¯ÃY
ÁÊf]Z/«d˂»\ˆ¯dÆmZÆ¿MÉZÅ
É|À¼¿YÂeY,Ä^z¿ÉZÅ{Y| f‡YÉY|Æ´¿Á[~mZ]½YÂeÊ»
ÉZÅʌ»–yÄ]ÄmÂeZ]{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY¹Zn¿Y,É| ]¹Z³
{€¯Ã{Z¨f‡YŒ¯ÊŸZ§{½YÂeŠËY‚§Y
¶/]Z«ÉZÅ{Y|¿Zf/‡YÁZ/ÅÂyZ]…Z/‡Y€/]Êf/ˆËZ]|/À»Z¯{€°¸¼Ÿ{€Ì³¹Zn¿Y{€°¸¼ŸdˀË|»
ÉZ/ŀœ¿Yɀ/̳À/Æ]Z/]|/À¿YÂeÊ/»ÃZ´/Œ¿Y{ÉZ/‡QÁ½Y€Ë|/»,0Z/^«Z f»{Â/‹Ê]Z/ˁYŠnÀ‡
YÂ/¼ÅÊ¿Z»Z/‡¶WZ/ˆ»É€/̳ºÌ¼/e{½Z/À¯Z¯€f/ŒÌ]Ä/q€Åd¯ZŒ»ÉY€]YÃY,½ZÀ¯Z¯
Áʸ¤/‹dËZ/“Ê¿Z»Z/‡¶WZˆ»É€Ì³ºÌ¼e{½ZÀ¯Z¯d¯ZŒ»Ä¯d‡Y€¯}½ZËZ‹|ÀËZ¼¿
¶Ë|/ e,Ã|/ÀËM½Z/¬¬v»Z/e{Â/‹Ê/»{ZÆÀ/ŒÌa,ÂeZ/¯{€¯|ÅYÂydˬeY½ZÀ¯Z¯|Æ e
|¿€Ì´]€œ¿{‚Ì¿YÊeZœ¿Áʿ¿Z«–Ìv»,½Z»Z‡Âm,ÊÅZ´Œ¿Y{²Àŀ§|À¿Z»ÊËZŀ̤f»
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
ž]ZÀ»
ÃZ¼‹,€Ì]|eĸn»,½Y€ËY{Êf¯ZŒ»dˀË|»ÉY€mYdÌ “Á½Z§€Ÿ,ʼÌÅY€]Y
_Zq,dj ]cYZŒf¿YĈ‡R»,Êf·Á{€Ì£ÁÊf·Á{ÉZŊz]{Ê]ZˁY
ÉZʼnÁ
,¦‡ÂË,ʸÌ]{Y
½Y€Æe,µÁY
ÃZ¼‹,€Ì]|eÄ»ZÀÅZ» ,Šz]€iYÊ]ZˁY{µZ¬f¿YÉ´·Y½ZÀ¯Z¯‰Â»M,ºÌu|¼v»,Ã{Y€¨ m
ZŒf¿YµZ‡,
,ÉZfyZ‡ cÓ{Z » ɁZ‡µ|» {€]Z¯ Z] ʼ¯ ªÌ¬ve ‰Á ,Ä¿YÁ€a ,{Zf‡Zq Á |̼u ,€Æ»¾Ì»Y
Ä»€ecYZŒf¿Y,½Y€Æe
½Y€ËY,½Y€Æe,d¼‡cYZŒf¿Y,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»,ZË|À¨‡Y,c{Z ‡
Ä»ZÀ¸§,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»¹YZœ¿Ê‡ZÀ‹\̇M,Z“,Ã{Yt·ZÁÊ^fn»,Êy€§-ʸŸ,ɀ¨
Ž,ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,¾Ìˆu¹Z»Yž»ZmÃZ´Œ¿Y{Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁYÉ´·Y[Zzf¿Y{®Ë„eY€f‡YcZWZ”f«YŠ¬¿¾ÌÌ^eÁʇ€],Z“€»Ô£,Z‡€^—
ÊËY€mYÉZÅÃZ´f‡{{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY,ÊËZm|ÌƋÃYÂÀŒm¾Ì»Á{cÓZ¬»ÄŸÂ¼n»,Êf·Á{ÉZŽZ»Z‡
Œ¯Ê»Y|zf‡YÁÉY{Y»Y½Z»Z‡½Y€Æe,Œ¯
{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁYÉ´·Y[Zzf¿Y{®Ë„eY€f‡YcZWZ”f«YŠ¬¿¾ÌÌ^eÁʇ€],Z“€»Ô£,Z‡€^—
ÊËY€mYÉZÅÃZ´f‡{{€°¸¼ŸÊ]ZˁY
,ÊËZm|ÌƋÃYÂÀŒm¾Ì»Á{cÓZ¬»ÄŸÂ¼n» ,Êf·Á{ÉZÆ¿Z»Z‡
Œ¯Ê»Y|zf‡YÁÉY{Y»Y½Z»Z‡½Y€Æe,Œ¯
cYZŒf¿Y,½Y€Æe,É{Zf«YÁʟZ¼fmYÉZŊÅÁ„a{ÉZfyZ‡cÓ{Z »Ê]ZË
µ|»
, ­,ɀf¿Ô¯
Z^²Àŀ§
{€°¸¼Ÿ Á Ê¿Zˆ¿Y ž]ZÀ» ÉZÅÊmÁ€y €] €eÓZ] {€°¸¼Ÿ ÉZÅÄËÁ €ÌiPe ,ʸŸ ,€§Z˜Ÿ Á ZfÌ] ,Ê¿Y{‚Ë
,ÃZ¼‹,ºnÀaµZ‡,¾Ìˆu¹Z»Yž»ZmÃZ´Œ¿Y{Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„aÄ»ZÀ¸§,Ê¿Z»Z‡
Ž
Bagozzi, R., & Y, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of
Academy of Marketing Sinence, 16:74-94, pp.90.
Balochi, Q.B., Ali, N., Kiani, T.S., Ahsan, A. and Mufty, A. (2010), Relationships between
Human Resources Practices and Perceived Employees’ Performance of Bankers in
NWFP, Pakistan (an Empirical Evidence), European Journal of Social Science, Vol. 18 No.
2, pp. 210-214
Barzegar, N. and Farjad, S. (2011), A Study on the Impact of on the Job Training Courses on the
Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 29, pp.
Staff Performance (a Case Study), Procedia ±
1942-1949.
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
Chand, M. and Katou, A. (2007), “The Impact of HRM Practices on Organizational Performance
in the Indian Hotel Industry³, Employee Relations, Vol. 29 No. 6, pp. 576-594.
Chen, S.-H., Wang, H.-H. And Yang, K.-J. (2009), “Establishment and Application of
Performance Measure Indicators for Universities³ The TQM Journal, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp.
220-235.
Chen, Y.-G. And Cheng, J.-N. (2012´ The Relationships Among Recruitment Channels,
Understanding of Perspective Job, Job Performance and Turnover Intention Among
Taiwanese Kindergarden Teachers³Social Behavior & Personality: An International
Journal, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 93-103.
Chenhal, R. H., & Longfield- Smith, K. (2007). Multiple Perspective of Performance Measures
European Management Journal, 25, 266-282.
Danish, R.Q. and Usman, A. (2010), “Impact of Reward and Recognition on Job Satisfaction and
Motivation: an Empirical Study from Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and
Management, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 159-167.
David, M., Ismail, B. and Geoff, W. (2006), ´ Employee Financial Participation: Evidence from
