Title
Author(s)
Bidirectional AC/DC Converter with Improved Power Factor
and Reduced DC Ripple for Battery and Photovoltaic
Applications 蓄電池および太陽光発電における入力力率と
直流リプルを改善する双方向降圧形AC/DCコンバータ
Veerasamy, Balaji
Citation
Issue Date
URL
2015-03-31
http://repo.lib.nitech.ac.jp/handle/123456789/24915
Rights
Type
Textversion
Thesis or Dissertation
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version.
Bidirectional
Power
Factor
AC/DC
Converter
and Reduced
and Photovoltaic
DC
with
Ripple
Applications
2015
Veerasamy
Balaji
lmproved
for Battery
Doctoral
Bidirectional
Power
Factor
AC/DC
Thesis
Converter
and Reduced
and Photovoltaic
DC
with lmproved
Ripple
for Battery
Applications
蓄電池および太陽光発電における入力カ率と直流
リプルを改善する双方向降圧形AC/DCコンバータ
2015
Veerasamy
Balaji
Contents
●
Contents
List
1
of Figures
iv
I,ist of Tables
vii
Acknowledgements
viii
Abstract
1
ix
lntroduction
l
l.1
Research
Background.
1.2
Applications
l
of Bidirectional
AC/DC
2
Converters.
1.3
l.4
2
Previous
Works
1.3.1
Review
l.3.2
Power
1.3.3
Single-stage
1.3.4
Proposed
of Bidirectional
factor
Solar Power
Maximum
1.4.2
PV
1.4.3
Partial
Motivation
1.6
Thesis
Converter
AC/DC
Power
Outline
.
-
bidirectional
AC/DC
5
converter
6
PointTracking.
6
7
.
8
phenomenon.
9
Objectives.
10
‥
Topology
4
-
.
con丘gura･tions
shading
and
3
3
converters
single-stage
inverter
Converters
AC/DC
correction.
Generators.
1A.1
1.5
3
.
and
12
Operation
2.1
Introduction.
12
2.2
Bidirectional
Buck
2.2.1
Maill
(:ircuit coll丘gu1･atiol/1
12
2.2.2
Input
current
13
AC/DC
Converter
‥
reference.
･
12
CONTENTS
2･3
2.4
3
2･2･3
Relationsllip
2.2A
Principle
2.2.5
IGBT
2･2･6
Control
range
of output
2･2･7
Control
range
of input
PWM
of switclleS
14
.
16
control.
for bidirectional
operation
Experimental
Analysュs
currel一t
20
COntrO1
22
voltage.
23
plュase.
24
.
2･3.1
Experimental
ConditioIIS.
24
2.3.2
Experimcntal
Wave
25
forms.
Summar)∫
28
Improvement
Input
of
Power
Factor
29
3.1
IntrodtlCtion.
29
3.2
Input
29
plュase COntrOl.
3.2.1
3.3
4
of dtlty Cycles
Input
Improved
factor
power
Power
Factor
Control
3･3･1
SwitchingMethod
B
3･312
Switching
C
Method
3A
Analysis
3.5
ExI)C1･illl(!11t-,al
V(!l･i丘(.,atioll
Ofswitching
3･5･1
Improvement
3･5･2
Harmonic
3･5･3
Power
3.6
Summary
DC
Ripple
4.1
Introduction.
4･2
Ripple
4･3
Control
29
reference
30
.
30
.
34
.
36
patterns.
39
factor
of power
analysュs
Of supply
loss analysュs
and
efhciency
current
42
･
43
･
45
.
45
Analysis
47
47
Analysis
47
.
Ripple.
ofDC
48
4･3･1
PWM
4.3.2
Switclling metl10d
β1.
49
4･3･3
Switching
method
Cl.
50
4･3･4
Analysis
of ripple
strategy
for reduced
4･4
Analysis
4.5
Experimental
Veri丘cation
4･5･1
Ripple
analysis
4･5･2
LossanalysIS
of output
DC
ripple
nlininlization
ripple
methods
minimization
of output
48
.
52
.
54
methods
55
58
wavefbrms
.
4･6
Sunlmary
.
.
ii
60
62
CONTENTS
5
Pbotovoltaic
5.1
Introduction.
5.2
Con丘guration
5.3
Partial
5.4
Proposed
63
63
ofSolar
Of PV
Sllading
Modules
.
Arra)∫
5.4.1
Research
5A.2
MPPT
5A.3
Tracking
Approacll
5.6
Result
Analysis
5.6.1
Simulation
Su皿mary
70
70
.
70
Algol･ithm.
Single-Stage
PV
GMPP
74
Inverter.
77
of MPPT
results
ContllOl.
and
discussions
Conclusion.
6.2
Futureworks
79
79
81
.
82
Conclusion
6.1
63
66
MPPT丸/lethod.
5.5
5.7
6
Analysis
82
83
.
iii
List
1･1
l･2
1･3
of Figures
Two
boost
Bidirectional
AC/DC Converter
buck
Single Stage Bidirectional
AC/DC Converter.
Con丘guration
of PV systems
(a)･ Centralized inverter system
Two
stage l110dule s)′stem (c).Single stage module
system
stage
(I)).
7
.
2･1
Single Stage
2･2
AC/DC
2.3
P1･inciplc
PWM
control.
2A
Principle
PWM
control
2.5
Switclling pattern
2.6
Switclling pattern
2.7
Experimental
con丘guration.
2･8
Experimental
wave
80 V
converter
with
n10del
control
forms
wavefol･mS
2･10
Partial
wave
2.ll
Input
3･1
U-phase
3.2
SwitchingmethodB
3･3
Switclling
method
B
3.4
SⅥ7itcl血g method
C
3･5
Switching
C for
3･6
Expel･imcntal
80
3･7
3･8
V
with
V
Partial
with
17
.
21
direction
21
.
24
of output
voltage
A
method
2･8
ofFig･
2･8
circuit
Vd*c
-
160
V
and
26
.
(a)･Vd'c
(a)･Vd'c
characteristics
refel･enCe
-
160
-
160
V(A), (b)･Vd*c
V(I),(b)･ Vd'c
80
-
80
-
V(B)
V(II)
.
and
.
diagram
vector
method
wave
control
wave
control
metllOd
a
cycle
singlecycle
of output
of three
of output
SOurCe
plュase
33
‥
(a)･Switching
method
80
-
37
source.
phase
l･Cfe1･enCe Vd+c
-
160
V
and
39
‥
voltage reference
metbodsノ1
Vac
of three
voltage
methodノ1
switclling
Aand
28
34
switching
forms
27
31
fわr a slngle
forms
26
30
.
.
wavefol･mS
Switclling
sou1･Ce
phase
direction.
OfFig･
equlValent
Experimental
80
factor
of three
slnglecycle
switching
Partial
forms
16
Reverse
-
13
15
Forward
-
Converter.
.
-
2･9
power
AC/DC
Bidirectional
and
β
Vd*c
-
160 V
and
40
‥
A and Vac
-
160
V(II),(c).Switching
V(I),(b).
method
B
41
andVdc-80V(III)....
1V
LIST
3.9
Input
poⅥ′er factor
3.10
EfBciency
analysュs.
3.ll
Harmonic
analysis
3.12
HarlTIOnic
anal)′sIS Of supply
4.1
Ripple
412
Waveforms
of switching
methods
B
4･3
Waveforms
of switching
methods
Cand
4･4
0ne
Analysis
cycle
switching
patternA
current
switching
patten
Method
B.
44
B.
48
Bl
fol･ ripple
analysis
Cl
for ripple
analysis
and
(a)･Switching
source
Phase
44
.
β1
pattern
49
･
51
.
(b).Switch53
･
4･5
Ripple
Analysis
4.6
0verall
wavefbrms
4･7
0verall
wave
4.8
Partial
4･9
Partial
4.10
Output
4.ll
Ripple
4.12
Input
MetllOd
of Switching
by
forms
B1
54
method
A
metl10d
A and
appl)′ing switclling
B
and
55
.
I)y applyillg
SWitching
wavefbrms
of switching
method
B.
57
wavefbrms
of switching
method
β1
57
forms
wave
analysュs
ventional
and
Of input
4.13
EfnciellCy analysis.
5.1
Module
and
5.2
Characteristics
I-V
P-V
5.4
shading
Characteristics
and
and
output
voltage
loss comparison
outputfi1ter
between
.
con-
of PV
curves
al･l･ay under
(I)).
strings
of8Ⅹ2
of the PV
array,
various
of4Ⅹ4
irradiation
uniform
65
･
(a)･Uniform
(b)･Partial
shading
67
-
of PV
curves
array
in strings
of 8X2
under
partial
69
shading
5.5
59
‥
curves
-
of converter
methods.
Arrangement
5.3.
56
･
58
current
proposed
(a).strings
β1
comparison.
filter, converter
levels
42
.
current
of Switching
Cl
FIGURES
43
Of supply
oftllree
1ng patterl-
characteristics
OF
Characteristics
of PV
curves
array
in strings
of 4X4
under
partial
69
sllading
5.6
Main
5.7
Current
5.8
Algoritllmflow
5.9
Powerflow
5.10
Algorithm
5.ll
Power
5.12
Single-stage
5.13
Characteristics
algoritlm1
and
MPPT
0f proposed
voltage
control
controller
loop
73
frolrl ulliforrl'lSlla(lillg tO
from
Bow
8.ow丘･om
to
partial
partial
shading
uniform
from
partial
cu1･l･ent
curves
Partial
to
inverter
for PV
sllading
shading
76
I
76
･
system
fわr simulation
Ⅴ
75
･
75
uniform
uniform
considered
slladillg
shading.
to
shading
Source
72
･
･
‥
･
.
78
･
‥
.
80
LIST
5･14
Wavcforn1S
Of the PV
array
to
pattern1
at
shading
i
the radiation
when
-
0･31s
tcrn2att-0.72s
and
again
changes
Changes
from
to
OF
FIGURES
1000W/m2
shading
pat.
Vl
8l
List
of Tables
2.1
Duty
2.2
Experimental
3.1
Selection Patternwitll
3.2
Loss
4･1
Power
5.1
Simulation
of the
ratios
six switches
condition
analysュs
19
25
‥
respect
Of switclling
loss analysis
for six patterns
undel･
38
tO〆.
methods
Vd*c-80
46
.
V
･
･
60
79
condition
vii
Acknowledgements
First
and
been
an
ideas,
joy
foremost
l10nOr
For
Mizuno
and
ments･
suggestions
A
The
The
during
Subana
for their
help
deserves
raised
who
whose
Finally
my
Mr･
to
apology
start
my
father
a
special
mention
me
with
thank
a
loving,
love
not
was
who
have
of Technology･
im-
contl･ibuted
Institute
of Technology･
I
good
advice･
very
supportive
Mr.
in
assistance
am
especiall)∫
helpful
Sridhar
and
Babu
Ml･S.
and
in Japan.
Mr･
Veerasamy
fol･ all their
of science
Supportive,
during
mention
and
and
my
love and
all the
supported
wllO
stages
Was
pel･SOnally
viii
patient
and
one
Of my
by
one.
is
so
success
Sathya
Fol･ my
in all my
me
of this PhD
part
Mrs･
mother
encouragelnent･
encouraging,
like to tllal一k ever)′one
tllat I could
as
Well
like to thank
PhD
my
faithful support
l would
Fujishima
I would
Institute
at Nagoya
a5
for glVlng
for the
labo1･atOry group
of丘･iendsllips
com-
presentations.
Tamano
life in Nagoya
time
Yukio
helpful
WataruKitagawa
FumlyO
PhD
Professor
intel･eSt and
and
lne,
teacher.
a
time,
papers
Kitagawa
Yuya
as
for
fわr tlle excellent
members
Professor
Ms･
secretary
in Japan.
of all for my
most
harshini
for their
professional
source
initial days
who
And
a
tutor
like to
parents
and
and
The
motivational
tllankful
also
of time,
stimulating･
and
COmmittee
research,
Takeshita
personal
I would
Bama
as
my
lab
my
of the
for my
my
tllanl( my
Assistant
my
am
researcher
in the yeal･S Of my
lla5 been
group
grateful
to
things
members
to
on
I
It has
all lュiscontributions
contagious
pursuit.
successful
like to
comments
many
mensely
a
TakaharuTakeshita.
productiveand
was
YosllifumiMorita
thanks
special
experience
rescal･Ch
like to acknowledge
and
arl･anglng
lTly PhD
I would
Professor
I would
I appreciate
student･
as
Prof.
supervisol･
in tlle PllD
times
thesis
my
fol･ the
lュas provided
this
thank
make
he has
tough
he
exanlple
to
lュisPhD
to
enthusiasm
durlng
even
be
tO
funding
and
and
I want
wife
pursuits･
Priyad-
appreciated.
and
a5
Well
Abstract
Ill tlle recent
years
to
problems
the
reduce
becoming
is movlng
towards
lll
cleanand
e氏cient
energy
Order
I))′glo†)al warnllng.
Batter)′ operated
are
caused
vehicles
WOrld
for reducing
the usage
much
POI"1ar
of fossil fucls･ Photovoltaics
(PV)
large
farms
are
installed in llOuSeholds, industries
fわr
panels
solar
and
generating
from
few watts
to several
BidilleCtional
clean power
mcga-watts･
AC/DC
Pulse
Modulation
Width
tcclmiques
converters
employing
areintel･aCting
(PWM)
rangi?g
basic
DC opel･ating sources
for communicating
witll the AC
gl･id. The
I)attery
low
units of
at
voltage
when
compared
with the
and solar panels operate
TlluS a COnVerter
is required
grid voltage.
slユClllow voltages
Capable of converting
for energy
conversion.
these
with
Traditional
life bulky
boost
AC/DC
between
capacitor
the stages to control
have
I)een
isolation
slngle-stage
converters
with
This three-pllaSe
Single-stage
capable
drawback
main
the
of controlling
invol心estwo
converter
AC/DC
proposed
is a high
con.verter
from
ranglng
voltages
in slngle-stage
the
conversions
with
highDC link voltage.
zero
is tile COntrOl
This
circuit.
conversion
a
stage
short
Several
fb∫ low
voltage
control.
buck
converter
step down
to line voltages.
But
the
of input
power
factor which
the control
tlleSis presents
bidirectional
methods
power
of single-stage
AC/DC
factor
but also
The proposed
improves.
the
converter.
control method
only
power
not
oll
lュas
bccll
tllC DC
re(lllC()S tlle Output
ripple
side wllich
VCl･ificd (.,Ⅹl-)Crilrlellt',ally.
is
in
On the other hand tllis proposed
the conversion
converter
applied
of clean
requires
an
additional丘･ont
fわr improved
energy丘･om
PV
arrays.
forclllg tO develop
system.
cheap
based
Module
control
factor control
end
input
Recently
the costs
of the
the
･
modules
system.
The
currence
The
in
project
on
the
three-phase
a
PV
array
develops
PV
are
down
comlng
thus
to reduce
the overall cost of the PV
and e凪cient converters
for highreliability,
low cost
are
controls
getting
attention
Partial
on
PV皿Odules
to the grid⊥
the
services
shading
providing
auxiliary
the
changes
characteristics
of the PV
into consideration
the
while selecting
and
of the solar panels
array
a
plays
control
without
grid connected
a
array thus continuous
inverter topology･
And
vital role in amount
algorithm
for detecting
tracking
lS
also
taken
the arrangement
of power
generated from
also
tlle Partial
shading
oc-
any external
lightsensors
additional
circuits･
inverter
for highly parallel connected
for
modules
or
g(う11eratio11 (1urlllg pa1･tial shadillg C1011ditioIIS is allalyz(!(1. TllC feasiefBciellt POWer
bility of the proposed controller and the controller design method
with partial shade
detection is validated
PS-IM.
with simulation
using a real time power
simulator
1Ⅹ
Chapter
1
Introduction
1.1
Research
Increasing
for the
fuel prices
of the
hydro,
industries
from
upon
for power
Power
convert
by
required
MOSFETs
switches
MOSFETs
of power
in multiple
such
when
a
be
use
power
semiconductor
tO
powei･
are
the
tllem
active
cheap,
considering
converters
gate
power
terminal
either
arc
(*1i(I,ielltand
by
a
light,occupy
does
what
not
or
can
to the
devices
when
conduct
direction
are
less space
to
and
have
electronic
use
power
uncontrolled
a
switching
is achieved
dresigners
are
four
conv'erter
efBciency.
and
con-
be arranged
can
forced fo make
application
types
these
electronic
‥101o%conversion
f♭ra particular
l
a
form
fわrward I)iased,
when
compolients
ele-
like diodcs,
of curren七色ow
passive
Ideally,
topologleS.
exist, power
topology
and
cll(泡p
passive
source
Diodes
direction
and
are
basically
co血binations･ There
series/parallel
DC/DC, AC/DC,L AC/AC and DC/AC･ For each of
elements
required
in elec-
in
s6miconductor
as
Stable
common
devices
conversion.
switches'that
and
are
semiconductor
in fわrward
current
not
units
all
supplied
employs
the
buildings,
over
are
power
to the grid.
form
the
controlled
possible structures
converter
from
to perfotm
converters:
types,
converters
IGBTs
is glVen
by connecting
sources
of conducting
and
slgnal
power
The
capable
Tllel･Cforc
collS111nptioll.
