Master Thesis
Moving towards Securitization
How the Paris Attacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary
Measures
Author: Christina Uhlig
Supervisor: Dr. Lennart Wohlgemuth
Examiner: Dr. Manuela Nilsson
Faculty: Faculty of Social Sciences
Date: June 2015
Subject: Peace and Development Work
Level: Master of Science
Course code: 4FU41E
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to, first of all, thank everyone who supported me in working towards my degree,
in one or the other way.
I would like to especially thank my supervisor Dr. Lennart Wohlgemuth for his guidance and
feedback that he provided to me at any time. Also, I would like to thank Dr. Manuela Nilsson
for her helpful feedback in the seminar. Furthermore, I would like to thank the lecturers of
this programme for preparing me for this paper academically.
Furthermore, I would like to thank my class mates for helping me in broadening my horizon
and helping me to reflect on my assumptions through group works. I would like to especially
thank Naomi for thinking along with me in challenging moments of the thesis writing process
and Zia for his feedback as my opponent. I would also like to especially thank Alexandra,
Linn, Julianne, Fiza, Bai Yu and Maria for their cheerful and loving company.
Also, I would like to thank my family, my boyfriend, and my friends both in Sweden and
abroad, who showed patience and support at all times and were there for me not only in easy
but also difficult moments, irrespective of our locations and distance between us. In
particular, I would like to thank my siblings Peter and Annett for enabling my stay abroad
and their endless patience with me - without their support this experience would never have
been possible. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to Sebas for his support at all times, for
bearing with me also in hectic moments and for doing everything in his power to make the
transition towards a shared life possible.
Moreover, I would like to thank Pernilla, Gabriel, Evelina and Lovissa who, next to the
academic studies, provided me with interesting and valuable insights into Swedish society and
lessons of life.
i
ABSTRACT
In January 2015, three terrorists killed 17 people in Paris. In a time in which fears of
immigrants and Muslims are spread in Europe and right wing movements are gaining support,
this event built a foundation for actors of centre right and right wing parties to use the attacks
in their favor. The aim of this study was to investigate how French and German media
reported on the attacks, which measures were suggested in response to the attacks by political
actors and how media facilitated possible securitization moves. By conducting this case study
for which French and German newspaper articles were collected through the database Lexis
Nexis and analyzed through content and discourse analysis, a contribution to security studies
was made. The analytical framework used, Securitization Theory with an integration of
Framing Theory, proved valuable as it indicated that media, by framing the issues connected
to the Paris Attacks in favor of securitizing actors, facilitated securitization moves.
Securitizing actors were mainly centre right politicians in Germany and the French right wing
party National Front. Furthermore, German newspaper articles on the attacks outnumbered
French newspaper articles, indicating the high level of media attention to the key event.
However, the role of Islam was mentioned in more French newspaper articles than it was the
case in German newspapers. Overall, terrorism and Islam were portrayed as a threat to the
referent objects of the West, its citizens and values, fostering an essentialist and dichotomist
understanding of the West and Islam.
KEY WORDS: terrorism, right-wing and centre right parties, media, securitization, Paris Attacks
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................I
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. II
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... III
LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................... V
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. VI
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... VI
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Debates around the Research Topic ..................................................................... 2
1.2 Research Objective and Questions ....................................................................... 4
1.3 Research Problem and Relevance ........................................................................ 5
1.4 Analytical Framework .......................................................................................... 7
1.5 Methodology......................................................................................................... 7
1.6 Ethical Issues ........................................................................................................ 8
1.7 Disposition ............................................................................................................ 8
2
BACKGROUND............................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Terrorism in Europe ............................................................................................. 9
2.2 Muslim Population ............................................................................................. 12
2.3 Right Wing Movements ..................................................................................... 14
2.4 Paris Attacks ....................................................................................................... 15
3 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Design ................................................................................................................. 17
3.2 Cases and Sample ............................................................................................... 17
3.3 Operationalization .............................................................................................. 19
3.4 Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................................. 19
3.5 Reflections on Primary and Secondary Sources ................................................. 23
3.6 Delimitations ...................................................................................................... 24
3.7 Limitations .......................................................................................................... 24
iii
4 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................... 26
4.1 Securitization Theory ......................................................................................... 26
4.2 Framing Theory .................................................................................................. 31
4.3 Summary............................................................................................................. 34
5 FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................... 35
5.1 Media Coverage of the Paris Attacks – a Key Event ......................................... 35
5.2 Suggested Measures and Reflection of Actors ................................................... 37
6 ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 44
6.1 Securitizing Actors and their Audience .............................................................. 44
6.2 Securitized Topics and Diagnostic Frames ........................................................ 45
6.3 Referent objects .................................................................................................. 47
6.4 Chances of Securitization and Frame Resonance ............................................... 49
6.5 The Timing of Securitization Moves .................................................................. 50
6.6 Threat Construction ............................................................................................ 51
6.7 Repetition of Articles in Newspapers ................................................................. 52
6.8 Contribution by the Media.................................................................................. 55
6.9 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 56
7 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 60
7.1 Contributions Made ............................................................................................ 60
7.3 Suggestions for Further Research ....................................................................... 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 63
ANNEX I: OVERVIEW OVER ANALYZED DATA ...................................................... VII
iv
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AfD
Alternative for Germany
CDU
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
CS
Copenhagen School
CSU
Christian Social Union in Bavaria
DA
Discourse Analysis
EU
European Union
FN
National Front
IS
Islamic State
NGOs
Non-governmental Organizations
NPD
National Democratic Party of Germany
PEGIDA
Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the West
UK
United Kingdom
UMP
Union for a Popular Movement
UN
United Nations
US
United States of America
v
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Operationalization of aspects related to Securitization Theory ................................. 30
Table 2: Operationalization of concepts related to Framing Theory ....................................... 33
Table 3: Overview over media coverage of the Paris Attacks ............................................. 37
Table 4: Measures Suggested in Germany. .............................................................................. 39
Table 5: Measures Suggested in France ................................................................................... 41
Table 6: Measures Suggested in France. .................................................................................. 42
Table 7: Number of German Newspapers reporting the same Articles ................................... 54
Table 8: Number of French Newspapers reporting on the same Articles ................................ 55
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Geographical distribution of terrorist plots 1994-2013 .............................................. 9
Figure 2: 13 years of terror in Western Europe ...................................................................... 9
Figure 3: Eurobarometer data .................................................................................................. 11
Figure 4: Estimated Muslim Population per European country in 2010 .................................. 12
Figure 5: Estimated Muslim Population per European country in 2030 .................................. 12
Figure 6: Proportion of Muslim population in France and Germany in 2010 in % ................. 13
Figure 7: Topics reported on in French media ......................................................................... 36
Figure 8: Topics reported on in German media ....................................................................... 36
Figure 9: Securitized topics in German media ......................................................................... 45
Figure 10: Securitized topics in French media ......................................................................... 46
Figure 11: Referent objects in German Media ......................................................................... 48
Figure 12: Referent objects in French media. .......................................................................... 48
vi
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
1 INTRODUCTION
In recent years the number of terrorist attacks in Europe has been on the rise. Already in
response to the terrorist attacks on 9/11, terrorism was perceived to be the “the key threat for
international peace and security […] (and) it was linked with other security concerns”
(Rychovská, 2014: 10). Subsequently, extensive debates around causes and counter terrorism1
measures have been held, not only in the United States of America (US) but worldwide
(Rytter and Pedersen, 2014, Cesari, 2012). At the same time, various groups of people have
been increasingly depicted as security risks. Since some terrorists of recent attacks were born
in the countries in which they performed the terrorist attacks while having parents with
immigration background, discussions around home-grown terrorism evolved (Hussain and
Bagguley, 2012, Kundnani, 2014, Rytter and Pedersen, 2014, Bakker, 2006). This applies to
immigrants in general as well as to Muslim immigrants and/or Muslims in particular
(Huysmans and Squire, 2010, Hussain and Bagguley, 2012, Rytter and Pedersen, 2014,
Cesari, 2012, Jamal and Yusuf, 2014).
This trend also applies to the European Union (EU) where immigrants have
increasingly been depicted as a risk rather than a benefit (Munster, 2009). Indeed, security
concerns regarding immigrants prevailed as compared to normatively motivated appeals to
support them (Munster, 2009). Whereas some years ago Western Europe seemed to be
interested in attracting labor forces from abroad, recent debates are not that clear anymore on
how much, if at all, immigration is wanted (Munster, 2009). While some scholars argue that
immigration policy has been increasingly securitized (Jackson and Parkes, 2008, Munster,
2009) research on the role of the media in this context still lacks attention.
After the major2 terrorist attacks in Madrid and London in 2004 and 2005, the third
major wave of terrorism has reached the EU when three assassins killed 17 people in Paris in
1
Up to this day a legal definition of the term “terrorism” has not been decided upon. Indeed, even the
UN has not come to a legal definition of the term (Schmid, 2013). For this paper, the following aspects of
terrorism will be taken into consideration. Schmid (1983, quoted in Richards, 2015: 375) constitutes that
“terrorism is a method of combat in which random or symbolic victims become targets of violence”. Richard
(2014: 221) adds that “the essence of terrorism lies in the intent […] to generate a wider psychological impact
beyond the immediate victims”. Therefore, terrorism follows a political aim which it intends to reach by
terrorizing a certain audience and influencing the latter psychologically.
2
Major terrorist attacks in this case means that more than 10 people died due to the attacks.
1
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
the name of Al-Qaida and the Islamic State3 (IS), in January 2015 (hereafter referred to as
‘Paris Attacks’). With the geographical approximation of terrorism attacks to the EU, it is
therefore interesting which extraordinary4 measures were suggested in the aftermath of the
Paris Attacks by whom as reported by the media. Furthermore, since in recent years, right
wing movements5 have received growing support, it will be investigated how those
movements reacted to the Paris Attacks and in which way they tried to use the attacks in order
to introduce special policies.
The following sections summarize debates around the research topic, the research
objective and questions, the research problem and relevance, the analytical framework that is
used to analyze the issue, the methodology to be used as well as limitations, delimitations and
ethical issues that should be considered for the suggested paper.
1.1 Debates around the Research Topic
Various scholars have attested in the past that securitization of immigration and/or Muslim
communities is taking place and that media can influence the perception of immigrants and/or
minorities. This section will provide a short review over literature on the context of
immigration, perception of immigration and/or Muslims and in which ways the role of media
has been investigated.
To start with, Gallagher (2003) examines how whites perceived the amount of
different societal groups in their country, finding that media influences that perception.
Nevertheless, this study referred to America only (Cisneros, 2008, Brader et al., 2008).
Similarly, Strabac (2011) finds that the perception of the number of immigrants in Western
Europe is unconnected to the real size. Whereas the latter does not assess media in detail he
does find that education plays a crucial role. Similarly, Semyonov et al. (2004) find that
Germans overestimate the number of foreigners in their country while at the same time
finding anti-foreigner feelings to be present. Besides, Semyonov et al. (2004) find the
perception of immigrants as a threat influences how residents in host countries perceive
3
However, the IS did not confirm that Amedy Coulibaly acted on their behalf.
4
Due to a lack of conceptualization in the studied scholarly literature of the concept “extraordinary
measures” the author operationalized the term herself as follows: if a goal can be achieved with less extreme
measures that infringe the rights of the target groups to a smaller extent and do not clash as much with the basic
values of the target group, then the measure is unproportional.
5
In this paper, right wing movements are considered as conservative groups that promote the restriction
of immigration and/or voice concerns against certain groups of immigrants.
2
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
immigrants. The latter finding is reinforced by Scheepers et al. (2002). However, neither
Scheepers et al. (2002) nor Semyonov et al. (2004) focus on the role of media in portraying
immigrants as a threat.
Secondly, Edward Said (1997) investigates how media portrays Islam and finds that
the negative connotations outweigh the positive ones. Yet, the work of Said is several years
old and is not explicitly linked to terrorism. More recent work on the impact of terrorism on
Islam has been conducted by Cesari (2012), Hussain and Bagguley (2012), Rytter and
Pedersen (2014), Amin-Khan (2012), Kundnani (2014) etc. In this context it is also noted that
the way media react to those terrorist attacks is crucial for the definition and future treatment
of those social groups that are considered to be responsible for the events (Hussain and
Bagguley, 2012). However, the author believes, that the investigation of the most recent case
of terrorism that led to the death of more than ten people increases the understanding of the
impact such events can have on securitization moves.6
In recent years, various European anti-immigrant movements, such as right wing
parties and movements, seem to flourish. This might be, as Strabac (2011) finds, due to the
role education plays in this context. Fetzer and Soper (2003) replicate the finding that
education is crucial in the context of how European Muslims are perceived. Buzan et al.
(1998: 124) argue that media play an important role in the “definition of situations”.
Therefore, media could be considered as a crucial source of knowledge in this context,
creating possible influences on how immigrants and/or Muslims are perceived (Löbbert, 2015,
Strabac, 2011, Esses and Medianu, 2013) – although evidence for a rather dehumanizing
perspective concerning immigrants by media is said to lack evidence (Esses and Medianu,
2013). Additionally, few sources investigating Western European media influences call for
more research in this area (Strabac, 2011).
Further scholars have investigated the link between terrorism and migration control
but examine this link regarding 9/11 and therefore referred to terrorism in the US (Boswell,
2007, Messina, 2014). Whereas Boswell (2007) focuses on political discourse, Messina
(2014) investigates the role of mass media, mentioning investigations following 9/11 and the
6
Securitization moves in this paper are understood as “events, in which actors (securitizing actors)
speak of people or objects as a threat that needs to be fought urgently by implementing extraordinary political
measures, in particular new practices or laws”
3
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
potential of media as a securitization agent. Yet, one could assume that now that terrorism
moved closer to Europe, political discourses might have changed.
Karyotis and Skleparis (2013) as well as Jackson and Parkes (2008) investigate the
securitization of immigration but examine different stakeholders than this study will
investigate and also do not examine the role of the media in shaping the discourse. Similarly,
Munster (2009) wrote a book about ‘securitizing immigration’ but does not investigate the
role of the media in depth.
Therefore there is a vast amount of literature available that indicates that there are antiimmigrant and anti-Islam feelings in Europe, that immigration and/or Islam are securitized,
that education can fight prejudices and that terrorism can influence migration control and the
perception of different societal groups. However, an in-depth investigation of the role media
play in facilitating securitization seems to remain relatively unexplored.
1.2 Research Objective and Questions
The objective of this research is to investigate how Western European media reported on
political reactions to the Paris Attacks and which measures were suggested in the aftermath of
the Paris Attacks. In order to reach the mentioned objective, the following empirical research
questions were tackled:
1) Which political measures were suggested by which political actors as a direct
response, according to the media, to the Paris Attacks? Which of those reactions
indicate securitization moves and which do not?
2) Which arguments were used by whom to justify measures that indicate
securitization moves?
3)
If securitization moves can be identified, did the media possibly facilitate those
and if so, how?
Whereas the first research question will be answered in the findings chapter (Chapter 5), the
second and third research questions will be answered in the analysis chapter (Chapter 6).
In this context it is noteworthy that the author intends to investigate the media debate
as an external observer, adapting to the findings of the research rather than assuming that the
media facilitated securitization.
Furthermore, whereas the research questions 1) and 2) focus on the suggested political
measures that were reported on in the media, research question 3) focuses on the role of the
media itself.
4
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
1.3 Research Problem and Relevance
Solely, the gap in research outlined above may not seem to be sufficient to justify research on
the measures suggested in response to the Paris Attacks as well as on the role of media.
Therefore, the following section outlines why such an investigation could be beneficial.
In the past, terrorist attacks have resulted in increased anti-Islamic feelings (e.g.
Hussain and Bagguley, 2012, Shuster, 2015, Kundnani, 2014, Amin-Khan, 2012, Rytter and
Pedersen, 2014, Cesari, 2012). For example, after Theo van Gogh, a movie producer from the
Netherlands who criticized Islam, was shot down in 2004, anti-Islam feelings spread in the
Netherlands (Bakker, 2006). Those emotions were taken up by Geert Wilders who is a rightwing party representative in the Netherlands. His party has gained support in the last years
(Shuster, 2015). Indeed, so called “key event(s)”7 (Hussain and Bagguley, 2012: 731) trigger
the new creation of discourses around certain groups and may lead to the securitization of
those groups (Hussain and Bagguley, 2012, Rytter and Pedersen, 2014). It is therefore
considered as important by the author to investigate if this was also the case after the Paris
Attacks and if already at this point of time such tendencies could be identified.
In general, it is mentioned repeatedly in scholarly work that immigrants face negative
attitudes, racism and xenophobia in receiving countries (e.g. Nuscheler, 2006, Strabac, 2011,
Kahanec et al., 2013, Meuleman et al., 2009). This is, amongst others, indicated by the recent
rise of the German movement “Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the West”
(PEGIDA) which showed that much about the immigrants, especially those practicing Islam,
in Germany is unknown.8 In response, polarization was taking place, drawing people either
towards support of PEGIDA or into an anti-PEGIDA movement. Although in the beginning
of 2015 support for PEGIDA decreased (SPIEGEL ONLINE, 2015a), those fears, in
particular of the Islamization of German culture, seem to have been reinforced by the terrorist
Paris Attacks in Paris in January 2015 and probably did not vanish entirely (Hebel and Elmer,
2015, SPIEGEL ONLINE, 2015b).9
7
Key events in this paper are understood as events that lead to a high extent of media coverage due to
their enormity that can lead to reframing of issues
8
Interestingly, the population in Saxony that was the core audience of the movement has a Muslim
population of below 1% (Shuster, 2015). This indicates that perceptions of immigration and Islam differ
significantly from statistical data.
9
This manifests, amongst others, in increased attacks on asylum seekers’ homes in 2015 (Spiegel
Online, 2015b)
5
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Also, in France, the right-wing party National Front (FN), led by Marine Le Pen, has
increasingly gained support over the last years. Since France has been marked by debates
about its identity and has been faced with a high level of immigration, in particular marked
by an increase of Muslim immigrants, it is argued that a party that takes up issues like
unemployment, immigrants and Islam, is getting increasingly popular (Harriss, 2011). Those
political and social debates and contexts emphasize the importance of studying the role of
‘key events’ on political discourses as well as on media discourses and the consequences they
may have on topics and or actors that are portrayed as a threat.
When studying security it is crucial to bear in mind overall context and the exact place
and time in which security issues were debated (Rychovská, 2014). Therefore, the author
believes that by studying a relatively recent event, new insights on how topics are securitized
in a specific context, namely after the Paris Attacks and in French and German media, can be
gained.
It is argued that media play a crucial role in defining issues and shaping connotations
as well as meaning (Hussain and Bagguley, 2012). Indeed, by taking up certain issues in the
media, the self image of a country can be portrayed, according to Buitrago (2013). Therefore,
it would be interesting to investigate newest developments by studying the reactions of French
and German media to the Paris Attacks.
By investigating the measures that were suggested and taken up by French and
German media after the Paris Attacks, the impact of a key event will be investigated. Since
those measures will be analyzed through the lenses of Securitization Theory and Framing
Theory, it will be examined which topics were securitized by whom and how. By outlining
those trends, this thesis can serve a baseline for further research on the topic. Additionally, the
role of media will be given attention since in prior studies it was not studied extensively how
it could facilitate or contribute to securitization by framing topics in a certain way or putting
emphasis on some aspects while neglecting others. Therefore, some findings of prior
scholarly work can be validated by investigating a further situation with special context and
new findings and tendencies can be explored.
Therefore, it seems relevant to investigate whether media facilitated securitization
moves of topics, such as immigration and/or Islam in this context, and how it may have
contributed to the securitization moves of securitizing actors. In case that media facilitated
securitization moves future research could link the findings with public opinion on
immigration and possibly investigate whether a correlation between media reports and public
6
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
opinion can be found, addressing the research gap mentioned by Messina (2014). Hence, this
thesis will address the existing research gap and could allow creating adequate media conduct
that may help to prevent more anti-immigrant feelings as well as further escalation – if not
even conflict – in Western Europe.
1.4 Analytical Framework
The paper will seek to explore how media reported on the political reactions to the Paris
Attacks. Since the terrorist attacks laid the foundation to securitize against various topics,
such as immigration and/or Islam, a suitable framework to investigate this seems to be the
Securitization Theory. Since it is furthermore the author’s interest to investigate the role of media
in securitization, Framing Theory was integrated in the Securitization Theory. That means, that
the study will take into account how information was presented by the media and how meaning
therefore was constructed by the media.
1.5 Methodology
This desk study will follow a mixed methods approach, containing both qualitative and
quantitative elements, as well as descriptive and interpretative elements (Mikkelsen, 2005). It
will investigate how German and French media reported on the Paris Attacks and reported on
suggested measures responding to the attacks.
The study follows a most similar multi-case study design. Due to the location of the
Paris Attacks the paper will investigate French media. Additionally, against the background of
immigration debates, the rising of PEGIDA and the strong media attention of German
newspapers to the Paris Attacks, Germany was also selected as a case. Since Germany and
France are both West European countries that have experienced major influx of immigrants
and are hosting a considerable amount of Muslims (Eurostat, 2014) while having restrictive
immigration laws in place (Block and Bonjour, 2013, Groenendijk, 2011, Felbermayr et al.,
2010), it seems relevant to conduct a most similar case study on those two cases. Therefore,
the unit of analysis of this study will be how the Paris Attacks were dealt with in media and
by political actors, selecting those articles from media that cover this topic (Altheide and
Schneider, 2013).
More precisely, newspapers were selected for this purpose. The database Lexis Nexis
provided the author with access to diverse German and French newspapers. All sections of
newspapers, rather than just headlines etc. were searched. Overall, 478 articles were found,
7
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
among which 328 stem from German newspapers and 150 from French newspapers. Those
newspapers provided the author with the data based on which this study was conducted.
The timeframe investigated was publication dates between 7th January 2015 and 30th
March 2015 in order to assess which political measures were suggested in response to the
Paris Attacks according to the newspapers.
Data of the study was collected and analyzed in line with content analysis and the DA
approach to study how meaning was created through language and texts. This is based on the
assumption that language is a tool to construct social reality. Therefore, a social constructivist
position is applied, questioning existing knowledge and emphasizing the dependence of
perceived reality on historical and cultural context (Rychovská, 2014).
1.6 Ethical Issues
Since the proposed research is a desk study it is at this point of time assumed that no ethical
considerations have to be taken into account.
1.7 Disposition
The thesis has the following structure: After chapter 2 will provide an overview over topics
and developments relevant for this thesis, chapter 3 will introduce the methodology used in
this paper. Subsequently, chapter 4 will outline used the analytical framework, including its
detailed statements and assumptions. Afterwards, the findings will be presented in an
organized manner in chapter 5 and then be analyzed using the analytical framework in chapter
6. Last but not least, chapter 7 entails the conclusions of this thesis.
8
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
2 BACKGROUND
As outlined above, when studying securitization, it is crucial to bear in mind the context of the
events (Rychovská, 2014). For this reason, the following section provides background
information on the discourses around terrorism in Germany and France, right wing
movements in the two countries as well as an overview over the events in Paris in January
2015.
2.1 Terrorism in Europe
Ever since 9/11 terrorism has been a topic all over the world. Reinforced by Islamist terror
attacks in Europe in the last years, the topic as well as war on terrorism have gained much
attention (Archetti, 2004). Particularly after the attacks in Madrid in 2004 and in London in
2005, in which respectively more than 10 people died, attention in Europe to the topic has
risen (see Figures 1 and 2 for an overview over terrorist attacks in Europe). With the Paris
Attacks in January 2015 a new attack that has cost over 10 deaths, may have put the topic
back to the European agenda (The Data Team, 2015). Overall, though, the number of
incidents and people killed through terrorism in Europe does not imply a real threat – but
rather a perceived one (Bakker, 2006).
Figure 2: 13 years of terror in Western Europe. Figure 1: Geographical distribution of terrorist
Copied from The Data Team (2015)
plots 1994-2013. Copied from Nesser (2014)
Despite the growing doubts concerning Muslims in Europe ever since 9/11, it is
noteworthy that Islamic radicalism is not the core cause of terrorism in Europe. For example,
in Spain and France, there are more Basque nationalists that are accused of terrorist attacks
than Islamic terrorists (Cesari, 2012).
9
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
This section seeks to investigate which discourses have surrounded the topic of
terrorism in Germany and France in recent years.
2.1.1 Germany
Germany traditionally fought rather domestic than international terrorism (Foreign Affairs,
2004). It has experienced comparatively few (jihadist) terrorism attacks in recent years
(Nesser, 2014). Indeed, between 1968 and 2005 there were 486 terrorist incidents in Germany
and 99 fatalities (Bakker, 2006). The Guardian (2015) reports that Germany is one out of five
danger zones for terrorism in Europe (Rodrigues, 2015). The argument brought forward in
that context is that there are 270 German citizens that fought in Syria (Rodrigues, 2015) and
that in January 2014 two people were arrested for expectedly being part of an extremist cell
(Rodrigues, 2015). When looking at which issues are perceived to be the most important ones
by Germans between 2003 and 2014 one can see that the perception varies greatly over time
and increased again in November 2014 (Eurobarometer, 2014) (see Figure 3).
Since Germany was the major base where 9/11 was planned, it has reformed its
policies concerning terrorism ever since (Foreign Affairs, 2004). In 2002, Germany
introduced a range of new policies that strengthened the power of police and forbade religious
groups which are perceived to risk the democratic order of the country (Cesari, 2012).
Furthermore, police gained the rights to obtain insights into financial records, communication
of digital or written form and into records regarding transportation (Cesari, 2012).