a Major UK Retailer”, Employee Relations, Vol. 28 No. 4, pp. 326-341.
Delaney, J.T. and Huselid, M.A. (1996), “The Impact of Human Resource Management
Practices on Perception of Organizational Performance”, Academy of Management Journal,
Vol. 39 No. 4, pp. 949-969.
Denis, C. and Michel, T. (2011), “Between Universality and Contingency: An International
, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 32 No. 8,
Study of Compensation Performance³
pp. 856-878.
DeNisi, S.A. and Griffin, W.R. (2001), Human Resources Management, Houghton Mifflin
Company, New York, NY.
Denton, D.K. (1994), “Empowerment Through Employee Involvement and Participation: Ford’s
Development and Training Programs”, Empowerment in Organizations, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp.
22-28.
Ekaterini, G. (2010), “Impact of Leadership Styles on four variables of Executive Workforces³
International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 5 No. 6, pp. 3-16.
Fisher, C.D., Schoenfeldt, L.F. and Shaw, J.B. (1999), Human Resources Management, 4th ed.,
Houghton Milflin Company, Boston, MA.
George, G.-B. (1999), “The Effects of Employee Participation and Work Design on firm
Performance: A Managerial perspective”, Management Research News, Vol. 22 No. 6, pp.
1-12.
Giles, W., Findley, H. and Feild, H. (1997), “ Procedural Fairness in Performance Appraisal:
Beyond the review Session”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 493506.
Guest, D. (2002), “Human Resource Management, Corporate Performance and Employee
Wellbeing: Building the Worker into HRM³ The Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 44
No. 3, pp. 335-358.
Herold, D.M. and Fedor, D.B. (2003), ´ Individual Differences in Feedback Propensities and
Training Performance³ Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 675689.
Huselid, M.A. (1995), “The Impact of Human Resources Management Practices on Turnover,
Productivity and Corporate Finance Performance”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.
38 No. 3, pp. 635-672.
Ine´s, K. and Pedro, C. (2011), “ Compensation and Control Sales Policies, and Sales
Ê¿Z»Z‡{€°¸¼Ÿ€]Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZÅʌ»
–yZiMʇ€]
Performance: The Field sales Manager’s Points of View³ Journal of Business & Industrial
Marketing, Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 273-285.
Jackson, S.E. and Schuler, R.S. (2000), Managing Human Resource, A Partnership Perspective,
Southern-Western College Publishing, London
Jan Kees, L. and Michiel, D. (2002), “Employee Participation in Multinational Enterprises: The
Effects of Globalisation on Dutch Works Councils”, Employee Relations, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp.
29-52.
John, P.W. and Steven, W. (2000), “Performance Appraisal: an Obstacle to Training and
Development?”, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 24 No. 7, pp. 384-391.
Katou, A. and Budhwar, P. (2006), “The Effect of Human Resources Management Systems on
Organizational Performance: Test of a Mediating Model”, International Journal of Human
Resources Management, Vol. 17 No. 7, pp. 1223-1253.
Khan, M.A. (2010), “Effects of Human Resource Management Practices on Organizational
Performance ± an Empirical Study of oil and Gas Industry in Pakistan”, European Journal of
Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 24, pp. 157-175.
Kleiman, S.L. (2000), Human Resource Management: A Managerial Tool for Competitive
Advantage, 2nd ed., South-Western College Publishing an International Thomson,
Minneapolis, MN.
Kuokkanen L, Jouko K. Promoting or Impeding Empowerment: Nurses Assessment of their
Work Environment, J Nurs Administration. 2003; 33:209-15
Lee, F. H., Lee, F.-Z. And Wu, W.-Y. (2010), The Relationship between Human Resource