DC
IGBTs
and
of batteries
usage
SOlar
panels
battery
storage
to connect
elect1･ical energy
load.
a
also
sources
soul･CeS
energy
renewable
power
like solar, wind,
source
solar
the
furtller power
the
enellgy
installing
forces'energy
for- 1･ed11Clllg tllCfucI
electronic
to
by
Thus
rate.
of these
scllious problems
for meeting
energy
renewable
to mega-watts
external
demand
rapid
fuel cells. Out
stability. And
and
a
at
clean
solal･ farms.Asthe
is required
converter
on
and
watts
natural
leveling
tricJ Vehicles
should
few
huge
and
depend
ments
focused
the
are
rice
The
population.
is increa51ng
hydrogen
geotllermal,
tempel･ature
global
WOllld
population
is completely
is generated
warnlng
growlng
world
generation
verter
and
continuously
needs
they
Background
are
Since
choices
fわrced to
CHAPTER
consider
highpower
For
trade-offs･
various
conversion
if it is expensive
efBciency
may
Applications
1･2
topology
converter
be
is tlle most
cost
and
a
example,
INTRODUCTION
1.
inappropriate
tllat
for
a
Can
OPCratC
particular
With
applicatioll
factor.
inlpOrtant
of Bidirectional
AC/DC
Converters
The
of battcrics
usage
the
usage
And
offuels･
for peak
load
shal･1ng
clean
energy･
order
to
The
are
converters
AC/DC
Since these
power
been
the
AC/DC
TlleSe
grid･ The
frequellCy
PWM
the
the
AC/DC
grid
The
a
the
quality
DC
can
voltage
be
therefore
electrollic
a
side.
be
The1･efore
reduced･
by
However,
applying
at
low
a
the
converter
and
mains
on
bulky
voltages.
and
or
mains
at higher
the
effect of
highdistorted
alld the
mains
a
depends
Tllerefore
the
on
As
the
be able
sllOuld
of switching
to achieve
a
harmonies
operates
of low
effect
electric
sources
techniques.
inductors
other
solar panels
ranges
quality
contains
respectively.
capable
to the
results
2
in
are
l･eSPeCtivcly,
Cur1･ent
of DC
negative
in
power
current
units
wide
the inductance
is significantly large) which
to the
they
grid,
Input
intensity,
(PWM)
moll-Sinusoidal currelltflows
switches
line丘･equency･
the
input
the
of battery
switches
Modulation
The
source
intel･fere with
basic
the
able to operate
have
the
good
With
to limit the
the radiation
should
Width
and
voltage
in
and
enlPloyed.
when
f1･Om/tothe
System
and
by
provide
voltage,
hand
other
(SoC) and
of power
Pulse
employs
and
standards
power
telecommunications,
energy
in phase
bus
powel･
operating
converters
advancement
on
the
con､′erter sl10uld
distortion
current
than
the voltage･
switching
current
On
State of Charge
the
the
strict international
to step-down
upon
tllan tlle DC
pollute
implemented･
should
absorb/deliverenergy
is higher
for produclng
demand.
inverters
and voltage
so-
power,
of semiconductor
of storing
during
and
are
forn1 Supplied
the
tlle Charging
DC
on
UPSs,
consists
bat-
network
inverters
drives,
capable
load
or
DC/AC
and
which
from
are
grid
converters
lowel･ VOltage
a
in motor
power
Sinusoidal current
equlpment･丸/lore
at
to the
DC/AC
grid
These
like wind
sources
fuel cells work
converters
Batteries
converters
1･ich harmonies,
have
power
to transfer
line voltage
AC
tlle AC
to
botll
in tllC Power
alld
improvements
system･
fわr performing
increasing
rapidly
for reducing
quality
distribution
energ)′ power
also widel)′ used
by the load･
by maintainlng
the
are
and supplies
The
renewable
e上c. The
elements
reqtlired
abundant
converter
devises
these
connect
passive
form
AC/DC
industries
in powel･
used
of the
contl･Ol
devices like sola1･ panels
主ndtlStrial equlpnlent,
and
arc
stability
The
fuel cells
and
AC/DC
and
in automobile
lnCl･CaSCd
also tllC batteries
Operations･
1al･ POWel･
getting
bidirectional
teries require
discharglng
are
DC
and
su缶cient
heavy
side
input
inductor.
CHAPTER
AC/DC
INTRODUCTION
1.
chopper
converter
circuit
W
Figure
1.3
l･1: Two
Previous
l･3･1
The
boost
the
and
grid
AC/DC
the
which
converter
buck
operations.
DC
to
in buck
tlle Size of the
DC
are
I)idirectional
high
DC/DC
a
and
to
to control
I)oost
convert
converter
link voltage
DC
into
stage
required
Thus
DC
voltage.
the
s)′stenl is less
the
illCrea･Se in cost丘nally
with
to convert
required
two-stage
voltage
the
boost, buck-
namely
elld recti鮎r circuit
is required
capacitor
increases
converter
the
of丘･ont
down
to step
mode
A big electrolytic
voltage.
higher
categories,
converters
1.1 shows
consists
into
voltage
two-stage
Fig.
converter
Converters
fall into three
Generally
voltage.
The
sinusoidal
operates
Converter
AC/DC
AC/DC
topologleS
power
converter.
source
DC
of Bidirectional
voltage
boost
Ⅵ7brks
Review
main
Bidirectional
stage
efBcient.
1.3.2
Power
Generally
the
factor
front
for maintaining
in boost
which
be
obtained
be
used.
lower
PFC
glVeS
The
the
buck
line
converter
output
but there
voltage.
two-stage
are
several
ripple
and
los占scontrol
Tllerefore,
can
approach
col･l･CCtion is well
suitable
result
a
factor
when
the
Input
small
Can
Current
inputfi1tcr
can
the
corrections
since
line Input
VOltage
is
guitable
for
converter
most
tlle line Input
with
is well
satisfythe conditions
disadvantages∴The
3
a
bb.Ost
the
circuit
continuous
in power
is rarely used
it
and
As
COntrOl･
correction
is in series
inductor
current
factor
power
factor
power
Input
currellt
is discontinuous
topologies.The
correction,
the
where
lower
throughaverage
current
than
stage
The
factor.
the
as
acts
stage
rectifier
higher power
converter
terminal
input
end
correction
notal)1e
factor
of power
one's
are
(i).cost,
1.
CHAPTER
two
as
separate
the front-end
boost
and
voltage
are
tlle COlltrOl･ But
factor･
powel･
have
to
the
the
passive
stage
and
Power
[1] [12]･Generally
followed
by a DC/DC
bus
power
down
highstep
SS power
input
versal
constant
transformer
The
output･
but the control
clear･
capacitor
power
factor
correction
SS
resonant
factor
power
as
AC/DC
they
and
SS half-bridge
but
AC/DC
lligher
ever,
than
the
is proposed
intermediate
an
1･ating･
1S
the
on
phase
and
are
SS
where
convcrte1･S
devices
[10]has
to step
been
single-switchAC/DC
COnVerter
a
employs
making
tlle COntrOI
be
Large
to
the
low･
filters
input
has
a
ranges
been
not
made
stress in SS
cil･Cuit large.
circuit･
fol･ low
required
A
power
bridgeless
applications
is
which
How-
output
voltage･
for low
output
voltage
stages
whicll
includes
complicated,
required
A
highvoltage
I)uck-buck-boost
are
[2】
with
in
current
resonant
converter
circuit
Uni-
is proposed
for high
huge and conlplicated
intermediate
to
The1･Cfore
operations.
size of the
proposed
an
down
and
for low
and
for various
factor
a
isolation
a
with
on
regulation.
occumng,
circuit becomes
CaPaCitol･
WOrks
to cut
and
also the
offthc
huge
power
ripples
side of tlle COnVerter.
output
plication
with
stage
COnSidel･Cd
Tllree
Most
SS
tlle
[12】,
in
The
fol･COnVerting
voltage
transformerless
a
transfol･mer
applications･
Storage
the
making
[8][9]with
converter
line
the voltage
con-
components.
factor
reduce
[4]
factor
voltage
is presented
converter
highpowel･
convel･terS
is included
transformer
a
employed
power
for buck
for
to
AC/DC
enel･gy
are
the
or
voltage
conve1･terS
the
on
is employed
voltage
is required
power
bulk
contain
output
a
for output
highpower
achieves
converters
low
fわr
switches
DC
with
AC/DC
stress
AC/DC
corrected
Of the
1･ange
A bulk
into
stage
common
switches
line voltage
the
the
isolation
convel･ter
SS
contl･01 stage
increases
with
factor
converters
gl･eater than
voltage
tllis voltage
applications
a
share
additional
existing
-
highintermediate
DC/DC
converters
trol
A
the
PFC
stage
correction.
discussed
operation
single
in tlle Output
where
single-phaseSingle-Stage (SS)AC/DC
arc
many
witll
stage
either
Several
boost
stress
stage
DC/DC
is required
stage
AC/DC
in
as
stress,
highintel･mediate
withstand
component
level is reduced
Single-stage
slwuld
the PFC
tile
and
factor
(ii).component
needed;
current.
size, cost
PFC
a
are
elements
It integrates
control
Tlms
inhcl･Cnt
1･3･3
and
proposed･
Tlle PFC
stage･
converters
considerable
to reduce
converters
single
switch
conduct
Il1 Order
a
independent
and
INTRODUCTION
are
operating
the transformers
AC/DC
the
converters
PWM
can
switching
used with
a
under
low
as
are
step-up
voltage
receiving
shape
attention
the
input
fわrhigh
wave
form
power
ap-
[13] [17].
-
but pl･eSent grid connected storage
levels･ Alternatively
is possible
step-down
operation
discussed before but
4
additional
de-magnetizing
ci1･Cuits and
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION
｣
車or奇骨
→｢｢トく)
l･2: Single Stage
Figure
to
controls
And
cost.
which
the
also
the
a鮎cts
The
the
minimize
main
considered
1. Maintainlnganunity
distortion
3. Minimum
ripple
control
5. Improved
6. As
converter
all the
considering
designed
buck
lnput
as
AC/DC
shown
DC
which
increases
ripple
on
tlle Size
tile Output
and
Current
1.2.
to
This
fわr controlling
tile life of the
improve
the required
output
load.
voltage
and
losses.
converter
with
grid it should
the
bidirectional
I)idirectional
a
thesis
presents
tlle low
5
DC
provide
AC/DC
AC/DC
the
extra
stal)ility,e上c.
power■ control, voltage
points
as:
aregiven
current.
voltage
is directly interacting
above
converter
factor.
power
like reactive
AC/DC
for controlling
witll reduced
in Fig.
converter
Converter
factor to lnCet the standards.
Supply
Proposed申ngle-stage
1･3･4
the
e氏cient
Power
capable
of input
e缶ciency
the
an
tile rectified
on
range
aⅥⅩiliary services
By
of the
Single-stageconversion
wide
required
considered
for
sou1･Ce
2. Minimum
4.
be
to
point
are
Current
AC/DC
buck
devices.
storage
features
maill
inrusll
Bidirectional
_｣
topology
converter
design
voltage
converter
and
and
at
control
the
same
is
of the
time
CHAPTER
high
maintaining
consists
the
factor
power
factor
tlle DC
ripple
Solar
1.4
and
solar
Tlle Solar cells commonly
cells
depellding
ratings
depends
of input
angle
to
1A･1
plications･
In these
powel･
tems
point
in the
mum
control
have
panels
a
solar
the
MPPT
,
Constant
termed
P-V
curve･
putational
oscillations
[20]･The
Tlle
components･
near
INC
is generally
its
own
of power
temperature
of single
watts
to several
PV
power
generated
incidence
and
blocks
by
PV
modules
mega-watts･
gl･id-connected
of operation･
Therefore,
which
always
cause
a
efBcient
The
working･
solal･ radiation
Therefore
power･
Power
Point
sys-
the system
nonlinear
vari-
major
Challenge
the maxi-
from
power
temperature
and
these
tracking
is continuously
aim
ap-
possible
sets
The
conditions.
solar irradiation
main
the PV
is also
which
MPPT
techniques
during
(MPP)
ripple
as
and
of PぬO
are
in
change
is easy
6
as
the
settle down
it
can
and many
and
P&O
al･e
meth-
generally
the slope of
upon
and
method
at the
Conducother
INC
implementation
that
shows
Incremental･
depending
th占MPP
llard to
method
P&O
methods
tlley track
its very
accepted
correlation control
The
mail"･CSeal･Ch
(P&0),
obsel･ve
and
MPP･
the
advantage
tlle MPP
conducting
ligllt. The
the maximum
tlle Weather
perturb
,
But
semi
by
is to obtain
(MPPT),
of Maximum
Vbltage(CV)
main
tlle llighest
conditions.
like
llill-clilnbingmethods
as
are
have
dominated
goal
maximum
tracking
available for tracking
are
the
the
the
algorithms
(INC)
tance
reduce
PraCticall)′ unlimited
amount
building
time
for the
temperature
ra･diation and
The
Tlms
in detecting
a
cells,
The
mostly
fわr various
from
impact
lS
eacll module
fl･Om few
nlaCking
following
current
for continuous
lS
entire
Point
solar panels
great
be considered
required
the
from
power
has
tllermal,
illuminated
wllen
cells･
typical
the
of solar panels･
energy
and
ranging
the
tlle OPtimum,
and
solar
are
today
over
Power
of tile VOltage
ation
ods
to
to
used
PointTracking
Capacity
plant
solar
like light intensity,
power
applications,
PV
need a丸/Iaximum
working
to
powcl･
the
module
generators
produce
With
energy
of PV
Power
PV
fl･Om
a
number
solar
Maximum
Theinstalled
arc
clcments
Pbotovoltaic
as
electrical
parameters
ligllt･ The
together
connected
the
upon
Since
known
form
to
the external
upon
togetller
energleS,
of generating
together
JOlned
also for
llarmOnics.
current
electricity,
resource･
capable
converter
t1･anSfel･and
power
passive
The
of switches.
Generators
of all tlle reneWal〕1e
arc
alld small
input
potential
materials
circuits
bidil･eCtional
the
few
low
Power
(PV)
PllOtOVOltaic
The
correction.
voltage
additional
for controlling
of six switclleS
powel･
without
INTRODUCTION
1.
exact
low
have
com-
high
MPP[19]-
find the distallCe tO the MPP
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
1.
(a)
Fig11l･(- 1･3: C()11丘gul･atio110f PV
stage
module
it
and
settle down
can
tion
TlleSe
quicker.
ilnum
voltage
current
control
methods.
control
or
1.4.2
The
PV
the
PV
PV
number
with
which
MPP
particle
swarm
optimiza-
to detect
the九,lPP
of the
metllOds
to
than
oscillations[21].
algorithms
solar
the
for
the
On
nlaX-
current
disadvantages
the
overcome
is reached,
panel
operatillg
have
of tlle reSearCll
none
is better
at
and
voltage
MPPT
till now
control
of
tbaも
proven
other.
con丘gurations
of the
grid
of converting
grid. The
Fig.
panels.
inverters
1.3 shows
different converting
(PV)
Photo-Voltaic
connected
number
the
tlle PV
power丘･om
system
However,
to
provide
operating
The
any
ra･te
MPPT
implemented
of components,
can
system
more
cost
been
the
networks
the
modiBed
also
voltage
and
the
without
upon
[24] [25】
with
inverter
efBciency
upon
have
algoritllmS
of MPP
point
-
Several
power.
system
loglC, neural
control
methods
Output
control
in
module
depends
like fuzzy
implemented
are
exact
lllethod
techniques
various
the
at
MPPT
of the
efBciency
so
system
illV(汀tel.SyStJ(!ln (I)).
Two
(a)･C(-11t11･alilJ(,d
syst(,Iris
(c).Single stage
a
play
the
tile Services
and
vital
basic building
tlle
in abstracting
role
of tlle
methods
inject maximum
tO
topologleS
stages
depends
system
into
power
the
ACgrid.
Fig.
parallel
to fわrm
arrangement
t,o
refcr1･Cd
strings
(a).shows large
1.3
are
a
to
in parallel
centralized
handle
tlle COn丘guration
a
PV
DC/AC
MPPT,
grid
is simple,
the
to
PV
connected
modules
I)l･OVide sufBciellt
to achieve
bigb
power
invertel･ transfers
current
are
modules
The
array.
strillgS ill Order
connected
connections
subjected
PV
as
of PV
number
control
drawbacks
are
7
are
In this
to the grid･
and voltage
substantial･
The
amplification.