According to the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Germany considers “Islamistmotivated international terrorism […] (to be) the greatest threat to the security of the Federal
Republic of Germany” (Federal Ministry of the Interior, 2015).
2.1.2 France
Being a former colony with recent military interventions in countries with high proportions of
Muslim citizens, France has been exposed to (jihadist) terrorism relatively often in the last
few years (Nesser, 2014, Bakker, 2006). Between 1968 and 2005 1089 incidents happened in
France, and 185 fatalities – therefore roughly twice as many incidents and fatalities happened
in France as in Germany in the same period (Bakker, 2006). Yet, terrorism seems to be
perceived of less a threat in France than in Germany if one looks at the data of the
Eurobarometer (Eurobarometer, 2014) (see Figure 3). According to The Guardian (2015),
France is also one of the five danger zones of terrorist attacks in Europe. It is mentioned that
10
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
700 French citizens fought in Syria so far (Rodrigues, 2015). Apart from the recent terrorist
attacks in Paris, in 2014 one suspected terrorist was identified and two men injured several
citizens, shouting “Allahu Akbar”10 like the terrorists that attacked Charlie Hebdo11 did
(Rodrigues, 2015).
In response to 9/11 as well as to other terrorist attacks, France has implemented
various anti terrorism policies for which it became known as “counterterrorist powerhouse”
(Foley, 2015). Those policies contained, amongst others, regulations on border controls and
security (France Diplomatie, 2013). Additionally, the Law on Everyday Security was passed
in 2001 which allowed police to control vehicles, to control premises and to investigate and
file electronic transactions without notification for the purpose of counter-terrorism inquiries
(Cesari, 2012). Nevertheless, criticism has been voiced on France’s ability to fight terrorism
successfully, amongst others after it became known that the assassins of Paris had been
known to French authorities (Foley, 2015).
Figure 3: Eurobarometer data on the question “What do you think are the
most important issues facing your country at the moment?”, indicating the
percentage of people that answered terrorism as one of the two response
options, 2003-2014. (based on: Eurobarometer, 2014)
10
Translated: „God is great“
11
Charlie Hebdo is a weekly magazine in France known for its satirical contributions. It has gained
attention in the last years repeatedly, amongst others due its display of religious motives or the prophet
Mohammed in its cartoons.
11
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
2.2 Muslim Population
According to the US-based fact tank Pew Research Center, the amount of Muslims in Europe
has, from 1990, increased by 14.5 million to 44.1 million in 2010. The proportion of Muslims
to the overall population has in spite of that only risen by 2.1% in this period. It is expected
that, although in total the amount of Muslims living in Europe is expected to rise, the overall
share of Muslims in Europe will remain small i.e. below 3% of the world Muslim population
even by 2030 (Pew Research Center, 2011).
To understand the context of the feelings and political responses regarding Islam and
Muslims, the author believes it is important to provide some statistical background
information on the share of Muslims in Germany and France.
2.2.1 Muslim Population in Germany
Figure 4: Estimated Muslim Population per
European country in 2010, based on Pew Research
Center (2011)
Figure 5: Estimated Muslim Population per
European country in 2030, based on Pew Research
Center (2011)
The Muslim population in Germany amounted to 4 119 000 in 2010, at that time the
second highest number of Muslims in Europe (see Figure 5). However, the share of Muslims
was only 5% (see Figure 6), which was the third highest proportion and close to the
proportion of Muslims in Greece, the United Kingdom (UK) and Denmark. The Muslim
population in Germany is estimated to grow to 7.1% in 2030, which would be equal to the
eighth biggest number in Europe (Pew Research Center, 2011).
Although there is no law banning the wearing of a hijab in Germany, psychological
pressure coming from teachers, school directors etc. is put on parents not to let their kids wear
12
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
a hijab. Debates have taken place in Germany in the past around including Islam in German
school curriculums as a subject (Cesari, 2012)
Figure 6: Proportion of Muslim population in France
and Germany in 2010 in %, based on Pew Research
Center (Pew Research Center, 2011)
2.2.2 Muslim Population in France
Compared to Germany, the Muslim population in France is denser. In 2010 it was estimated
that 4 704 000 Muslims lived in France which equals 7.5% of the French population (see
Figure 6). If one considers the share of Muslims compared to the population, France therefore
has the highest proportion of Muslims in Europe. Estimates show that France will likely
remain the country with the highest proportion of Muslims in 2030, although closely followed
by Belgium and Sweden (Pew Research Center, 2011).
In this context it is noteworthy, that the law of secularism 12 that was issued in 1905
(#336, #33713) and has marked France ever since, has triggered debates in recent years.
Indeed, Power (2015) claims that the relationship between France and Muslims living in
France has become tenser than it is the case in Germany. This may be due to the Algerian war
or due to social hurdles and policies banning, e.g. the wearing of religious symbols, such as
veils in schools or the public wearing of the niqab14 (Power, 2015, Cesari, 2012).
12
The law of secularism (translated from French “laïcité”) from 1905 serves the separation of churches
and the state in France (#337) and refers religious practices to the private sphere of French citizens only.
13
When information in this paper is based on information retrieved from the data base Lexis Nexis, this
paper will refer to the assigned number (#xy) of the respective newspaper article in the Annex of this thesis to
increase transparency.
14
A niqab is a piece of cloth which is used to cover a woman’s face (BBC, 2011)
13
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
2.3 Right Wing Movements
Right-wing parties have been on the rise in several European countries in the past years
(Harriss, 2011, Mayer, 2013). One of the reasons for this may be growing concerns regarding
immigrants as well as Muslims, who have been portrayed as a major threat to the values of
the Western world since 2001 (Mayer, 2013).
In general, right-wing movements from various European countries were feared to use
the Paris Attacks (#252, #268 etc.) for the purpose of mobilizing against immigrants,
attempting to deepen the anti-immigrant feelings they tried to create in recent years (Boswell,
2000). This section will highlight the most important right wing movements in Germany and
France at this point of time.
2.3.1 Germany
The most recent development concerning right wing movements in Germany is highlighted by
the German movement PEGIDA since October 2014. For months the movement had attracted
several thousand demonstrators against the Islamization of Germany and increased its
audience in Dresden from 300 persons in October 2014 to 25 000 on the 12th January 2015,
right after the Paris Attacks (Llana and Stern, 2015). Interestingly, the population in Saxony
that was the core audience of the movement has a Muslim population of below 1% (Shuster,
2015). This indicates that perceptions of immigration and Islam differ significantly from
statistical data. In response, polarization was taking place, drawing people either towards
support of PEGIDA or into an anti-PEGIDA movement.
When it became known that the former head of PEGIDA, Lutz Bachmann, was posing
as Hitler on some photos, he quit the movement and support within and to the movement in
general decreased (Regan, 2015, SPIEGEL ONLINE, 2015a). Despite decreasing support for
the movement, the fears that had been voiced, in particular of Islamization of German culture,
seem to have been reinforced by the terrorist Paris Attacks in Paris in January 2015 and
probably did not go back much thereafter (Hebel and Elmer, 2015, SPIEGEL ONLINE,
2015b).
Additionally, the far-right party National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) and
another right-wing party, the Alternative for Germany (AfD), voiced that the Paris Attacks
emphasized the relevance of PEGIDA and indicated the danger of European multiculturalism
(Shuster, 2015).
14
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
2.3.2 France
In France, the FN, founded by Jean-Marie Le Pen in 1972, has enjoyed growing support lately
(Harriss, 2011). Indeed, the party received more votes than any other French party in the last
elections for the European Parliament (Drehle, 2015). Led by Marine Le Pen, the party hopes
to win the elections next year in France.
Giovanni (2011) argues that Marine Le Pen gained popularity by addressing issues
around French identity and immigration. She argues that Muslim immigrants should
assimilate and “accept France’s Christian heritage” (Harriss, 2011: 54) and that the Euro will
collapse (Harriss, 2011). Since in 2011 some polls reported that French citizens considered
Islam as an enemy, with Muslims being the major part of immigrants to France, Marine Le
Pen chose those topics in order to get support (Giovanni, 2011). In fact, in recent years, the
feeling of lost national identity and fear of Islam in France has been increasingly reported
(Harriss, 2011, Llana and Stern, 2015, Cesari, 2012). As a response, Marine Le Pen’s main
aims are to decrease immigration and to abolish the granting of citizenship based on the place
of birth (Giovanni, 2011). Indeed, “Marine Le Pen has become a perfect ambassador of fear”
(Giovanni, 2011). This is how she managed to be the focus of discourse both in France and
Europe, as Harriss (2011) argues.
2.4 Paris Attacks
Between the 7th and 9th of January 2015 17 people were killed by three assassins in diverse
places in Paris. The following section seeks to provide a short background about those
incidents.
On the 7th of January 2015, Saïd Kouachi and his brother Chérif drove to the place
where the editorial board of Charlie Hebdo was meeting at that time. After visiting initially
the wrong place, the two men managed to get access to the location where the meeting took
place. Once they gained access they killed nine of the editors. After leaving the house, they
killed a policeman. The two brothers then fled and were found only on the 9th of January 2015
in a printing company where they held a hostage. Al-Qaida confirmed that it was responsible
for the attack. In the aftermath of the attack it became known that both assassins had been
surveilled by the French secret service (#241).
On the 7th of January 2015, a jogger was shot in a park in Paris – it is found later that
the person who shot was Amedy Coulibaly. On the 8th of January he then shot police officers
in Paris. Thereafter, on the 9th of January 2015, he went to a Jewish supermarket where he
15
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
held several people hostage and killed further four persons. Amedy Coulibaly spoke to
various people on the phone and asked for France to withdraw all its troops from Muslim
countries. Police stormed in simultaneously into the shop as the police that stormed into the
printing company where the Kouachi brothers were at that time. Amedy Coulibaly claimed
prior to his death that he acted on behalf of the IS (#241).
16
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
3 METHODOLOGY
The following section provides an overview over the methodology used to conduct this paper.
Reflections upon the design, the selected cases, operationalization, data collection and
analysis, delimitations and limitations will be presented.
3.1 Design
Based on an advocacy worldview15 of the author the study will follow a qualitative approach
(Creswell, 2009) with quantitative elements. It will entail both descriptive and interpretative
elements (Mikkelsen, 2005). It will be investigated which political reactions the Paris Attacks
triggered in Germany and France according to online newspapers. The study will then analyze
the findings through the glasses of Securitization Theory and Framing Theory.
3.2 Cases and Sample
This thesis is an interpretative study following a most similar multi-case study design (Yin,
2009, Gerring and McDermott, 2007, Mikkelsen, 2005, Creswell, 2007). Indeed, according to
Balzacq (2011a), case studies are the most commonly used research design in scholarly
debates around securitization.
According to George and Bennett (2005: 83) “the primary criterion for case selection
should be relevance to the research objective of the study”, in this case the investigation of
how Western media reported on the political responses to the Paris Attacks. Media was
chosen since discourse on societal level will be examined, asking for investigation of written
communication that is distributed extensively (Phillips and Hardy, 2002). In that sense, the
case study presents a case for I) how German and French media reported on political
measures taken up in response to the Paris Attacks and II) the political reaction to the Paris
Attacks by right wing movements itself.
In order to avoid selection bias, the outcome of the case studies was not the criterion
of selection, meaning that it was not considered in the selection of the cases if securitization
15
The advocacy and/or participatory worldview calls for attention to issues in society connected to
social justice which are usually explored through qualitative methods. This worldview promotes an active
approach towards challenges, meaning that it is aspired that change occurs in order to resolve the social issues
(Creswell, 2009). However, this paper itself does not aspire to do advocacy but rather aims for raising awareness
and triggering critical thoughts that can consequently lead to change.
17
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
was successful (Balzacq, 2011a). Instead, due to the location of the Paris Attacks the paper
investigates French media. Additionally, against the background of debates in Germany at this
point of time around the topics of Islam and immigration, the geographical closeness to
France, as well as the reaction towards the Paris Attacks in Germany the latter was also
selected as a case. Therefore, the unit of analysis of this study will be how the Paris Attacks
are dealt with in the French and German newspapers, selecting those articles that cover this
topic (Altheide and Schneider, 2013).
The database Lexis Nexis provided access to diverse German- and French- speaking
newspapers which can be searched by topic (Altheide and Schneider, 2013). Indeed, Lexis
Nexis is a popular tool amongst those applying content analysis because it supplies newspaper
contents of different media types, languages and over different periods of time (Riffe et al.,
2007). Since the author was interested in direct links between the Paris Attacks and
securitization all key words that were assumed to be mentioned in this context were searched
in combination with “Charlie Hebdo”. All newspapers that were listed in the results were
consulted in order to represent the media adequately. Further, all sections of newspapers,
rather than just headlines etc. were searched. Overall, 478 articles were found, among which
328 stem from German newspapers and 150 from French newspapers.
Those articles were used to search for measures suggested in the aftermath of the Paris
Attacks that were taken up by French and German media. In that sense, the used newspaper
articles provided the author with a method to study which political measures were promoted
in which ways and with which justifications.
Since key words that were later the search terms for the database Lexis Nexis were
identified in order to answer the research questions connected to framing and securitization,
the sampling technique used for this paper is called relevance sampling, or also purposive
sampling. Indeed, this sample served the provision of answers to the research questions,
which in turn were based on analytical assumptions. By selecting key words that imply
securitization and/or are potential frames used by media, the sample was therefore identified
and subsequently analyzed in its entirety (Krippendorff, 2004).
The timeframe investigated was publication dates between 7th January 2015 and 30th
March 2015 in order to assess which reactions were triggered according to the media from the
first day of the Paris Attacks onwards as well as to identify possible changes in reactions over
time.
18
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
3.3 Operationalization
As a first step, key words that were assumed to be mentioned in line with the Paris Attacks
were assembled. Those search terms included general key words about the Paris Attacks, key
words connected to Islam, key words connected to immigration and key words connected to
securitization, such as ‘threat’, ‘security’ or ‘urgency’. Overall, all key words were expected
to be used in order to identify securitization moves of certain topics.
Secondly, all articles that were found in this search process were read and searched for
possible securitization moves and threat constructions. Also, through reading all articles,
impressions of overall discourses surrounding the Paris Attacks could be gained. In this
process it became clearer how to best operationalize securitization moves in this paper:
securitization moves were identified if actors spoke of threats that needed to be fought by
implementing extraordinary political measures, in particular new practices or laws. In case
that newspaper articles portrayed threats to exist without mentioning corresponding measures,
this was considered as threat construction rather than as securitization move.
Thirdly, the articles were read again, identifying which actors tried to securitize or
build threats about which topics, with which level of urgency and which referent object.
Fourthly, it was investigated in those articles that reported on securitization moves,
how threats were described and how measures that should address those threats were
presented.16
3.4 Data Collection and Analysis
This section investigates in which way data was collected and analyzed for this paper.
3.4.1 Content Analysis
Content Analysis serves the systematic investigation of texts. This method gained significance
in particular from the 20th century onwards, when mass media developed. It enables the
researcher to study extensive amounts of texts to identify patterns and to study how certain
topics or actors are represented in the news (Krippendorff, 2004).
Since no prior academic work on the results of the Paris Attacks existed at the moment
this paper was written, it was necessary to first of all investigate which topics were taken up
in response to the Paris Attacks, whether topics such as Islam and immigration were generally
16
Further operationalizations are discussed in Chapter 4, Analytical Framework.
19
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
put into the context of the Paris Attacks and whether any securitization moves took place. For
this purpose, content analysis was chosen since it provides an overview over how often
certain key words or topics were mentioned in a context and since it is “a very established
means of frame analysis” (Schmidt, 2014: 119).
It is, however, difficult to differentiate between quantitative and qualitative content
analysis as every text has to be read in order to then measure variables in numbers, implying
the qualitative nature of every content analysis. In particular due to those qualitative elements
of content analysis, this study is not only descriptive but also entails major interpretative
elements (Krippendorff, 2004).
Based on the author’s assumption that the more often a topic is brought up in media in
the context of threats, the higher the will to securitize it, content analysis can provide valuable
insights into priorities and importance assigned to certain key words (Svantesson, 2014).
Content analysis, as a first step, usually involves the investigation of different content
which is then often investigated in order to identify trends in the content of texts (Riffe et al.,
2007). It is therefore a process, involving several stages which serve the reduction of units
that are to be analyzed for a study (Krippendorff, 2004). Consequently, content analysis can
be used in order to investigate as a first step which topics are represented to which extent in
media, such as newspapers, and as a second step, to investigate how topics were represented.
Therefore, this tool is suitable for this paper as it allows examining which topics were taken
up by media, which focuses were put and which topics were rather neglected when looking at
the number of articles that reported on certain key words in their texts.
By operationalizing phenomena in media to quantitative units, the data can be handled
and may allow for trends that facilitate the understanding of patterns and trends in the media.
By measuring different variables, content analysis serves the study and analysis of media
communication (Riffe et al., 2007).
In this paper, content analysis will be mostly applied in the sense that frequencies and
proportions will be studied in order to get insights into the meaning and significance assigned
to different topics by French and German media.
3.4.2 Discourse Analysis
The data of the study that sought to respond to the question of how topics were securitized
was collected and analyzed in line with the DA. The latter serves the analysis of media
discourses and provides a “framework to problem-oriented social research” (Wodak, 2008: 2).
20
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Based on the theoretical underpinnings of Jürgen Habermas and Michel Foucault, DA serves
to investigate language and symbols and their role in constructing meanings and reality
(Schulze, 2012, Phillips and Jørgensen, 2002, Gee, 1999, Fairclough, 2003, Wodak, 2008,
Schmidt, 2014).
Indeed, Buzan et al. (1998: 25) argue that
“the way to study securitization is to study discourse and political constellations:
When does an argument with this particular rhetorical and semiotic structure achieve
sufficient effect to make an audience tolerate violations of rules that would otherwise
have to be obeyed?”.
Indeed, it is crucial to search for arguments that can be defined as security, which is
commonly done by applying DA (Buzan et al., 1998).
In this thesis, discourse is to be understood to build the basis for
“the things that make up the social world – including our very identities […] without
discourse, there is no social reality, and without understanding discourse, we cannot
understand our reality, our experiences, or ourselves” (Phillips and Hardy, 2002:2).
This approach therefore stresses the importance of language for our perception of
reality (Mikkelsen, 2005, Phillips and Jørgensen, 2002). DA serves, in the context of the
suggested study, the linguistic analysis of a text. More precisely, DA “explores how texts are
made meaningful […] and how they contribute to the constitution of social reality by making
meaning” (Phillips and Hardy, 2002: 4). When applying DA one therefore studies texts in an
organized and ordered way (Phillips and Hardy, 2002). This includes the examination of
“intratextuality […], intertextuality […] and the recurrent patterns of linguistic
characterization that constitute the storylines” (Balzacq, 2010: 66). Hence, DA usually
assumes and serves the investigation of the link between discourse, text and the context and is
based on the assumption that language is a tool to construct social reality (Phillips and
Jørgensen, 2002). Overall, it is in particular the linguistic investigation of a text which is
facilitated by DA that makes the latter seem to be an appropriate tool for this study (Phillips
and Hardy, 2002).
DA applies the social constructivist position on social realities (Mikkelsen, 2005,
Phillips and Hardy, 2002, Phillips and Jørgensen, 2002, Fairclough, 2003). This means that
21
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
the study will be based on certain assumptions. Those include the questioning of existing
knowledge, the acceptance that perceptions of reality vary by historical and cultural context,
that the perception of the world is rather shaped by social mechanisms than by reality and the
aim to investigate how perceived reality and practices are interrelated. DA therefore is
considered a suitable approach to ask ‘how’ rather than ‘why’ as the above mentioned
research questions suggest (Mikkelsen, 2005).
According to Securitization Theory, there are three units of analysis that are taken into
account in this study: referent objects, securitizing actors and functional actors. Referent
objects are those that are threatened in their survival and are to be protected, in this paper, the
German and French society, whereas securitizing actors are those that securitize a topic by
declaring the referent object to be threatened in its existence, in this paper the German and
French politicians, who make securitization moves. Last but not least, functional actors are
those that affect the outcome or decisions in the security sector without being the securitizing
actor or the referent object, in this case the German and French newspapers (Balzacq, 2011a,
Buzan et al., 1998).
Overall, applying DA serves the understanding of how the social realities in the
context of securitization are created via the media, increasing the understanding of how social
realities are created and preserved. Further, the DA approach enables to investigate how
discourse and reality relate to each other which facilitates to understand which role media
plays in shaping reality. By facilitating the investigation of how social realities are
constructed through language, how and why meanings are given to certain phenomena and
how social realities can be recontextualized, DA provides a valuable tool for data collection
and analysis (Phillips and Hardy, 2002).
3.4.3 Data Analysis with Microsoft Excel
After reading the newspaper articles, information, such as indicated securitization moves,
securitizing actors, securitized topics and referent objects were collected in a Microsoft Excel
Sheet. In order to gain an overview over trends in the data it was then analyzed using Pivot
Tables with which particularly interesting data and correlations could be verified.
Furthermore, the numbers of articles and key words implied the importance and priorities
assigned to topics, issues, actors, threats etc.
In order to gain a better overview, small categories were clustered during the data
analysis process in order to get an impression of topics rather than detailed key words that
22
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
were mentioned. Since several aspects had similar meanings, this procedure allowed to further
investigate which categories were represented to which extent (Krippendorff, 2004).
3.5 Reflections on Primary and Secondary Sources
When conducting research, it is relevant to declare transparently on which sources the study is
based and how the sources can be assessed. Therefore, the following section reviews the
primary and secondary sources based on which this paper was compiled and evaluates them in
terms of reliability, relevance, limitations and resulting consequences.
3.5.1 Primary Sources
As outlined earlier, this paper is based on newspaper articles that were collected and analyzed.
Those articles were selected based on search terms that were perceived to be in line with the
analytical assumptions made by the author. In that sense, the data is perceived to be relevant.
However, due to the selection based on key words and in particular since translation of these
key words was undertaken, it cannot be ruled out that relevant newspaper articles on those
concepts are fully covered in this paper. This is hence a limitation to bear in mind.
Furthermore, some reports, web sites etc. were consulted in particular for the gathering
of background information. If, for example, one consults a US based fact tank on the Muslim
population, the political culture and discourses in the US may play a role. Therefore, it was
attempted to portray the information in a balanced way. Due to lack of alternative data,
however, the author had to consult these sources.
3.5.2 Secondary Sources
Secondary sources on which this paper is based are mainly journal articles, books and reports.
In most of those sources it was outlined transparently based on which assumptions
information was gathered and presented, so that it was possible for the author to critically
assess, which information would fit with the own assumptions and which frameworks or
information would be incompatible with this study. Furthermore, due to the large body of
scholarly work on securitization, a selection of sources had to be undertaken. However, the
author selected sources that critically assessed their own and other’s strengths and
weaknesses, so that a rather critical approach was sought and information was read against the
background of those aspects.
23
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Overall, the author believes that both the secondary and the primary sources were well
chosen in order to answer the research questions. Yet, for future studies, it would be
interesting to search for more key words and investigate articles that are listed in the
respective lists. Also, it could be interesting to take into account the political orientation of
newspapers in a more meaningful way to assess this impact on the way newspapers report on
certain issues.
3.6 Delimitations
The research is delimited by the amount of cases: Germany and France were investigated, in a
limited timeframe regarding the discourse in media around the Paris Attacks. In that context it
is to be noted, that the discourse related to certain key words, not overall surrounding the
Paris Attacks, was analyzed in order to increase the feasibility of the study. As Creswell
(2007: 76) states the danger otherwise would be that “the more cases and individual studies,
the less the depth in any single case”. Further, the paper will focus on how security is
articulated in selected media. This choice was made since it is recommended to rather focus
on a limited number of texts and rather represent securitization fully than taking into account
too many texts and not investigating securitization in detail (Buzan et al., 1998). Further, the
reaction by the audience will not be examined in this research. Therefore, the Securitization
Theory is only applicable to some extent:
“a discourse that takes the form of presenting something as an existential threat to a
referent object does not by itself create securitization - this is a securitizing move, but
the issue is securitized only if and when the audience accepts it as such” (Buzan et al.,
1998: 285).
Those delimitations were, however, helpful in identifying a feasible research topic that
takes into account the author’s resources.
3.7 Limitations
The research was limited by access to data, such as certain newspapers that were not
accessible via the Lexis Nexis database. In this context it is noteworthy, that data of this study
was to a major extent collected from newspapers whereas social media were not taken into
account. A further limitation of the study might occur in the area of reliability, meaning
24
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
“demonstrating that the operations of a study - such as the data collection procedures - can be
repeated with the same results” (Yin, 2009: 40). Indeed, whereas the choice of methodology
was undertaken with care and is estimated to fit the research objective, DA seems to be prone
to weaknesses such as “relativist interpretations and emission in speculation” (Mikkelsen,
2005: 187). Therefore, the author intends to lay out assumptions, definitions, motivations and
how results were gained in detail to increase transparency and reliability of the study.
Additionally, it is to be considered that although the author believes to have substantial
language skills in French it is not her native language so that possible influences on
interpretations of articles or phrasings can occur. Furthermore, DA itself has certain
limitations as it would require that “all aspects of discourse (are studied), and we inevitably
have to select a subset of texts for the purpose of manageability” (Phillips and Hardy, 2002:
10). Also, Securitization Theory includes weaknesses, e.g. it advocates textual analysis,
meaning that images etc. that could provide valuable further insights, are not perceived to be
crucial and were also not investigated in this thesis; also the role audience plays in
securitization processes is often, also in this paper, not paid major attention to (Balzacq, 2010,
Schulze, 2012, Léonard and Kaunert, 2011). Moreover, since selection of texts that were
studied as the basis for this paper had to be taken, certain aspects may be more reflected in the
sample than others. Nevertheless, although reaching saturation in DA is difficult, arguments
made in this paper were based on data that was judged as sufficient by the author. Also, since
data was analyzed digitally with Microsoft Excel, the possibility that typing or alike mistakes
happened, cannot be excluded. Last but not least, the author herself being German may have
shaped how she perceives reports in the country through her ‘filters’.