Management Practices, Business Strategy and Firm Performance: Evidence from Steel
Industry in Taiwan, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 21
No. 9, pp. 1351-1372.
Lew, T.-Y. (2009), Perceived Organizational Support: Linking Human Resource Management
Practices with Affective Organizational Commitment, Professional Commitment and
Turnover Intention, The Journal of International Management Studies, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp.
104-115.
Mackelprang, A.W., Jayaram, J. and Xu, K. (2012), “The Influence of Types of Training on
Service System Performance in Mass Service and Service Shop Operations³ International
Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 138 No. 1, pp. 183-194.
Malik, M.E., Nawab, S., Naeem, B. and Danish, R.Q. (2010), “Job Satisfaction and
Organization Commitment of University Teachers in Public Sectors of Pakistan³
International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 5 No. 6, pp. 17-26.
Mayson, S. and Barret, R. (2006), ´ The ‘Science’ and ‘Practices’ of Human Resources
Management in Small Firms³, Human Resources Management Review, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp.
447-455.
McDuffie, J.P. (1995), ´Human Resources Bundles and Manufacturing Performance:
Organizational Logic and Flexible Production Systems in the World auto Industry”, Industrial
and Labour Relations Review, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 197-221.
Meyer, M. and Kirsten, M. (2005), Introduction to Human Resource Anagement, New Africa
Books (Pvt) Ltd, Claremont, CA.
Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B. and Wright, M.P. (2008), Human Resources
Management:Gaining Competitive Advantage, 6th ed., McGraw Hill Irwin, New York, NY.
Paul, L. (2009a), “Action Theory and the Training and Performance Application:
Performance Templates”, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 41 No. 5, pp. 270-279.
Pfeffer, J. (1994), Competitive Advantage Through People, Harvard Business School Press,
Boston, MA.
‚ÌËZa,ÊaZÌaÃZ¼‹ÃZ¼‹,ºf¨ÅµZ‡,Ê¿Zˆ¿Yž]ZÀ»dˀË|»ÉZŊÅÁ„a
Ä»ZÀ¸§
Qureshi, M.T., Ayisha, A., Mohammad, A.K., Rauf, A.S. and Syed, T.H. (2010), “Do Human
Resource Management Practices have an Impact on Financial Performance of Banks?³
African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 4 No. 7, pp. 1281-1288.
Rehman, S. (2012), ´A Study of Public Sector Organizations with Respect to Recruitment, Job
Satisfaction and Retention³ Global Business & Management Research, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp.
76-88
Rizov, M. and Croucher, R. (2009), “Human Resource Management and Performance in
European Firms³, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 253-272.
Segares, A. (1997). Assessing the Unidimensionality of Measurement: Paradigm & Illustration
Within the Context of Information System. International Journal of Management Science,
25(1), 8.
Tessema, M. and Soeter, J. (2006), “Challenges and Prospects of HRM in Developing Countries:
Testing the HRM-Performance Link in Eritrean Civil Service”, International Journal of
Human Resources Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 86-105.
Tung-Chun, H. (2001´ The Relation of Training Practices and Organizational Performance in
Small and Medium Size Enterprises³ Education þ Training, Vol. 43 No. 8, pp. 437-444.
Wright, P.M., Gardner, T.M. and Moynihan, L.M. (2003), “The Impact of Human Resources
Practices on the Performance of Business Unit³ Human Resources Management Journal,
Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 21-36.

ﾃ ﾆ] dyY{ a ¹Z愾 ﾁ ﾉ ﾁ

Archive of SID

・ﾔｯ ｺｳ { ﾄｧ e ﾉZﾅ cZ»|y ﾊﾀﾌｷZ] : 換Zq Zﾅ ﾁ ﾉZﾅ ZｰﾅY sﾔ什 dﾌ特

d〝ﾆｧ 3 4-29 30-54 55 -82 83-109 110 -136 137 -159 160

½ZﾋZa ﾕZﾅ ﾖｿでY ｾ軽 { ｻ Zﾅ ｽﾂﾌｻZ¯ 〆

260 Iran Ramin Farjad Rad Bronze medalist XX IPhO 1989 Ramin