The
TllC
VOltag(I,.
production.
main
and
in series
connected
Output
power
in series
PV
type
of
invertcr
is
Although
drawback
is
CHAPTER
poor
harvesting
enel･gy
panel
mismatch
string
diodes
to
out
put
Fig･
a･
due
power
converts
Tlle
DC/AC
standards･
These
(c) sllOWS
1･3
inverter･
The
distril)uted
energ)∫ llarVeSt
and
Distributed
generation
low
a5
such
PV
on
lluge
The
power
plants
to
or
tllrOughthe
unity
reactive
power
service
of reactive
power
with
leveling
An
important
can
major
MPPT
shading
Due
unifbrnl
CauSlllg
to
for the
module
service
the
reduce
reduces
services
investnlent
the
injection
adopted
and
auxiliary
by the
absollPtion
quality
inverter
module
to the
maximum
curl･ent
are
of power
integrated
gel-eration
services
include
Injection
systems
over
energy
that
the energy
spread
which
is gaining
se1･viccs like powel･
an
partial
output
Shading
currents
the
patterns.
from
shadowing
power.
snlall open
area
Partia･l sllading
and
are
modules
current
8
from
and
and
been
identified
dust deposited
whole
certain
a
as
a
modules
modules.
on
the
surface is not
as
acts
diode is connected
unshaded
arrays
･pllOtOVOltaic sys七ems･
subjected to external
the
on
on
is the
Of pllOtOVOltaic
It has
yield of gl･id connected
unslladed
maximum
in photovoltaics
production
trees, buildings
shades丘･om
disturbances
the light falling
these
to bypass
ancillary
less ha1･mOnic
like clotlding,
modules･
consumer.
demand･
energy
basic
pl･OViding
the
power
the maintenance
and
fわr higher
phenomenon
that
are
solar modules
near
grid
of immediate
and
grids･
single-stage
compensator.
fol･reduclng
l･eSistance
control
the
The
[29]･The
effcct･ It is wcllknown
propol･tiona11y
reason
[28]
-
regulation
with
to
supply
ancillary
distribution
grid will enhance
phenomenon
shading
disturbances
each
var
static
Partial
partial
The
for its better
and
1.4.3
the
investments
avoids additional
impol･tanCe
the
with
providers
equipped
the
algorithms,
the
as
centralinvcrters
the concentration
power
And
[26ト[27】･
factor
than
connected
lines to meet
MPPT
and
to
the grid frcqucncy
it is installed
as
s)′stem. The
power
current
and
losses alld reduction
botll basic
provide
inverter
over
advantages
transmission
and
tlle electrical
powel'extraCtion
and
have
put
is referred
to mced
harvesting
directly
losses
Costs, reduced
can
system
modules
stops
diodes.
module
are
system
bu占voltage,
configuration
wave
sine
string
transmission
transmissioll
PV
local load
PV
low
with
in the
of panels
highDC
the九/1PPT
highenergy
Offers
shading,
losses
wllOle
less number
the
The
handles
integrated
the
to meet
the rectified
provide
the
witll
voltagc･
converter
loss associated
the
AC
to
strillg lnVerterS
elin一inates
Fig･
DC/DC
arrays
converter
voltage
invcrter
the
and
DC/DC
DC
PV
partial
dcsig･n.
of the
distril)uted
to
includes
damaged
get
INTRODUCTION
due
control
Othcl･ drawbacks
modules
non-flexibility
the
the
factors.
of the
one
buck-boost
a
stl.ing inverters･
while
to
(I))shows
with
inverter
if
even
and
MPPT
centralized
dcg1･adation
and
1･3
together
of the
1.
ac1･OSS
a
CHAPTER
The
PV
array
currents
thercforc
Out
several
the
MPPs
Power
sensol･S
PV
array
higllly
series
nected
strings
ferring
the
al･e
to
power
1.5
Motivation
ln order
to
to
during
low
voltage
the
grid.
and
two
of multiple
of
results
prototype
1･ 1Vhen
the
the
series/pal･allel
Highly
【34].
two-stage
of the
of two
stage
are
metllOds
conversion
proposed
because
more,
is required
converter
for most
is used
approach
costs
it uses
input
electronic
fai1･ POWer
controlling
tbe
factol･,
topology
PFC
and
tlle
power
source
POWer
However,
factor correction
converters
factor correction,
because
3. The
solar
converter
in which
tive to maintain
CXP(汀iln(111t･,al
low
the
cost.
switch
research
witll low
to limit
the
line
techniques
Tlle
lrlOSt
(:OIL-11nOl11y Its(?(,1
a丘･ont
DC/DC
a
the
objective
tecllniques
con丘guration
important
PFC
is to
PWM
two-stage
converters
I)etween
capacitor
other
by
A
new
is tllrOugll
factor followed
employlng
An
voltage,
converter
end
to
stage
two
stages
develop
with
contllOl
is bulky,
new
power
for achieving
Power
is changed
without
altering
all(1 sp(≡(:i丘cati()llS
Of tlle COllVerter.
slngle-stage
power
model
regulated
standards
satisfyIEEE
applications
the
low
PFC
this regulation
meet
Therefore,
expensive.
tlle pal･alll(加rs
of par
matllematical
applications･
single-stage
llighcf-fici(mcy,
alld
f♭r low
desired voltage.
hcavy,
Tb
to
be
to
components∴
new
has
equipment
llarmOnics.
current
in trans-
detection
and
with
of the
more
objective, therefわre, is to develop
DC bus voltage stress.
2. Current
con-
parallel
involved
are
stages
than
system.
output
converter
shading.
highcl･GMPP
illV(-Stigat,(-th(-ill(･,llara(7te1･isti(:s
t･11(h･f(!asibilitywitll
∼L11(1
(nl1丘rlfl(.,(1
from
methods
for partial
p1･Oduce
shading
generally
which
Objectives
fbllowlng
arrays
modules
MPPs
existence
in strings
connected
partial
disadvantages
the
PV
on
lnOdules
connected
and
overcome
tial shading
of several
curve.
MPPT
to check
(SC)
the P-V
all other
conventional
arrays
Circuit
on
clleCk fわr the
PV
the
Short
occurs
among
The
to
INTRODUCTION
several
(MPPs)
highest
scanning
across
modules
produces
is
(GMPP).
regular
Placed
produce
Points
peak
Point
highly pal･allel
connected
DC
a
consists
but
al･l･angementS,
Powel･
of the
one
light
or
The
MPPs
levels
shading
Maximum
several
does
[22ト【33]
in
addressed
sevel･al
Maximum
Global
is the
with
1.
a
low
the
DC
is mainl)′ applied
DC
affects their performance.
ripple
ripple
fわr applications
for increasing
devices.
9
the life and
like battery
Another
performance
and
objecof the
CHAPTER
4･ The
maximull1
falling
its
on
power
proach
for identifying
I-V
the
overall
curve
witll P一c
the
I-V
shading
of global
techniques
and
the
is to develop
and
power
new
array
ap-
without
MPPT
a
point.
I)uck
single-stage
incorporates
that
maximum
proposing
I)idirectional
ripple
PV
the
light
the
The
curve･
on
light sensors
by
the
a1･ray alters
cllaraCteristic
maximum
reduced
PV
INTRODUCTION
il1fluenced
greatly
condition
alld external
this thesis
objective of
shading
partial
lS
array
on
on
point
for fast detection
method
verter
partial
operating
along
Of tlle PV
power
The
area･
output
scannlng
The
Output
1.
four
these
con-
ol)jec-
tives.
1.6
This
Thesis
thesis
AC/DC
on
presents
And
lligh range
new
maximum
the
power
solar
cllapter
is
modules･
of input
tracking
point
The
and
control
of bidirectional
methods
factor
power
is applied
tlle COnVerter
also
design
the
about
con､′erter with
ripple･
a
Outline
control
for photovoltaic
lS
reduced
output
applications
where
(PV)
fわr detecting
explained
tlleSis is divided
with
in 8 chapters
the
the
and
buck
partial
shading
summary
of each
fわllows.
as
1. Cllapter
1. Introduction
Tllis chapter
convel･terSand
(汀atOl.S
are
tells about
the
background
research
its related
of tlle bidirectional
Then
the
faced
applications･
problems
dis(二uSS(!d all(1 tlle r(∋Seal･Cll
ar(!
d(?fill(1(1to
Objc(1･,iv(∋s
AC/DC
in solar
gen-
tll(10V(?l･colll()
the problems.
2. Chapter
2. Principle
lll this chapter,
circuit･
The
tainlng
minimunl
the
rlpple･
derived
to make
3･ Chapter
are
The
close
boundar)′
derived
nlaintaincd
to
in
unity
of the
in
of input
two
PWM
tile Second
DC
the
it to opcllate
pl･OPOSeS
is explained
fb∫determinlng
output
limits
3. Improvement
Tllird chapter
of the converter
during
of commutations
voltage･
switching
converter
of
calctllations
number
DC
Tlle
limits
tlle tOpOlogy
theoretical
required
PWM
operation
a
voltage
Input
dut)′ cycles
the
tlle COntrOl
of the
voltages
tlle the
with
fわr main-
period
converter
control
to obtain
produced
refe1･ence wllicll l･educes the
phase
control
of the
converter
by
DC
is
safel･ COnditions.
power
factor
strategies
chaptel･･
As
tofulfill tile grid connecting
10
to improve
the
sou1･Ce
the input
Power
phase
cont1･Ol
factol･ is to
standa.1･ds the converter
･be
sllOuld
CHAPTER
havc
the
highcontrol
control
limits
control
4. Cllapter
By
l･ange
4. DC
the
high
PW入/1
to
5. Chapter
chapter
ations
of the
Maximum
shading
the
output
voltage
PSIM
to change
the
increa5e･
the
DC
methods
is varylng
VOltage
tlle Stress
variatiol-S
to
ripple
011
Ill this cllapter,
position
of commutation
ripple.
(MPPT)
the
partial
The
the
changlng
Power
Point
shading
shading
patterns
finding
the
The
the
GMPP
to determine
the
partial
scans
COntrOller
increase
to
cycles
(GMPP).
and
of detecting
rate
Tlle
tllC rate
MPPT
proposed
is verified
GMPP
is determined
the
vari-
it. The
on
of sllading
proposed.
fewel･ PV
with
the
and
for detecting
method
are
panels
array
modules
to percentage
respect
solar
PV
of tlle PV
characteristics
M'uimum
simulation.
continuously
The
tlleOreticall)′･
control
l〕ut tlle Output
tlle DC
l･educe
with
the
for detecting
with
the
of the
Global
strateglCS
0 to 27T.
analysis
on
the
method
to
PointTracking
characteristics
fl･Om
PWM
of lligll VOlta･ge
result
proposed
characteristics
occurrence
offindi11g
a
3, the
ranges
lllaking
tells about
Power
PWM
is derived
method
factorinchaptcr
As
are
5. Photovoltaic
Sixth
switching
for wider
phase
metllOds
the
two
factol･ is expanded
Power
POWer
is increased
control
control
Input
lille VOltages･
the output丘1ter
the
analysis
tlle Input
control
between
Input
Adding
phase･
plュase Of each
ripple
improving
can
Of the
of input
input
of the
range
INTRODUCTION
1.
with
reliability of tlle
controller.
6. Chapter
Tlle
6. Conclusion
future
last chapter
extension
of the converter
c,oIICludcs
of the
and
tile key
researcll
MPPT
fac･t,o1･Sall(1 i)(-ll(泊tsof I.,llCCOllV(?rt(?r.
is melltioned
WOrk
control
method
iF]
with
to compare
the
conventional
the
Th(?
e毘ciency
methods.
Chapter
2
Converter
Tbpology
and
Operation
2.1
Introduction
The
bidirectional
buck
single-stage
for converting
chapter
The
feature
are
is during
DC
between
is maintained
The
ripple.
expressed
Bidirectional
Main
2.2.1
Fig.
2.1
AC/DC
to
a
circuit
the output
converter
convel･ter･
DC
constant
The
of the
converter･
and
the
Input
reactor
PWM
and
reference
to
reference
reactor
suppress
AC
source
The
PWM
and
input
voltage
the
converter
C/ and
is connect6d
through
a
output
PI
are
referehce･
controller
12
are
the
on
l･eSistor R/
tO
voltage
ripple
connected
power
the
of
of the
the
difference
supply
smoothing
caused
Selected according
Initially,
in
eitller Sides
are
the
LCfi1ter
converted
connected
-
cllrrellt
to the
I)atternS
factor
and esw
Sup
Sun
conlleCted
barmonic
ou組oⅥr of
the
esv
switches
Capacitor
switching
power
esu,
are
Lf,
i)i(1il･(-C･tiollal
t)u(:k
sillglcstage
LC別ters
Two
C for suppressing
Id'c is deterlnined
I)rOtOtyp(ラ.
Converter
AC/DC
throughsix IGBT
operatioll.
capacitor
switching.
voltage
Vac
Side of the
tileOutput
L
thl･ee Phase
Thefi1ter
Side
The
con丘guration
voltage
for bidirectiollal
switches
derived.
are
for
voltage
ratios of tlle IGBT
of the
tlle (.,011fig111･atioll()f tile propose(1
sllOWS
series
on
Buck
voltage.
less numl)er
tll(･,,Oretical(:alculatiollS ar(うVeriB(∼.,(rl
expe1･ilnellt',allywit',ll tll(ラ1aboratol･y
2･2
in tllis
DC
reduced
to realize
the duty
limitations
a
of tlle System,
period
the switches
the
and
control
fわrrealizing
conditions
theoretically
the
to
source
voltage
is proposed
topology
converter
high
tllree phase
of the converter
of commutations
reducing
the
AC/DC
to
by the
output
output
current
AVdc
bctwcen
2.
CHAPTER
CONVERTER
AND
TOPOLOGY
ui%n知立SupぞLiiciiiad
Lcffl
esuv
OPERATION
icl
Svp
Swp
●
iv
lsv
C
ee;i-寡,
-1ー
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γ
S㌢
esll,u,
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esvw
iw
S.gr
→ー
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lVoltage F
IDetector
｣
｣
Figure
voltage
voltage
reference
VI
the
phase
determine
output
the
Input
Vc corresponding
between
to
the
-
Sun
are
determined
VJ･
the l･Cfercnce
Input
voltage
realize
reference〆to
and
the
so
as
Thel･efol･C
isu, isv and
Curl･entS
current
the
output
diffcl･enCe
of the
controller
detected
supply
Similarly
Vdc･
voltage
Secondly,
the
is detected
to
Idc･
current
AIdc
switching
patterns
for the
to
both
output
an
realize
unity
isw with
source
the
factor
power
theil･ COrl･eSPOnding
voltages.
2.2.2
Tll(1
Sup
switches
is maintained
phase
phase
the
Converter
AC/DC
PI
througha
between
p
detected
the
l･eference Id*cand
current
difference
bidircctional
voltage
vac+Vd*c
c*AIdclbc
____｣
Vd*c and
is determined
reference
lllput
+pt-+p
Single Sta･ge Bidirectional
2.1:
DC
between
〃Ⅰ
>PWM
I)雪or部-
-{p
the
VdcLOAD
拓
Input
VOltagc
sour(.,e
tive line voltage
l′01tages
current
are
reference
is (.JOllSi(i(n･cdto I)(-syllllrlCtri(:al tl11･()CIPhas(,,sollr(:C
E,
expressed
angular
frequency
in (2.1).The
w
and phase
source
phase
13
angle
voltage
Witll
0(- Lot),the
is approximately
source
all
Cffe(I,phase
equal
to
CHAPTER
tlle lllput plュase voltage
The
Current
Input
effective
I)y the
value
esu
e
CsLl
eu
esw
el″
fbllowlng
instantaneous
reference
-
Power
control
Current
is given
current
input
in tcl･mS
Of input
voltage
and
(2.3)
evi芸+ewiニ
pout is expressed
power
in terms
of output
reference
voltage
(2A)･
Idc in
cul･rent
euil*L+
-
(2.2)
(2.3)using (2.1)and (2･2)･
in
isgiven
which
output
effective
instantaneous
factor
power
is expressed
Pin
pout
input
Of the Input
cos(0+ p*)
cos(0+♂- 27T/3)
27T/3)
cos(0+〆+
J豆r
=
Input
current
instantaneous
The
in tel･mS
for thcinput
refcrcncc
pin
output
(2.1)
cos(♂ 2打/3)
cos(0+ 27T/3)
z'こ,
VI and
Ignored.
equation.
i;
The
OPERATION
♂
cos
l',
input
inductorエis
tI.
i
The
the
and iニareexpressed
iニ,
i芸,
factor
power
AND
TOPOLOGY
loss along
the
when
references
and
CONVERTER
2.
is obtained
reference
and output
(2.4)
VJIdc
-
(2.1) (2A) by
from
-
balancing
tile
power.
VI Idc
(2.5)
evcos
J豆(elPOS (糾ヤ*)+
eupos (βヤ'+!))
(OL∼'-!)+
Relationship
2.2.3
Fig.
2.2 shows
for calculating
references,
the
model
the
duty
cycles
voltage
and
period
Ts
output
during
tlle COntrOI
of the
The
circuit.
voltage.phases
The
main
during
are
not
the
of duty
input
(eα>
of the
of the
eβ●>
e7) of
feature
of the
principle
control
period
Ts
conducting
which
AC/DC
voltage
βand
input
the
phas;e
for reducing
the
in dotted
14
Input
eu,
to the
ev
and
number
lines
a5
ew,
time
Shown
constant
and lowest
respectively.
of commutations
therefore
ripple,
Current
to be constant
considered
highest,intermediate
voltages
output
voltages,
compared
is minimum
method
is represented
are
when
are
7
input
reference
small
thcfi1tcrs
converterwithout
The
switchcs･
it is very
phases･α,
of switches
singlestage
output
as
cycles
two
in Fig･
switches
2･2･
The
CONVERTER
2.