Concerning validity, meaning if reality is approached through the research, it has to be
considered that the underlying assumption of DA states that “there is no “real” world other
than one constructed through discourse” (Phillips and Hardy, 2002: 80). Furthermore,
reliability in DA is to be assessed in a particular way since interpretations of situations can
vary (Phillips and Hardy, 2002). Therefore, this work is rather to be judged by the insights
gained through the offered interpretations, the historical and contextual embedding of the
findings and the political context of the gained material (Phillips and Hardy, 2002).
25
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
4 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
The paper will seek to investigate which political reactions were taken up by media in
response to the Paris Attacks in January 2015 and how this was done. For this purpose, two
theories seem to be relevant: I) the Securitization Theory and II) the Framing Theory.
Whereas Securitization Theory may help in creating understanding how certain issues were
associated with security in order to implement extraordinary measures, Framing Theory
investigates the role of media in portraying issues in a certain way and hence in influencing
how people receiving the information interpret it (Davie, n.d.). By combining those two
frameworks, the contribution of the media in facilitating securitization moves will be
investigated. Since the study follows an abductive approach, this will be done by using the
two theories for the recontextualisation of the findings.
The following section provides an overview over the background of the two theories,
the conceptualization of different variables and the utility of the theories for this paper.
4.1 Securitization Theory
Securitization Theory was created in the 1990s by the societal security theorists Ole Wæver,
Barry Buzan and Jaap de Wilde (1998) from the Copenhagen School (CS) (Theiler, 2010) .
Their aim was to build a new theoretical framework based on scholarly work that had dealt
with the military and the state. However, there existed no framework yet that would connect
those two elements so that there was need for unification of the different concepts (Buzan et
al., 1998, Schulze, 2012, Léonard and Kaunert, 2011).
This early concept of Securitization Theory has been debated by various authors (e.g.
Rychovská, 2014, Schulze, 2012, Balzacq, 2011c, Balzacq, 2011b, Stritzel, 2007). Indeed,
Securitization Theory is rather popular among scholars investigating security studies in recent
years (Rychovská, 2014). Therefore, the author attempted to take those scholars’ criticism
regarding neglect of context and power of the securitizing actors as well as aspects regarding
the audience into account to the extent it was possible in this study.
Securitization Theory deals with how public issues emerge, distribute and vanish
(Rychovská, 2014, Balzacq, 2011b, Balzacq, 2011a). More precisely, it is about how threats
are securitized. The theory argues that “language is not only concerned with what is ‘out
there’, […] but it is also constitutive of that very social reality” (Balzacq, 2010: 56). It should
be noticed that the theory is applied to international relations only (Buzan et al., 1998).
26
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
4.1.1 Conceptualization of Security and Securitization
The following section illustrates how security and securitization are conceptualized in the
Securitization Theory (for an overview see Table 1).
4.1.1.1 Security
According to Schulze (2012) security is always connected to insecurity, e.g. if dangers are
absent security could be considered to be given. Further, Buzan et al. (1998) argue that
security is not only to be found in the military sector and goes beyond war and force. Security
in this context is considered as a speech act (Balzacq, 2010, Léonard and Kaunert, 2011): “by
saying it something is done […] the word ‘security’ is the act” (Wæver, 1995: 55 quoted in
Balzacq, 2010: 59). They further argue that security may be a way to stabilize fragile relations
but that usually even a secure relationship is still marked by major conflicts. In that sense,
security itself should not be perceived as desirable but rather desecuritization should be
aspired, meaning “the shifting of issues out of emergency mode and into the normal
bargaining process of political sphere” (Buzan et al., 1998: 4). Schulze (2012) adds that
security is constructed via language and in special contexts.
4.1.1.2 Securitization
Securitization is a process “by which ostensibly non-security issues, such as immigration, are
transformed into urgent security concerns” (Messina, 2014: 530). Security issues are therefore
portrayed as “existential threats to a referent object by a securitizing actor who thereby
generates endorsement of emergency measures beyond rules that would otherwise bind“
(Buzan et al., 1998: 5).
A referent object is usually the state but it can be other political units as well that are
perceived as to be protected to guarantee survival (Buzan et al., 1998, Schulze, 2012). In such
a case, the respective threat requires
“the use of extraordinary measures to handle (it) […] Traditionally, by saying
‘security’, a securitizing actor, usually a state representative, declares an emergency
condition, thus claiming a right to use whatever means are necessary to block a
threatening development” (Buzan et al., 1998: 21).
27
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
In this sense, securitization is a more severe step than politization. It is important in
this context to understand that non-politization happens if a state does not work on an issue
and the issue is also not subject of public debate. Further, the issue is not perceived to be a
task of the state but rather non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can try to raise the issue
on the agenda of politics. In contrast, politization means that a topic is integrated in public
policies and that government decisions as well as investment of resources are required. Hence,
in politization state actors cover an issue and work on it. Securitization, however, goes even
further since an issue is portrayed as a major threat that justifies exceptional measures that go
beyond normal political procedures. This may also happen if normal political measures are
not perceived to be sufficient anymore. Securitization can get problematic if speech acts get
securitized in order to prioritize issues for the sake of implementing debated measures. This is
why the CS argues for desecuritization which means that a topic is moved back to public
discourse (Buzan et al., 1998, Schulze, 2012).
Applied to the societal sector, the referent object would be collective identities, nations
or religions for example. Since identities are not stable but subject to change it can be difficult
to establish what exactly the threat is. Further, it is crucial if the changes are perceived to be
invasive, so that the cause of change might be perceived as a threat. Consequently, whether a
cause of change, such as migrants or other identities, are securitized depends on how openminded a collective is about their identity and its persistence (Buzan et al., 1998).
Furthermore, it is crucial to note that “the media is an important actor that contributes
significantly to the definition of situations” (Buzan et al., 1998: 124).
In this context, it is crucial to distinguish between a securitization move and successful
securitization. On the one hand, as Buzan et al. (1998: 25) mention, “a discourse that takes the
form of presenting something as an existential threat to a referent object does not by itself
create securitization- this is a securitizing move, but the issue is securitized only if and when
the audience accepts it as such”. On the other hand, successful securitization includes
“existential threats, emergency action, and effects on interunit relations by breaking free of
rules” (Buzan et al., 1998: 26). In that sense, the authors contradict each other slightly since
the latter definition does not give account to the role the audience plays. However, as other
authors (e.g. Schulze, 2012, Léonard and Kaunert, 2011, Balzacq, 2011a) stress, the role of
the audience is crucial to bear in mind when applying the theory, so as to ensure that the
audience empowers the securitizing actor by accepting his securitizing move (Balzacq,
2011c). In this context it is also always interesting to investigate who benefits from a
28
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
securitization move and who uses speech acts how in order to securitize (Schulze, 2012,
Theiler, 2010). Further, the impact of a securitization move is interesting to study as well
(Buzan et al., 1998)
There are conditions that may facilitate transforming a securitizing move into
successful securitization (Theiler, 2010, Stritzel, 2007, Schulze, 2012). Firstly, the
securitizing actor must have enough authority and the necessary legitimacy to perform a
securitization move (Schulze, 2012, Theiler, 2010). Secondly, there must be pre-existing fears
and doubts within the audience (Theiler, 2010). Thirdly, basic values of the audience should
not be violated with the securitization move (Theiler, 2010). And fourthly, certain features of
the threat may hamper or facilitate securitization (Buzan et al., 1998).
Theoretical assumptions on how this is performed rely on the speech act theory,
meaning that certain expressions are acts and that grammar can have such a structure that
enables the speech act to be successful. Therefore, via the speech act priorities and urgency
are created so that actors can claim to be able to solve the issue by introducing certain policies
or rules (Schulze, 2012). The overall rhetoric hence is: “if the problem is not handled now, it
will be too late, and we will not exist to remedy our failure” (Buzan et al., 1998: 26)
This happens on two levels: it is referring to the linguistic relation between the actor,
the referent object and the audience as well as connected to social context (Schulze, 2012,
Stritzel, 2007). This means that the social status of the speaker and his/her relation to the
audience that is to be convinced is crucial for the outcome of the securitization (Schulze,
2012). It is important to notice that it is not about explicitly mentioning security in the
discourse but rather about creating the association of a topic with a threat (Schulze, 2012,
Buzan et al., 1998). The interest of the theory is hence to investigate how, and in which
context securitization is (not) used (Buzan et al., 1998).
Therefore, securitization includes the charging of a topic with the connotation of
threat, assigning it urgency to be dealt with and demanding the introduction of debated
measures or rules that are said to serve defense against the issue (Schulze, 2012, Theiler,
2010, Rychovská, 2014).
29
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Concept
Operationalization
Security
A speech act that is constructed through language
Securitization
Referent object
A process by which issues that are not per se connected to security are put on the
security agenda, demanding for extraordinary measures to combat a threat that
endangers a referent object. Other than a securitization move, securitization is
successful in convincing an audience of the threat and legitimacy of the suggested
measures.
Events, when actors (securitizing actors) speak of people or objects as a threat that
needs to be fought urgently by implementing extraordinary political measures, in
particular new practices or laws
The audience is the group of people the speech act is aimed to. The audience’s
consent is needed for a securitization to be successful. If the reaction of the audience
is not assessed, one can only talk about a securitization move.
A unit, usually a state that has to be protected in order to survive
Threat
Change that impacts the referent object negatively and endangers its survival
Securitization move
Audience
Securitizing actor
The actor speaking security that seeks to introduce extraordinary measures to assure
survival of the referent object
Extraordinary
If a goal can be achieved with less extreme measures that infringe the rights of the
measures
target groups to a smaller extent and do not clash as much with the basic values of
the target group, then the measure is unproportional.
Table 1: Operationalization of aspects related to Securitization Theory (based on: Balzacq, 2010, Léonard
and Kaunert, 2011, Schulze, 2012, Buzan et al., 1998)
4.1.2 The Utility of Securitization Theory
Since securitization is socially constructed and media plays a crucial role in defining concepts
and meanings, Securitization Theory seems like a suitable framework to analyze the data of
this study with. This allows the author to “understand the processes of constructing a shared
understanding of what is to be considered and collectively responded to as a threat (Buzan et
al., 1998: 26). By applying this theory, it can be understood how securitization moves were
made in the context of the Paris Attacks, which political choices were made, which actors
securitized which issues, what/who is portrayed as the threat, with which motives, and what
the conditions were in which this was done (Buzan et al., 1998).
17
Consequently, by
analyzing discourse it can be investigated “when and how something is established by whom
as a security threat. The defining criterion of security is textual” (Buzan et al., 1998: 176).
17
In that context, it is important to notice that this study focuses on the suggestion of extraordinary
measures, hence a later stage of the securitization process. This choice was made once it became evident in the
data that already shortly after the Paris Attacks a number of extraordinary measures were suggested, allowing for
an investigation of those measures.
30
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
4.2 Framing Theory
Framing Theory has its very origin in Edward Said’s work on discourse surrounding
orientalism, hence on how the selection and choices made by the media portray a certain
image of Arabs. Framing Theory later became part of sociology, media research and later on
social sciences, psychology, communication and linguistics, becoming increasingly popular in
the 1980s (Schmidt, 2014, Pinto, 2014).
Framing constitutes that meaning is assigned through frames in order to achieve the
aims of respective actors by organizing information in certain directed ways (Buitrago, 2013,
Pinto, 2014, Powell, 2011, Schmidt, 2014). Further, it facilitates the creation of a link between
events and the perceived meaning of the latter for people in a certain context (Pinto, 2014,
Schmidt, 2014). Framing can be applied in any case in which a certain actor tries to mobilize
and convince an audience of an argument (Pinto, 2014).
When investigating framing it is crucial to examine how actors communicate about
issues and/or affairs and how those issues are simplified. By framing issues they are broken
down to less complex topics, often without full consideration of the context they evolve from,
and hence a different meaning is constructed. By applying those filters, some aspects of a
topic are left out whereas others are emphasized. In that sense, framing creates an own
meaning which is constructed by the actor that is speaking, the audience and the context
(Svantesson, 2014).
Framing processes in media are based on the underlying assumption that by providing
information to an audience, the media construct frames. This in turn can affect how the public
perceives the provided information and how it understands social issues. Therefore, it is
assumed that media frames can influence public opinion (Schmidt, 2014).
4.2.1 Conceptualization of Framing Theory
The following sections investigate how different terms are conceptualized in Framing Theory
(for an overview see Table 2).
4.2.1.1 Frames
According to Schmidt (2014) frames are like windows through which people see the world.
This implies, that the perception of the world is limited and rather selective, emphasizing the
31
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
importance of frames in constructing and influencing the perception of reality (Schmidt,
2014).
4.2.1.2 Framing Actors
According to Rychovská (2014) framing is a process of negotiation between different actors
which then arrive at a common understanding of an issue that seems to be in need of further
adjustments. Therefore, framing actors envision change by portraying persons or objects as a
threat or burden and by suggesting measures that can evoke change.
4.2.1.3 Types of Frames
There are three types of frames: I) diagonostic, II) prognostic, and III) motivational frames.
Whereas diagnostic frames define persons or objects and create connotations of them as
burdens or those responsible for the problem, prognostic frames suggest solutions for the
identified issues and motivational frames call for action that triggers change (Rychovská,
2014).
4.2.1.4 Frame Resonance
Frame Resonance seeks to provide an explanation why certain frames are more powerful as
compared to others by investigating how a frame is connected to the values of the audience
(Rychovská, 2014, Pinto, 2014). Therefore, preferences of the audience play a crucial role and
are taken into consideration in the communication of the speaking actor (Pinto, 2014). This
can also be linked to estimating how successful a potential securitization move will be, as
Theiler (2010) suggests it in the context of Securitization Theory. Therefore, similarly to
Securitization Theory, there are factors impacting the effects of framing, namely Frame
Resonance.
More precisely, it is assumed that if a frame is
“consistent and logically coherent, empirically credible, linked to broader cultural
narratives, values and beliefs of the audience, and articulated by a credible agent,
whose credibility is understood especially in terms of status and knowledge”
(Benford-Snow, 2000: 619-622 cited in Rychovská, 2014: 17),
32
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
the Frame Resonance is believed to be high (Rychovská, 2014, Pinto, 2014). In this
context, it is to be noticed, that Frame Resonance could be enhanced if the threat formulation
is adapted to the audience and pre-existing discourses (Rychovská, 2014, Pinto, 2014,
Schmidt, 2014).
4.2.1.5 Key Events
Key Events are understood to be events that lead to major attention in the news. This is due to
their enormity and sensational nature. Consequently, those key events are usually reported on
in vast numbers. Due to the large impact those events have on media coverage, former frames
can be changed or replaced through them (Schmidt, 2014).
Concept
Operationalization
Frames
The windows through which people look at the world, implying selectivity and
limitation in what is perceived and constructed as reality
Framing actors
Actors envisioning change through portraying persons or objects as a threat or
burdens and by suggesting measures that can evoke change
Diagnostic frames
Those frames define persons or objects and create connotations of them as
burdens or being responsible for the problem
Prognostic frames
Those frames suggest solutions to the issues
Motivational frames
Those frames call for action that triggers change
Frame resonance
If the values and preferences of the audience are taken into account in the
communication of the credible framing actor and a frame is credible and
consistent, the frame resonance is expected to be high
Key events
Events that lead to a high extent of media coverage due to their enormity that can
lead to reframing of issues
Table 2: Operationalization of concepts related to Framing Theory (based on: Rychovská, 2014, Pinto,
2014, Schmidt, 2014)
4.2.2 The Utility of Framing Theory
Since framing is about how a topic is portrayed, which aspects are emphasized and which
topics are left out, in this paper the theory serves the analysis which actors, which measures,
which reactions media paid attention to in the aftermath of the Paris Attacks and which topics
or measures and actors were neglected or ignored. Therefore, the contribution of media in
constructing perceptions of issues surrounding the Paris Attacks can be studied. This will in
particular be done bearing in mind aspects surrounding Securitization Theory. Therefore, by
investigating which actors, referent objects, measures, securitization moves and constructions
of urgency were taken up compared to others and which issues, such as Islam and/or
migration were put in a context to the Paris Attacks, it can be assessed, how the media
contributed to a certain understanding of their audience concerning the terrorist attacks.
33
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Since Framing Theory constitutes that this process of filtering is a part of an overall
context, it is also related to overall discourses that are taking place around issues. By
investigating which issues and/or frames are reported on, an impression over the overall
discourse that is led can be gained. In that sense, Framing Theory fits well with the discourse
analysis conducted in this study.
4.3 Summary
Similarly to Rychovská (2014), this paper therefore seeks to integrate elements of Framing
Theory into the analysis based on Securitization Theory. This means, that it will be
investigated, which role the communication and creation of threats via language plays for the
securitization of certain issues. By investigating how issues were framed by the French and
German media after the Paris Attacks, it can therefore be assessed how media possibly
facilitated securitization moves and shaped the perception of its audience concerning selected
issues. Since it was stressed repeatedly in this paper that the context of text is crucial to
understand and create its meaning, it is noteworthy that the two mentioned theories that serve
the analysis build the framework of this context. The context the specified texts are studied in
is therefore of a constructed nature which affects the role that can be attributed to the later
findings.
As stated before this study will apply an abductive approach, starting from the
Securitization and Framing Theory as a framework in order to understand the suggested
measures as well as reactions to the Paris Attacks in a new context. Abduction serves the
recontextualisation of “individual phenomena within a conceptual framework or a set of ideas
[…] to be able to understand something in a new way by observing and interpreting this
something in a new conceptual framework” (Balzacq, 2010: 80). Hence, new insights on the
securitization of that took place in France and Germany in response to the Paris Attacks can
be gained by applying an abductive approach.
Overall, the author believes that the analytical framework that was chosen for this
thesis facilitates the understanding of how connotations and contextualization of securitization
issues are created and shaped.
34
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
5 FINDINGS
The following section seeks to present the findings of this research in a descriptive manner.
The aim is to answer the research question that was asked above:
Which political measures were suggested by which political actors as a direct
response, according to the media, to the Paris Attacks? Which of those reactions indicate
securitization moves and which do not?
The findings will be presented by country and research question, followed by a
comparison of the results in Germany and France.
5.1 Media Coverage of the Paris Attacks – a Key Event
As mentioned before French and German media were searched for key words in combination
with “Charlie Hebdo” in the Lexis Nexis database in order to identify which topics were
directly linked to the Paris Attacks. This section investigates mostly the findings gained
through content analysis and to a limited extent insights gained through discourse analysis.
Whereas in German media, overall 328 articles were found, French media reported in
150 articles about the same topics. Although some articles were repeatedly listed in Lexis
Nexis, this number alone indicates, that German newspapers – in a numeric sense – paid
greater attention to the Paris Attacks. Also, overall, a high level of media attention is indicated
by those numbers which implies that the Paris Attacks were a key event that can impact how
frames are constructed (Schmidt, 2014).
5.1.1 Coverage of the Paris Attacks in German media
There were 177 German newspaper articles published on the key words “Charlie Hebdo
attack” - more than in the total amount of French newspaper articles on all keywords. The key
words “Charlie Hebdo Paris” and “Charlie Hebdo fear” yielded further significant amounts of
newspaper articles in German newspapers (for an overview over covered key words see
Figure 8).
5.1.2 Coverage of the Paris Attacks in French media
In France, however, the majority of articles showed the link “Charlie Hebdo terrorism”,
followed by “Charlie Hebdo Paris” and “Charlie Hebdo Islam”. This amount indicates the
35
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
relatively high degree of attention that Islam, for example, gained in France (for an overview
over covered key words see Figure 7).
Figure 8: Topics reported on in German media,
constructed by the author.
Figure 7: Topics reported on in French media,
constructed by the author.
5.1.3 Comparison
Furthermore, it was found that the topics “migration”, “immigration”, “imam” and
“integration” were surprisingly rarely mentioned in the context of the Paris Attacks in both
German and French media. It would be interesting to conduct another study in this context
whether migration or the religion Islam was sought to be securitized increasingly after the
Paris Attacks without making an explicit link to the Paris Attacks though. One indicator for
this could be that in both German and French media “Islam” was connected with the Paris
Attacks. In this context it is noteworthy, that, when looking at the amount of articles, French
media produced that link more often. It was also noteworthy that “fear” was mentioned in 19
articles in German media in connection to the attacks, while not a single time being
mentioned in French media- although the attacks were geographically seen more endangering
to France (for an overall comparison of key words used in French and German media, see
Table 3).
36
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Translation
Keywords
Keywords
Charlie Hebdo Attack
Charlie Hebdo Paris
Charlie Hebdo Islam
Charlie Hebdo fear
Charlie Hebdo terror
Charlie Hebdo
Terrorism
Charlie Hebdo
immigration
Charlie Hebdo
migration
Charlie Hebdo
security
Charlie Hebdo threat
Charlie Hebdo urgent
Charlie Hebdo
defense
Charlie Hebdo
measure
Charlie Hebdo law
Charlie Hebdo
radicalization
Charlie Hebdo prison
Charlie Hebdo Imam
Charlie Hebdo
prevention
Charlie Hebdo
integration
Charlie Hebdo
PEGIDA
Charlie Hebdo Anschlag
Charlie Hebdo Paris
Charlie Hebdo Islam
Charlie Hebdo Angst
Charlie Hebdo Terror
Charlie Hebdo
Terrorismus
Charlie Hebdo
Einwanderung
Charlie Hebdo Migration
Results
German
Newspapers
177
93
8
19
9
4
French Keywords
Results
French
Newspapers
0
43
20
0
0
47
0
Charlie Hebdo attentat
Charlie Hebdo Paris
Charlie Hebdo Islam
Charlie Hebdo peur
Charlie Hebdo terreur
Charlie Hebdo
terrorisme
Charlie Hebdo
immigration
Charlie Hebdo migration
Charlie Hebdo Sicherheit
1
Charlie Hebdo sécurité
11
Charlie Hebdo Bedrohung
Charlie Hebdo Dringend
Charlie Hebdo
Verteidigung
Charlie Hebdo Maßnahme
1
0
0
Charlie Hebdo menace
Charlie Hebdo urgent
Charlie Hebdo défense
7
3
0
0
Charlie Hebdo mésure
0
Charlie Hebdo Gesetz
Charlie Hebdo
Radikalisierung
Charlie Hebdo Gefängnis
Charlie Hebdo Imam
Charlie Hebdo Prävention
0
7
3
3
Charlie Hebdo Integration
2
Charlie Hebdo PEGIDA
7
Charlie Hebdo loi
Charlie Hebdo
radicalisation
Charlie Hebdo prison
Charlie Hebdo imam
Charlie Hebdo
prévention
Charlie Hebdo
intégration
Charlie Hebdo PEGIDA
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
0
0
8
Total
328
150
Table 3: Overview over media coverage of the Paris Attacks in French and German media.
Constructed by the author.
5.2 Suggested Measures and Reflection of Actors
This section investigates which measures media suggested to be introduced in direct
consequence of the Paris Attacks. The section will first outline measures suggested in German
media followed by measures suggested in French media. Both sections will be divided into
measures introduced in Germany itself and in France.
5.2.1 Measures Suggested in German Media
Overall, 112 newspaper articles reported on measures suggested in France, Germany or the
EU in Germany newspapers, which relates to 34% of German newspaper articles. This
indicates a relatively high amount of newspapers covering this topic.
37
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
5.2.1.1 Measures Suggested in Germany
The following section investigates which measures were suggested to be introduced in
German media in Germany itself (for an overview see Table 4). After investigating more
general security measures, potential security measures will be elaborated on, followed by
indicated securitization moves. Whereas more general security measures are interpreted to be
proportional measures increasing security, potential security measures could be interpreted in
diverse ways and rather un-proportional measures could indicate securitization moves. It is
important to bear in mind in this context, that securitization in this paper is understood to have
the function of using threats in such a way that debatable policies are legitimate to be
established (Schulze, 2012).
Firstly, a number of measures that are more broadly linked to security were
introduced. This refers to the reintroduction of local security forces in Germany as suggested
by the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) (#23-25), and police officers visiting
diverse newspapers in order to investigate their security standards (#259). Those measures
could be considered to seek to enhance security itself and could be considered proportional
measures.
Secondly, a number of measures could be interpreted to be proportional – but
depending on the motivation could also indicate securitization moves. To start with the
introduction of stricter legal rules as suggested by the Christian Social Union in Bavaria
(CSU) (#328), as well as of stricter security measures in Germany (#141-157) as suggested by
Thomas de Mazière from the CDU could, depending on the extent and areas in which exactly
laws are to be made stricter, indicate securitization moves. In these cases, it depends on the
exact measures and how they are proposed, whether this is indicating a securitization move or
not.
Thirdly, a number of measures suggested seem to be un-proportional18 to the events in
Paris. To start with, the CSU and CDU reintroduced the debate around a data retention law19
in Germany, justifying the method with security concerns connected to the Paris Attacks
18
In line with the operationalization mentioned above, the author investigated if measures were un-
proportional to the events in Paris, e.g. by investigating if less severe measures could serve the same purpose.
19
The data retention law has been discussed in Germany for several years. In 2007 a first data retention
law was drafted. However, the law was found to be unlawful. The law is supposed to allow the storage of
telecommunication data, such as telephone and internet data, for a duration of ten weeks of German citizens
(n.a., 2015).