CHAPTER
AND
TOPOLOGY
OPERATION
0-｣ー
_P
｣
Idc
‖
‖
t
a-J
Vc*
○-1
J
)
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‖
二1
Figure
duty
cycles
switches
of the
are
output
relationsllip
The
S叩-
of six switches
input
AC/DC
2.2:
S7n
current
of duty
current
and
to
cycles
are
prevent
as
the control
short
circuit
㌔
period
of the
These
reSpeCtively･
-d7n,
to
Input
obtain continuity
line voltage.
The
fわllows.
dc,p +dpp
+dl.P
dQJIL+dell
+d7,I
iニ,i昌,
and
references
nlOdel
by da),
represented
during
in sequence
connected
are
converter
1
-
-
1
in
i言aregiven
of duty
terms
cycles
as
follows.
i芸- (dQP
-
i;
i;
all tlle duty
As
straints
each
al･C
control
imposed
to
is obtained
pel･iod
Vco
determine
-
(2･9)
(d7P d7n)Idc
(2･10)
-
-
obtained丘･om
the
as
(2.8)
-
be
cannot
cycles
dα,-)Idc
(dpp den)Idc
-
duties･
follows,and
The
(2･6) (2･10),additional
-
average
is equal
to
output
output
voltage
voltage
+ (d伽- dp,i)eβ
+ (d7P d7,I)eっ･
(dQP d｡‖)ear
-
-
15
con-
Vco for
refe1･enCe.
(2.ll)
CHAPTER
2.
C()NVERTER
TOPOLOGY
AND
()PERATION
ーIdc
day(1)
dpp占
d･/p())
dan
A
dpn占
drn
(E)
(a) vc¥>>o
(b) Vc>0
Fig11r(､ 2.3:
2.2.4
Fig.2.3
Principle
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17
CHAPTER
control
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conducts
i言≦Tn
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high
voltage
VJ
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phase
positive
a
zero
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output
loss, noise
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wave
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till the
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the
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voltage
voltage
output
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and
in Fig･2･3
shown
(b). Therefore
phase
Because
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TOPOLOGY
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highand
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voltage
positive
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Figs･2･4(a)
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2.2.5
Two
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Ts･
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right IGBT
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2･2･6
Tlle
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COnVerter
i.eference
each
VI.
voltage
voltage
period
output
which
1, the
following
tllere lies
and
depends
voltage
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througll
tlle duty
The
duty
frolll
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on
is obtained
expression
OPERATION
voltage
operation
is obtained丘･om
range
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The
AND
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of output
in buck
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control
equal
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CONVERTER
tlle Output
less than
are
(2.19).
cos
p* +
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VJ
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o ≦
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threshold
highoutput
voltage
voltage
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rcferenccs
consists
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negative
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voltage
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the
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threshold
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voltage
both
Therefore
from
is obtained
output
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bctwecn
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when
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0 ≦0 ≦
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be
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v:
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27T/3)
p*
ヽ乃E
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under
positive
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I* and
following
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Idc
By
using
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is obtained
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and
(2･16)
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upon
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Vc;h
CHAPTER
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and
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the
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2.2.7
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AND
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a
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0,7T/3.
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value
CONVERTER
2.
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α,
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ratios
phase
d7,-
β and
in
aregiven
l′ COrl･eSPOnds
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the
phases
(2･19)using (2･2),(2･3),(2･4)
(2.13).
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d叩-
cos
p*
ヽ乃E
ヽ乃vc*
cos(o+♂+
([l‖
-
cos
ヽ乃E
Since the duty
c)′cles are
positive
0≦
the
conditions
0≦-
the
control
range
(2.20)are obtained
P*
current
(2.19)
(2･20)
27T/3)
cos(0+〆+
of input
from
I
p*
COS
Therefore
p*
cos(0+〆)
cos
(2.19)
27T/3)
phase〆is,
7T
≦p*
石
(2.21)
5
石打≦〆
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method
prlnCiple
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A where
the
method
input
pllaSe
55孟†
in this chapter
proposed
control
is represented
l･ange is expressed
23
in
as
(2･21).
switching
CHAPTER
Figure
2.3
a
shows
laboratory
2.7 shows
The
experimental
AC/DC
IGBTs
conditions
veri丘es the
and
switching
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with
Conditions
experimental
conditions.
converter
The
is composed
3-phase
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collector
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analysis
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AND
TOPOLOGY
2.7: Experimental
Experimental
TIlis section
CONVERTER
2.
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2.
CHAPTER
Table
CONVERTER
2.2: Experimental
SourcevoltageE,u
condition
160V,80
OutputPowerPout
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260
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The
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2.9
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80 V
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experimental
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2･9 shows
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voltage
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ll(,ferellCe
･,1L･1u､1.
Wit･ll ∼lrl illl)llt･
1,11nパ(-r(7f(ll.(､11(･e
()f yl央ニー2･1■○.Fig,
SO111でP
t･hi六(･∼-S(t･11(】
Curll(lilt. i."I
S()ulてe
V,/(､of Fig.
voltag(-
､,Olf･age c"J之111(Iso111.C(ラぐurr(､11t･
l､ナ∼lV(･f()1.‖lH
t)f 1)ill-f,II of Fig1
(,.∼
VOltとIgP
71.ち.∫
are
2,1O
ill I'lmH｡, witll each
(I))sll()WS
t･11Cl'とIrtial
2･8 wl-elユ tp･helo､､･ v(,1t･とIgPlでfcr(,llCe ()I I,;I:.80
-
=()l11で(〕川1･r(-11t･
､･Oltと-g--､.,.u∼111(i
71."LとIr(.
ll()t･
V.
Il一
il一I)llaS(､ wit･11 (,‡､ぐll
t･11(､111l)lltpI)11とISPr(-fcLrell(･(､りf
is r･11elllaXilll111111illlit･aI)I)1i(-(1Ill
yl火ニー30o
t-llP〔･()11†･1-Ol
r-g(∼ (-f illl,lltr
≦
1)ll-､ yl* ill珊うt･〔･hillg111(也(,〔1A is
･,tllP-S
Fig･
-7T/G
vlヰ≦ 7T/G.
for tll(､illl)Illl'()帆,er f∼1Ct･OrC()S*-.q.
-2･1 1 sll(,"-ドt.llt(1Xl)(､1うm(､11t･nl
(1モーt･tt
As
､'01t･tlgPrとIt･i()
1'ニ17E･
olltl)tlt/illl)llt･
V',rLWS
t･he
t･llP､･()1t･IlgぐI,efel(,ll(･e
(11･Ol)St･11eilll)11t･I)over
fとl(･t(--1so (11･ol)Ll･Tll(I
call
lligll 1)OWPll faet･or orllr for
a〔･11ip､･(I
LnVitでhillg 111etlh(,(1
h(〕と1V.r
loとl(1(I(,ll(1it･i(,11=
l･-ut･"･11ぐ11-ll(,loと-(1re(1u(でS -･11(ゝ
1,()Wer fa(･tol･ a･1so (lror)s･ Its a
27
CHAPTER
ーFundamental
AND
TOPOLOGY
OPERATION
factor regulation
power
Total power
▲-
-
CONVERTER
2.
factor regulation
【
1
旨
0
+■J
8-i
l
U
J
l
l
･-:I o 6
｣
i
q)
a
邑o
_j
4
室
Eヨ
[コ
EL
0 2
a
▲
o
o･2
0･4
Output-to-1nput
Figure
disadvantage
main
Input
of tllis control
VOltage
factor
power
0.8
rate
ヾ
-
E
characteristics
method.
Summary
2.4
ln this chapter
A of tile
imum
number
for controlling
ripple
is low
control
the
AC/DC
tlleOretically
age
2.ll:
0･6
topology
converter
with
matllematidal
the output
which
the
control
The
the
and
input
the all the output
main
key
conditions
drawba.ck
in the
28
limitations
the
control
but the
boundary
method
circuit
metllOd
with
min-
is explained
of the
is determined.
ranges
switclling
converter
of the
period
phase
to
called
feature of the
The
voltage
due
method
control
calculations.
voltage
light load
is the
prlnCiple
during
of commutations
is less during
during
and
is discussed.
contl･01 method
The
output
volt-
source
limits
A.
power
of input
factor
phase
Chapter
3
Improvement
of lnput
Power
Factor
Introduction
3.1
Tlle
principle
of the
control
Input
phase
Therefore
phase〆.
discuss
chapter
introduced
factor.
The
without
control
duty
the
changlng
are
metl10ds
3.2
Input
3.2.1
the
veri丘ed
Input
Tll(,, Cul･r(!11tflowlllg
source
current
thefundamental
changlng
Ftom
the
Fig.
and reactive
the
of the
power
input
limit
control
achieved
with
B
patterns
when
lnput
for improving
77T/6･
C which
and
are
highpower
achieve
phase〆to
changed
commutations
the
factor
I)OWer
during
each
control
varrious
load
conditions.
The
period.
reference
a
g(さIl(.Jl･at(1S
pl上ase diffcl･Cll(:e betw(?(!Il tfh(?
phase
factor
to the
current
phase
3.1(a)th占input
current
a
control
input
The
wave.
Input
are
t,ll(.,
111putfi1t(?r
ill
isu and
circuit
equivalent
of input
switches
factor
power
be
cannot
switching
experimentally
phase
ba￡
chapter
-7T/6 ≦〆≦ 7T/6and 57T/6≦〆≦
range
of two
rule
factor
power
limits
control
of the
ratios
in previous
tlle additional
about
to improve
high
the
outside
reference〆is
This
discussed
A
method
u
Fig.
and
of the
current
throughcapacitor
3･1(b)shows
input
current
p*
to achieve
reference
iu･ Fig･
converter
i￡isbbtained
the
reference
unity
from
3.1(a)shows
vector
diagram
i: is controlled
supply
the
the
power
stipply
of
by
factor.
current
isu
icu.
iニ-isu-i-cu-Ip-jlq
29
(3.1)
3.
CHAPTER
OF
IMPROVEMENT
二三≒
INPUT
(a)U-phase eqllivalent
Figure
The
input
3.1: U-phase
Il,
-
FACTOR
-jlq
(b)Vector (liagram
circ11it
eqtlivalent
Ip is expl･eSSed
current
active
i.',
POIVER
circuit
diagram
vector
and
(3･2)
in
(3.2)
･:-ミ妄
The
of E
value
Iq 8owillg
current
reactive
of the
tll(-(I,apa(:it()r(･Jall I)e ot)taillC〔1 frolrl tll(-(胤(:tiv(!
Ill
line voltage.
source
E/＼乃
Iq-
Input
factor
power
the
uslng
(3･2)and (3･3),respectively
Iq from
curl･Cnt
obtained
l･eference〆is
(3.3)
reactive
(3A)･
in
isgiven
and
Ip and
current
active
(3.4)
♂-tan-1二主
Ip
Improved
3.3
As
the
Power
control range
Factor
(.･ollV(汀t(n･'s (一触i()ll(.Jy
l･C(1u(.JCS
of〆.
control
range
the
to
control
of input
the
3.3.1
phase
duty
corresponding
supply
when
current
Without
cycles
value
B
value
are
ln
supply
to
fol･ lligll(汁
improve
the Input
O1･
leading
the
during
of commutations
make
lagging
the
factor
Current
Phase〆
direction to pull
voltage.
β
is employed
the
when
input
of
pllaSe refel･enCe
by
by
cycles
of switches.
duty
to
i)OW(!1･
(2･21),the
in
expressed
implemented
are
changed
of p
shifted
the
as
the number
changlng
lllput Ctl1･1･entis phase
changing
limits
methods
witll the
Method
method
the
switching
in phase
Switching
switching
voltage
two
The
period･
shift to the
back
The
Additional
the
it (-al1110t aCllicv(- ullity
aS
values
to
l･eStricted
of〆is
Control
a
value
of〆in
Tlle
30
cu1･1･ent is leading
source
is outside
a
lagglng
input
the
limit
direction
phases
α,
the
sou1･Ce
of
(2･21).The
which
is achieved
β and
l′ COrreSpOnds
3.
CHAPTER
()F
IMPROVEMENT
INPUT
POWER
FACTOR
一丁d｡
d甲(L)
dpp
A
d;･p占
-
1
I/...;
【)
(Jcul口
dpf･
A
dpIT
l
d") L
(l叩o
(I)
o
:.I_㌔
i,LO
(b)p
Figt11.(1 3.2: Switcllillg
t,()t.h叩hases
u.
1}
all(hL-
(ビu>
of t･11(】
=Ⅵ･it･cl-esS(,7,- Sr-,,are
,!l.
>
B
lllet･1-()(I
d11t･.yCy(･1(-s (,l叩111,,)
rcsl)eCtiv(-1.y al-(I trllC
(I-▲,).
VIとlll glVOll
t･11eI)tlft･(?rl-1
Colt(1itri()ll
()I)t･Elill(¥=).Y
aI)i)lying
(:111'1'elltp ill l∼lggillg
Shift･ tllC Plュas(†(,f il-I)Il一,
e(111at･ioll (3.5) ill ('r(1'?lltO
ill followillg
*--7T/3
(lilt(?Ctioll.
In
'ー′ノ′ノ
'i,,7ノ-0,
I,/,.
√l(リノニケt
ILO/I
,1｢′ノ-1rl'
I,I(･
7.i
dL3‖ニー-
･1(1rL-0･
Fig.3.2
and
sll('WS the
(I))sl10W
curllCllt.
PWM
ld/
員
,]l,I-1+岩
(･ontprol usillg th(さSwit･ClliI-g Ill(,tllO(1B･
irlr)ut ref(汀ell〔･(,
Curl.el-tS,
t･he iIIPut･ I)llaSe VOlt･age･
iu ail(1 out.1)tlt. V')1tage
for
waveforlllS
31
3:lP∴盟E
TLIl
illl)11t･PllaSP
Figs1
3･2
(a)
(111tV (I.VCIcs･ i叩11t･
l･(1f-I-(:c px
-
-7T/4
3.
CHAPTER
According
and〆ニー7T/3, l･eSpeCtively･
S叩is
turned
Similarly
to
connected
a
the
output
slnglc control
and
negative
and
voltage
Vc has
negative
durlngfirst
and
output
fol･ both
the
Input
aS
and
two
e7β
voltage
and
during
the
eTβ and
two
darp and
d7n
reference
second
positive
period
the
＼乃vJcos(0+
ea7,
voltages
output
cos
are
cycles
control
therefore
positive
range
the
voltage
p*
I
P*
27T/3)
cos(0+♂+
COS
from
ol)tained
P*
(3･7,
5
7T
≦p*
≦石打
(3･8)
7T
:I
盲≦〆≦
3･3 shows
inphase
tlle input
with
realized three
negative
voltage
is
the
switching
factor
la･gging power
lagging
The
the
voltage
corresponding
voltage
voltage
by
an
angle
angle
soul･Ce
levels including
increases
B
method
reference
eu
(3.6)
27T/3)
cos(0+♂-
2
(3･7)are
(3.8).
COS
0≦
(3･6)
27'/3)
conditions
in
expl･eSSed
of〆is
0≦-
a
eαβ
eαβ, eα7･
p*
p* +
ヽ乃E
for
(b)
3･2
(3･6)using (2･2),(2･3),(2･4)and (3･5)
cos
fJr‖
Fig･
Zero
output
In Fig･
the
period
a
ノ豆vJcos(0+ダー27T/3)
-
and
e叩,
positive
control
ヽ乃E
the
voltage
e叩･
eaβ,
two
voltages
in
aregiven
-
duty
control
positive
fわllows:
(Iu],
The
second
Vc has
levels
Vc*･ In Figs･3･2
voltage
voltages
r′ is
phase
both
with
positive
the
the maximum
tllree VOltage
Vc has
Tp･
till the
conducts
Input
Vc has
switch
iニ≦
when
and
conditions
positive
output
voltage
Phase
VOltage
and
on
FACTOR
positive
on
andminimum
voltage
output
dul･ing
e7P,
the
e7β,
ratios
the
the
of this condition
n
phase
tlle Output
voltage
voltage
duty
is glVen
The
voltage
negative
negative
The
p.
colltrOl period
negative
Vc has
phase
values
switch
Because
output
to realize
POⅥTER
S", is
Spn is turned
switch
the
first colltrOl period
voltage
positive
i昌≧Tn･
when
INPUT
(3･5)wllen iニ≧Tp
to
period
voltages
(a)during
negative
is connected
(t
phase
the
OF
to
till the
conducts
S,･n is turned
switch
input
and
i昌≦Tn
when
negative
in
on
IMPROVEMENT
gradually
fo1･ a Single
of〆-
-7T/3
VOltage･
a
negative
and
zero.
32
-7T/3.
bring
to
The
The
the
output
during
ヽ′a･1ue
reaches
of three
cycle
nlaXimum
input
phase
current
source
iu is
leading
source･current
voltage
reference
each
when
control
one
VI
is
period.
of the line
CHAPTER
3.
IMPIl(.)VEMENT
OF
INPUT
P()＼1TER
FACT()R
p *--7C/3
Figure
3.3: Swit･chillg 111etl1()(1B for
33
a
sil-glc c.yclc of thre(7 I)llaSC
SOtul(:(ラ
CHAPTEIl
3.3.2
Switching
:3, IMPfミ.()VEMENT
()F
INPUT
POl･1･'ER
FACTOR
C
Method
1
([7JTU
d/7"A
d･/"
(])
(b) p*-7r/3
(a)甲*-7=/4
Figull(, 3.i: suit(･hillg
Silllilill.h,wll(,ll t･11(,SOl11でLI
C
Ill(-,t.ho(i
Culllで11t･ iH l‡1gglrlgt･hLIHour(.ぐVOltag(?
il叩Ilt･(､I11､1.(.lit is I)11とlト(､
Shifte(1 I)v =ナと-ill(,(,f yIX
I)y
all
illlgle +- t･h(-
I)v cllと111glllg
illと11(-∼l(1illg
(1irc〔･t･ioll
IL.
Tll(､ illl)u†･
Ill(-(111tpr(I.Y(･1(-H.
1)11之1脚(､･ ･]と111(-1て(･Orlで叩Oll(1st･o t･11CL
1)lli-バ(､S
…･11(I lJ.
>
',.I >
S叫S､‖
((､‖
(do],
of t･hcLswitches
r'､叩P(･tivplr all(h･11=l"t･.v (A.v(･1(-H
'､1.･).
-(]｢,i)
ⅠItlH giv(-1- in f()llowillg (,(luat･ioI
I).vill)I)1yi11gt･11eI)att･Cl･11 (･()ll(1iti()ll
とIlで()I)tとIill(-(I
ill ()I.(1(,r
t･() sllift･t･11C1)llnSP Of illl.)ut･
(･lu.1'(,11t･ ill 1相glllg ( iil.(,Ctt･i()n･
(3･9)
l
(3.9)
CHAPTER
Fig.
3A
(b)shows
and
the
iu and
current
♂-
tile PWM
shows
input
output
on
and
the
three
control
l′
to
voltage
positive
control
two
the
positive
The
a5
eα7,
has
second
control
negative
d7n
-
cos
control
range
equations
fl･Om
obtained
of〆is
the
VOltage
(b)during
two
and
output
and
Vc has
VOltage
first
positive
voltage
Vc has
p*
p* +
cos(0
is given
in foト
<
盲≦〆
7
67T≦p
the
shows
switching皿ethod
factor
power
voltage
reference
eu
tlle corresponding
by
I
(3･11)
27T/3)
p*
汀
7r
leading the input
(3･10)and
p*
+
c()s
lagging
(3.10)
27T/3)
27r/3)
cos(0+♂-
0≦-
witll
eβ｡
voltage
inequality
the
cos
phase
Zero
(3.ll)and (3･12)･
0≦
a
a
p*
J豆vJ cos(0+♂+
ヽ乃E
for
eacl-
27,/3)
ヽ乃vJcos(0+♂＼乃E
Fig.3.5
during
(3･10)using (2･2),(2･3),(2･4)and (3･9)
in
cos
lowing
values
Vc
voltage
follows:
(I叩-
The
duty
eβα･
voltage
dっ･naregiven
output
tlle Output
period
negative
the
andminimum
eβα･ In Fig･3･4
negative
Similarly
Figs･3A(a)during･first
epcH
period
voltage
a
In
voltage
control
negative
Vc
the
negative
n
the
voltages
VI･
S伽is
switch
of shifting
phase
(a)
7T/4and
-
till the
condition
negative
p*
i昌≦Tp･
conducts
the output
3A
cycles,inI"t
positive
Wllen
and
voltage
second
a
Cβ7 and
d叩and
ratios
the
voltage
during
voltages
duty
is glVen
output
eβ7, e叩and
Vc has
the
p. Therefore
and
reference
and
e叩eβ7
to
duty
reference
On
of the
phase
botll positive
during
on
Because
output
voltage
e叩and
period
voltages
output
voltages
the
the output
realize
the
contl･01 period
two
levels with
voltage
pcl･iod
positive
COnneCted
S叩1S
switch
is connected
α
phase
FACTOR
C･ Fig･
method
i昌≧Tp
S7,i is turned
phase
to
input
an
POIVER
cul･rCntS,
l･eference
for
positive
i言≧Tn･
when
switching
(3･9)when
to
switch
input
1S
Phase
till the
on
the maximum
Input
has
Accol･ding
negative
switcll S｡,I is turned
cycles
wave
the
inl"t
forms
INPUT
OF
using
voltage,
voltage
conducts
Tn
i; ≦
when
control
phase
7T/3,respectively･
turned
IMPROVEMENT
3.
I
-
2
*<
C
angle
亘7T
fわr a single
of〆-
an
angle 7T/3to
source
voltage･
35
(3.12)
7r/3･
bring
The
of three
cycle
the
output
The
input
current
lagging source
voltage
phase
source
iu is
curl･ent
in
VI
is
reference
CHAPTER
three
realized
The
negative
is
voltage
levels
voltage
voltage
Tllree
between
phase
An
voltages.
current
have
order
phase〆in
three
us
gradually
negative
and
value
reaches
INPUT
POIVER
durlng
FACTOR
eaCll COntrOI
maximum
one
when
period.
of the line
switching
reversed
patterns
of switching
the relationship
the
a
OF
zero.
SW主tcllillg patterns
tlle Input
including
incl･CaSeS
Analysis
3.4
IMPROVEMENT
3.
the
input
explained
to attain
duty
phase
patterns
by
been
and
an
Input
selection
control
in tlle
shifting〆l)y
with
with
corresponding
factor
power
respect
to p*
of 1.
and
can
-7T/2 ≦〆≦ 7T/2
of
Case
and
equivalent
36
the
Of regeneration
value
of
control
7T.
Tat)1e
ranges
of
3.1gives
the level of input
be
slgn
achieved
with
Of tlle lnput
CHAPTER
3.
招2E､.官
Ⅰ入1PROVEMENT
()F
INr)UT
POWER
FACTOR
E
:2
VE
2
I
β
6
y2E
P))甲*-7C/3
Figlu,(ラ 3.5: Swit(:llillg lllCt･hc･(iC
fol. a Single
37
(･.y(･1eof tlll･e(,I)lla.W?H()llr(･(チ
CHAPTER
Ⅰ入/IPROVEMENT
3.
OF
ミlcq
Vl
★
S>
=≡≧>S-
Vl
-lq⊃
E=
⊂)
=J(〇
Vl
'B
U
★
Q)
9_
I.......■
C)
★
9. Ed
Vl
-[コ≡≧>S
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3,
Experimental
3.5
Figur(モ3.6:
()F
INPUT
POllTER
FACT()R
Veri丘cation
Exp(,rilllelltal
way(-f()rlllS Of outl)ut
swit･cllillg met･11()(1 A
wit･h (･()11t･rOI
8() V
V,/:･
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3.6 shol､･,S t･he (珂)(-rilllCllt･alwaveforlユーS O=11(さ〔:(-1 1V(汀tell
of
A
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iH fll)I)1ic〔1･
alld 80 V whcro
Fig.
16O
IMPR()VEMENT
V
Fig.
of 160
3,7
V
t･11(-(叫)el･imelltral waveforlllS
shows
V
all(1 80
botll
whcrc
SWit･chillg
()f trll(-(二OllVCrt･elL f'ol.references
111(汁ho(1 A
all←1B
t';;,･
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is IGO V switching
1-1(加lod A is empl()v(〕(1 ド() ill(,Ollt･l)ut･
lでfmlCL11C(-l′;1*(
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volt･age ti. llflSOlll.v posit･ive vo一tage lcvpls I),lt-Wll(ラllt･11e(mt･l)lit. VOlt･ilgC lて,ど(汁(-ll(‥(is 80 V
swit･(.hillg lnet･110d B
is (?ll.1r)1oyc(1
to 〔11a11ge t･he I)llaSC ()f t･11Cirll)llt･
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1111ity I)()W(,1 filCt･Or. The
acllieve
outl)tlt･ V()1tEagC Of t･hc
t･(,1でalizc t･he low
I)OSitiveと111(1 11Ogat･ive lilt(さ､･rOltrages
Fig.
3,8.
of Fig.
Fig.
3,6.
3.8.
volt･ages
sollrCe
(a) the o叫)Ill DC
wit.11011t･ZPr()
VOltage
V
V,I,･･
o11t･plltr V()1†･ag(-ゝ
t･11CI)とu･t･ial
wnvcfol･1-1S (,f r,art･ [I]
all,i [II]1
1.(-SI,〔,Ctiv(-1y
(∼､)
all(i (1))show
Fig. 3,8 ((･)
t･11eI)artial wavefol-llH
(,f I,a..t [III]
of Fig, 3･7･ Ill
LdlOWS
('lltT)tlt･VOltrage
of 80
vari(,s I)(･tw(,〔∋11
(て()llVCLrtel'l/ニ･
all(i the
c.9.ノwitl"ll
Vc has
I)ut. t.he
source
volta･g(? is 160
sollrCC
V
Currellt･
wl-ich
Zr.qu
inl)1lt･1･Cfere11(.C angle
ド()sit･iveaI-(1 zero
iH ll紺1izp(i I,y t･ll(≡
tlllでC 1,OSit･iv(-
is ill I)11aバ(lWitrll t･11(-(‥()rlで叩()ll(1illg
9x
-
Ill Fig･
-'24o･
low
to
v(,1t･ages
ll("liz(モと1
(_･11rrellt.i.川i§ not
39
ill I)hasp
with
3･8･
(,utr,11t･DC
(I))t･1.(voltag(ラ
t･hぐ(:()rrC叩()ll(1illg SOulで(T
CHAPTER
Il･IPR()VEIIENT
3,
()F
INPUT
P()ll'ER
FACT(I)R
イ■---･●-
Tinle
5 0nl.I.
Figlll.(I 3･7ニExl)(-11illlCllt･al wave
80
V
for"tH)f
()ll†･1)llt･
VOltとIg(モ1でferel-ee V,I+c-
wit･11 C･Ollt･l･oI
swit･ehi11g lllPt･ho(ls A
160
V
and
Ltll(1B
(,."I
volt･とIg(】
tl.H･11ぐ111aXir11111111illlit･of illI)utrI)has(- c(_)lltrOIof swit(･11illg lllCt･ho(i.4
-7T/G
wit･h l
≦
Ill Fig･
yl∵≦ 7T/G･
3･8
SOulL(･C
･11((L()rl･(､叩Oll(1illg
t･(川Vi1111(,Of y-*ニー64u
is i-tCllicv(∼(I.
hl trllisctlSe
all(1と1negat･ive
1i11e VOlt･agp
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(〔･),
wllCll
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e."
as
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-
8〔)V t･11(モSOulで(-ぐt11.rent
71.", is il1)1"･le
t･lle(･OllV(}rt･Pr
l〕r(･11allgillg trlle(1uty cycle
t,lieOut,I)ut
DC
1111)ut･(･-ll.r(,11t･ i., iドtqllift･(千(1
al-(lil t･Ot･alI)()W(.r fa(,t･orof O･98()
volttlgC is r紺1ize(i wit･11 t･W() I)()Sit･i＼でVOlt･ngcs
volt･ag(モと111dt･his v〔)1t･agel､(-ilCllCSt･11en(?gat･ive lllaXillll1111WllOll
is
is
7.er().
40
OllC
Of
CHAPTER
3.
Ⅰ入1PROVEMENT
(.)F INPUT
二川l
POll･TER
FACT()Ii
コ(n
蔓暑宅u
〔)
i)
V)>
2r)O
-
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6
1
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0
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5ms
≡:=;ニコ
5ms
(a)
(b)
≡:≡:ニコ
5】"s
(c)
Time
Fig､lr｡- 3.8:
switcllillg
A all(i V,i,.
16O V(I)L
Pとult･iと11
(il),S-､･,itcllillglユー(叶ll(,(1
wavcforll.S
Swit･ching
B ∼111(1V,I,･
lll(-.t･ll(,(1
lllet･110(iA all(I I,;1,. 80 V(II)･ ((A)I
-
-
-
V(ⅠⅠⅠ)
41
(I,)･
80
CHAPTER
Improvement
3.5･1
Fig.3.9
sllOWS
the data
volta,ge
ratio
Vc*/E･ A
b)′ the
proposed
power
to
switching
pattern
the
B
methods
C
and
ra.tios tlle leading
causlng
as
conditions
and
factor
power
POIVER
FACTOR
efBciency
cosps
the
versus
output/input
lligll I)OW(,1･ fa(･･t()1･
is孔(.,lli(-Ⅴ(-d
for lligh volt,とtg(,Olltl)llt I)rOHl('s
factor
A
SOurCe
control
without
satis丘es
current
tlle
of input
analysis
INPUT
OF
factor
of power
level power
low
IMPROVEMENT
3.
ullity
factor
power
by
caused
factor
powcl･
But
Current
is also low.
Even
control･
but
theエC丘Iter
factors･
β and
patterllS
switching
at
small
is not
compared
tl"ughthe
output-illput
be completely
callnOt
this pro†)len
C when
associated
control
VOltage
compensated
with
light load
Fig･3･1O別11Illllal･ix(.,s I-,ll(!
(てOllV(,rt(,l･I-)yusillg t111(-0111y swit(.Jllillg
(.,fli(.,i(?ll(:y
Of t･,Ill(!
A
method
with
the switching
method
of a(I(litiollal swit(I,llillgI)att,(?rllSB
PWM
to the
cont1･Ol obtained
Fundamental
Total power
-･･-･
十Fundamental
I-トTotal power
by
A
B
and
C
･
By
applying
slnglcswitching
pattern
A･
A, B &
methods
A,B &C)
factor
regulation(withswitching methods
factor
power
regulation(withonly switching method A)
factor regulation(with only switching method
A)
power
factor
regulation(with switching
召o.8
Le
I.一
買0･6
0
DJ
0･4
CL
a
o.2
0
Figure
strategy
is ilrlPl･OV(-(1wh(-ll (.I()111f)とLr(.,(1
all(1 C tll(-(-fB(.Ji(∋11(:y
Ll
i
tlle PWM
3･9: Input
power
42
factor
cllaraCteristics
C)
CHAPTER
100
3.
-E3-Total
efficiency
-▲-Total
efficiency
0.4
As
t,ll(さilll)tlt
1)OWel,
t･o kceI)
3. 1O:
analysュs
factor
P()1･1;E】1 FACT()R
method
methods
0.6
Figure
Harmonic
INPUT
(with switching
(with switching
0.5
Output-to-Input
3.5.2
OF
IMPROVEMENT
A
A, B and
0.8
0.7
rate
VOltage
C)
V *c/E
Effl(:i(Ill(‥y
allLl･1vsis
Of supply
current
it′
is llP(‥(モSSar.V
is COI-t･rOllc(-1I)v t･11(さPll,'Mswit.(111ing ll-(†1-･11(,(l･
the harlllOlli(･s of t･ll(Slll)Ply
clll.r(-11t･
111inil川1111･Figs･
3･11
:3･12 sllOW
∼111,1
t･ll(-,
for out･1〕tlt･ref(m,ll(I(1
()f t･11eilll〕tlt･
Sllr,I,1v(-r(-llt
colllT)aris('l-Of tllC llalln1011ic tulと11LYSis
A
B･ r(判)eCt･ivdv･
Irl l,(,t･11
t･h(volt･age ()f 80 V ol't･aille(1I)v珊･,it･chillg r,i,t･t･CI,1- ill-1d
ll∼1.･1-1011i(･s
∼ll.(. 1(-バStrllall1(3イ･
()f
con(lit･iollS t･hc higher or'1cr I-とIrnlOlli(･saI-｡1 swit(･hil-g
t･11eSul)1)1y flで(1uenCy･
43
CIiAPTER
:3. IIIPIl()VEMENT
()F
I:1TlつUT P(.)1＼'EIi FACT()ll
≡
⊂:
(じ
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Frequency
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ち
Lil
3.
CHAPTER
3.5.3
The
loss analysis
power
losses
A has less
method
α
plュase
and
is mcasu1･ed
converter
and
A
metl10d
FACTOR
as
the
are
Yokogawa
meter
WT
3000
for
is no
there
in the
maximum
of switching
phase
increased
B
and
C
C
arc
C tlle
and
I)oth
tl10ugll
introduced
are
B
phase
Even
15%.
switclling
tlle maximum
method
alld minimum
I)y around
less losses, switching
I)etween
comlllutation
case
Tl-e
in tllis pa,per･
proposed
the
SWitching
to improve
the
all(i (?f'h(ti(-ll(.･y･
Summary
two
In this chaptel･
improvement
AC/DC
are
to
pattens
switching
explained
converter
for imp1･OVed
from
losses
gellerateS
pow(!l･ factor
3.6
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output
POIVER
3.2 (:o111Par(!S tllC lllI)ut filtcl･,(.I()Itv(?l･tm･all(1
metllOds
′†.But
phase
occurs
commutation
losses
converter
tllC POWel･
using
of tlle SWitclling
minimum
INPUT
analysュs
V()1tag(1 Valll(1S. Tabl()
(1iff(汁(.,ll(:(=)lltl)ut
output丘1ter
OF
●
loss
Power
IMPROVEMENT
to
discussed
control
the
strategies
control
ranges
previous
is explained
method
and
the
overcome
in the
B
expands
with
limitations
cbapter･
0 to 27T.