38
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
(#328). Similarly, the CDU suggested further rights for institutions in Germany working on
security (#328). Both measures could be argued about. E.g. the perpetrators in France were
well known and yet, the Paris Attacks were not prevented (#194). Furthermore, the entire
German society would be under general suspicion and be affected by this measure. Since this
would decrease liberties and there could be less extreme laws made following the same aim,
this indicates a securitization move that has been noted before in similar contexts (Schulze,
2012). Therefore, terrorism is named as the reason while already prior to the Paris Attacks the
centre right parties20 CDU and CSU tried to implement such a law (Schulze, 2012).
Actor
General Security Measures
CDU
Measure
Reference
Reintroduction of local security
forces
Visits to newspaper agencies
#23-25
Police
Potential Security Measures
CSU
Stricter legal rules
CDU
Stricter security measures
Securitization Moves
CSU & CDU
Data retention law
CDU
Further rights for security institutions
Table 4: Measures Suggested in Germany. Constructed by the author.
#259
#328
#141-157
#328
#328
5.2.1.2 Measures Suggested in France
Concerning measures suggested in France that were mentioned in German newspapers, the
following was found (for an overview see Table 5).
Firstly, a number of security measures were suggested. E.g. French ministers
suggested positioning more soldiers in sensitive places (#138, #320, #321). Also, Manuel
Valls, the French prime minister of the Socialist Party (PS) suggested to employ more staff
working for secret services (#320, #321), to have more legislative staff (#320, #321) and to
keep the army in France large (#237).
Secondly, some measures suggested in France and reported on by German media
could be securitization moves depending on the interpretation. E.g. the stricter legislation
concerning weapon trade in France (#237, #308-12). Considering the fact that the weapons of
the Kouachi brothers were acquired illegally, it is questionable how this measure would have
prevented such an attack. Nevertheless, the measure is not unacceptable to society.
Additionally, the suggested involvement of imams in France (#320, #321) as suggested by
20
Centre right parties are right of the centre but are nearest to the centre as compared to right wing
parties
39
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Manuel Valls to help fighting radicalization of Muslim prisoners, on first sight, seems to be
tailored for security reasons. Nevertheless, the focus on the Muslim community, indicates that
a very specific group is focused on, indicating that a religious group is indirectly portrayed as
a threat. Manuel Valls also asked for stricter legislation and more rights when observing
online media (#320, #321). This step as well limits online users in their rights – due to
unclarity which measures are envisioned, the measure could be proportional to the aim.
Furthermore, Mr. Valls suggested to fight the “apartheid” in French suburbs (#28, #30),
indicating a link between terrorism and citizens in suburbs. The act of putting those two
aspects into connection however might contribute to people’s attribution of terrorism mostly
growing in French suburbs, indicating a diagnostic frame and potentially even fostering
exclusion of those that live already at the border of society. Nevertheless, the extent of
securitization depends on the exact measures the prime minister envisions for the suburbs.
Thirdly, there are securitization moves in France that German newspapers reported on.
Firstly, the reintroduction of death penalty in France, suggested by Marine Le Pen from the
right wing party FN (#7, #92, #274, #279, #291), blaming immigrants for the events in France
(#274). This measure would clash however with fundamental values and would be an
exceptional measure in this case. Besides, Le Pen suggested that the French citizenship of
those fighting in jihad should be withdrawn (#249), making a link between immigrants and
terrorism. Further, her suggestions to discontinue relations with Qatar (#249) indicate mistrust
towards a certain country and threat construction of other countries. Last but not least her
suggestion to disarm the suburbs in France (#249) indicates that she tries to portray the
citizens in suburbs as the main threats in the context of terrorism.
40
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Actor
General Security Measures
French ministers
PS
PS
Potential Security Measures
*
PS
PS
PS
Securitization Moves
FN
Measure
Reference
More soldiers in sensitive places
More staff in secret services
Keep French army large
#138, #320, #321
#320, #321
#237
Stricter legislation on weapon trade
More involvement of imams in
prisons
Stricter legislation on online media
Fight apartheid in French suburbs
#237, #308-312
#320, #321
Reintroduction of death penalty
#7, #92, #274, #279,
#291
FN
FN
Disarm French suburbs
Withdrawal of citizenship of those
fighting in jihad
FN
Discontinue relations with Qatar
*= no explicit references mentioned in the article
Table 5: Measures Suggested in France. Constructed by the author.
#320, #321
#28, #30
#249
#249
#249
5.2.2 Measures Suggested in French Media
The following section investigates which measures French media reported on following the
Charlie Hebdo Attacks. Overall, 22 newspaper articles were found that reported on measures
directly responding to the Paris Attacks. This amounts to 15% of French newspaper articles,
hence a relatively low number compared to German newspapers.
As the section before, it section will be divided into measures introduced in Germany
itself and in France.
5.2.2.1 Measures Suggested in Germany
There were no explicit measures suggested in Germany that were taken up in French media.
5.2.2.2 Measures Suggested in France
French media reported mostly on measures and reactions to the Paris Attacks in France itself
(for an overview see Table 6). Overall, French media reported in 22 articles on measures in
response to the attacks, amounting to ca. 15% of French newspaper articles.
First of all, the emergency plan “Vigipirate” (#418-422) for sensitive places in France
was put into place which seeks to protect rather than to interfere with citizens’ rights.
41
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Furthermore, depending on the reasoning and exact steps, the idea of allocating imams
to prisoners (#337, #338, #354) could enhance the image of Muslims being a particular threat
in terrorism. Last but not least, the stronger measures envisioned to control people in France
could potentially be a securitization move, depending on the details of such measures (#354).
Interestingly, French media only reported on one securitization move, which was done
by the UMP, suggesting amongst others the withdrawal of citizenship of French terrorists
(#418-422).
Actor
General Security Measures
*
Potential Security Measures
*
*
Securitization Moves
UMP
Measure
Reference
Vigipirate, emergency plan
#418-422
Allocate imams to Muslim prisoners
Stronger controls of French citizens
#337, #338, #354
#354
List of measures, among other withdrawal of #418-422
citizenship for French terrorists
*= no explicit references mentioned in the article
Table 6: Measures Suggested in France by French media. Constructed by the author.
5.2.2.4 Comparison
All in all, the following was interesting when comparing French and German media: Despite
the attacks happening in France, German media reported, in relative numbers, approximately
in twice as many newspaper articles on measures taken responding to the Paris Attacks.
Furthermore, German media indicated that German actors showed at least as much
engagement and will to securitize after the attacks as France.
Concerning the actors that suggested the measures, mostly politicians, from the centreright to right spectrum and in case of France also from the rather left wing, tried to use the
attacks for their purposes. Further, in France and Germany, efforts to collect more data on
citizens were increased dramatically after the attacks, indicating that security would be a
higher priority than liberty. It was also found that experts voiced a number of measures that
could be implemented, both in French and German media. Also, German media reported a
variety of measures suggested by the EU. Due to the scope of this study, this was not
investigated in depth though.
Whereas German media took up measures suggested in Germany and France, French
media focused mostly on domestically suggested measures. Due to this focus on the region
where measures were introduced, German media mentioned the German centre right parties,
42
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
and the French right wing party, experts in different countries, and the EU as actors that
suggested securitization moves. In contrast, French media only reported on the securitization
move of UMP, the centre right party. Securitization moves by Marine Le Pen, however, were
not taken up by French media.
43
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
6 ANALYSIS
The following chapter will present the analysis of the findings that were gained through
content and discourse analysis. The findings will be analyzed through the glasses of
Securitization Theory with an integration of Framing Theory. The following research
questions will be analyzed:
2) Which arguments were used by whom to justify measures that indicate
securitization moves?
3) If securitization moves can be identified, did the media possibly facilitate those
and if so, how?
6.1 Securitizing Actors and their Audience
The following section compares which securitizing actors could be found in France and
Germany, what they have in common and what differentiates them. In that context, the
audiences of the securitizing actors will also be investigated. Therefore, this section purely
focuses on measures indicating securitization moves. Furthermore, due to the high amount of
actors, the focus of this section will be on representatives of political parties.
6.1.1 Securitizing Actors in Germany
In Germany, among the most active securitizing actors were the centre right parties CDU and
CSU. In particular concerning the data retention law this may not be surprising as this party
has been pushing towards this policy for several years (Schulze, 2012). The audience in this
case is built by the opposition parties. Since the CDU is a major party it could be expected
that it is taken very seriously. However, in particular the opposition and the Social
Democratic Party (SPD) are expected to oppose to the law (Deutscher Bundestag, 2015).
As mentioned above, the German parties AfD and NPD supported the reaction of
PEGIDA to the Paris Attacks – however, this was not taken up in any of the newspaper
articles in German media that was investigated. By leaving this information out, media
selected certain securitizing actors and seem to have assigned them more importance than the
German right wing parties.
44
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Figure 9: Securitized topics in German media,
constructed by the author.
6.1.2 Securitizing Actors in France
In France, the major securitizing actor is Marine Le Pen from the FN. Since the FN is a rather
large party in France, she is able to have some influence on her audience, in this case other
parties and citizens. Her main interest is probably to attract more support, in particular for the
elections that are coming up (Mayer, 2013).
6.1.3 Summary
Whereas in Germany mostly centre right parties, such as CDU and CSU sought to use the
Paris Attacks, in France Marine le Pen was the main representative of right wing movements
on whom media reported in such a way that securitization moves were indicated.
6.2 Securitized Topics and Diagnostic Frames
The following section seeks to investigate which topics were sought to be securitized,
indicating which subjects were displayed as threats and hence were portrayed as burdens,
implying diagnostic frames. The section focuses purely on topics mentioned in the context
with securitization moves.
6.2.1 Securitized Topics in German Media
Overall, out of 112 securitization moves (for an overview over securitized topics see Figure 9)
in Germany, 30 times terrorism was mentioned as the threat that is to be fought, followed by 8
45
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
times in which carnival21 aspects were seen to pose a threat to security which led to various
discussions about whether or not certain floats on Charlie Hebdo should be shown or not. In
the latter case it was not always clear whether carnival would be threatened or create a threat
itself. In seven cases (aspects of) Islam was implicitly stated as a threat, and a few times,
jihadists/jihadism, salafists, radicalization, and migrants were mentioned in contexts
indicating that they were the root of the problem. For a majority of 63 securitization moves it
was not clearly indicated which threat was to be fought with the suggested measures. By
portraying those topics as threats, the media applied diagnostic frames. This means that
negative connotations of the mentioned topics were created by including them in a context of
security and threat.
6.2.1 Securitized Topics in French Media
In French media fewer securitization moves were found: Out of 22 securitization moves, 13
media articles portrayed terrorism to be the main threat (for an overview over securitized
topics see Figure 10). In six media articles (aspects of) Islam was portrayed to be the cause of
terrorism whereas integration was mentioned four times as a problem, and immigration and
radicalization were mentioned three times respectively. In seven cases no explicit threats were
mentioned.
Figure 10: Securitized topics in French media, constructed
by the author.
21
Translated from German „Karneval“. Based on Christian traditions, carnival is celebrated every year
in various locations in Germany. Traditionally, people wear costumes and in some parts of Germany, e.g. Köln
and Düsseldorf, so called floats, similar to cars, with often political motives drive through streets as a part of a
parade.
46
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
6.2.3 Comparison
In both German and French media the main threat that was identified in the context with
securitization moves was terrorism. This replicates the findings of Rychovská (2014), that
terrorism after 9/11 was considered as an emerging threat and there was a strong dichotomy
between ‘us’ and ‘them’.
This finding also implies that the argument of the threatening terrorism was most often
used to justify extraordinary measures. Whereas in Germany, carnival played a major role, in
both France and Germany (aspects of) Islam were identified to pose a major threat that was to
be fought. Radicalization and immigration played a slightly more important role in French
media if considered in relative amounts. It is however to be noted, that in many cases no
explicit threat or issue was pointed out in connection to the measures that were suggested by
securitizing actors.
6.3 Referent objects
Referent objects, according to Securitization Theory, are objects that are threatened but must
be protected and whose survival has to be guaranteed. Referent objects should further be of a
certain scale so that they are important for a vast number of people (Schulze, 2012). If one
applies the Securitization Theory to the societal sector, the referent object can be collective
identities or values, for example. Although perceived identities can change, change invoked
by the outside can be perceived as a threat, defining also if a topic will be securitized or not
(Buzan et al., 1998).
This section investigates which referent objects were mentioned by German and
French media in response to the Paris Attacks.
6.3.1 Referent objects in German Media
Overall, in German media nine referent objects were identified in 29 articles that mentioned
any referent objects at all (for an overview see Figure 11). Mostly, basic values and citizens
were mentioned as being threatened and needing protection. The West and citizens of the US
also gained significant attention. Particularly the latter is interesting against the background
that the US has been involved in discourses surrounding terrorism increasingly since 9/11 and
yet, geographically was barely affected by the Paris Attacks.
47
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Figure 11: Referent objects in German Media, constructed by
the author.
This implies, that the change of values, or more precisely, the interference with “Western”
values is perceived as threatening and unacceptable. Indeed, according to the media in
particular freedom of expression was perceived to be attacked by the assassins. Since this
argument was frequently taken up in media, the chances that securitization moves which
argue with the protection of values are successful, rises.
6.3.2 Referent Objects in French Media
In French media only nine articles mentioned referent objects (for an overview see Figure 12).
Those were to a major extent values and citizens. Like in German media, the formulations of
values being threatened creates not only a dichotomy between the values in the Western world
and the assassins but also puts identity on the agenda. Through stating that values are
attacked, the likelihood of successful securitization increases.
Figure 12: Referent objects
constructed by the author.
in
French
media,
48
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
6.3.3 Comparison
Therefore, both in France and Germany, the values of the West, France or Europe were
portrayed to be vulnerable and threatened due to the Paris Attacks, asking for protection and
measures to defend them. Therefore, due to this portrayal by the media, securitization of
topics that might interfere with those attacked values, is rather likely to be successful.
6.4 Chances of Securitization and Frame Resonance
The Securitization Theory stipulates that chances of securitization are particularly high if
there is a relation between the securitizing actor, the audience and the referent object. If the
audience is directly impacted by the threat the likelihood that the securitization move results
in successful securitization is even higher (Schulze, 2012). Furthermore, the measures that are
suggested should not clash harshly with basic values of the audience which is also connected
to the frames that are used being in line with the beliefs and values that the audience shares
(Theiler, 2010).
6.4.1 Chances of Securitization in Germany
Concerning the centre right parties CDU and CSU that are opting for a data retention law in
Germany, it was mentioned before that first of all they would have to convince the opposition
parties in order to pass the law. In general, the parties are related to each other and the basic
values and citizens they seek to protect. However, the suggested measure is in such sharp
contrast with German privacy engagements and the constitution (Deutscher Bundestag, 2015),
that a successful securitization is rather unlikely.
6.4.2 Chances of Securitization in France
Marine Le Pen, who suggested measures such as death penalty, withdrawal of French
citizenship etc. is speaking to parties that are supposed to adopt the laws as well as to, mainly,
citizens and voters. Again, the referent object, securitizing actor and audience are related to
each other. However, the measures could also be considered rather un-proportional and
conflicting with French values. In this case, it will be crucial to which extent fears are created
to help Marine Le Pen put through such measures and potentially, increase support from
voters.
49
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
6.4.3 Comparison
Both in France and Germany referent objects, audiences and securitizing actors are related to
each other. Yet, as long as suggested measures clash with basic values of the respective
audiences, it is rather unlikely that securitization will be successful.
6.5 The Timing of Securitization Moves
The following section seeks to investigate if there are any patterns in the timing of the
securitization moves following the Paris Attacks. Based on the assumption that early timing
of suggestions implies a level of urgency, it seems relevant to identify patterns in timing
concerning German and French media, securitizing actors and securitized topics.
6.5.1 Timing of Securitization Moves in German Media
German media reported from 8th of January 2015 until the 21st of March on securitization
moves. Particularly on the 10th and on the 29th of January Germany reported on a variety of
securitization moves. Apart from those peaks, German media reported rather regularly on
securitizing measures. Therefore, Germany reported very quickly on securitization moves,
implying a high level of urgency in putting forward suggestions.
6.5.2 Timing of Securitization Moves in French Media
French media reported from 7th of January 2015 until 10th of February on securitization
moves. The amount of newspaper articles per day published on securitization moves did not
vary greatly. As it was the case for German media, the fast reaction by French media implies a
high level of urgency concerning the suggested measures.
6.5.3 Timing by Actors
When investigating when which actors suggested securitization moves, it becomes clear that
Marine le Pen was one of the first securitizing actors. Yet, already two days after the Paris
Attacks the German government was reported on to have debated stronger measures, followed
by the US and EU on the 10th of January. This indicates that Marine Le Pen also acted with
most urgency as compared to the other actors.
50
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
6.5.4 Timing by Topics
Whereas on the 8th of January 2015, terrorism was still the main threat displayed in the
context of suggested measures, on the 9th of January 2015, Marine Le Pen also started talking
about immigrants in the context of the Paris Attacks. Over time, radicalization, jihadism and
integration (of Islam) were taken up in the context with securitization moves. This implies
that terrorism was the issue that was assigned most urgency by the securitizing actors.
6.5.5 Summary
In France newspapers reported mostly directly after the Paris Attacks on securitization moves,
whereas in Germany, media still reported in March on the matter. This indicates that
immediately after the Paris Attacks already extraordinary measures were considered.
Concerning actors, French actors were the first suggesting securitization moves, followed by
German centre right parties and then by the US and EU. Whereas in the very beginning
terrorism was portrayed as the main threat, during the days after the Paris Attacks also
immigration, radicalization, jihadism and integration (of Islam) were put on the agenda.
6.6 Threat Construction
As mentioned above, a threat construction in this paper is understood to take place if an object
or a group is portrayed as a threat opposed to a referent object, whereas no exact or
unproportional measures are suggested.
6.6.1 Threat Construction in German Media
Overall, 26 articles containing explicit threat constructions were found in German media. This
happened mostly directly after the Paris Attacks and in some cases still in February. Most of
the articles portrayed terrorism and/or Islamism as the main threat, implying through
diagnostic frames that those issues are a burden to the referent objects. In many cases,
PEGIDA was the actor that was cited in articles portraying arguments about threats. In those
cases, in which measures were suggested to fight those burdens, prognostic frames were
applied, seemingly providing solutions. Therefore, by framing those issues in that particular
way, German media facilitated securitization moves.
51
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
6.6.2 Threat Construction in French Media
In French media, 13 articles containing explicit threat constructions were identified. This
happened mostly directly after the Paris Attacks, with one exception in the beginning of
February. In French media, the most commonly mentioned threats were Islam and
Islamization. Like in the German media, by applying the diagnostic frames of Islam and
Islamization, those topics are portrayed as threats, implying negative connotations. Likewise,
the prognostic frames, such as death penalty and withdrawal of citizenship as selected
measures to fight this threat, imply a set of assumptions that portray the issues in a certain
way to the audience and increase the likelihood of acceptance among the latter.
6.6.3 Summary
Both in French and German media threat construction was part of the newspaper articles
published on the Paris Attacks, using both diagnostic and prognostic frames. However, in
Germany terrorism was mentioned repeatedly as the threat whereas in French media
discourses around the dangers of Islam and Islamization, were brought up more often. In that
sense, through publishing articles of this kind, media facilitated securitization moves that
were said to tackle Islam and/or terrorism.
6.7 Repetition of Articles in Newspapers
As mentioned above, if messages are repeated one could argue that they are assigned more
importance than others.22 Therefore, this section will investigate which articles were printed
in different newspapers and what the articles dealt with.
6.7.1 Repetition of Articles in German Media
In German media, 81 articles were published repeatedly. That means that roughly 23% of
German articles were repetitive in their nature. However, in this context it is important to
notice that articles that were listed repeatedly by Lexis Nexis but were published in the same
22
Similarly, one could argue that news on the front page are assigned a high level of importance.
However, due to a lack of data on the sections in which the articles were mentioned, this could not be explored in
this paper.
52
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
newspaper are part of this number.23 Since, however, it is crucial to investigate which articles
were published in diverse newspapers, the following elaborations only take the latter articles
into account.
The article that was mentioned the most was article #7 which was mentioned in ten
different newspapers. This article reported on Marine Le Pen’s intention to reintroduce the
death penalty in France.
Moreover, several articles appeared in three different newspapers (#131, #141, #164,
#23, #325, #47, #61, #89). The majority of those articles did not report on securitization
moves whereas some (#141, #23) might, depending on the exact measures, indicate
securitization moves.
Also, some articles were mentioned in two different newspapers (#10, #118, #160,
#171, #200, #227, #238, #267, #28, #306, #31, #320, #58, #71, #82, #85, #99). Whereas the
majority of those articles did not report on securitization moves (see Table 7), two did (but
securitizing actors were not centre right/ right wing party representatives). The only article
that reported on a measure suggested by a right wing movement also took up Marine Le Pen’s
suggestion to reintroduce death penalty. The one article that could be reporting on a
securitization move and was repeatedly published dealt with the measures in French suburbs
suggested by Manuel Valls.
23
E.g. The article that was mentioned the most in the data provided by Lexis Nexis was article #141.
Indeed, in the 328 results this articles was mentioned 16 times. When having a closer look though, it became
evident that the article was only published in two different newspapers, therefore the importance of this
repetition should not be overestimated. This article was classified above as containing potentially securitizing
measures as stricter security measures in Germany are suggested. The same applies to article #308 that was listed
four times by Lexis Nexis but was published only in one newspaper.
53
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Article
Number
of
newspapers
Securitization Move
publishing the article
#7
10
Yes
#131
3
No
#141
3
Partly
#164
3
No
#23
3
Partly
#325
3
No
#47
3
No
#61
3
No
#89
3
No
#10
2
Yes
#118
2
No
#160
2
No
#171
2
No
#200
2
Yes (but reader)
#227
2
No
#238
2
No
#267
2
No
#28
2
Partly
#306
2
No
#31
2
Yes (but EU)
#320
2
No
#325
2
No
#58
2
No
#71
2
No
#82
2
No
#85
2
No
#99
2
No
Table 7: Number of German Newspapers reporting the same Articles. Constructed by the author.
54
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
6.7.2 Repetition of Articles in French Media
In French Newspapers 24 articles were repeatedly listed in the Lexis Nexis results. However,
as in the German case, many of those were published by only one newspaper. Only 6 out of
150 French articles were published in various newspapers, which equals about 4%. However,
of those articles, only one included a securitization move – suggested by an expert.
Article
Number
of
newspapers
Securitization Move
publishing the article
#389
4
No
#356
2
No
#407
2
No
#411
2
No
#417
2
Yes (but expert)
#476
2
No
Table 8: Number of French Newspapers reporting on the same Articles. Constructed by the author.
6.7.3 Summary
Both in French and German newspapers articles were published repeatedly with the same
content. However, this was the case to a higher extent in German newspapers as compared to
French ones. Also, in German newspapers the most repeated article concerned Marine Le
Pen’s intention to reintroduce the death penalty. However, apart from that, few of the articles
that were published covered securitization moves.
6.8 Contribution by the Media
As discussed earlier, media plays a significant role in defining situations and transferring
messages to the audience. As outlined above, media paid much attention to the Paris Attacks
as well as to measures responding to the assassinations. By mentioning the attacks frequently,
media put the events high on the agenda and reached the same audience many politicians are
trying to reach with their measures: citizens. Furthermore, by framing the issues mostly
through diagnostic and prognostic frames, media contributed to the interpretation of the
events by the audience.
Furthermore, by talking about threats and about security, media contributed to the link
between the characteristics of the assassins and threats. They therefore enabled the
securitizing actors to speak security more successfully by enforcing the threat images that are
attempted to be built.
55
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Additionally, it is interesting to bear in mind that in the case of the media reporting on
measures that were portrayed as the direct response of the Paris Attacks, there is no
interaction of them with their audience. Whereas for example, in the parliaments threats can
be discussed and negotiated, the media reporting in itself is barely a two-way communication.
Except for reader’s replies, the definitions provided by the media about threats, are hence not
negotiable, indicating the major importance media plays in the context of securitization and
shaping perceptions and meanings.
Moreover, by creating the dichotomy between Western values, such as democracy and
freedom of expression and terrorism and/or Islam as the securitized topics, the message of
Islam being incompatible with Western premises is spread. The variety of religious beliefs
within the broader religion Islam therefore is neglected, whereas an essentialist understanding
of the religion is spread further by the media in response to the Paris Attacks as it has been the
case before (Rytter and Pedersen, 2014, Gündüz, 2007, Said, 1997).
Furthermore, the fact that French media, for example, like German media, mostly
reported on centre right parties using the attacks and making securitization moves, rather than
reporting on the FN’s engagement, shows that the media applied a frame here. It is interesting
to see, that the most extreme measures, suggested by Marine Le Pen, were only taken up by
German media.
Last but not least, the explicit mentioning of the request made by Amedy Coulibaly,
namely that France should withdraw its troops from Muslim countries, was interestingly
enough not taken up majorly by the newspapers. Instead, the Western positions were
repeatedly taken up, enforcing the impression that the West is threatened by (Islamic)
terrorism without investigating in depth what causes this phenomenon.
6.9 Concluding Remarks
This paper started by formulating the aim of answering the following research questions:
1) Which political measures were suggested by which political actors as a direct
response, according to the media, to the Paris Attacks? Which of those reactions
indicate securitization moves and which do not?
2) Which arguments were used by whom to justify measures that indicate
securitization moves?
3)
If securitization moves can be identified, did the media possibly facilitate those
and if so, how?
56
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
For this research a case study on French and German newspaper articles reporting on the Paris
Attacks was conducted. Search results were gained through looking at different key words in
combination with “Charlie Hebdo” and then analyzed regarding discourses, indications of
securitization moves and frames.
It was overall noticed that the number of German newspaper articles on the topics
were significantly higher than in French media, indicating the high interest in the topic.
Furthermore, the topic Islam gained more attention in French media than in German media.
Both French and German media reported on measures that were directly linked to the Paris
Attacks. Yet, measures suggested in Germany and on the EU level were only taken up by
German media. Also, securitization moves in France were mostly taken up by German media
– except for the securitization move of the UMP in France.
Most political actors that sought to securitize topics can be assigned to the centre right
or right political spectrum. Whereas in Germany, mostly centre right parties movement sought
to use the attacks, in France the right wing party suggested a number of exceptional measures.
When investigating the focus by media, the German media covered more actors and measures
than the French media.
Both in German and French media the main threat that was identified was terrorism.
This replicates the findings of Rychovská (2014), that terrorism after 9/11 was considered as
an emerging threat and there was a strong dichotomy between ‘us’ and ‘them’. This also
indicates that this threat was used as a justification for exceptional measures. Furthermore, in
German media major discourses evolved around carnival being threatened by terrorism
whereas both French and German newspapers outlined the role of Islam in creating a threat.
In French media, radicalization and immigration also played a role in reporting on threats in
relation to the attacks.
Both in French and German media, the referent objects that were to be defeated were
the values of the West (in particular democracy and freedom of expression). Since those
values are deeply embedded in those two countries, this makes securitization moves arguing
with those factors more likely to yield successes. At the same time, this dichotomy between
Western values and Islam creates tensions and connotations which assign Islam the meaning
of being incompatible with the West. Here, essentialist formulations both of Islam and the
West were found to be overly present.
Nevertheless, the suggested measures, in particular death penalty and the collection of
data, are not always compatible with the values and/or proportional to the suggested aims.
57
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Therefore, it is estimated that despite the relation between referent objects, audiences and
securitizing actors, securitization moves are unlikely to succeed in France and Germany.
Concerning the timing of securitization moves, they were made surprisingly fast both
in France and Germany. Yet, in German media the debates were continued for a longer
period. Whereas initially mostly terrorism was reported on as a threat, some days after the
attacks, issues such as immigration, radicalization, jihadism and integration (of Islam) were
added to the discourses.
Furthermore, it was found that the article that was printed most often containing
securitization moves, was concerning the suggestion by Marine Le Pen to reintroduce death
penalty in France. Therefore, this message seems to have been assigned most importance.
Those findings indicate which connotations were created by the respective media and
how important their role is in defining and recreating meanings after key events. By paying
attention to the topics, creating threat images and emphasizing securitizing actors in their
newspaper articles, media created a frame that facilitates securitization moves and seems to
give securitizing actors legitimacy.
It was overall, interesting that the explicit request Amedy Coulibaly made, namely that
France should withdraw its troops from Muslim countries, was neglected in French and
German media. Instead, the threatened West and Western values dominated the news
coverage on the Paris Attacks. This is interesting against the background that “foreign
occupation” is perceived as key cause of terrorism by some scholars (Dr. Robert Pape in
Jamal and Yusuf, 2014).
This also concerns the definition of terrorism. As the legal definition of terrorism by
the UN is lacking (Bakker, 2006, Schmid, 2013), it is debatable how successful any counter
terrorism strategies can be. If one applies the definition of Dr. Robert Pape, the political cause
that is defended would be expected to gain more attention than it was the case in discourses
surrounding the Paris Attacks (Jamal and Yusuf, 2014). Similar to his argument, it was found
that it is barely debated which role foreign occupation plays as compared to reasons that are
believed to be the causes of terrorism, such as radicalization, jihadism etc. (Jamal and Yusuf,
2014).
Similarly, the focus of the media on Western values, hence part of Western identities,
is interesting against the background that Dr. Philippe Sands, for example, states that
“terrorism does not look at a person’s ethnicity, identity or nationality” (Jamal and Yusuf,
2014). Based on those debates the author is under the impression that the definition of
58
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
terrorism would facilitate a potential “war on terrorism” and its causes, rather than its
symptoms.
Other than Cesary (2012) found after 9/11, so far mainly measures concerning
surveillance and enhanced privileges of police were suggested by securitizing actors. Indeed,
religious practices and infringements or deportations of certain groups were not taken up in
the media discourses studied in this paper.
59
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
7 CONCLUSION
This chapter seeks to reflect on the contributions made by this paper and to provide reflections
for further research.
7.1 Contributions Made
By studying the reactions of German and French media to the Paris Attacks, another case of
terrorism and reactions to it were studied. It became evident that in the targeted country
securitization moves of topics such as immigration and Islam were of greater focus than in the
neighboring country, Germany. Yet, in the latter, major discourses around terrorism were also
led.
By integrating Framing Theory into Securitization Theory, the analytical framework
was further advanced and applied, indicating the strong link between the two theories and
encouraging future research to combine the two theories as well.
Furthermore, the combination of studying securitization with content analysis showed
that valuable insights concerning trends can be gained. This encourages future researchers to
follow this approach in order to make content analysis a more popular tool in this context than
it has been so far (Balzacq, 2011a).
Additionally, the paper has shown that the context and history of discourses is crucial
for securitization moves. Indeed, both in France and Germany discussions around terrorism
have taken place ever since 9/11. Also, debates around immigration and Islam have taken
place for several years. Nevertheless, more debates concerning Islam were triggered in France
if one considers the frequency of newspaper coverage on that topic.
It was further found the trend of portraying terrorism as opposed to the West, hence
implying that terrorism in general comes from non-Western states, and of the one Islam
without variations, was continued after the Paris Attacks. This indicates that findings attesting
the orientalization of Islam (e.g. Powell, 2011, Jamal and Yusuf, 2014) of other scholars are
to some extent replicated by this paper. By opposing Islam to the West, as two closed groups,
the predictions of Samuel Huntington, are more likely to come true: civilizations, or cultures,
might clash, resulting in major conflicts (Powell, 2011, Gündüz, 2007). Indeed, in this sense,
the findings of Said that Western media may foster negative images of Islam, can be
reconfirmed with this paper (Gündüz, 2007, Jamal and Yusuf, 2014, Said, 1997).
60
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Last but not least, the paper highlighted the possible influence of media in shaping
discourses and informing its audience. As argued in the beginning of this paper, media can
play a significant role in shaping connotations and meanings. At the same time, media can
reflect current trends and opinions of citizens. In that sense, it is difficult to determine whether
media reacts to the public opinion or the public opinion is shaped by the media.
In any case, the threat images that were conveyed raise awareness for the importance
of well trained journalists and good reporting skills in order to prevent that fears are deepened
and groups are simplified, building the basis for prejudices and tensions.
The study further emphasizes the need to educate the public on Islam and promotes the
critical reflection on which alternative measures can be implemented to counter terrorism,
such as “ending foreign occupations in Muslim countries” (Dr. Robert Pape in Jamal and
Yusuf, 2014).
7.3 Suggestions for Further Research
In the process of this research, the author noticed some aspects that could be considered in
further studies on related topics.
Firstly, the conceptualization of the terms “Muslims” is not always undertaken with
care. Not every Muslim in Europe is an immigrant but often the terms “Muslims” and
“Muslim immigrants” are used in such a way that there is no clear distinction. This implies
also a lack of focus on those Muslims living in Europe without an immigration background
that are equally affected by policies infringing the rights of the whole religious community.
Secondly, the conceptualization of “terrorism” and “securitization moves” as well as
“unproportional measures” should always be laid out transparently in order to come to a
common understanding of the outlined phenomena and to advance security studies in this
context.
Thirdly, the author found the integration of Securitization Theory and Framing Theory
as well as the utilization of content analysis for the study of securitization useful. Indeed, it
can be recommended to combine those two frameworks and this method of enquiry more
often in future research as currently, only a limited amount of studies has done so.
Yet, had other theoretical frameworks and/or methods been used, other results would
probably have been yielded. Indeed, the utilization of process tracing, for example, could
yield a significant contribution to why securitization moves were undertaken and/or
successful and if public opinion influenced media reporting or vice versa.
61
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Also, it would be interesting to investigate how the audience reacted to the
securitization moves mentioned in this paper so that it can be assessed if securitization was
successful. As mentioned before, the role of audiences still lacks attention in securitization
studies.
Besides, a study could investigate discourses around Islam and/or migration in general
before and after the Paris Attacks, as maybe not all relevant data appeared in this research in
direct connection with the keywords ‘Charlie Hebdo’.
Furthermore, more variables could be examined. E.g. the link between geography and
media reactions, or the political orientation of newspapers and their reporting, could be
emphasized more in future research.
Also, in particular German media reported on a number of measures on EU level that
were suggested right after the Paris Attacks. Those measures had been partly discussed before
but were blocked by the European Parliament whereas now they were adopted. This indicates
the will by the EU to adopt laws that were in prior discourses seen as infringing rights of EU
citizens, which shows the exceptional will that has now been developed to implement such
practices anyhow. Therefore, this issue could provide an interesting topic to study in the
context of securitization.
Additionally, since discourse is not only linked to text but also to pictures, it would be
interesting to investigate the pictures allocated to newspaper articles on terrorism in future
studies.
Last but not least, due to the increasing role social media plays nowadays, studies on
reactions to terrorist attacks on social media could make a valuable contribution to the studies
of securitization.
62
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALTHEIDE & SCHNEIDER 2013. Qualitative Media Analysis, Thousand Oaks, SAGE
Publications.
AMIN-KHAN, T. 2012. New Orientalism, Securitisation and the Western Media's Incendiary
Racism. Third World Quarterly, 33, 1595-1610.
ARCHETTI, C. 2004. Are the Media Globalising Political Discourse? The War On
Terrorism. Case Study. International Journal of the Humanities, 2.
BAKKER, E. 2006. Differences in Terrorist Threat Perceptions in Europe. In: MAHNCKE,
D. & MONAR, J. (eds.) International Terrorism. A European Response to a Global
Threat? Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang.
BALZACQ, T. 2010. Constructivism and securitization studies. In: CAVELTY, M. D. &
MAUER, V. (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Security Studies. Oxon: Routledge
BALZACQ, T. 2011a. Enquiries into methods. A new framework for securitization analysis.
In: BALZACQ, T. (ed.) Securitization Theory. How Security Problems Emerge And
Dissolve. Oxon: Routledge.
BALZACQ, T. 2011b. Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve.,
Oxon, Routledge.
BALZACQ, T. 2011c. A theory of securitization: origins, core assumptions, and variants. In:
BALZACQ, T. (ed.) Securitization Theory. How Security Problems Emerge And
Dissolve. Oxon: Routledge.
BLOCK, L. & BONJOUR, S. 2013. Fortress Europe or Europe of Rights? The
Europeanisation of Family Migration Policies in France, Germany and the
Netherlands. European Journal of Migration and Law, 15, 203-224.
BOSWELL, C. 2000. European Values and the asylum crisis. International Affairs 76, 537557.
BOSWELL, C. 2007. Migration Control in Europe After 9/11: Explaining the Absence of
Securitization. JCMS, 45, 589-610.
BRADER, T., VALENTINO, N. A. & SUHAY, E. 2008. What Triggers Public Opposition to
Immigration? Anxiety, Group Cues, and Immigration Threat. American Journal of
Political Science, 52, 959-978.
BUITRAGO, S. R. D. 2013. Media Discourse on Jihadist Terrorism in Europe. Journal of
Terrorism Research, 4.
BUZAN, B., WÆVER, O. & WILDE, J. D. 1998. Security. A New Framework for Analysis.,
Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
CESARI, J. 2012. Securitization of Islam in Europe. Die Welt des Islams, 52, 430-449.
63
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
CISNEROS, J. D. 2008. Contaminated Communities: The Metaphor of "Immigrant as
Pollutant" in Media Representations of Immigration. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 11,
569-601.
CRESWELL, J. W. 2007. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Desighn. Choosing Among Five
Approaches., Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publications.
CRESWELL, J. W. 2009. Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches, London, SAGE.
DAVIE, G. n.d. Framing Theory [Online]. Available: http://masscommtheory.com/theoryoverviews/framing-theory/ [Accessed 19.05.2015].
DEUTSCHER BUNDESTAG. 2015. Kontroverse um eine Vorratsdatenspeicherung
[Online].
Available:
https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2015/kw12_aktuelle_stunde_vorratsd
aten/365804 [Accessed 15.04.2015].
DREHLE, D. V. 2015. The European Front. The terrorist attacks in Paris have left the West
Searching for was to defeat a patient, adaptable enemy. TIME.
ESSES, V. M. & MEDIANU, S. 2013. Uncertainty, Threat, and the Role of the Media in
Promoting the Dehumanization of Immigrants and Refugees. Journal of Social Issues,
69, 518-536.
EUROBAROMETER. 2014. What do you think are the two most important issues facing
(OUR COUNTRY) at the moment? (MAX. 2 ANSWERS POSSIBLE), 1995-2010
[Online].
Available:
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/cf/showtable.cfm?keyID=2212&nationID=6,3,&sta
rtdate=2003.11&enddate=2014.11 [Accessed 20.05.2015].
EUROSTAT. 2014. Immigration. Persons. Total number of long-term immigrants into the
reporting
country during
the reference year.
[Online]. Available:
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps
00176&plugin=1 [Accessed 8th February 2015].
FAIRCLOUGH, N. 2003. Analysing Discourse. Textual analysis for social research. , Oxon,
Routledge.
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR. 2015. Counter-terrorism [Online]. Available:
http://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/Topics/Security/Counter-terrorism/counterterrorism_node.html [Accessed 16.05.2015].
FELBERMAYR, G., GEIS, W. & KOHLER, W. 2010. Restrictive immigration policy in
Germany: pains and gains foregone? Review of World Economics /
Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 146, 1-21.
FETZER, J. S. & SOPER, J. C. 2003. The Roots of Public Attitudes toward State
Accommodation of European Muslims’ Religious Practices before and after
September 11. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 247-258.
64
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
FOLEY, D. F. 2015. Charlie Hebdo attack: is France’s counter-terrorism model still the
example
to
follow?
[Online].
The
Telegraph.
Available:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11341186/Charlie-Hebdoattack-is-Frances-counter-terrorism-model-still-the-example-to-follow.html [Accessed
16.05.2015].
FOREIGN AFFAIRS, D., AND TRADE DIVISION,. 2004. Germany’s Role in Fighting
Terrorism:
Implications
for
U.S.
Policy
[Online].
Available:
http://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32710.pdf [Accessed 16.05.2015].
FRANCE
DIPLOMATIE.
2013.
Terrorism
[Online].
Available:
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities/defence-security/terrorism/
[Accessed 16.05.2015].
GALLAGHER, C. A. 2003. Miscounting Race: Explaining Whites' misperceptions of Racial
Group Size. Sociological Perspectives, 46, 381-396.
GEE, J. P. 1999. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Theory and Method, New York,
Routledge.
GEORGE, A. L. & BENNETT, A. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social
Sciences, Cambridge, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
GERRING, J. & MCDERMOTT, R. 2007. An Experimental Template for Case Study
Research. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 688-701.
GIOVANNI, J. D. 2011. A le Pen as president? Marine Le Pen is the new, friendly face of
French extremism--and suddenly, she's leading in the polls. [Online]. Literature
Resource
Center.
Available:
http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.lnu.se/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA252194892&v=2.1&u=
vaxuniv&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w&asid=d1c08f90b7634824a1ee0adf4130ca47
[Accessed 17.05.2015].
GROENENDIJK, K. 2011. Pre-departure Integration Strategies in the European Union:
Integration or Immigration Policy? European Journal of Migration and Law, 13, 1-30.
GÜNDÜZ, Z. Y. 2007. Europe and Islam: No Securitization, Please! [Online]. Friedrich
Ebert Stiftung. Available: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/04966.pdf [Accessed
19.05.2015].
HARRISS, J. A. 2011. The power of Le Pen. The American Spectator, 44, 54-57.
HEBEL, C. & ELMER, C. 2015. Muslime integrieren sich, Deutsche schotten sich ab
[Online]. Available: http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/islam-studie-muslimeintegrieren-sich-deutsche-schotten-sich-ab-a-1011640.html [Accessed 8th January
2015].
HUSSAIN, Y. & BAGGULEY, P. 2012. Securitized citizens: Islamophobia, racism and the
7/7 London bombings. The Sociological Review, 60, 715-734.
65
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
HUYSMANS, J. & SQUIRE, V. 2010. Migration and security. In: CAVELTY, M. D. &
MAUER, V. (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Security Studies. Oxon: Routledge
JACKSON, P. I. & PARKES, R. 2008. The Securitization of Immigration Policy, Shifts in
National Immigrant Integration Modelsand the Incarceration of Immigrants in
Germany, France and Britain 1970-2003. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 31,
39-82.
Jihad on Terrorism, 2014. Documentary. Directed by JAMAL, M. & YUSUF, U.: Bridges
Foundation.
KAHANEC, M., KIM, A. M.-H. & ZIMMERMANN, K. F. 2013. Pitfalls of immigrant
inclusion into the European welfare state. International Journal of Manpower, 34, 3955.
KARYOTIS, G. & SKLEPARIS, D. 2013. QUI BONO? The Winners and Losers of
Securitising Migration. Griffith Law Review, 22, 683-706.
KRIPPENDORFF, K. 2004. Content Analysis. An Introduction to Its Methodology, Thousand
Oaks, SAGE Publications.
KUNDNANI, A. 2014. The Muslims are coming!, Brooklyn, Verso.
LÉONARD, S. & KAUNERT, C. 2011. Reconceptualizing the audience in securitization
theory. In: BALZACQ, T. (ed.) Securitization Theory. How Security Problems
Emerge And Dissolve. Oxon: Routledge.
LLANA, S. M. & STERN, R. 2015. Anti-Islam protest and counterprotest. Christian Century,
132, 12-13.
LÖBBERT, R. 2015. 57 Prozent der Deutschen fühlen sich vom Islam bedroht. [Online]. Zeit
Online. Available: http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2015-01/islampegida-islamfeindlichkeit-religionsmonitor [Accessed 24th January 2015].
MAYER, N. 2013. From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: Electoral Change on the Far Right.
Parliamentary Affairs, 6, 160-178.
MESSINA, A. M. 2014. Securitizing Immigration in the Age of Terror. World Politics, 66,
530-559.
MEULEMAN, B., DAVIDOV, E. & BILLIET, J. 2009. Changing attitudes toward
immigration in Europe, 2002–2007: A dynamic group conflict theory approach. Social
Science Research, 28, 352-365.
MIKKELSEN, B. 2005. Methods for Development Work and Research. A New Guide for
Practitioners, Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publications.
MUNSTER, R. V. 2009. Securitizing Immigration, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
N.A. 2015. Entwurf zur Vorratsdatenspeicherung offenbar verfassungswidrig [Online]. Zeit
Online.
Available:
http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/201506/vorratsdatenspeicherung-verfassung-bundestag [Accessed 13.06.2015].
66
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
NESSER, P. 2014. Toward an Increasingly Heterogeneous Threat: A Chronology of Jihadist
Terrorism in Europe 2008–2013. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37, 440-456.
NUSCHELER, F. 2006. Migration als Konfliktquelle und internationales Ordnungsproblem.
In: IMBUSCH, P. & ZOLL, R. (eds.) Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. Eine
Einführung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
PEW RESEARCH CENTER. 2011. The future of the global Muslim population [Online].
Available:
http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslimpopulation-regional-europe/ [Accessed 19.05.2015].
PHILLIPS, L. & JØRGENSEN, M. W. 2002. Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method,
London, SAGE Publications.
PHILLIPS, N. & HARDY, C. 2002. Discourse Analysis. Investigating Processes of Social
Construction., Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publications.
PINTO, V. C. 2014. Exploring the interplay between Framing and Securitization theory: the
case of the Arab Spring protests in Bahrain. Revista Brasiliera de Política
Internacional, 57, 162-176.
POWELL, K. A. 2011. Framing Islam: An Analysis of U.S. Media Coverage of Terrorism
Since 9/11. Communication Studies, 62, 90-112.
POWER, C. 2015. Why There’s Tension Between France and Its Muslim Population [Online].
Available:
http://time.com/3659241/paris-terror-attack-muslim-islam/ [Accessed
19.05.2015].
REGAN, H. 2015. The Leader of Germany’s Anti-Islam Group Quits After Hitler Photo Goes
Viral. [Online]. Available: http://time.com/3677762/germany-anti-islam-pegida-adolfhitler-lutz-bachmann-nazi/ [Accessed 17.05.2015].
RICHARDS, A. 2014. Conceptualizing Terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37, 213236.
RICHARDS, A. 2015. From terrorism to ‘radicalization’ to ‘extremism’: counterterrorism
imperative or loss of focus? International Affairs, 91, 371-380.
RIFFE, D., LACY, S. & FICO, F. G. 2007. Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative
Content Analysis in Research New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
RODRIGUES, J. 2015. Terror attacks in Europe: the five danger zones [Online]. The
Guardian. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/16/terror-threatjihadis-five-countries [Accessed 06.05.2015].
RYCHOVSKÁ, D. 2014. Securitization and the Power of Threat Framing. Perspectives, 22,
9-32.
RYTTER, M. & PEDERSEN, M. H. 2014. A decade of suspicion: Islam and Muslims in
Denmark after 9/11. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37, 2303-2321.
67
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
SAID, E. W. 1997. Covering Islam. How the media and the experts determine how we see the
rest of the world. , New York, Vintage Books
SCHEEPERS, P., GIJSBERTS, M. & COENDERS, M. 2002. Ethnic exclusionism in
European countries. Public opposition to grant civil rights to legal migrants as a
response to perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 18, 17-34.
SCHMID, A. P. 2013. The Definition of Terrorism. In: SCHMID, A. P. (ed.) The Routledge
Handbook of Terrorism Research. Oxon: Routledge.
SCHMIDT, S. 2014. (Re-) Framing the Arab/Muslim. Mediating Orientalism in
Contemporary Arab American Life Writing, Marburg, transcript Verlag.
SCHULZE, M. 2012. Die Sprache der (Un-) Sicherheit. Die Konstruktion von Bedrohung im
Sicherheitspolitischen Diskurs der Bundesrepublik Deutschland., Marburg, Tectum
Verlag Marburg.
SEMYONOV, M., RAIJMAN, R., TOV, A. Y. & SCHMIDT, P. 2004. Population size,
perceived threat, and exclusion: a multiple-indicators analysis of attitudes toward
foreigners in Germany. Social Science Research, 33, 681-701.
SHUSTER, S. 2015. Charlie Hebdo Tragedy Creates Momentum for German Right Wing.
[Online].
Available:
http://time.com/3659679/charlie-hebdo-german-right-wing/
[Accessed 17.05.2015].
SPIEGEL ONLINE. 2015a. Anti-Islam-Bewegung: Pegida verliert dramatisch an Rückhalt
[Online].
Available:
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/pegida-zahl-derdemonstranten-in-leipzig-berlin-und-schwerin-sinkt-a-1017122.html [Accessed 6th
February 2015].
SPIEGEL ONLINE. 2015b. Rechtsextremismus: Zahl der Angriffe auf Flüchtlingsheime hat
sich verdreifacht
[Online].
Available:
http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/asylbewerber-pegida-motiviert-offenbarrechtsextreme-gewalttaeter-a-1017692.html [Accessed 10th February 2015].
STRABAC, Z. 2011. It is the Eyes and not the Size that Matter. European Societies, 13, 559582.
STRITZEL, H. 2007. Towards a Theory of Securitization: Copenhagen and Beyond.
European Journal of International Relations, 13, 357-383.
SVANTESSON, M. 2014. Threat Construction inside Bureaucracy. A bourdieusian Study of
the European Commission and the Framing of Irregular Immigration 1974-2009
[Online].
Available:
http://su.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:691635/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Accessed 10.04.2015].
THE
DATA TEAM. 2015. Terror attacks [Online]. Economist.
http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/01/daily-chart-8
06.05.2015].
Available:
[Accessed
68
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
THEILER, T. 2010. Societal security. In: CAVELTY, M. D. & MAUER, V. (eds.) The
Routledge Handbook of Security Studies. Oxon: Routledge
WODAK, R. 2008. Introduction: Discourse Studies - Important Concepts and Terms. In:
WODAK, R. & KRZYŻANOWSKI, M. (eds.) Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the
Social Sciences. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
YIN, R. K. 2009. Case Study Research. Design and Methods. , London, SAGE.
69
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
ANNEX I: OVERVIEW OVER ANALYZED DATA
Code
Date
Newspaper
Title
URL
#1
10.02.2015
Abendzeitung
"Charlie Hebdo"-Wagen zurückgezogen: Kölner Karneval: Angst
vor Extremisten!
http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/inhalt.charlie-hebdo-wagenzurueckgezogen-koelner-karneval-angst-vor-extremisten.30df7202267b-4f05-bb73-bc56f4ee1d07.html
#2
14.01.2015
#3
13.01.2015
Es wird zu viel nach den Symptomen und zu wenig nach dem
Warum gefragt
"Das beste Mittel gegen den Terrorismus ist eine gerechtere Welt"
#4
13.01.2015
#5
14.01.2015
#6
10.01.2015
Frankfurter
Rundschau
Frankfurter
Rundschau
Kölner StadtAnzeiger
Kölner StadtAnzeiger
Aar-Bote
#7
10.01.2015
#8
10.01.2015
#9
10.01.2015
#10
10.01.2015
#11
10.01.2015
#12
10.01.2015
#13
10.01.2015
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Allgemeine
Zeitung
Bürstädter
Zeitung
Berliner Zeitung
Frankfurter
Rundschau
Idsteiner
Zeitung
Lampertheimer
Zeitung
"Bei Satire darf es keine Grenzen geben"
"Bei Satire darf es keine Grenzen geben"
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
"Charlie Hebdo"; Angst, Wut, Hoffnung nach dem Attentat in
Paris
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
Das Bild der Macht zerschlagen; Mord und Terror sind kein
politisches Programm. Und auch keine religiöse Botschaft.