45
of the
Input
tllC theol･etical
the range
fol･ the
proposed
of the
control
power
analysIS･
input
power
factor
power
methods
factor
of
control
Adding
new
factor
angle
3.
CHAPTER
OF
IMPROVEMENT
INPUT
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POWER
FACTOR
4
Chapter
DC
Ripple
The
feature
main
l･ealize three
of switching
of the
the
and
And
like for improvlng
this
to
chapter
switching
respectively
the input
between
increaslng
the
output
ripple
the output
Additional
ripple
has
factor
B
and
C described
PWM
in previous
VJ･
wllen
ripple
and maximum
The
on
arc
the
power
and
it looks
lくeep up
to
sacri6ced
the
vc
the
output
variation
-
of the
voltage
the
-
discussed
in
factor with
Figs･
to the input
the
is maximum･
voltage
plュase
Vc
to realize
tlle
the
output
The
DC
eqTlation
voltage
3･5,
voltage
output
line voltage
and
3･3 and
current
is
voltage
is given
as:
(4･1)
L砦
output-
47
But
voltage
o叫put side
vd･c
with
respect
negative
of the DC
ripple
Vd*c, and
rated voltage
shows
the
positive
Therefore
methods
chapters
current
reference
a
be
to
case
positive
maximum
ripple･
controlling
while
both
with
betⅥreen
vary
pe1･iod
in the
C･
positive
maximum
FigA･1
voltages
converter･
maximum
voltage
at
thus
is realized
But
fわr improvlng
chapter
is shi氏ed accordingly with
factor･
the input: power
order to improve
reference〆in
co.ntrolled
VJ
control
VJ･
voltage
in previous
output
factor
the
reference
each
Analysis
methods
are
output
reference
the
values
β and
ln switching
output
discussed
of the
Ripple
varies
C
power
reduce
methods
4.2
and
also
the
Standa1･ds
Input
close
the
VOltagc
line voltage
negative
the
B
dul･ing
commutations
to
outlmt
negatil′e VOltages.
is two
converter
voltages
methods
factor,
power
is
Analysts
Introduction
4.1
to
●
Vc, DC
voltage
Vac
and
DC
CHAPTER
Figure
cul･rent
Idc during
(b).During
These
the
the
three
ripple
control
tlle Otltput
maxin一ul一1 Wllen
Control
PWM
4･3･1
Tlle prlnCiple
control
for low
due
highvariation
output
output
to l･ealize low
DC
ripple
by
is caused
by
commutations.
to realize
(4.1)is highand
current
output
its lllaXimum
3.2
ripple
tlle
is
and
rlpple.
Ripple
for
the
ripple
voltage
reduced
DC
the
on
voltage
reference
lin1iting the
ripple
is maintainlng
rcfcrcnce
of output
voltage
to two
equation
the
in Fig.
shown
line voltages
negative
of the
of this converter
control
and
left side
has
Current
strategy
pel･iod to reduce
values
voltage
ofDC
control
to
DC
the
positive
due
ANALYSIS
B
patternB
levels appear
voltage
between
Tllerefol･e
Method
of Switching
Ts for the switching
three
levels vary
of the
Analysis
period
period
refel･enCe･
component
4.3
Ripple
the control
voltage
voltage
4.1:
RIPPLE
DC
4.
ripple
Vc
between
Vc*･ Therefore
highvoltage
the
on
DC
maximum
on
tlle POWe1･
voltage
the
goal
factol･
is increased
minimum
and
ultimate
val･iation
durillg the
COmmutations
but during
voltage,
the
48
two
is to reduc'e
output
voltage
line
tile
Vc.
CHAPTER
4,
DC
RIPPLE
ANALYSIS
仲.∼
I/.I7
ll)
dl7111
da"i
叫1
a
rn(1
0
l
dpr,占
d-/"A
(a)Switching
Figtlre
4･2:
method
4.2
(a)
I)lでViousぐ11al)tor
Of swit･chillg
method
(b) Switching method
lllCtrllO(1sB
Bl
∼tll(1
B■(p*--7C/3)
for lliI)Plc allalysis
β1
t･he illptlt･CulT'ユIltr lでferp11C(,S. (1tlt･.YCycles
sllOWS
(luring
wavef()rnlS
B (甲*-17E/3)
Wavcfor111S
Switching
4･3･2
Fig.
i:
二I
all(I olltI)Ill VOlt′とIg(ゝ
t･he collt･11Olr)ぐ1,i()(1
()f PWM
B
il- t･11(,
LnVit･cllil-glll(,tllO(1 (tis(･llLIS(-(1
fact･ol･for a rと111ge(,f
foュ.illlI)r()､･illg
trhe ド()Ⅵr()r
7T/2≦〆≦ 7T/Gill-(I
of t,1-eswif･cllCS Sop- Sr‖と1re Ol,t∼1ill(-(1
(lllt･y(,yCl(モS(,1,l],-ll‖)
VI as given in followi1哨(チ(111㌻ltio11(4.2) il- 01'(i(?1'
b.y al)I)1.villgt･he patterll
colt(lit･i()ll
7T/2≦ F
to
≦
The
r57r/6･
shift tlle I)11L1.i(､
()f illl)ut･C111,l､和t
ill lagglllg
(1irect･i(-)1-･
7.
dr′′-ト
｢
a--蓋,
d･,3"-一差･
,I,,jp-0･
d-I,I-1.
d,Ill-0.
Fig,
4.2
(I))shows
the
illI〕tlt･
CllrreI-t
㌔
Idr
refelLel-CeS､ (ltlt･y('γCles arl'l out･r)11t･V()1t･agc
49
4.
CHAPTER
during
wavcforms
the
for reducing
the
output
〆≦
The
duty
control
-7T/6･
switching
by
the
Tp
waves
Tn
and
Bl
mcthocI
the
In switching
is turned
on
areinI)hase
and
between
the
the
reference
period
voltage
e7β, and
during
voltage
e7β and
two
Whercas
method
S叩is
turned
Similarly
also
on
and
Tn
the maximum"1Put
a.nd output
input
output
voltage
and
output
Fig･
wave
the
Bl
to reduce
4･3
forms
ripple
(a) sllOWS.tlle
during
the
positive
control
previous
input
control
caused
current
intermediate
input
current
output
(a) (lurillg
and
fil･St
negative
Vc has
voltage
the
current
duty
same
S7P
negative
Bl
method
input
the two
as
between
current
Current
Input
i;
i昌and
l'Cfercnce
reference
(b) durillgfirst
conh･ol
e7β
voltage
Vc
voltage
Tp･
till the
conducts
implementation
the
switching
method
SWitclling
factor
references,
50
i芸≦
When
p is commutatcd
phase
switch
period
a
and
has
zero
negative
eQP･
voltages
of PWM
switching
positive
On
and
eαβ, negative
lleW
IS
in switching
pcl･iod the output
by
the
on
as
cycle
Tp
i芸≧
FigA･2
lagging power
period
input
e叩eαβ
minimum
section
con丘rnlS
by
negative
p is commutatcd
phase
intermediate
voltage
CI
caused
But
i;･ In
method
colltrOl, tllis section
volta･ge
between
ripple
till the
intel･mediate
SON is turned
i:･and
positive
the
SQl,
switch
i芸≦Tp･ Similarly
When
switch
the output
of phase
a
in
discussed
switching
positive
voltages
the
positive
i昌≧Tn･
reference
and
Carrier
other･
4･2
of when
switch
wllen
second
VOltage
Switching
Similarl)′ as
factor
during
e7β, Zero
4･3･3
negative
a
each
i昌･Ill Fig･
the
has
which
cul･l･ent reference
Vc has
and
positive
period
proposed
the
output
i:
tlle two
conducts
betwccn
condition
out
1S On
and
the
two
till the
is commutated
n
ol-
B
is achieved
eαβ, e叩･
BI
same
are
S7],
reference
control
voltages
Current
phase
intermediate
method
Vc has
S7n is turned
Tp and
cal･riel･Waves
voltage
voltage
the
i:,≧ Tp
switch
l･efel･enCC
current
conducts
with
(4･2)when
Therefore
input
the
of phase
out
is commutatcd
mctlwd
i昌≦Tn
switch
voltage,
phase
n
the second
follows
when
negative
the
Input
positive
whel･eaS
the
aS
Same
of commutation
method
in the
S@n is turned
Current
in switching
B
are
to
i昌≧Tn･
the output
control
and
switch
minimum
are
Vc. This
side
In switching
other
Tn
till tlle positive
when
output
Tn･
each
according
negative
maximum
i; and
i; and
refel'CnCe
B,
conducts
S,n is turned
switcll
with
Tp
waves
method
i昌≦Tn
wllen
Tp and
waves
the output
on
Bl
method
7T/2≦〆≦ 57T/6and -7T/2 ≦
of
-
line voltage
negative
callrier
range
switching
-
in
of the carriel･
phase
a
PWM
pl･OPOSed
ANALYSTS
(dn･p d7n) of the switches SQ･P S7n
equation
(4.2)1mt only the position
cycles
limit the
to
is changed
for
ripple
voltage
Bgiven
method
of the
period
RIPPLE
DC
1-1ethod
control
duty
switching
new
of
switching
for leading
B
Cl
switching
cycles
and
method
B
I"Vcr
fわr reducing
the
method
output
discussed
ど.
voltage
in the
CHAPTER
i.
DC
RIPPLE
ANALYSIS
:I
a,1P
-∴
i
flu"
d/7p
I
ご:I;享
(]l
d),p占
da77 I
J. ,,.･
O
i
dl,･′∼占
dpfT
dp"
(I;,I(
C alld C]
4.3: WtlVeforll-1S Of swit{:hillg 111(】t･11('｡1H
Figllre
fol･ ilnpl､0vi11g
I)reViouL"･11al)ter
と､･11(i
77T/6 ≦
+-∼
tll(】I)('W(,r fa(*ol･ for
a
f(,1･1,lr)I一l(-1mlymi
range
(,f
7T/6 ≦
p*
≦
7T/2
S,り,
S-,‖ alで
≦ 37T/2･Tll(- (ll-try(,y(･1es (√l(i,,
of t･11(,S-て,it･ぐh(･s
- ,]､‖)
-
VI
ol)ttlilu-(1 I)y al)1)1.villgtile I)加t(,rrl (二()ll(1iti()ll
in or(1(･r t･o sllift･trll(II)llaSP Of illT)llt･
Cllllrent
とIS
ill followillg
given
(4,3)
P(111∼lti()ll
ill lpとl(lillgrlil.(,Cf･ioll･
/t
/.L
･
d叩-1一石･
√lLji,=一
√J17)=O
I,I,..
ら=
らin
a(-=1+云.
(]･･ヲr･=O.
Fig.
i.3
waveforlllS
for redllCing
(I))sllOWS
durillg
the
t･he outptlt
t･11e illl
dl"=
⊥
I,I,:
)llt
(･llrl.〔,llt refcrcl-(･eS･ (111t･.Y
Cycles
col-t･rOl r)el､io(I of tlle PrOI)OSed
PWl,1
ripr)1e for
7T/6≦
VOlt･age
51
a
range
of
illl｢1()11tPut･ Ⅴ(,ltとIg(ラ
swit(二11illglllethod
,?㍗ ≦
C'
77T/6≦
7,/2と111(I
4.
CHAPTER
37T/2･The
〆≦
switching
the
to limit the
of the
phase
Tp
waves
and
Bl
method
Tn
the
is turned
on
i; ≦ Tn
when
between
the
i:.and
l･efcrence
two
the
positive
in switclling
C also follows
method
is turned
on
and
i昌≦Tn
when
Tp
waves
maximum
output
and
intermediate
the
period
the
positive
Fig･
4A
BI
with
of switching
switching
output
converter
control
eα7,
period
Of ripple
phase
reference
Clwith
method
voltage
eβα and
the
period
the
duty
same
STP
IS On
positive
Vc has
voltage
tile positive
Cl
inlmt
Curl･ent
voltage
i:
l･eference
i;
a
first control
a
and
the
reference
(b) during
Vc has
carrier
between
current
eβ7, eαβ
voltages
negative
two
the
as
input
4･3
Scq,
switch
till the
p is commutated
Fig･
switching
i芸≦Tp･ Similarly
conducts
method
minimum
as
cycle
When
and
phase
output
two
output
i芸≧Tp
i:,･In
(a) (111rillg nl･St
eβ･y･
on
zero
zero
voltage,
voltage
and
reference
input
The
one
of
4･4
methods
cycle
(a)shows
input
VOltagc
VJ･ And
phase
Vc has
also
Input
Current
l･eferencc
current
a
of
ofダニ-7,/3･
a
the otltPut
is improved･
its col･reSPOnding
4･3
minimization
Fig･
voltage
cul･l･ent
i;･ Ill Fig･
●
､′oltage ripple･
patterns
current
eβ7･
cycles
input
phase
input
alld intermediate
the
negative
p is commutat6d
intermediate
in switching
positive
till the
between
switch
reference
Vc llaS two
Similarly
input
has
between
the ovel･all duty
DC
a
is commutated
second
AnalysIS
tlle Output
i;
voltage
voltages
shows
reference
i昌≦Tp･
conducts
Spl,
switch
i; and
negative
output
other･
intern1ediatc
Son is turned
the
carrier
switclling
positive
When
tile Output
of when
But
each
the
On
IS
onand
voltage
wllich
of phase
cul･rent
SQ･P
control
positive
switch
out
a
negative
i昌≧Tn･
input
output
during
4.3.4
n
phase
has
condition
till the
Current
and
CI
when
are
Input
method
negative
Tn
and
a
i昌≧Tp
reference
second
same
conducts
the
the
eβα and
the
STn is turned
switch
two
eα7,
voltages
Vc
voltage
during
eβ7, eα1･, and
1ⅥユereaS
and
output
with
refcrcnce
current
the two
Of phase
switch
is commutated
input
minimum
period
voltages
phase
n
B
method
is achieved
whcl･eaS
(4･3)when
Therefol.e
Cul.rent
output
the
aS
of conllTlutatioll
in tlle Pl･OPOSed
S,n is turned
Input
output
i;Iand
l'eference
control
maximum
Out
positive
i; ≧ Tn･
when
alle
Same
side Vc. This
In switching
other
to
switch
negative
SQn is turned
switch
till the
Tn･
Tn
the
on
each
C, according
conducts
the
with
Tp and
waves
method
and
Tp and
in phase
carrier
In switching
line voltage
waves
carrier
are
-
negative
are
ANALYSIS
S7n
(d叩- dl′n)
of the switclleS Sap
in equation
(4.3)I)ut only the position
cycles
C given
metllOd
is changed
by
duty
RIPPLE
DC
reference
a
small
iu has
for rcduclng
source
the wavefbrnlS Of switching
metllOd
Fig. 4.4 (b) shows
the wave
forms
tlle Shape
of〆-
negative
of the
pulse
i:･ WllereaS
52
three-phase
waves
7T/3. 1In
voltage
Input
with
in switclling
the
to realize
the
iu to
the
Current
the
both
same
method
slgn
Of
B and
C
CHAPTER
Figure
4.4‥ Olle Cy(･1(ラof t･11rCeI)has(ヲS()tlrH?
I)at･te=- C】
the
a
DC
RIPPLE
ANALYSIS
(a),Swit{･hillg 1)at･t･(,1.llBl (I))･Swit･clli11g
illPllt r11l､r(mt･′
slgll (,f it･s 〔･o111･(判)Ol-(ling
1)ulse wit･11 ()r'P()Sit･(?
ill (･∼lS(I Of
rcslllt, t･11elltlrlllOlli(･s
of th(=11T)ut･ Cllrrellt (=all I)()1で(Ill(:(-(1
lllI)tlt･(.Ill,r(さ11t llaVC
refprcllC:C. As
4.
Bl
t･11CSWit･(Lllil-glllet･110〔1s
all(i Cl
A
53
CHAPTER
4A
Analysis
DC
output
of
RIPPLE
DC
4.
ripple
ANALYSIS
minimization
methods
Fig･
4･5 shows
Idc during
Durlllg
the
the
PWM
voltage
otller
of the line voltage
small
positive
pattern
voltage
refel･enCe
ripple
tlle Output
two
as
shown
Bl
When
Vc, DC
output
output
as
in Fig.
shown
4･5, when
one
by＼作/2E,
and
the
of the
small
to two
by
output
4･5:
Ripple
Analysis
54
cul･rent
4.2
is
zero
(b).
The
commutations.
levels close
the
patternB
absolute
when
one
reference
is realized
by＼作/2E,a
4.1. But
in tile
Ofswitching
line voltage
are
voltage
of Switching
Case
is
zero
and
maximun一Wben
is maximum.