Attentate wie das in Paris sind Ausdruck von Ohnmacht, nur
getarnt als Demonstration der Macht
no title
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
vii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#14
10.01.2015
Main-TaunusKurier
Main-Spitze
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
"Wie im Krieg"; TERROR In Frankreich herrscht nach doppelter
Geiselnahme Fassungslosigkeit
Angst der Deutschen vor Terroranschlägen sinkt
#15
10.01.2015
#16
10.01.2015
#17
10.01.2015
#18
10.01.2015
#19
08.01.2015
#20
25.03.2015
#21
27.03.2015
#22
25.03.2015
#23
21.03.2015
#24
21.03.2015
#25
21.03.2015
#26
20.03.2015
#27
19.03.2015
#28
16.03.2015
Wiesbadener
Tagblatt
Wiesbadener
Kurier
Wormser
Zeitung
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
L'essentiel
online
L'essentiel
online
Berliner
Morgenpost
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Die Welt
Hamburg
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
taz, die
tageszeitung
Tages-Anzeiger
#29
14.03.2015
Focus-Germany
Alte Schätze zum Schnäppchenpreis: IS versteigert
Museumsbeute im Internet
#30
14.03.2015
Der Standard
Wandel in Pariser Brandherd-Banlieue
#31
13.03.2015
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
Schutz vor Terror; SchengenAußengrenzen werden schärfer
kontrolliert
Der eine versprach, «die Flammen des Krieges ins Herz»
Amerikas zu bringen, wenn...
Cousins planten Anschlag auf Militäranlage
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/charlie-hebdo-angst-voranschlaegen-laut-deutschlandtrend-gesunken-a-1012025.html
http://www.lessentiel.lu/de/news/dossier/is_terror/story/18278874
http://www.lessentiel.lu/de/news/story/18278874
Berliner Schau zeigt Zusammenleben der Religionen in Ägypten
Hamburg; Mopo-Attentäter verteilten Koran
http://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article205215873/MopoAttentaeter-verteilten-Koran.html
Hamburg; Mopo-Attentäter verteilten Koran
Verfassungsschutz kannte die "Mopo"-Attentäter; Tatverdächtige
früher an Koranverteilung beteiligt
Polizei verdächtigt Islamisten
http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/hamburger-morgenpostwaren-es-doch-islamisten-a-1024813.html
Raum für Korrekturen; FEHLBAR Das ZDF führt auf seiner
Webseite heute.de eine neue Rubrik für Richtigstellungen ein
Bewegung im Brandherd der Republik
http://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/islamischer-staat/is-terrorterror-union-is-nimmt-treue-eid-von-bruedern-boko-haraman_id_4541541.html
viii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#32
13.03.2015
Focus-Germany
Alte Schätze zum Schnäppchenpreis: IS versteigert
Museumsbeute im Internet
#33
13.03.2015
Focus-Germany
Alte Schätze zum Schnäppchenpreis: IS versteigert
Museumsbeute im Internet
#34
13.03.2015
MDR
??
#35
13.03.2015
#36
09.03.2015
WELT
ONLINE
Stern-Germany
Schutz vor Terror; Schengen-Außengrenzen werden schärfer
kontrolliert
Mord an Oppositionellen: Das sind die Verdächtigen im Fall
Boris Nemzow
#37
06.03.2015
#38
27.02.2015
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
Augsburger
Allgemeine
POLITIK: Studie untersucht Reaktionen auf 'Charlie Hebdo'Anschlag
Neu-Ulm: Hetz-Parolen an Grundschule: „Wer das Kreuz malt,
kommt in die Hölle"
#39
26.02.2015
Neustart für "Charlie Hebdo"
#40
25.06.2015
Kölner StadtAnzeiger
Berliner
Morgenpost
#41
25.02.2015
#42
25.02.2015
#43
22.02.2015
#44
21.02.2015
#45
#46
Süddeutsche
Zeitung
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
Focus-Germany
"Charlie Hebdo" mit Millionen-Auflage zurück; Französisches
Satiremagazin erscheint sieben Wochen nach dem Anschlag
wieder regelmäßig
Neue Ausgabe von "Charlie Hebdo": Rückkehr der fröhlichen
Karikatur
Neue Ausgabe von "Charlie Hebdo" nach islamistischem
Anschlag
Geschmackloses Plakat - "Je suis Boyz Köln": Watzke sauer auf
BVB-Fans
RICHTIGSTELLUNG; Ägyptische Wahrheiten
21.02.2015
Euro am
Sonntag
Tages-Anzeiger
18.02.2015
Heise
Dschihadisten: Rückschläge in Syrien
http://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/islamischer-staat/is-terrorterror-union-is-nimmt-treue-eid-von-bruedern-boko-haraman_id_4541541.html
http://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/islamischer-staat/is-terrorterror-union-is-nimmt-treue-eid-von-bruedern-boko-haraman_id_4541541.html
http://www.mdr.de/sachsen-anhalt/nachrichten104_zc-a2551f81_zsae30b3e4.html
http://www.stern.de/politik/ausland/mord-an-oppositionellen-dassind-verdaechtigen-im-fall-boris-nemzow2178776.html?utm_source=standard&utm_medium=rssfeed&utm_c
ampaign=politik
http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/politik/Hetz-Parolen-anGrundschule-Wer-das-Kreuz-malt-kommt-in-die-Hoelleid33274382.html
http://sz.de/1.2366659
http://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga1/geschmacklosesplakat-je-suis-boyz-koeln-watzke-sauer-auf-bvbfans_id_4493574.html
Ein Paar, das sich fast blind versteht
http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/44/44170//from/atom10
ix
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#47
17.02.2015
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Online
Berliner
Morgenpost
Berliner Zeitung
Rosenmontagsumzüge bleiben von Sicherheitsdebatte
unbeeinflusst; Narren am Rhein lassen sich nicht einschüchtern
#48
17.02.2015
#49
17.02.2015
#50
17.02.2015
GeneralAnzeiger
(Bonn)
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Närrischer Mut und ein Traum aus Federn; Vor allem in
Düsseldorf bieten die Jecken dem Terror die Stirn. Spektakuläre
Show im ambódromo von Rio
Narren am Rhein lassen sich nicht einschüchtern;
Rosenmontagsumzüge bleiben von Sicherheitsdebatte
unbeeinflusst
Das zarte Pflänzchen Narrenfreiheit; CHARLIE HEBDO Der
Anschlag auf die Pariser Satirezeitschrift spielt im Zoch doch eine
Rolle
Das zarte Pflänzchen Narrenfreiheit; CHARLIE HEBDO Der
Anschlag auf die Pariser Satirezeitschrift spielt im Zoch doch eine
Rolle
Rosenmontag am Rhein
#51
17.02.2015
#52
17.02.2015
Kölner StadtAnzeiger
#53
17.02.2015
Kölner StadtAnzeiger
#54
17.02.2015
#55
17.02.2015
taz, die
tageszeitung
ZEIT-Online
#56
16.02.2015
Abendzeitung
#57
16.02.2015
#58
16.02.2015
#59
16.02.2015
#60
16.02.2015
Agence France
Presse –
German
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
WELT
ONLINE
Und sie feiern trotzdem; Rosenmontagsumzüge bleiben von
Sicherheitsdebatte unbeeinflusst
"Das ist, was bleibt"
Attentäter standen vor Anschlägen in Kontakt; In der Nacht vor
ihren Anschlägen haben sich die Attentäter von Paris getroffen.
Später kommunizierten sie nach Ermittlerangaben per SMS.
Rosenmontagszug im Rheinland: Terror ist Thema
http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/inhalt.koeln-duesseldorfund-mainz-rosenmontagszug-im-rheinland-terror-istthema.2f13ee6c-c90b-41ec-873d-bec346cbc37a.html
Hunderttausende Narren bei traditionellen Rosenmontagszügen;
"Charlie Hebdo"-Wagen in Köln und Düsseldorf
Rosenmontag; Zwei Karnevalswagen zur Meinungsfreiheit in
Köln
dpa-AFX Überblick: VERMISCHTES vom 16.02.2015 - 16.35
Uhr
Rosenmontag; Zwei Karnevalswagen zur Meinungsfreiheit in
Köln
x
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#61
15.02.2015
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
WELT
ONLINE
WELT
ONLINE
heise
Joaquin Phoenix; "Sie hatten Ideale, die anderen wollten Macht"
#62
15.02.2015
#63
15.02.2015
#64
15.02.2015
#65
13.02.2015
#66
12.02.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
#67
11.02.2015
#68
08.02.2015
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
Welt am
Sonntag
Französische Sender wegen Berichterstattung über Anschläge
gerügt; Medienaufsicht kritisiert Sendungen über "Charlie
Hebdo"-Anschlag
EU-Parlament gibt Blockade gegen Speicherung von
Fluggastdaten auf
#69
06.02.2015
Focus-Germany
#70
06.02.2015
SWR
Reaktion auf Charlie Hebdo-Anschlag: Bündnis will "Gift der
Intoleranz" bekämpfen
#71
05.02.2015
Pariser Islamistin; "Terrorwitwe" Boumedienne in IS Video zu
sehen?
#72
05.02.2015
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
Hamburger
Morgenpost
#73
05.02.2015
Diabolische Regisseure
#74
05.02.2015
Süddeutsche
Zeitung
WELT
ONLINE
Terror; Schüsse vor Synagoge Polizei riegelt Kopenhagen ab
Kopenhagen; Polizei bestätigt Tod des mutmaßlichen Attentäters
Joaquin Phoenix; "Sie hatten Ideale, die anderen wollten Macht"
Freitag der 13. und andere Nickligkeiten
"Was passiert, passiert"; In "Inherent Vice", der ersten PynchonVerfilmung, spielt Joaquin Phoenix einen lustig verpeilten
Detektiv. Hier spricht er über das Glück, Filme nicht zu kapieren,
und die Tragik der Hippies
Angst nach Charlie-Hebdo-Anschlag60 Prozent befürchten
Terroranschlag in Deutschland
Drahtzieher des „Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlags - AQAP-Terrorist
Harith al-Nadhari von US-Drohne getötet
http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/44/44131//from/atom10
http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/angst-nach-charlie-hebdoanschlag-60-prozent-befuerchten-terroranschlag-indeutschland_id_4456789.html
http://www.swr.de/landesschau-aktuell/rp/reaktion-auf-charliehebdo-anschlag-buendnis-will-gift-der-intoleranz-bekaempfen//id=1682/nid=1682/did=15031450/18ob367/index.html
http://www.mopo.de/politik---wirtschaft/drahtzieher-des--charliehebdo--anschlags-aqap-terrorist-harith-al-nadhari-von-us-drohnegetoetet,5066858,29759422.html
http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/islamischer-staat-diabolischeregisseure-1.2335190
Pariser Islamistin; "Terrorwitwe" Boumedienne in IS-Video zu
sehen?
xi
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#75
04.02.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
#76
04.02.2015
#77
03.02.2015
#78
03.02.2015
Kölnische
Rundschau
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Online
Focus-Germany
#79
02.02.2015
#80
02.02.2015
#81
02.02.2015
Hamburger
Abendblatt
#82
01.02.2015
#83
01.02.2015
Mitteldeutsche
ZeitungGermany
Rhein-Zeitung
#84
31.01.2015
#85
31.01.2015
#86
31.01.2015
#87
31.01.2015
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Online
Berliner Zeitung
Kölner StadtAnzeiger
Stuttgarter
Zeitung
Stuttgarter
Nachrichten
taz, die
tageszeitung
Abonnenten-Zahl von "Charlie Hebdo" von 10.000 auf 200.000
gestiegen; Französische Satirezeitung vor vier Wochen Ziel von
Anschlag
"Islamische Theologie fußt auf Gewalt"; Religionsforscher Ednan
Aslan fordert Muslime auf, ihre Grundlagen zu modernisieren
Umfrage; Jeder fünfte Türke akzeptiert Gewalt im Namen des
Islam
Auch Paris-Attentat gerechtfertigt - Jeder fünfte Türke akzeptiert
Gewalt im Namen des Islam
http://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/auch-paris-attentatgerechtfertigt-jeder-fuenfte-tuerke-akzeptiert-gewalt-im-namen-desislam_id_4449293.html
Karneval; Käßmann kritisiert Rückzug des "Charlie Hebdo"Wagens
Wie man Nebel wird; Beim Berliner Medienkunstfestival
Transmediale wurde nach Alternativen zum Internet gesucht
Politik; Kraftwerksrückbau: Chefs von Endlagergremium für
Atommüll-Fonds ++ Karneval: Käßmann kritisiert Rückzug des
"Charlie Hebdo"-Wagens ++ Mazedonien: Regierung wirft
Opposition Putschversuch vor ++ Ägypten: Regierung schiebt
verurteilten australischen Reporter ab ++ Hongkong: Tausende
bei neuer Kundgebung für freie Wahlen ++ Argentinien: Spuren
weisen auf Suizid des Staatsanwalts hin
- Satiremagazin «Charlie Hebdo» macht Pause
Satiremagazin «Charlie Hebdo» macht Pause
http://www.mz-web.de/newsticker/satiremagazin--charlie-hebdo-macht-pause,20864654,29723276.html
http://www.rhein-zeitung.de/nachrichten/deutschland-undwelt_artikel,-Satiremagazin-Charlie-Hebdo-macht-Pause_arid,1266596.html
REAKTIONEN
Weiter Debatte um Motivwagen
Muslime kritisieren Rückzug von 'Charlie'-Wagen
taz.de-LeserInnenkommentar der Woche
xii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#88
30.01.2015
Stern-Germany
Karneval in Köln und Düsseldorf: Zentralrat der Muslime fordert
"Charlie Hebdo"-Wagen
Achtjähriger wegen Äußerungen nach "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag
befragt; Junge wollte Schweigeminute für Opfer nicht einhalten
VERMISCHTES/Nach Absage von 'Charlie Hebdo'-Wagen:
Becker gegen Auswahlverfahren
Nach Anschlägen auf Satirezeitung - Will nicht "Charlie" sein: 8Jähriger von Polizei verhört
#89
29.01.2015
#90
29.01.2015
#91
29.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
Focus-Germany
#92
29.01.2015
#93
29.01.2015
Ostsee ZeitungGermany
Südwest Presse
#94
29.01.2015
Stern-Germany
#95
29.01.2015
Stern-Germany
Nach Anschlägen in Paris: Polizei verhört Achtjährigen, weil er
nicht "Charlie" sein will
#96
29.01.2015
Stern-Germany
Nach Anschlägen in Paris: Polizei verhört Achtjährigen, weil er
nicht "Charlie" sein will
#97
29.01.2015
Brüssel:Mit Daten gegen Terror
#98
29.01.2015
#99
29.01.2015
Suedwest
Presse-Germany
Suedwest
Presse-Germany
Südkurier
#100
29.01.2015
Südwest PresseGermany
Esslingen/Köln Gall begrüßt Absage von "Charlie Hebdo"-Wagen
im Karneval In der...
#101
29.01.2015
Südwest PresseGermany
Esslingen/Köln:Gall begrüßt Absage von "Charlie Hebdo"Wagen im Karneval
#102
29.01.2015
Tages-Anzeiger
Der Staat darf nicht töten
Doch kein „Charlie-Hebdo"-Wagen im Kölner Karneval - Viel
Kritik
Mit Daten gegen Terror; Neuer Streit um europäische
Sicherheitsmaßnahmen
Nach Anschlägen in Paris: Polizei verhört Achtjährigen weil er
nicht "Charlie" sein will
Neuer Streit um europäische Sicherheitsmaßnahmen
Esslingen/Köln: Gall begrüßt Absage von «Charlie Hebdo»Wagen im Karneval
http://www.stern.de/panorama/charlie-hebdo-zentralrat-dermuslime-fordert-themen-wagen-2170183.html
http://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/nach-anschlaegen-aufsatirezeitung-weil-er-nicht-charlie-sein-will-achtjaehriger-vonpolizei-verhoert_id_4439210.html
http://www.ostsee-zeitung.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Doch-keinCharlie-Hebdo-Wagen-im-Koelner-Karneval-Viel-Kritik
http://www.stern.de/politik/ausland/charlie-hebdo-polizei-infrankreich-verhoert-achtjaehrigen-weil-er-nicht-charlie-sein-will2169656.html
http://www.stern.de/politik/ausland/charlie-hebdo-polizei-infrankreich-verhoert-achtjaehrigen-weil-er-nicht-charlie-sein-will2169656.html
http://www.stern.de/politik/ausland/charlie-hebdo-polizei-infrankreich-verhoert-achtjaehrigen-weil-er-nicht-charlie-sein-will2169656.html
http://www.swp.de/ulm/nachrichten/politik/Mit-Daten-gegenTerror;art4306,3018077
http://www.swp.de/ulm/nachrichten/politik/Neuer-Streit-umeuropaeische-Sicherheitsmassnahmen;art4306,3018077
http://www.suedkurier.de/nachrichten/badenwuerttemberg/news/Gall-begruesst-Absage-von-Charlie-HebdoWagen-im-Karneval;art330342,7589520
http://www.swp.de/ulm/nachrichten/suedwestumschau/Gallbegruesst-Absage-von-Charlie-Hebdo-Wagen-imKarneval;art1157835,3019345
http://www.swp.de/ulm/nachrichten/suedwestumschau/Gallbegruesst-Absage-von-Charlie-Hebdo-Wagen-imKarneval;art1157835,3019345
xiii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#103
29.01.2015
Der
Tagesspiegel
Achtjähriger wegen Äußerungen nach "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag
befragt
#104
29.01.2015
Tageblatt LU
#105
29.01.2015
Tageblatt LU
#106
27.01.2015
#107
26.01.2015
#108
23.01.2015
#109
23.01.2015
#110
22.01.2015
Der
Tagesspiegel
taz, die
tageszeitung
Kölnische
Rundschau
Kölnische
Rundschau
Stern-Germany
"Charlie-Hebdo"-Anschlag - Bulgarien liefert Freund von
Attentäter aus
"Charlie-Hebdo"-Anschlag - Bulgarien liefert Freund von
Attentäter aus
Schere im Kopf? Stecken lassen!; Wie deutsche Karikaturisten
nach dem "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag ihrer Arbeit nachgehen
LESERINNENBRIEFE
#111
21.01.2015
Tages-Anzeiger
Was in Davos im Fokus steht
#112
21.01.2015
ZEIT-Online
#113
20.01.2015
#114
20.01.2015
#115
19.01.2015
#116
17.01.2015
Stuttgarter
Zeitung
Stuttgarter
Nachrichten
Agence France
Presse - German
Der Spiegel
Fremd in Paris, Wiesbaden, Rostock-Lichtenhagen; Wie fühlen
sich Migranten in Europa? In Paris, Wiesbaden und 1992 in
Rostock? Drei Filme erzählen derzeit davon: lehrbuchhaft,
komisch, naiv - und brandaktuell.
'Die Antwort auf den Terror muss aufklärerisch sein'
#117
16.01.2015
B.Z.
Bushido: Meine Musik passt nicht zu meinem Glauben
#118
15.01.2015
#119
15.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
#120
15.01.2015
Al-Kaida fühlt sich durch "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag gestärkt;
Gruppe verlor zuletzt gegenüber Islamischem Staat an Bedeutung
Streit um Meinungsfreiheit nach "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag
zugespitzt; Papst: Der Glauben anderer darf nicht beleidigt
werden
POLITIK: Hollande nimmt Muslime in die Pflicht - Weiter Run
dpa-AFX
http://www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/junge-wollteschweigeminute-fuer-opfer-nicht-einhalten-achtjaehriger-wegenaeusserungen-nach-charlie-hebdo-anschlag-befragt/11299256.html
http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/europa/story/28155709
http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/europa/story/28155709
Alle gleich auf dem Schulhof; Bornheimer Gymnasium feiert
deutsch-französischen Tag
Alle gleich auf dem Schulhof; Bornheimer Gymnasium feiert
deutsch-französischen Tag
Liebe Leserinnen und Leser
Woran es dem Islam fehlt
Hochkonjunktur für Verschwörungstheoretiker; Nach Anschlägen
von Paris kursieren im Internet zahllose Gerüchte
Lacht sie in Grund und Boden
xiv
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
ProFeed
auf 'Charlie'-Heft
EuroNewsDeutsche
Version
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
Die ZEIT
(inklusive ZEIT
Magazin)
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
EuroNewsDeutsche
Version
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
Weitere Opfer des "Charlie-Hebdo"-Anschlags beigesetzt
Jagd auf Terror-Helfer geht weiter; Nach der Anschlagsserie gilt
in Frankreich weiter die höchste Terrorwarnstufe. Das Militär soll
zusätzlich für Sicherheit sorgen. Die Regierung plant unterdessen
bereits neue Schritte im Kampf gegen Islamisten.
Michel Houellebecq; Eine Verheißung des verlockenden
Islamofaschismus?
#121
15.01.2015
#122
15.01.2015
#123
15.01.2015
#124
15.01.2015
#125
14.01.2015
#126
14.01.2015
#127
14.01.2015
#128
14.01.2015
#129
14.01.2015
#130
13.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
#131
13.01.2015
#132
13.01.2015
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
Berliner
Morgenpost
#133
13.01.2015
Manager
Magazin Online
sda - TAGESPROGRAMM - AUSLAND
Al-Kaida fühlt sich durch "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag gestärkt
Mut ist schnell gesagt; In den Chor der Solidaritätsbekundungen
für die Opfer von Paris mischen sich auch verdächtige Töne
Neue "Charlie Hebdo"-Ausgabe binnen Minuten ausverkauft;
Ansturm auf Zeitungsstände in Frankreich
Kommentar "Süddeutsche Zeitung": Charlie Hebdo/Anschläge;
(Teil zwei)
Kommentar "Neues Deutschland": Charlie Hebdo/Anschläge;
(Teil elf)
Al-Kaida in Jemen will "Charlie-Hebdo"-Anschlag verübt haben
Schüler stören Gedenkveranstaltungen
"Nur gemeinsam gegen den Terror"; Leser zu den
Terroranschlägen von Paris mit mehreren Toten und dem
weltweiten Gedenken für die Opfer
Nach den Terroristen kommen die Geschäftemacher
http://www.spiegel.de/schulspiegel/ausland/charlie-hebdoanschlaege-schueler-in-frankreich-stoeren-gedenkminuten-a1013015.html
http://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/artikel/charliehebdo-nach-den-terroristen-kommen-die-geschaeftemacher-a-
xv
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
1012789.html
#134
13.01.2015
Stuttgarter
Nachrichten
WELT
ONLINE
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Online
Kölner StadtAnzeiger
#135
13.01.2015
#136
12.01.2015
#137
12.01.2015
#138
12.01.2015
ZEIT-Online
#139
11.01.2015
#140
11.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
Welt am
Sonntag
#141
10.01.2015
Aachener
Zeitung
#142
10.01.2015
Aachener
Zeitung
#143
10.01.2015
Aachener
Zeitung
#144
10.01.2015
Aachener
Zeitung
Französische Zeichner kritisieren Pegida; Karikaturisten fürchten
Instrumentalisierung der Attentate
Michel Houellebecq; Eine Verheißung des verlockenden
Islamofaschismus?
Charlie Hebdo; Millionen Menschen gedenken der
Anschlagsopfer von Paris
http://www.abendblatt.de/politik/article136263834/MillionenMenschen-gedenken-der-Anschlagsopfer-von-Paris.html
Vereint gegen den Terrorismus; CHARLIE HEBDO Rund 1,5
Millionen Menschen nehmen in Paris an Solidaritätskundgebung
teil - Brandanschlag auf "Hamburger Morgenpost" - EUInnenminister verständigen sich auf verschärfte Kontrollen an den
Grenzen
Frankreich mobilisiert 10.000 Soldaten; Frankreich hat weitere
Konsequenzen zu den islamistischen Terrorangriffen beschlossen:
Alle jüdischen Schulen werden bewacht, Tausende Soldaten im
Land eingesetzt.
Innenminister beraten in Paris über Kampf gegen den
Terrorismus; Treffen als Reaktion auf "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag
Gegen den Strich; In Michel Houellebecqs "Unterwerfung" liefert
sich Frankreich der Scharia aus. Der Roman ist trotzdem weder
rassistisch noch islamophob
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
xvi
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
#145
10.01.2015
Aachener
Zeitung
#146
10.01.2015
Aachener
Zeitung
#147
10.01.2015
Aachener
Zeitung
#148
10.01.2015
Aachener
Zeitung
#149
10.01.2015
Aachener
Zeitung
#150
10.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
#151
10.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
#152
10.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
#153
10.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
xvii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#154
10.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
#155
10.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
#156
10.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
#157
10.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
#158
10.01.2015
#159
10.01.2015
#160
10.01.2015
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
Kölnische
Rundschau
Manager
Magazin Online
#161
10.01.2015
#162
10.01.2015
#163
09.01.2015
#164
09.01.2015
#165
09.01.2015
#166
09.01.2015
#167
09.01.2015
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
Der
Tagesspiegel
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Blutiges Ende eines Alptraums; Nach 55 Stunden ist der Terror
vorerst vorbei: Die islamistischen Angreifer sterben bei Zugriffen
der Polizei. Aber auch mehrere Geiseln kommen ums Leben. Und
der IS warnt vor weiteren Anschlägen.
Terror in Frankreich; Jemens Terrorscheich nennt Franzosen
"dreckig"
DOPPELSCHLAG GEGEN TERROR IN PARIS
Westen fürchtet weitere Anschläge
Westen fürchtet weitere Anschläge
http://www.manager-magazin.de/politik/artikel/nach-terrorattacken-in-paris-westen-fuerchtet-weitere-anschlaege-a1012310.html
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/charlie-hebdo-frankreich-undusa-fuerchten-weitere-anschlaege-a-1012303.html
Entschlossen Solidarität mit den Opfern von "Charlie Hebdo"
Verdächtiger nach Tötung von Polizistin bei Paris identifiziert;
Bluttat in Frankreich einen Tag nach "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag
Imame in Frankreich: Attentäter können sich nicht auf Islam
berufen; Aufrufe zu Gewaltlosigkeit bei Freitagsgebeten
Achtung Redaktionen
Alptraum mit schrecklichem Ausgang; 20 Menschen in
Frankreich seit "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag getötet
Imame in Frankreich: Attentäter können sich nicht auf Islam
xviii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Presse - German
#168
09.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
#169
09.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
#170
09.01.2015
#171
09.01.2015
#172
09.01.2015
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
Berliner Zeitung
#173
09.01.2015
#174
09.01.2015
#175
09.01.2015
#176
09.01.2015
#177
09.01.2015
#178
09.01.2015
#179
09.01.2015
#180
09.01.2015
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
Frankfurter
Rundschau
Horizont.net
Kölnische
Rundschau
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
berufen; Auch bei Zusammenkunft in Bangladesch verurteilen
Muslime Anschlag
"Charlie Hebdo"-Attentäter bei Polizeieinsatz nahe Paris getötet;
Fünf Tote bei Geiselnahme in Supermarkt - Täter sprachen sich
ab
"Charlie Hebdo"-Attentäter bei Polizeieinsatz nahe Paris getötet;
Fünf Tote bei Geiselnahme in Supermarkt - Täter sprachen sich
ab
Paris; Mindestens zwei Tote bei Geiselnahme in koscherem
Supermarkt
Terror in Frankreich; Attentäter "wollen als Märtyrer sterben"
"Diese Killer haben keine Angst zu sterben"; Die Terroristen
stammen offenbar aus der Pariser Banlieue. Was denkt die
schweigende Mehrheit der Muslime über sie? Begegnungen in der
Pariser Vorstadt Gennevilliers
POLITIK: Verdächtige des 'Charlie Hebdo'-Anschlags tot - Geisel
befreit
Tristesse mit Sprengkraft
Terror in Paris: Bild.de im journalistischen Kriegszustand
"Die Angst wird mich nicht fressen"; 100 Menschen zünden am
Dom Kerzen für die Opfer des "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlags an
Imame in Frankreich: Attentäter können sich nicht auf Islam
berufen
sda - WOCHENENDPROGRAMM – INLAND
KEYSTONE 2. Tagesprogramm für 09.01.2015
sda - WOCHENENDPROGRAMM – INLAND
xix
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#181
09.01.2015
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
WELT
ONLINE
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
#182
09.01.2015
#183
09.01.2015
#184
09.01.2015
#185
09.01.2015
#186
08.01.2015
#187
08.01.2015
#188
08.01.2015
#189
08.01.2015
#190
08.01.2015
#191
08.01.2015
#192
08.01.2015
#193
08.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
#194
08.01.2015
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
#195
07.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Verdächtiger nach Tötung von Polizistin bei Paris identifiziert
KEYSTONE Tagesprogramm für 09.01.2015
KEYSTONE Tagesprogramm für 09.01.2015
Houellebecq bricht Werbetour für "Unterwerfung" ab;
http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/charlie-hebdo-anschlaghouellebecq-bricht-werbetour-fuer-buch-ab-a-1012125.html
Terror in Frankreich; Attentäter "wollen als Märtyrer sterben"
Islamisten; Salman Rushdie verteidigt Satire gegen religiöse
Tyrannei
Valls: Mehrere Festnahmen nach tödlichem "Charlie Hebdo"Anschlag
Valls: Mehrere Festnahmen nach tödlichem "Charlie Hebdo"Anschlag; Laut Justizkreisen sieben Menschen in
Polizeigewahrsam
Nach "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag Fahndung auf Hochtouren;
Schwer bewaffneter tötet Polizistin in Pariser Vorort
Nach "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag Fahndung auf Hochtouren;
Schwer Bewaffneter tötet Polizistin in Pariser Vorort
Nach "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag Fahndung auf Hochtouren;
Großes Aufgebot von Spezialkräften in Nordfrankreich
Für Dschihadisten ist "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag ein
Propagandaerfolg; Experten befürchten nach Attentat stärkeren
Zulauf für Islamisten
Für Dschihadisten ist "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag ein
Propagandaerfolg; Experten befürchten nach Attentat stärkeren
Zulauf für Islamisten
Polizei überwachte mutmaßliche Attentäter;
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/charlie-hebdotatverdaechtige-wurden-laut-innenminister-ueberwacht-a1011868.html
"Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag blutigster in Frankreich seit
Jahrzehnten; Eine Übersicht über Attentate der Vergangenheit
xx
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#196
07.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
Focus Magazin
#197
17.01.2015
#198
14.01.2015
#199
10.01.2015
#200
22.01.2015
#201
22.01.2015
#202
16.01.2015
#203
15.01.2015
#204
14.01.2015
#205
10.01.2015
#206
10.01.2015
taz, die
tageszeitung
#207
09.01.2015
#208
26.02.2015
#209
25.02.2015
Sächsische
Zeitung
Regionalausgab
en
taz, die
tageszeitung
Morgenweb
#210
25.02.2015
Die Rheinpfalz
Stuttgarter
Zeitung
taz, die
tageszeitung
Aachener
Zeitung
Aachener
Nachrichten
Frankfurter
Rundschau
Agence France
Presse –
German
Agence France
Presse - German
Aachener
Zeitung
UN-Sicherheitsrat verurteilt Anschlag auf Satire-Zeitung in Paris;
Empörung über "barbarische und feige Terrorattacke"
Gesamttitel: Unsere Freiheit, unsere Feigheit | "Schlachtet sie mit
einem Messer"
Wohngemeinschaft für muslimische Frauen
Jesus Charlie - wer immer das ist; DER ROTE FADEN
Mit spitzer Feder und scharfer Zunge gegen Unrecht
Mit spitzer Feder und scharfer Zunge gegen Unrecht
Religionen fallen nicht vom Himmel, sondern sind von Menschen
gemacht
Merkel: Islam muss sein Verhältnis zu Extremisten klären; Papst
gegen Beleidigung des Glaubens im Namen der Pressefreiheit
Muslime weltweit verurteilen neue Mohammed-Karikaturen;
Reaktionen auf erste "Charlie Hebdo"-Ausgabe seit Anschlag
Muslime halten Mahnwachen ab; Attentat auf »Charlie Hebdo«
scharf verurteilt. Ditib-Generalsekretär Alboga: Terror kann nicht
mit dem Islam begründet werden. SPD-Chef Gabriel ruft zum
»Aufstand der Anständigen« auf.
" 'Charlie Hebdo' darf nicht sterben"; FREIHEIT Daniel CohnBendit, Weggefährte der ermordeten französischen Cartoonisten
Wolinski und Cabu, über die Bedeutung von "Charlie Hebdo" und
die Konsequenzen aus dem Massaker von Paris
Satire ist ein Moment der Aufklärung
Neue Ausgabe; "CHARLIE HEBDO" MEDIENTICKER
Millionenauflage von neuem «Charlie-Hebdo»-Heft am Kiosk
Millionenauflage von neuem «Charlie-Hebdo»-Heft am Kiosk
http://www.morgenweb.de/nachrichten/politik/millionenauflagevon-neuem-charlie-hebdo-heft-am-kiosk-1.2125926
http://www.rheinpfalz.de/nachrichten/politik/artikel/neues-charliehebdo-heft-in-millionenauflage-am-kiosk/
xxi
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#211
15.02.2015
Kölner Express
Galten die Schüsse Mohammed-Karikaturisten?
#212
15.02.2015
"Wir erlebten dasselbe wie bei 'Charlie Hebdo'";
#213
15.02.2015
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
Stern-Germany
#214
15.02.2015
Kopenhagen: Attentäter war 22 Jahre jung
#215
14.02.2015
#216
12.02.2015
Der
Tagesspiegel
Badische
Zeitung
Tageblatt LU
#217
04.02.2015
Abendzeitung
Nach Charlie-Hebdo-Trauer: Blender! Abbas will MohammedZeichner bestrafen
#218
04.02.2015
Pakistan's Charlie Hebdo reward: No room for secular politics
#219
04.02.2015
#220
03.02.2015
#221
04.02.2015
#222
02.02.2015
#223
01.02.2015
Deutsche WelleGermany
Deutsche WelleGermany
Kölnische
Rundschau
taz, die
tageszeitung
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
Ostsee ZeitungGermany
#224
29.01.2015
Bulgarien liefert Freund von "Charlie Hebdo"-Attentäter aus;
#225
21.01.2015
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
Agence France
Presse - German
#226
21.01.2015
Welt kompakt
#227
20.01.2015
Aachener
+++ Ticker zum Terroranschlag in Kopenhagen +++: Botschafter:
Attentäter kopierte Anschlag auf "Charlie Hebdo"
Terror-Alarm in Kopenhagen - 1 Toter
Charlie Hebdo - Französische Sender werden gerügt
Pakistan's Charlie Hebdo reward: No room for secular politics A
former Pakistani...
IN KÜRZE
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/frankreichs-botschafter-alsaugenzeuge-ueber-den-kopenhagener-anschlag-a-1018583.html
http://www.stern.de/politik/ausland/newsticker-zum-terroranschlagin-kopenhagen-daenische-polizei-erschiesst-mutmasslichenattentaeter-2173607.html
http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/terror-in-daenemarkkopenhagen-attentaeter-war-22-jahre-jung/11375276.html
http://www.badische-zeitung.de/nachrichten/ausland/terror-alarmin-kopenhagen-1-toter
http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/europa/story/18185005
http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/inhalt.nach-charlie-hebdotrauer-blender-abbas-will-mohammed-zeichner-bestrafen.2c371b3d9592-4748-800b-dbbf71a69ad2.html
http://www.dw.de/pakistan-s-charlie-hebdo-reward-no-room-forsecular-politics/a-18233731
http://www.dw.de/pakistan-s-charlie-hebdo-reward-no-room-forsecular-politics/a-18233731
Pausiert; "CHARLIE HEBDO" MEDIENTICKER
VERMISCHTES/ROUNDUP: Satiremagazin 'Charlie Hebdo'
erscheint vorerst nicht
Satiremagazin „Charlie Hebdo" macht Pause
http://www.ostseezeitung.de/Nachrichten/Wirtschaft/Satiremagazin-Charlie-Hebdomacht-Pause
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/bulgarien-liefert-freund-voncharlie-hebdo-attentaeter-aus-a-1015749.html
Ermittlungsverfahren gegen mutmaßliche Coulibaly-Unterstützer;
Männer sollen für Islamisten in Waffengeschäften eingekauft
haben
Die Problemsiedlung des SupermarktKillers; Diskriminierung
aufgrund der Hautfarbe, Arbeitslosigkeit, kaum Perspektiven:
Hier begann Amédy Coulibalys kriminelle Karriere
Betroffenheit: »Paris ist eigentlich überall«; Beim
xxii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Zeitung
#228
20.01.2015
Aachener
Nachrichten
#229
18.01.2015
Welt am
Sonntag
#230
17.01.2015
#231
17.01.2015
#232
17.01.2015
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
Der Spiegel
#233
16.01.2015
#234
16.01.2015
#235
15.01.2015
#236
15.01.2015
#237
15.01.2015
#238
15.01.2015
#239
15.01.2015
#240
15.01.2015
#241
15.01.2015
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
WELT
ONLINE
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
WELT
ONLINE
ZEIT-Online
Neujahrsempfang der Frauen-Union wird der Wunsch nach
Frieden - verbunden mit Meinungs- und Pressefreiheit – betont
Betroffenheit: »Paris ist eigentlich überall«; Beim
Neujahrsempfang der Frauen-Union wird der Wunsch nach
Frieden - verbunden mit Meinungs- und Pressefreiheit – betont
Von Pegida eingeholt; Christian Stückl und das Münchner
Volkstheater bemühen Lessings "Nathan" und die Aufklärung für
die Vision einer friedlichen Koexistenz der Religionen
Run auf "Charlie Hebdo"-Ausgabe in Frankreich geht weiter
Warten auf "Hebdo"
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/charlie-hebdo-ansturmin-deutschland-demos-in-muslimischen-laendern-a-1013519.html
Ein Land der Bürgerkriege
dpa-AFX Überblick: POLITIK vom 16.1.2015 - 18.20 Uhr
Mohammed-Karikaturen; Davutoglu will die Ehre des Propheten
verteidigen
Al-Kaida fühlt sich durch "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag gestärkt;
Gruppe verlor zuletzt gegenüber Islamischem Staat an Bedeutung
Streit um Meinungsfreiheit nach "Charlie Hebdo"-Anschlag
zugespitzt; Papst: Der Glauben anderer darf nicht beleidigt
werden
"Charlie Hebdo"; "Chefredakteur hat Redaktion in den Tod
getrieben"
Mohammed Karikaturen; Davutoglu will die Ehre des Propheten
verteidigen
sda - TAGESPROGRAMM - AUSLAND
Mohammed-Karikaturen; Davutoglu will die Ehre des Propheten
verteidigen
Drei Tage Terror in Paris; Was geschah genau zwischen dem 7.
und 9. Januar 2015? Der Versuch einer ersten Rekonstruktion
xxiii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#242
14.01.2015
#243
14.01.2015
#244
14.01.2015
#245
14.01.2015
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
EuroNewsDeutsche
Version
Die Presse
#246
14.01.2015
Die Presse
#247
14.01.2015
#248
14.01.2015
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
taz, die
tageszeitung
#249
13.01.2015
#250
13.01.2015
#251
12.01.2015
#252
12.01.2015
#253
12.01.2015
#254
11.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
#255
11.01.2015
#256
10.01.2015
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
Berliner
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
Horizont.net
"Charlie Hebdo"; AlQaida im Jemen bekennt sich zu Paris
Angriff
POLITIK/GESAMT-ROUNDUP: Reißender Absatz - Al-KaidaBekenntnis zu Terror
Moslems reagieren meist kritisch auf neues "Charlie-Hebdo"Titelbild
Und der Prophet weint: Islamgelehrte verurteilen "Charlie
Hebdo"-Karikatur
Und der Prophet weint: Islamgelehrte verurteilen "Charlie
Hebdo"-Karikatur
Tagesüberblick - Mittwoch, 14. Januar 2015
Das Extrablatt; FRANKREICH Die erste Ausgabe von "Charlie
Hebdo" nach dem Anschlag erscheint heute in Millionenauflage.
Die vorab veröffentlichte Titelseite sorgt bereits für erste
Diskussionen. In Deutschland soll es die Spezialausgabe erst ab
Samstag im Handel geben
POLITIK/'Alles ist vergeben': 'Charlie-Hebdo' mit MohammedZeichnung
Trauer um Polizisten in Paris - Hollande gedenkt der TerrorOpfer
POLITIK: Nächstes 'Charlie-Hebdo'-Heft mit drei Millionen
Auflage geplant
POLITIK: Französische Karikaturisten gegen Pegida - FacebookSeite online
Charlie Hebdo: "Zärtlichkeit zwischen Völkern" - Das sagen die
Medien über den historischen Trauerzug
Frankreichs Präsident umarmt und tröstet "Charlie Hebdo"Kolumnisten; Notarzt Pelloux nach Anschlag als einer der ersten
am Tatort
"Pegida, verschwinde"
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/anti-pegida-karikaturkarikaturisten-stellen-sich-gegen-pegida-a-1012445.html
TerrorAttacken; "Charlie Hebdo"Attentäter bei Polizeizugriff
xxiv
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Morgenpost
Online
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
GeneralAnzeiger
(Bonn)
Nürnberger
Nachrichten
Stuttgarter
Zeitung
Stuttgarter
Zeitung
Stuttgarter
Nachrichten
#257
10.01.2015
#258
10.01.2015
#259
10.01.2015
#260
10.01.2015
#261
10.01.2015
#262
10.01.2015
#263
10.01.2015
taz, die
tageszeitung
#264
10.01.2015
#265
10.01.2015
#266
09.01.2015
#267
09.01.2015
WELT
ONLINE
WELT
ONLINE
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Agence France
Presse - German
#268
09.01.2015
#269
09.01.2015
#270
09.01.2015
#271
09.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Berliner
Morgenpost
getötet
TerrorAttacken; Drei Tage, an denen Frankreich zur Kriegszone
wurde
Houellebecq verlässt Paris; Reaktionen aus der Kulturszene
Auch deutsche Medien als Terror-Ziel?; Bundeskriminalamt
warnt vor möglichen Anschlägen - Polizeibesuch in Redaktionen
Medien spenden für 'Charlie Hebdo'; Paris
Medien spenden für 'Charlie Hebdo'; Paris
Pariser Polizei erschießt Attentäter - auch Geiseln tot; 90 000
Sicherheitskräfte jagen die Terroristen durch Frankreich Überfall auf jüdischen Laden
Das Ende einer Jagd; FRANKREICH Die Terrorjagd ist beendet,
die Attentäter sind tot. "Charlie Hebdo" plant die nächste
Ausgabe
Terror-Attacken; "Charlie Hebdo"-Attentäter bei Polizeizugriff
getötet
Terror-Attacken; Drei Tage, an denen Frankreich zur Kriegszone
wurde
"Charlie Hebdo"; Mutmaßliche Attentäter verschanzen sich mit
Geiseln
Zusammenhang zwischen Anschlag in Paris und Mord an
Polizistin; Laut Polizei gibt es "Verbindung" zwischen
mutmaßlichen Tätern
Iranischer Präsident verurteilt Terrorismus an allen Orten; Ruhani
wirft Tätern Förderung der Islamfeindlichkeit vor
Die Verbindung zwischen drei Bluttaten in Paris; Mutmaßliche
Täter kannten sich offenbar
Die Verbindung zwischen drei Bluttaten in Paris; Mutmaßliche
Täter kannten sich offenbar
Großfahndung; Zugriff auf TerrorVerdächtige von Paris läuft
xxv
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Online
#272
09.01.2015
#273
09.01.2015
#274
09.01.2015
#275
09.01.2015
#276
09.01.2015
#277
09.01.2015
#278
09.01.2015
#279
09.01.2015
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
Mitteldeutsche
ZeitungGermany
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SDABasisdienst
Deutschland
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
Der Standard
#280
09.01.2015
ZEIT-Online
#281
08.01.2015
#282
08.01.2015
#283
08.01.2015
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
#284
08.01.2015
#285
08.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
Anschlag in Paris; Attentäter ließ sich von al Qaida im Jemen
ausbilden
POLITIK/ROUNDUP: Schießerei und Verfolgungsjagd - Bericht
über Geiselnahme
Frankreich jagt die Täter; FAHNDUNG Die Terroristen sind
bekannt. Ihre Flucht lässt die Menschen zittern.
Stadt Paris macht "Charlie Hebdo" zum Ehrenbürger
Iranischer Präsident verurteilt Terrorismus an allen Orten
Zusammenhang zwischen Anschlag in Paris und Mord an
Polizistin
Polizei beendet zwei Geiselnahmen
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/terror-in-paris-polizei-toetetattentaeter-und-befreit-geiseln-a-1012282.html
Wir lassen uns nicht einschüchtern; Die Antwort auf die Pariser
Attentate formulierte Stoltenberg: Mehr Demokratie
"Wir trauern mit euch, aber ..."; "Wir sind Charlie", lautet die
Botschaft erstaunlich vieler arabischer Medien nach dem Pariser
Massaker. Doch es gibt auch Kritik an der Heroisierung von
"Charlie Hebdo".
Anschlag auf "Charlie Hebdo"; Helfer der Attentäter stellt sich
der Polizei
Mann eröffnet Feuer auf Polizisten im Süden von Paris; Zwei
lebensgefährlich Verletzte - Verdächtiger festgenommen
Umfrage: Mehrheit der Deutschen empfindet Islam als
Bedrohung; Die meisten Muslime fühlen sich aber als Teil des
Landes
Nach Anschlag in Paris Trauerbeflaggung in Deutschland;
Bundesbehörden und Städte setzen Fahnen auf Halbmast
POLITIK: Houellebecq will islamkritischen Roman nicht mehr
bewerben
xxvi
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#286
08.01.2015
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
SPIEGEL
ONLINE
Tages-Anzeiger
POLITIK/ROUNDUP: Terroristen von Paris auf der Flucht Polizei bittet um Hilfe
Zwei Brüder unter Verdacht
#287
08.01.2015
#288
08.01.2015
#289
08.01.2015
taz, die
tageszeitung
#290
08.01.2015
Wirtschaftsblatt
Ihr wolltet töten? Ihr habt "Charlie Hebdo" unsterblich gemacht;
REAKTIONEN Muslimische Verbände verurteilen den Anschlag,
nicht nur in Frankreich
Massaker in Redaktion, Täter auf der Flucht; Terror in Frankreich
#291
08.01.2015
ZEIT-Online
#292
07.01.2015
#293
07.01.2015
#294
07.01.2015
#295
07.01.2015
Hamburger
Abendblatt
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
#296
07.01.2015
#297
07.01.2015
#298
07.01.2015
#299
07.01.2015
#300
07.01.2015
#301
28.01.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
dpa-AFX
ProFeed
Horizont.net
wuv.de Werben
und Verkaufen
Online
Sächsische
Zeitung
Stammausgabe
http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/charlie-hebdo-paris-diepolizei-hat-die-verdaechtigen-identifiziert-a-1011818.html
Märtyrer für die freie Meinung
"Wir sind doch klüger als die Terroristen"; Seit dem Anschlag auf
"Charlie Hebdo" ist Paris im Ausnahmezustand - mit einem
großen Gefühl der Solidarität. Ganz besonders in der Nähe des
Tatorts
"Charlie Hebdo"; Zehntausende gedenken der Anschlagsopfer
von Paris
Achtung Redaktionen
Schärfere Sicherheitsmaßnahmen bei dänischem Blatt "JyllandsPosten"; Reaktion auf Anschlag bei "Charlie Hebdo"
Ban verurteilt "entsetzlichen" Anschlag in Paris; UNMenschenrechtskommissar warnt vor fremdenfeindlicher
Reaktion
Achtung Redaktionen
Acht Journalisten und zwei Polizisten unter Toten von Paris;
Staatsanwaltschaft spricht von elf Verletzten - Fahndung läuft
POLITIK/STICHWORT: 'Charlie Hebdo' - Satireblatt mit
Skandal-Tradition
Satiremagazin Charlie Hebdo: Mindestens zehn Tote bei
Anschlag in Paris
Viele Tote bei Anschlag auf Pariser Satireblatt "Charlie Hebdo"
Die Partei hat immer recht; Beim Stammtisch der Satirepartei
"Die Partei" ist es laut, lustig und liederlich. Hunde müssen nicht
draußen bleiben.
xxvii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Dresden
#302
13.01.2015
taz, die
tageszeitung
Agence France
Presse - German
Agence France
Presse - German
Frankfurter
Rundschau
Sächsische
Zeitung
Regionalausgab
en
Sächsische
Zeitung
Stammausgabe
Dresden
Neue Züricher
Zeitung
Bloß weg hier; DIE WERBEPAUSE
#303
12.01.2015
#304
11.01.2015
#305
09.01.2015
#306
09.01.2015
#307
09.01.2015
#308
15.02.2015
#309
13.02.2015
#310
13.02.2015
#311
13.02.2015
#312
13.02.2015
#313
26.01.2015
Neue Züricher
Zeitung
Neue Züricher
Zeitung
Neue Züricher
Zeitung
Neue Züricher
Zeitung
Die Presse
#314
26.01.2015
Die Presse
"Gabalier ist eine heilige Kuh"
#315
11.01.2015
Kommentar "Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung": "Charlie
Hebdo"/Sicherheit; (Teil drei)
#316
21.03.2015
Agence France
Presse - German
Bild
Kommentar "Nürnberger Nachrichten": "Charlie Hebdo"/Pegida;
(Teil zehn)
Kommentar "Rhein-Zeitung": "Charlie Hebdo"/Pegida; (Teil
sieben)
"Unser tiefes Mitgefühl gilt den Angehörigen der Ermordeten"
Satire ist ein Moment der Aufklärung
Satire ist ein Moment der Aufklärung
Gut einen Monat nach den Anschlägen von Paris üben die
Teilnehmer des EU-Gipfels den Schulterschluss im Kampf gegen
Terrorismus und Extremismus. Sie schnüren ein Paket, das ihre
Länder besser schützen soll.