Figure
DC
in Fig.
tlSlng VOltage
line voltage
positive
current
Vac and
shown
due
ripple
voltage
a
voltage
pattcrnBI
of the
one
voltage
In tlle switching
isヽ作/2E.
small
l作/2E
in Fig･
the
l･educcs
line voltages
and
voltage
levels appear
voltage
l･efcrence･
is realized
of tlle DC
voltage
three
is zero,･the
voltage
β1,
The
period
the output
Ts for the switching
period
strategy
output
of the
value
control
tlle COntrOl
proposed
to
the variatiol-f
Method
Bl
the
zero
otltput
voltage.
ripple
on
CHAPTER
4.5
4.
DC
RIPPLE
ANALYSIS
ExperimentalVerification
Fig･
4･6 sllりWS t･11(-HOur"∼
l';､all(1
voltage
DC
DC
)L.i,L･ illI)､ltr
VOlt･Ilg(, (,.ヾ,,･ S(,lil.(.(-, (-･lllllで11t
(･mT(I.ut･
I),y al)I)1.TrlllgH＼Vit･(‥11illg
voltとIg(- I,;/,.
111(･tllO(1sA
iH (
volt･∼1g〔ゝ
1でf(-r(,-1((,
I/;;r
of '200 V
G() H7.
∼111(I
F()r
fllOll11G(〕V
･11∼111g(-(i
l'd;.
-
16() V
l
･()
80
V
witll
il
nil(i B
7,,I
OlltI)I-f･
wll(1Il I-.ll(-
S('uLでぐl)hLltl'1,
volt･とIg(､
tll(､1111)ut･r)11とIS()
ⅠでfelLPll(でy^
-
-24r'whi〔･11
is ill t･11(-lil-1it･()f (-()lltrOl()f swi†･←･11illg
A (-7T/G ≦
As sll()Wll ill
lllぐt･11〔)(1
y-火≦ 7T/G).
Fig･i･G･ f〔,1L
illll)r(,VPlll〔､11t,
I)OW(,I f∼l(.t･Or
fll(Ill-I)ut･ Ph壬ISe lでfcr(111C(ullift･(-(=)LYall ∼111gl(llSillg H＼ヽ･it･clli11g
lu(･tllO(i B
-
of f*
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t･1-(ヲV(山･age
to
11egat･ive voltage
varies
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7)etwcell
f()r lllとIillt･airllllg
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The
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lllilXil
fact,()r wll川
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4.6:
Ov(打all
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55
lllCtllO(i A
illl(1B
4.
CliAPTER
DC
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A二NALYSIS
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i･7 ill t･11P(･aS(1
fo上.()ut･1)ut･V()1t･Ilg(II.(-fe丁(､11(-･C
V,1xr
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ill
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to
ⅠIIFig.4.8
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g(111(-rates
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v('1t･il･gLⅥ-Itv(､fol-111
r(-とl(･h(】s
lllnXilllull- 11帽at-i､でVと11u(-wllCLll
Bl
Ill tll=Wit･(.llillg 111(ゝt･11()(i
I
∼-s
()lle
a
SOl11でCL
v()1t･ag(､ t':I,･
Of Fig,4.G
it･s (･olllでHl)()ll(1illg
VOlt･}1gP ir上n､'it･(･11illg111et･11Od B
The.n＼･it{111illg 111(,tll()(1B
i-il(.t･()1.
(L()ユ1t･r()1,
7(ll.O･
∼,Olt･age (,."I.
iuI)ut.･I)llaゴ(-1でf()llell〔でOf
-64o
HlliFt･()(h()nl-
I)llil.i(,
Wit･h
()f s(川llC(-
o11t･Ⅰ)ut.-VOlt･ag(､ l'',till(iDC
wllell t･h()()utr)ut
r(-sl)(-ぐtiy(､1＼･
illl)l111･
(･ulT(tlll
volt･age
t･l-e i叩Ilt･
V,, ll∼lVeI)OSitive. zproと111d
res111t･t･11e()tltr)tlt･
VOlt･age
a
illl)ut･(･urllellt･ i.
all(1 Bl
B. ()111y t･llP I)OSif･iorlOf t･11e
()f t･11("Wit･〔･llillglil(?t･110(I
that
.mllall vと11u(I()f ll(即t･ive voltage.
Fig. i.8 aH(1 Fig, i.() =how
川1.r(,lit
8() V
-
(:()111111utatiollisと11t,crc(i.As
Fig:i.7.
al-r1 8() V† resl)eCtrively. t･he output
1ill(-VOlt･ag(､･ Wh(】1- V,Ik(.
t･11(､111aXilllulユー1-(1gat.iv(,
lでil(Ill(--H
sL1111(-とILq
I)11とlポP
I.(.f-(?r(-ll(でis
(･ulT(111t
llletllO(1 A
Of al)I)iylllg SWit･chi11g
all(I
t･11(,
sotllでCl
for 1)OWぐ1L
t･11(,Out･l)ut･
Of t･he lille VOltL･Llg(,is
sll(爪･11ill Fig･ii･9 t･llel111)ut･ SC'ul･C=二I11,ll(111t.iH ill
Llt< t･11(i,, il"llifte(1 t･o
111r)llt･〔･url.(ゝ11t･
Wit･ll t･11P(､t)1･1.(lトl)Oll←1illg
=()llr(L-r()1tr上-gCI
I)11∼1バ(1
t('-(;Ll`1･ Il-ぐ[lバ()
ill(I()llt･l)utrVOltagc
Of s､vit･(･11illg
1--et･l-o(1Bl
I)1-a粁1･(-f'､11(､11ぐ(､
yT
(】(111nl
a
･
ll(-＼で1･
t･11(Iril)Ⅰ)1eoll
1でとl(･ll(-ド111ilXilllulll
all(I I)()cと111S(,
Of t･11is(一oll(1it･i()ll
＼＼･∼1＼,(､f()lllll
1)C
volt･∼lgeiド1owI
All(1 als…wi-･(Lllillg 1--Pt･110(1Bl
(.all
flで(1tl(,llCyぐOnlI)()ll(-Il一
()f t･11L,illl)tlt(･ul.reユ-t･aS
n＼-it･(･11illg
(･ollL<i.<t･
()f cul､1･Pllt･ I)uls(､-､･it･11 t･11(,S之-111P
Sigll
56
aS
rC(1u(,'- the
t･11(､
llal,lllOllicHOf t･h(こ-
t･ll(I111I)ut･ (･urlで11t･ WEIVefoI,lllS
il-I)ut･Cllrlで】lt･ref(､r(-ll(.C.
t･11(】
CHAPTEI1
4.
DC
RIPPLE
ANALYSIS
200
ii‡ニ
a-3L,0
I
ょさG･-I
-2CIO-
iiZg
=巨
コ
リ
i:
EI
J
亨･::
l
ヱ_ラ._
■
.
-6-
[h,1
300
ー
ーー､一
1'L＼
､-〉
TT
I
吾妻;i:.o.
1
t
t
ー■■■■■
コ
こJ
卜
∴ト
''J
､
-､J'
L
､-
1一主
卜
･＼＼
〔｣
100
&
EE;
r一
書き50
岩′
o
｢
くm､
Time
Figulle
4･8: Part･ial wLIVefolllllS Of swit(･11illg ll-etrho(I B
2 00
i>･ a
良.
e3
>
Ol
=
J1
コ
O
////
/
a:
a
_200⊥､＼ノ
i-.
∈
._
巴;ii
-E:∈io:≡∃⊇⊆ii
-
I,=
_=
-36
鞍$6軒-㌦
二｣且コ
rv]
-喝二
.:__町句:;rI二t::曳即鵡二
eJ:
100
貞F
≡二
50
こ
o
｢一石-
Figure
4･9:
Palltrial wav()fort-1S
57
Of switching
B1
lユーetllO(1
CHAPTEII
Ripple
4.5.1
of output
analysis
RIPPLE
Li. DC
A_TJALYSIS
wavefbrms
q}
こl
I
>'乙
己>
コ
1川
○
I?･'川卜
呂】
＼.1
U
JI..()
0.26V
(-･
(J.26V
"i''
J･.-
･･
lT二ヽ
王_
･
u>
(⊃
79-.
芯
芯
Time
(a). Swi(chins
Figur(-
liv】
B
method
i.10:
Time
(h). Switching
method
B
1
[vl
()ut･1)llt･WilV(1fol･11l.1(.Olllr)とIl･iH()ll
Fig-
t･h(】I)∼-rt･iill
way(-forlllH ()f t･11P〔)ut･I)ut VOltrilg(､ I,I,L
Lul(1 DC
voltag(?
Ll･1()=hows
I/(I,.furと- Ollt･l)Ill VOlt･とtg(】
V,!*(. 80 V･ Fig･
1でf(】1.(I"(で()f
i･1()(A)sll()WS t711(-I)art･ial
-
DC
wnv(,f().llllH ()f ollt･1-11t･V(,1t･咽(- I/;,と111(1
V,/,･of I)∼1rt [iv]
v(,lt･とIg(,
()f Fig,
･1.()ll(モ(i
wit･h t･h(〕
=､vit(:llillg111(汁110(1B･ A
(･()11t
its lcLV(llill(･1でi-SOSWllOll
I)(､1.i()(1
(･()11t･l'()1
∼-ll(1
()ll t･11(1
DC
t･11(-1･il)I)1(､
I-1 t･11(}SWitrhillg
t･111でe､rOlt･とIgeSlevels col叩OS(-(1
r(-(Ill(.111gt･11(,I,ll)1)1(, 0.1 V.
t･()
B.
.nvit･(･11illgrllet･11()(1
Fig.
-上.ll (a) all(I
-'山･1)uf･ volt･agぐV.I
(_)fTt
t･11(,nVit･cllillg I)州erll
fr(.(111(】Il(･y
LL,,.
-
B
27T
i1
V()1ttlge an(1
tlle Outl'11t･ V')1f･ilge V{. has
111illillll1111
ll(甘It･il･で1,()1tとIge.qO
voltr∼1g(Il,I(I(
Of swit･cllillg 111(-t･ho(1sB
all(1 Bl.
is i5'y(･･But･
10 kiln(I/s
illl)ut川l･1,(-11t･
11nllllOlliぐSis lで(111C(?(I
I)Ills(-s()fH∼l111=1gll
∼IM
23'X･･
all
t･11ei11Ⅰブut
Curr(､Ilt･ WaVefor111S
DC
l
COlltaillS
B
11etllO(1
all(1 Bl
volt･agぐril)r)1e nt
fr(､ぐIll(､11(I.V
I)y tllP C()11t･rOIof swit･chillg 111et･11()(1
B all(1 Bl
(.iu.l･i(,i.
(･∼l11H(--(1
arcL
0.0()84'yc
Tllぐl･Pf('lでt･he olltrI)llt･ V')1t･とIg(1
1､iI)I)1c∼111(IDC
llaV(i I)(,I)epll l･(I,(lllCe(i
I)r 58,18r/
ril)I)1(】
Bl
tlle
t･11(1
(･lll.lで11t･
111IつIlf･
r(7ferell(L(､.＼＼'hellCOllll)arillg 1)otll t･11(1
fl､(-(ill(-Il°.V
i111(, 1'2()A(2'y(
i'J･5'X､ re叩PCtivcLl.v. TllP
(､とIl.ripr
∼111(1
之I11(1〔川()G(;'X.1で叩eぐtiv(.1y,
F('r
(･arricr
fol▲t･llenVit(･11i11g 1)atrt･e11 Bl
fr(､(Ill(-ll(Tallall-Hi= tll(Illll)1)1(､ぐtlllLW(1
I)y t･11Pぐ()11t･r()1
of swit(.hillg
∼1t
rosl)(-Ct･ively
is 80 V.
r(1f(u･e11(･eI/;!*(.
t･11(-I)PllrO11t･ng(-()f illl)11f･cluてで11t･ 11㌻1rlll(_)lli(･s
at the
X
()f
t･11ぐ11arlllOlli(･Hl)Cぐt･1-11111 Of t･hc, illl)llt･(･11rr(?11t･71.,
t･()
川1T(､11t･
part･ial wavpfol･IllS
SO
wlli(Lil is follr til11eL1lens thall t･he l･ipr)1(-calls(1(1 】)vth(1
(I))sllOW
i-ll(1DC
7,Pro
1-1et･h()d Bl
wzIVe
is lOO'h all(1 ollt･1)ut･ VOltrnge
tpllCf-ll-(1と11)1(111t･とII
wh(､re
w‡--,(I
4･1()(I))
sll(〕WS t･he
yJer(I)､
I/ン(･
of I)alLt [v]of Fig.こ1.9 wlli(･h iH (-Ollt･rOllcd with
voltag(-
BI.
llW,t･11()｡1
ill)r)Clal･111g
(111rlllgPVell.Y
Of li-1e VOlt･ag(モi岩appl.Oa(･11illg
Olle
v()1t･∼lgPis (〕･45 V･ Fig1
V,I all(1 DC
out･lつllt･VOlt,とIg〔ゝ
t･llP nVit･clling
llegativ(i VOltagp
4.8 wlli(-1 is
1
volt･age
I)y P＼･1･'M.d･rat.egy
all( 21:12O/r.
1
1.(,lil)P(･tivel.v
l〕＼･
lligll llぐgtltiv(Ililt(､､･()lt主唱(ユt･O
aT)I)enll
1〕11(,VP11t･illg
(L()llV(､rt.(ゝ1∴
58
OIl
t･ll(i0叫)llt･ VOltagp
of tll(】
CHAPTER
4.
DC
RIPPLE
AITALYSIS
H)u
二
川
1
p5
∴
し)
コ
亡_
I
り(‖
l【三-ユー
lEl
Ⅰ】:_5
lド｣
120.2
O()
二
1()I)
--→
)U
>
LJ
ぎ
岬
(⊃
:>
⊃
⊂_
ロ〔)l
コ
○
l f=:1｢
川
Ir)r)
=
.I
>)
bJ.
=u
a
U
⊂〕
0.0066-
0.0084-
r)､tll
〇
i
i
l E-i
=
I E:.-i
r-:5r
ln
lrn
lE-
1F5
1l=^
method
lrXJ
IE_l
=iJl
l[二5
Fl.equenCyr Hz]
FrcqucncyI H7･l
(a). Switching
l[:.-5r
1()
(b), Switching
B
method
良
l
out･1)llt･ Ⅴ()1t･ilg(Figl･111(1･ 1 1: nil)PI仁- allalysis of illr)titCllrrellt･ Of (:()llV(-1佃r ∼111←l
59
CHAPTER
The
of losscs
the
uslng
betwccn
meter
power
the
Yokogawa
WT
loss Pc
B
β1 fわr al- Output
witll tlle SWitching
in Tal〕le 4･1, the
values
reduces
from
switching
potLt Of 246
power
FigA･12
metllOd
shows
the
60
to
all the
V
losses
method
3000･
Bl
VOlta･ge
l･educes
the
Table
loss Po/
a･nd outputfi1ter
B
strateglCS
4･l
losses
arc
the
compares
of switching
reference
overall
Bl
and
of 80
by
V･
20%
method
As
sllOWn
for
a
low
W.
loss analysis
120
PWM
pl･OPOSed
lllput丘Itel･ loss Pi/, COnVerter
output
ANALYSIS
analysュs
comparison
ca･1culated
RIPPLE
DC
●
Loss
4.5･2
4.
V
compared
Of the
alld丘1-ally
to
two
st1･ategiesfor
concluding
tllat Of the
60
that
switching
the
various
output
switclling
metllOd
β1･
voltage
method
Bl
CliAPTER
4.
DC
A_NALYSIS
RIPPLE
i_
P..
_′
O
J
U
LL
=
l⊃_
≡
ヨ
Eu
て
D<
D<
こ
J
ニ
J
冒
U
E
O
>
⊂:
:⊃
a.
O
U
コ
○
()0
Fi邑ur(うー4･12: Illl〕ut･tilt(-r,(:(mv(?rtcr
velltiollal till(1I)rOlつOSC〔11
alld ()utI)ut
11(叶h()(1s
61
1UO
8()
0u(put
DC
E 20
Voltage
flltcr loss (･()"I)aris()ll
[Vl
I)(,tw(!-illC()1r-
4.
CHAPTER
DC
R.IPPLE
ANALYSIS
∴
>､､
U
〔:
こJ
'G
i)()
一三
LL]
1 0()
12()
Output
DC
Figllr(､ 4. 13:
Fig.i.13
川11lrlll DC
14()
Voltage
Efficiell(
[V]
･yと111alvsis
㌔llows †11(1(一指(･icll(･y八11illvsis
of t･11(?ti上r()elllPtllO(1"vitll
volt岬､
rest)P(:t
(･り1r(-(･1i川1 ilul)1('Ⅴ(･.i1
(,1'111(､(･川1V(-I-1(､1＼ I-()w(汀f■八一‥l･o1･
tO
tile
11(.