Nach Anschlägen von Paris: EU einig über neues Anti-TerrorPaket
Nach Anschlägen von Paris: EU einig über neues Anti-TerrorPaket
Intensivere Terrorbekämpfung: EU
Intensivere Terrorbekämpfung: EU-Gipfel beschließt neue
Maßnahmen
"Gabalier ist eine heilige Kuh"
http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/startseite/eu-einig-ueber-neues-antiterror-paket-1.18482291
http://www.nzz.ch/international/europa/eu-einig-ueber-neues-antiterror-paket-1.18482291
http://www.nzz.ch/international/europa/eu-einig-ueber-neues-antiterror-paket-1.18482291
http://www.nzz.ch/international/europa/eu-einig-ueber-neues-antiterror-paket-1.18482291
http://www.nzz.ch/international/europa/eu-einig-ueber-neues-antiterror-paket-1.18482291
http://www.bild.de/bild-plus/politik/ausland/charlie-hebdo/nachden-terroranschlaegen-von-paris-40250432.bild.html
xxviii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#317
20.02.2015
Süddeutsche
Zeitung
Süddeutsche
Zeitung
Süddeutsche
Zeitung
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
WELT
ONLINE
Agence France
Presse - German
Berliner Kurier
#318
20.02.2015
#319
20.02.2015
#320
27.01.2015
#321
27.01.2015
#322
11.01.2015
#323
10.01.2015
#324
10.01.2015
#325
12.01.2015
#326
10.01.2015
#327
10.01.2015
#328
09.01.2015
#329
19.02.2015
#330
07.01.2015
#331
13.01.2015
#332
18.02.2015
La Voix du
Nord
Agence France
Presse
Le Figaro
Online
Midi Libre
#333
06.02.2015
France2
Kölnische
Rundschau
WELT
ONLINE
Berliner
Morgenpost
Online
WELT
ONLINE
Computerwoche
Deutsch-französische Freundschaft: Merkels "lieber Freund" in
Paris
Merkels "lieber Freund" in Paris
Deutsch-französische Freundschaft: Merkels "lieber Freund" in
Paris
Nach "Charlie Hebdo"; Der Terror kann uns nichts anhaben? Von
wegen!
http://sz.de/1.2358454
http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/deutsch-franzoesischefreundschaft-merkels-lieber-freund-in-paris-1.2358454
http://sz.de/1.2358454
Nach "Charlie Hebdo"; Der Terror kann uns nichts anhaben? Von
wegen!
Kommentar "Rhein-Zeitung": "Charlie Hebdo"/Pegida; (Teil
sieben)
Explosionen, Schüsse und 4 tote Geiseln; "Charlie Hebdo"Attentäter im Nordosten von Paris getötet. Geiselnahme in
jüdischem Supermarkt endet blutig. Präsident Hollande hatte den
Doppelzugriff angeordnet
Polizei tötet die Attentäter; Terroristenjagd in Frankreich nimmt
blutiges Ende - Vier Geiseln kommen ums Leben
"Charlie Hebdo"; Terrorismus gegen Europa hat sich lange
ausgezahlt
"Charlie Hebdo"; Terrorismus gegen Europa hat sich lange
ausgezahlt
"Charlie Hebdo"; Terrorismus gegen Europa hat sich lange
ausgezahlt
SPD und Opposition dagegen; Neue Debatte über
Vorratsdatenspeicherung
L'islam «pris en otage»
Attentat contre Charlie Hebdo: l'imam de Bordeaux appelle les
musulmans à manifester leur colère
De «Je suis Charlie» à «Nous sommes français»: pour le retour du
service national
HEXAGONE
AU MODÉRATEUR ARABEDE TON MAGHREB TU
http://forums.france2.fr/france2/cap/moderateur-arriveras-museler-
xxix
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#334
03.02.2015
Jeune Afrique
#335
05.02.2015
#336
03.02.2015
#337
22.01.2015
Le Figaro
letudiant.fr
Le Figaro
Online
L'Opinion.fr
#338
22.01.2015
L'Opinion.fr
#339
19.01.2015
#340
19.01.2015
#341
16.01.2015
#342
15.01.2015
#343
15.01.2015
#344
14.01.2015
#345
12.01.2015
#346
12.01.2015
#347
09.01.2015
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
CENTRE
PRESSE
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
N'ARRIVERAS PAS À NOUS MUSELER COMME T'ES
FRERES ONT ASSASSINÉ CHARLIE HEBDOISLAM =
ASSASSINS DE CHARLIE HEBDO
Mauritanie : Aziz n'est pas Charlie
sujet_12134_1.htm#97822601_1
http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/JA2820p044.xml0/mohamedould-abdelaziz-islam-apostasie-charlie-hebdo-islam-mauritanieaziz-n-est-pas-charlie.html
Belgique : un étudiant dit avoir été agressé pour avoir défendu
Charlie Hebdo
Joshua Mitchell: «L'islam radical veut exercer un droit absolu sur
le monde»
Islam : faut-il adapter la loi de 1905 ?; Depuis les attentats des 7
et 9 janvier, on ne parle plus que de laïcité. Sans vouloir poser la
question qui fâche, celle de la place de l'islam en France. Un
tabou qu'il faut briser
Islam : faut-il adapter la loi de 1905 ?; Depuis les attentats des 7
et 9 janvier, on ne parle plus que de laïcité. Sans vouloir poser la
question qui fâche, celle de la place de l'islam en France. Un
tabou qu'il faut briser
Dominique de Villepin: «"Je suis Charlie", ça ne peut pas être le
seul message de la France»
Tuerie de Vincennes: le sort de la France est lié à celui de ses
Juifs
Rémi Brague: «En France, on a le droit de tout dire, sauf ce qui
fâche»
Al-Qaïda revendique l'attaque, la Turquie dénonce une
provocation
François Hollande veut rassurer les musulmans
Caricaturer ou pas, l'impossible choix
Chantal Delsol: va-t-on continuer à nier le «Totalitarisme vert»?
Va-t-on continuer à nier le «Totalitarisme vert»?
Terrorisme islamiste: cette guerre qui commence était hélas
prévisible!
xxx
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#348
09.01.2015
#349
08.01.2015
#350
07.01.2015
#351
07.01.2015
#352
18.01.2015
#353
17.01.2015
#354
16.01.2015
#355
28.01.2015
#356
15.01.2015
#357
15.01.2015
#358
10.01.2015
#359
08.01.2015
#360
07.01.2015
#361
07.01.2015
#362
25.02.2015
#363
20.02.2015
#364
17.02.2015
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
NewsflashNews
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Le Figaro
Online
Métro
«Nous sommes tous Charlie», vraiment?
Agence France
Presse
LePoint.fr
Pour le pape François, la liberté d'expression ne donne pas le droit
de moquer la religion d'autrui
"Charlie Hebdo" - Pape François : "On ne peut insulter la foi des
autres"
CHARLIE HEBDO; Menaces sur les cartoonistes turcs
CourierInternati
onal.com
Les Echos
Boualem Sansal: l'islam de la discorde
Charlie Hebdo: l'islam de France redoute les amalgames
Charlie Hebdo : l'islam "trahi" (président Ali Bongo)
La Une en France à 09H00
La Une en France à 21H00
Le bâtonnier de Paris : « Rien ne me choque dans les mesures
prises ces derniers jours »
Menacé, Facebook censure des pages sur Mahomet en Turquie
http://www.metronews.fr/info/charlie-hebdo-menace-facebookcensure-des-pages-sur-mahomet-enturquie/moaB!0DkWdR0YNVrg/
45 ans d'insolence foudroyés
Le Figaro
Online
Les Echos.fr
Charlie Hebdo pris pour cible depuis plusieurs années
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
RTL-Belgium
A NOTER POUR AUJOURD'HUI... MERCREDI 25 FEVRIER
2015
La Une en France à 19H00
Charlie Hebdo : 45 ans d'insolence foudroyés
Cet élu pakistanais offre 200.000$ à qui tuera le propriétaire de
Charlie Hebdo: Paris ouvre une enquête
http://rtl.feedsportal.com/c/32887/f/655650/s/4377a9c4/sc/3/l/0L0Sr
tl0Bbe0Cinfo0Cmonde0Cinternational0Ccet0Eelu0Epakistanais0Eo
ffre0E20A0A0E0A0A0Adollars0Ea0Equi0Etuera0Ele0Eproprietair
e0Ede0Echarlie0Ehebdo0Eparis0Eouvre0Eune0Eenquete0E70A111
xxxi
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
50Baspx/story01.htm
#365
17.02.2015
RTL-Belgium
Cet élu pakistanais offre 200.000$ à qui tuera le propriétaire de
Charlie Hebdo: Paris ouvre une enquête
#366
17.02.2015
RTL-Belgium
Cet élu pakistanais offre 200.000$ à qui tuera le propriétaire de
Charlie Hebdo: Paris ouvre une enquête
#367
17.02.2015
RTL-Belgium
Cet élu pakistanais offre 200.000$ à qui tuera le propriétaire de
Charlie Hebdo: Paris ouvre une enquête
#368
15.02.2015
Attentat à Copenhague: "L'Europe ne se laissera pas intimider"
#369
14.02.2015
#370
13.02.2015
#371
27.01.2015
#372
27.01.2015
#373
22.01.2015
#374
18.01.2015
#375
15.01.2015
#376
15.01.2015
La Libre
Belgique
La Libre
Belgique
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Le Figaro
Online
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
LePoint.fr
#377
14.01.2015
Agence France
Presse
Attentat à Copenhague: "L'Europe ne se laissera pas intimider"
http://rtl.feedsportal.com/c/32887/f/584161/s/4377ba11/sc/3/l/0L0Sr
tl0Bbe0Cinfo0Cmonde0Cinternational0Ccet0Eelu0Epakistanais0Eo
ffre0E20A0A0E0A0A0Adollars0Ea0Equi0Etuera0Ele0Eproprietair
e0Ede0Echarlie0Ehebdo0Eparis0Eouvre0Eune0Eenquete0E70A111
50Baspx/story01.htm
http://rtl.feedsportal.com/c/32887/f/655650/s/4377a9c4/sc/3/l/0L0Sr
tl0Bbe0Cinfo0Cmonde0Cinternational0Ccet0Eelu0Epakistanais0Eo
ffre0E20A0A0E0A0A0Adollars0Ea0Equi0Etuera0Ele0Eproprietair
e0Ede0Echarlie0Ehebdo0Eparis0Eouvre0Eune0Eenquete0E70A111
50Baspx/story01.htm
http://rtl.feedsportal.com/c/32887/f/584161/s/4377ba11/sc/3/l/0L0Sr
tl0Bbe0Cinfo0Cmonde0Cinternational0Ccet0Eelu0Epakistanais0Eo
ffre0E20A0A0E0A0A0Adollars0Ea0Equi0Etuera0Ele0Eproprietair
e0Ede0Echarlie0Ehebdo0Eparis0Eouvre0Eune0Eenquete0E70A111
50Baspx/story01.htm
http://www.lalibre.be/actu/international/attentat-a-copenhague-leurope-ne-se-laissera-pas-intimider-54df876e35700d7522943e63
http://www.lalibre.be/actu/international/attentat-a-copenhague-leurope-ne-se-laissera-pas-intimider-54df876e35700d7522943e63
La semaine judiciaire
La Une en France à 23H00
La Une en France à 21H00
Les dix-sept victimes des attentats de Charlie Hebdo
La Une en France à 19H00
La Une en France à 11H00
Attentats : YouTube a mis 6 jours à bloquer la vidéo intégrale de
l'exécution d'Ahmed
La Une en France à 13H00
xxxii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#378
14.01.2015
Agence France
Presse
Le Figaro
Économique
Le Figaro
#379
13.01.2015
#380
13.01.2015
#381
12.01.2015
#382
12.01.2015
#383
12.01.2015
LePoint.fr
Charlie Hebdo / Paris : Le Conseil de Paris, réuni vendredi en
séance extraordinaire, a observé une minute de silence en
hommage aux victimes de l'attentat, avant de faire de "Charlie
Hebdo" un citoyen
Terrorisme : l'Élysée consacre sa matinée à la sécurité intérieure
#384
11.01.2015
#385
10.01.2015
#386
10.01.2015
#387
10.01.2015
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Le Parisien
Prévisions internationales du dimanche 11 janvier
(ACTUALISEES A 03H00 GMT)
Prévisions internationales du samedi 10 janvier (actualisées à
21H00 GMT)
Prévisions internationales du samedi 10 janvier (actualisées à
16H30 GMT)
« Paris accorde à un journal le respect dû aux héros »
#388
09.01.2015
La Une en France à 15H00
#389
09.01.2015
#390
09.01.2015
#391
09.01.2015
#392
09.01.2015
#393
09.01.2015
#394
09.01.2015
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
La Gazette des
communes.fr
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
NewsflashNews
News Press
Agence France
Presse
Bulletin
Qutidien
A NOTER POUR AUJOURD'HUI... MERCREDI 14 JANVIER
2015
Voltaire, je crie ton nom
Voltaire, je crie ton nom; ÉDITION Son « Traité sur la tolérance
» est entré dans les meilleures ventes après les attaques terroristes
et la marche républicaine.
La Une en France à 19H00
Charlie Hebdo fait citoyen d'honneur de la Ville de Paris
Minute de silence au Conseil de Paris pour Charlie Hebdo
Charlie Hebdo fait citoyen d'honneur de la Ville de Paris
À Paris ce week-end : Charlie, galettes, Rocky et voitures
anciennes
Charlie Hebdo: fait citoyen d'honneur de la Ville de Paris
Charlie Hebdo fait citoyen d'honneur de la ville de Paris à
l'unanimité au Conseil de Paris
xxxiii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#395
09.01.2015
ParisNormandie
#396
09.01.2015
ParisNormandie
#397
08.01.2015
#398
08.01.2015
#399
08.01.2015
#400
07.01.2015
#401
07.01.2015
#402
07.01.2015
#403
07.01.2015
#404
07.01.2015
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Le Figaro
Online
LePoint.fr
#405
13.01.2015
Midi Libre
Pegida étend son « refus de l'islamisation »
#406
12.01.2015
#407
12.01.2015
#408
12.01.2015
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
LePoint.fr
#409
12.01.2015
Merkel en première ligne contre le mouvement anti-islam qui
mobilise à Dresde
Allemagne: le mouvement anti-islam veut profiter des attentats
pour gonfler ses troupes
Allemagne : le mouvement anti-islam veut profiter des attentats
pour gonfler ses troupes
Merkel monte au front contre le mouvement anti-islam Pegida
#410
10.01.2015
#411
10.01.2015
#412
10.01.2015
SDA-Service de
base français
Agence France
Presse
Le Figaro
NewsflashNews
SDA-Service de
Des renforts et un patron ; Sécurité. La police municipale est
renforcée avec l'arrivée de quatre agents supplémentaires sous la
houlette d'un nouveau chef.
Des renforts et un patron ; Sécurité. La police municipale est
renforcée avec l'arrivée de quatre agents supplémentaires sous la
houlette d'un nouveau chef.
La Une en France à 09H00
La Une en France à 07H00
A NOTER POUR AUJOURD'HUI... JEUDI 8 JANVIER 2015
La Une en France à 23H00
La journée en un clin d'oeil: le tour de l'actualité du mercredi 7
janvier
Charlie Hebdo: Paris se barricade
Paris : plusieurs victimes dans une fusillade au siège de Charlie
Hebdo
"Charlie Hebdo" : Paris sous "protection renforcée"
Allemagne: 35.000 personnes contre le mouvement anti-islam
Pegida à Dresde
Allemagne: manif de rejet des anti-islam Pegida
Grande manifestation contre le mouvement anti-islam Pegida à
xxxiv
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#413
16.01.2015
#414
16.01.2015
#415
13.01.2015
#416
13.01.2015
#417
13.01.2015
#418
15.01.2015
#419
15.01.2045
#420
15.01.2015
#421
15.01.2015
#422
15.01.2015
#423
15.01.2015
#424
12.01.2015
#425
11.01.2015
#426
10.01.2015
#427
08.01.2015
base français
Dresde
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
NewsflashNews
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
L'Est
Républicain
Pour lutter contre la radicalisation en prison: les mesures qui
s'imposent vraiment
Charlie Hebdo: prison pour un manifestant russe solidaire
L'Est
Républicain
L'Est
Républicain
L'Est
Républicain
L'Est
Républicain
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
Presse
Agence France
La Une en France à 17H00
La Une en France à 15H00
Charlie Hebdo, radicalisation marginale ou raté de l'intégration?
1.154 hommes en renfort; Sécurité Le plan Vigipirate « vigilance
renforcée » est maintenu dans les cinq régions du quart Nord-Est
avec le déploiement de plus de 400 policiers et gendarmes ainsi
que 700 militaires sur 65 sites sensibles
Vigilance
Les CRS présents devant la synagogue de Nancy. Photo
Alexandre MARCHI
1.154 hommes en renfort; Sécurité Le plan Vigipirate « vigilance
renforcée » est maintenu dans les cinq régions du quart Nord-Est
Des militaires du 3e régiment de hussards de Metz avec leurs
fusils d'assaut FAMAS en faction devant la synagogue de Nancy,
une semaine après la série d'attentats à Paris, notamment au
journal hebdomadaire satirique Charlie Hebdo ayant fait douze
morts. Photo Alexandre MARCHI
L'UMP précise ses propositions sur la déchéance de nationalité
des terroristes
Bernard Squarcini : «Il faut légaliser les opérations spéciales»
Prévisions internationales du dimanche 11 janvier
(ACTUALISEES A 03H00 GMT)
Prévisions internationales du samedi 10 janvier (actualisées à
21H00 GMT)
Charlie Hebdo : sécurité renforcée dans les ports britanniques,
xxxv
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Presse
drapeau en berne
Charlie Hebdo : sécurité renforcée au journal danois
#428
07.01.2015
#429
18.01.2015
#430
05.03.2015
Le Figaro
NewsflashNews
Le Figaro
Online
TF1
#431
08.02.2015
Métro
Le sénateur UDI Pozzo di Borgo s'inquiète de la diffusion
d'"American Sniper" en France
#432
04.02.2015
#433
04.02.2015
Le Figaro
Online
TF1
#434
02.02.2015
Métro
Pourquoi pointer les chrétiens du doigt pour les exactions des
terroristes islamistes?
Dieudonné condamne les attentats et dit "s'être senti exclu" de la
marche
Ces juifs azuréens qui quittent la France
#435
02.02.2015
Métro
Le Clézio prône l'ouverture des frontières
#436
31.01.2015
TF1
#437
28.01.2015
TF1
#438
28.01.2015
TF1
#439
28.01.2015
TF1
#440
21.01.2015
#441
20.01.2015
#442
20.01.2015
#443
20.01.2015
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Coulibaly a sans doute envoyé les images de la tuerie de l'Hyper
Cacher
Patrice, directeur de l'Hyper Casher : "Tout à coup, j'ai entendu
une détonation très forte"
A 8 ans, il est convoqué au commissariat pour apologie d'acte de
terrorisme
A 8 ans, un élève de CE2 convoqué au commissariat pour
apologie d'acte de terrorisme
Charlie Hebdo : l'itinéraire des frères Kouachi
Depuis les attentats, la justice a prononcé 132 condamnations
pour apologie du terrorisme
L'Hyper Cacher de Vincennes est sur le point de rouvrir
http://lci.tf1.fr/france/faits-divers/l-hyper-cacher-de-vincennes-estsur-le-point-de-rouvrir-8574766.html
http://www.metronews.fr/info/charlie-hebdo-terrorisme-americansniper-le-senateur-udi-yves-pozzo-di-borgo-s-inquiete-de-ladiffusion-du-dernier-film-de-clint-eastwood-enfrance/mobh!wiBkggqQ0laM/
http://lci.tf1.fr/france/justice/dieudonne-condamne-les-attentats-etdit-s-etre-senti-exclu-de-8559246.html
http://www.metronews.fr/nice-cannes/charlie-hebdo-terrorisme-cesjuifs-azureens-qui-quittent-la-france/moba!gxqjkBNYqIUdo/
http://www.metronews.fr/culture/charlie-hebdo-terrorisme-michelhouellebecq-jean-marie-gustave-le-clezio-soumission-n-est-pas-unebonne-idee/mobb!7YEqUXkHFvAFo/
http://lci.tf1.fr/france/faits-divers/coulibaly-a-sans-doute-envoyeles-images-de-la-tuerie-de-l-hyper-8556663.html
http://lci.tf1.fr/france/faits-divers/patrice-directeur-de-l-hypercasher-tout-a-coup-j-ai-entendu-une-8555134.html
http://lci.tf1.fr/france/faits-divers/a-8-ans-il-est-convoque-aucommissariat-pour-apologie-d-acte-de-8555378.html
http://lci.tf1.fr/france/faits-divers/a-8-ans-il-est-convoque-aucommissariat-pour-apologie-d-acte-de-8555378.html
La grande traque des tueurs de Charlie Hebdo
Manuel Valls, le pari du «temps long»
Terrorisme : Valls dénonce « l'apartheid » dans les quartiers
xxxvi
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Online
#444
16.01.2015
#445
15.01.2015
#446
15.01.2015
#447
14.01.2015
#448
13.01.2015
#449
13.01.2015
#450
13.01.2015
#451
13.01.2015
#452
13.01.2015
#453
13.01.2015
#454
11.01.2015
#455
11.01.2015
#456
11.01.2015
#457
11.01.2015
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Agence France
Presse
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
L'Opinion.fr
#458
11.01.2015
L'Opinion.fr
#459
10.01.2015
Agence France
L'imam et la République
«Même pas peur» : le message des journalistes pour la liberté de
la presse
Le Pape : «En matière de liberté d'expression, il y a des limites»
Manuel Valls redevient Manuel Valls
Gueniffey : ce qu'est le terrorisme
Gueniffey : « Le terroriste se vit comme l'instrument du destin »
Condamnations en série pour apologie du terrorisme
Goldnadel: «Je le confesse, je ne suis pas allé marcher»
Barack Obama empêtré dans son faux pas médiatique
Marine Le Pen veut «désarmer» les banlieues françaises
Agenda Europe du dimanche 11 janvier
L'impressionnante liste des politiques présents à la marche à Paris
Nétanyahou et Abbas participeront à la marche républicaine
Attentats : après l'émotion, une foule de questions; Après avoir
offert dimanche une spectaculaire image d'unité et de solidarité
face au terrorisme, le pays se trouve confronté à des défis
multiformes
Attentats : après l'émotion, une foule de questions; Après avoir
offert dimanche une spectaculaire image d'unité et de solidarité
face au terrorisme, le pays se trouve confronté à des défis
multiformes
Agenda Europe du dimanche 11 janvier
xxxvii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
Presse
#460
09.01.2015
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
sante.lefigaro.fr
#461
09.01.2015
#462
09.01.2015
#463
09.01.2015
#464
09.01.2015
#465
08.01.2015
#466
08.01.2015
#467
08.01.2015
#468
08.01.2015
#469
08.01.2015
#470
08.01.2015
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
L'Opinion.fr
#471
08.01.2015
L'Opinion.fr
#472
07.01.2015
#473
07.01.2015
#474
07.01.2015
Le Figaro
Online
Le Figaro
Online
L'Opinion.fr
«La communauté musulmane vit son pire cauchemar»
Je suis Charlie, un héros si discret
Prise d'otages : comment procèdent les négociateurs
Hugues Moutouh: sommes-nous condamnés à être faibles parce
que nous sommes civilisés?
Otages : «L'enjeu est d'éviter les séquelles traumatiques à long
terme»
Au nom de notre liberté
Des Buttes-Chaumont à Daech, dix ans de filières djihadistes vers
l'Irak et la Syrie
Projet de loi antiterroriste et sécurité renforcée à Londres
En Allemagne, les anti-islam de Pegida veulent profiter de
l'émotion
Charlie Hebdo: séquence émotion dans les entreprises
Le profil toujours plus inquiétant des nouveaux djihadistes; Le
djihad 2.0 qui séduit des centaines de jeunes Occidentaux est en
plein essor, à la faveur de l'interminable guerre civile en Syrie
Le profil toujours plus inquiétant des nouveaux djihadistes; Le
djihad 2.0 qui séduit des centaines de jeunes Occidentaux est en
plein essor, à la faveur de l'interminable guerre civile en Syrie
Charlie Hebdo : après les alertes de décembre, le pire des
scénarios pour l'antiterrorisme
Charlie Hebdo: «Les terroristes jouent avec la violence des
images pour semer la terreur»
Les démocraties doivent se préparer à gérer les conséquences du
terrorisme; François Heisbourg : « Les salopards qui ont tué des
gens chez Charlie Hebdo doivent être traqués comme les
criminels qu'ils sont, pas comme des représentants de qui ou de
quoi que ce soit »
xxxviii
Moving Towards Securitization – How the Paris Atacks were Used to Justify Extraordinary Measures
#475
07.01.2015
L'Opinion.fr
#476
11.02.2015
#477
10.02.2015
#478
10.02.2015
L'Echo
Républicain
Agence France
Presse
Le Figaro
NewsflashNews
Les démocraties doivent se préparer à gérer les conséquences du
terrorisme; François Heisbourg : « Les salopards qui ont tué des
gens chez Charlie Hebdo doivent être traqués comme les
criminels qu'ils sont, pas comme des représentants de qui ou de
quoi que ce soit »
Il appelait à détruire l'imprimerie de Charlie Hebdo
Il appelait à détruire l'imprimerie de Charlie Hebdo: 3 mois de
prison ferme
SMS anti-Charlie Hebdo: un homme condamné
xxxix

COMUNICATO STAMPA

Mobiles worry Column spot on!

Speakers Kit PDF

Statistical Inference for Lévy Processes

Charlie: avoiding a big confusion of feelings A few months ago, the

OECD東北スクール 東北復幸祭＜環WA＞in PARIS パブリックビュー

LE JAN Régine

Maxi Einenkel, Susanne Fecho, Nina Scholz Abstract

世界で活躍している親愛なる神人武館の諸君へ

German Advance Lecture Notices TT15