(孤.i(.ll(･Y
wir･11 t･11(WVit･ぐ･1-illg
lll'叶ho(1 B
l'lltt･11eSWit･(･11illglllCLtrll()(I
BI sl-(〕w･11it･t･1(､
illll)r('Venlent･
i一l(イh(･i(､11(･Y
∼1H †tl(I
1()HH(､t,[1=､
1･(､(lu(･tl(1.
4.6
Summary
Tllis (Tll∼1l)i(さl･
PWM
(tis(･uゴSal)()llt･t･11(】
I)v PWLf
1.it)I)1(ユ(･auS(】(1
th()llgh
strilt
s､､'it･(･hillgm(叶ho(1←
B
Blと111(1 Cl
st･l･と1t-i-gips
f''r 1,(､(1u(･111g
t･11(､
ollt･I)Il一,
B all(1 (1 wlli(Ill is (}Ⅹl)1aill(?(i
ill (‥11al)t(汀3, Al,(1gi(-s
illl(1C
alでl)rOPOS(､(I
for illllつrOVlllgtrllO llll)tlt1)OW(-モ1.
fと111バ11()rf･
ill 111tlillt･aillillg
(I()11t･rOl
ri111gPH. t･11(､甜111(-f･11()(1s
lllillilllulllriI)I)1(Ioil
l)"t･ VOlt-とIg(-Wlliぐ11 iH t･11(Ik(-.v 1)()illt･ill t･11(-AC/DC
Cl
iバll(-I(lu(I(1(1
】)v illll)1(,111(-11t･=lg
ill"Wit(･11ing
al一(IC
illSt･(､とl〔1
〔'f珊･it･rhillg lll(-t･ho(1sB
(･11il11gi11gt･ll叩11と1H(】
CalTi(1r
of t･11(outl)uf･
W;l､･でS
t･he out･-
expo.illlPllt･と11
is re(ill(･e(1と111(1
loss ()f
ill(-0＼･でril11
v()1t･とIg(I
()rl f･11(I
t･11とIt
t･hp ril)Ⅰ)i(DC
r(､ド111tHl､(,V(､とIIs
t･11(-ぐ('肌(-l･t(11･
HyHt(､111
(･()】1VPrt･(-l･- Tlle
lllef･11O(1sBl
∼111(1
(111lLi11glight･ 1('a(1 M)ll(lit-iollS. Tll､lS I)y
(lurillg I)OWE,1L fzl(･t･()r
(.()山･rohll(､ト11と1l)P
()f t･11e
illl)tltCul.1で11t･ (Li111 I)ctillll)1て)V(､(1.
volt･ilgCtと111(i
62
Chapter
5
Photovoltaic
5.1
●
Analysts
Introduction
ln this chapter
the
The
source
control
in power
cllange
posed.
a
based
high
factor.
power
simulations
operation
in PSIM
performed
Con丘guration
5.2
The
PV
array
solar
physical
tions.
consists
in turn
cells. The
output
characteristics
desired
The
modules
parallel
uniform
in strings
connected
and 4X4
bypass diode
reverse
Fig.
of
biased
to
p1･Oduce
a
output
to avoid p.ower
i1･radiation
of 8X2
and
conditions.
PV
the
16
the
4X4wired
In both
I-V and
ctlrrent
and
connected
power
with
vcl･ified with
partial
nonlineall
by highly
the
numl)er
due
to
in two
of
tllCir
condithe
connecting
highly
or
series
power
for
combinations
of
9utput
same
parallel
thermal
by
achieved
wired
Each
large
level and
either
modules
systems
63
lS
producing
P-V
in series and
are
module
modules
is connected
shading
conditions
with
and
characteristics
the
under
power
of PV
curves
various
output
a
gets
system･
respectively
modules
tile PV
AC
I)y connecting
array
of lkW･
power
the
is pro-
Sensors
parallel
phase
connected
irradiation
irradiation of PV
5.2(a)and (b)shows
composed
solar
the
on
dissipation during
llnifbrm
witll
collneCted
is explained
modules
of each
depend
shows
shading
Modules
and botll Of them
5.1
three
to
controller
combinations,
series/parallel
Fig.
grid
highly
with
is constructed
required血･om
modules
during
power
of several
power
and
ligllt
tool.
module
which
power
radiation.
8X2
each
partial
slngle-stage
DC
of Solar
generators
and
combinations
basic
a
voltage
of the
the
scannlng
low
very
to transfell the
The
results
periodic
controlling
control
is employed
modules
without
metllOd
can
which
detecting
automatically
conditions
current
converter
PV
method
system
and
uniform
of the
modules
5.
CHAPTER
PHOTOVOLTAIC
∫
2
j
4
∫
♂
7
♂
夕
10
EZl
12
13
14
T5
ノ≡6E3
8X2
4X4
Figure
are
same
a
at
particular
a
point
on
for
maximum
occurs
the
curve
the P-V
nearly
PV
at
system.
shows
a
called
pal･ticular
a
common
variations
but
For
the
every
Power
Maximum
voltage
the
only
accordingly･
voltage
Probably
Arrangement
5.1: Module
radiation
Voc differs
ci1･Cuit voltage
ANALYSIS
or
75-80%
around
POWel･
(MPP)
In all the
il･radiation is
in outptlt
uniform
Point
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5.
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PHOTOVOmIC
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5.
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5.
CHAPTER
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ANALYSIS
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according
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tlle VOltage
voltage
ln
power
sizc･
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5.
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5.
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CHAPTER
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5A.3
The
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at
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on
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these
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GMPP
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Vpv
find the
to
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the
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derived
as
Pulse
switching
Input
for achieving
and
phase
PWM
Current
The
in chapter
2 and
directly
refcl･CnCC
maximum
connection･
Widtl-
methods
A
power･
stol･Cd in the
energy
a
The
diode･
component･
inductol･･
of
without
storage
to the
≦咋≦
are
link
DC
can
converter
is expressed
to
the
smootllen
into
factol･ is maintained
stated
detect the PV
in
array
a
#co叩*
well
The
pulsed
in
with
current
which
th6
the
phase
converter
alsb reduces
77
the
uses
can
PV
the
wllere
control
from
shading
condition
zero
is connected
COnVerter
to
caused by
isw, respcctivcly･
A high
iu, iv and
isu, isv and
currents
converter
partial
currents
output
controlling
[36].Therefore
during
side of tile
output
(5･4,
inverter
SOurCe
power
phase
AC
sinusoidal
fb∫ this
suitable
maximum
of the level of voltage･
power
as
arrays
generate
switching
iw
the
energy
slngle-StageCurl･ent
PWM
and
the
1 for
equation･
short
irrespective
a
contl･01ler
tlle limits
o
Thus
But
to
right side
conditiol-･
cu1･rent reference
array
betwcen･
voltage
followlng
the
the
due
is 1･educed
the
the
MPPT
throughthe
power
to
to the input
Id'c is determined
the
on
COnVerter
with
gl･id througha coupled
according
falls
is presented
Tlle
tlle main
is employed
phase
to
current
reference
conductance
system
switches
as
moves
tlluS determinlng
partial
circuit.
control
six IGBT
(PWM)
Modulation
a
and
Partial
point
in power･
voltageand
fl･Om
Inverter
of the converter
and
link contains
DC
are
PV
power,
operation
the
incremental
wl一en tlle Slladillg
changes
increase
point
from
unifわrm
shading
The
ln
the
shows
≦ 0･9Voc
tracking
(point2) through
circuit
0.31s.
-
pal･tial shading
to
Shifted
structure
general
the
when
≦ Vpv
the
Single-Stage
5.5
a
during
shading
lS
i
time
at
of O･75Voc
As
Shading･
ofunifol･m
Fig･5･11
1･Cfel･enCe resulting
limits
the
result
ANALYSIS
PHOTOVOLTAIC
of tlle COntrOller
points
COndition･
of simulations
uniform"adiation
falls between
the operation
shows
5.
of the
only
output
one
cost of the
iw
currents
current
convcrter･
sensor
iu･ iv
to
CHAPTER
毎
5.
PHOTOVOLTAIC
ANALYSIS
史I&L
IdcL
〟
⊂≡コ
esuveu
●
JSTe..
纂舟
ivlsv
Vpv
巳コ-一躍
巧 Sun
0
γ
i.1.'.?n.1I
esvw
I
bvMP
T+-Pl+*
v*pwM.`lI_DVeofletcafg.e,.i=
IAcAJdcVL
Figure
5･12:
Single-stage
source
current
78
inverter
for PV
system
CHAPTER
5.6
Result
Analysis
Simulation
5.6.1
5.
PHOTOVOLTAIC
of MPPT
results
ANALYSIS
Control
discussions
and
Table
5.1: Silllulation col一ditioll
Numberofmodules
16
No.ofseriesmodules
4
No.ofparallelmodules
4
Open-circuitVoltag9Voc
84.4V
Sho1.t-Circuitcurrentlsc
15.2A
Solarll.adiation
1000W/m2
100V,27TX60rad/s
GridvoltageE,LJ
1KヽV
OutputPowerPout
1.OmH,10.47pF,470
Gridside丘lterLf,Cf,R/
20mH
InductanceL
Carrierfrequencyfs
Table.5.1
the
shows
short
string
upon
the
modules
specifications
current
The
from
low
are
The
in Fig.5.13.
out
the PV
AC
and
The
entering
to
cycles
to 387
negative
W
V
37
the
is detected
and
slope
of 397
detect
37
W
of 769
at i
Now
and
the
shading
Vpv, PV
Ipv
for the
current
stated
above
0･325s
-
when
PV
output
W(LMPPl) and also the
condition (0･75* Voc)≦ Vpv ≦ (0･9* Voc)
the
When
both
the
the
current
79
The
controller･
shading
wllere
reference
through
for fast tracking･
to 524
during
employs
The
shown
clear explanation
at i
occurrence
shading
shading
are
level
0･31s･
more
levels
a
varylng
two
testing
For
voltage
in shading
of the
0.725s
=
conditions
-
0･72s･
Ppv, PV
Power
loop･of
sllading
V, respectively･
of LMPP3
W.
is out
-
at i
witll
short-circuit
radiation
be reduccdfurther
the partial
(MPP)
W
which
partial
of PV
1 odcurs
2 at i
pattern
can
isu for change
grid
960
find the GMPPl
2 wllich
LMPP3
from
drops
pattern
which
forms
wave
controller
is around
voltage
is 25ms
tO the
curl･ent
power
thus
the
shows
conditions.
the
pattern
sampling
Fig･5･14
and shading
the
as
tool
the shading
during
curves
of
Based
pattern･
and
For
array･
is considered
1 to shading
interval
on
84AV
radiation
the PV
characteristics
lOOOW/m2
of
Voc
partial
consisting
in PSIM
performed
voltage
under
shading
the
condition
shifts from
pattern
to
radiation
the simulation
is tested
to multiple
and
are
array
4 parallel
/
of 4 series
open-circuit
system
considered
form
PV
the
where
simulations
of lkW,
level shading
patterns
the
analysis
PVarray
of simulation
in the
arranged
theoretical
†β｡15.2A.
conditions
110kHz
1 and
the
the
power
controller
incremental
is reduced
shadin岳pattern
tile
its
Curve
on
to detect
conductancc
to detect
changes
highly drops
and voltage
scans
5 PV
takes
controller
the
the
the
otller MPPs
CHAPTEIl.5.
PH()T()VOLTAIC
ANALYSIS
I()()O
■｢コ
く
○
⊂
-て〕
=
'｢コ
=
i
爪
3O
Figur(1
Ll工PP31
6()
W
whj(.h
is glでat･ぐ1･t･1-al-t･he i)rCVi()llH l･(さgisf,(?red
Tll(--eOrlt･rOller (:ollぐ1u(led t･he I)Oillt･[lS GMPP
r(-と1(･h(,(i
al一(istol)S
As
Volt;1ge
5. 13: Cllil川ぐt･ellifit･i(･s
(.Ill,I,(1S
for.1illlulat.i()ll
C･OllSi(1cLlで(1
とI11(Ill(-Xt･ 111aXilll11111i,()W(7r Of i82
l'OW('r
PV
as
t･hc voltage
lilllit･is
S(･と11111111gfor ot･hor LMPPs,
t･11(1ill､で1･t(,ri=
a
(･urrellt･
7,とIM(1 col山o1
(lullllg higl一之-11〔1
sll(1(1(〕11
(･11allg(lill
ril(l山i()ll r()ll(1it･iollStrlle PV
olltr)llt･ V()1t･ilg(-(1rol)S t() 111illilllul11levels,
illV(､1.t･(-l'(･all
(ゝullt･rOlt･h(､ low
volt･agcL tllC ()ut･l)llt (rl11TCllt･ i() tlle gri(1 isぐ011t･inuo11S,
All(1 ∼11sot･h(Iout･1)11t･ 〔･urlで11t t･()t･11egl･i(1i"1wayH
a
t･11uS ill)(,ぐt･i()-1
(:le∼l･11
(711(-1､gy.
80
Bllt･
aS
t･11(?
SilluS()i(1al wit,h()ut ally 'list･lllll一之111C(･S
CHAT)TER
1000
-イShadingl
'J
800
こ..
亘
600
>
凸.I
40()
メ
=
i
PHOT()V()LTAIC
ANALYSIS
shading2＼
･</卜>
200｢
80
U
tJ)
喜
,'-).
60
>
○
40
>
ン
>
l
a.
｢
]6
⊂
賀才
U
i
>
EL
l.2
9012
=
三三.:‥
:99_,■
<
Timc(.qL･Ll)
FigllrC 5, 14: ll/'av(jolllllH〔'ft･11CPV
to sin(1illg I)Elt･t･em 1 at･ I
-
arra.y whcll trllera(1i[1tion 〔/･hallgPSfrol-i 10001りm･2
0･31･づと111〔1
0･721b.
agaill (:llallgeS t･(jSlla(1illg I)at･t爪11 2 ∼IL[
-
Summary
5.7
f(,.,(i(加(心1-g the
Tl-1is (･11ar)t('ll
(i(-alt･wit･h lIPPT之11gorithl-1
r)art･iと11
shtl(1illg Cull(li-
Tile Iブ1-叩()Se〔1
1･.1PPT
t.i()llS
sLYSt･elll (1urlllg l･a･Pi(I(･11al-g(1()f il･ra〔1iとIti()11S･
i(-'･,wll(,f,ll(,r
the irra(1iati()ll I)[,t･t(汁ll()1- tll〔､PV
sTSt(-=1
alg('ritl-ll- (･all (1iff'汀(I,11t･iatp
(:Ill.V(千
t･h(ラP-V
t.ll(､ra(1iati()ll is ullifol.m Or llOlトt111iforlll.The
cont.r()11pl･ also t･1てt(:(IS
it･(､1.山iり11ト.
t''山1-1 111(.GMPP之tlll‖‖g
111(I')111(,11‖(･al川'Ⅰ--･il ･111(,H六=11=1,い1'りf■
Tlle (･011VCrter
al-ray (1-1rillg (‥llallgeill Slla(1illg
COllt･rOIs t･hc low volt･agc fr()m PV
()ll
t･11(1PV
an(1 1-1akillg t･11eSySt･e111 t･O Pr()duce
l･eSultい,erifics tllC COll代Ⅰ)t
=)nt･ill11OtlS nil)r)1y
t･o
trllCgri(l･ Tl-(∼=il-1111とItp,i(ms
low汁11(1 lligll I,(､r(‥(-ntage Of 111ultiI)1e shと､(lillg･
-111〔1(1r
81
Chapter
6
Conclusion
Conclusion
6.1
This
thesis presents
tery
and
width
photovoltaic
the low
prlnCiple
switching
for lleduced
DC
C
added
and
are
of input
to
to the
experimentallywith
reveals
that
collCludes
one-fourth
methods
B
output
DC
as
the
voltage
st1･eSS
the
sllading
main
regular
based
and
switching
improve
The･
has
improved
The
is minimum.
converter
The
Proposed
factor
Alters
and
are
analysis
alld alter
converter
im-
test analysis
theripple
and
switches
al･C
ranges
methods
proposed
B
methods
powel･
built in the laboratory･
switches
control
and Cl
by
caused
ripple
the
Bl
methods
C! respectively･
the
On
to
the
Tlle
are
losses
reduced
tlle e氏ciency.
in the
problem
MPPT
detecting
scannlng
solar
generators
(:ir(mitJS O1･ COlltr
wllic･11 re(111ir(wLdditiollal
current
of the
control
ripple
A
for
factor･
highpower
The
pulse
proposed
I)etween
tested･
method
switching
and
factor
the
improvlng
As
by
that
reduced
thus
switching
under
are
switches
l･ipple and
experimentally
0 to 27T･ The
power
IGBT
for bat-
converter
operating
commutations
the prototype
input
the
are
strategies
DC
witll minimum
principle
ripple
verified
are
ripple
voltage
in switching
provement
A
SWitching
minimum
AC/DC
buck
bidircctional
the
with
voltage
metl10d
DC
the
reduce
DC
factol･ from
powel･
Tlle
applications.
for contl･011ing
modulation
controlling
of tlle bidirectiollal
the topology
method
the
for checking
is proposed
GMPP
the
during
are
()I
ln(*Jhods
both
to
82
MPP
find the
shading･
the
partial
tllC GMPP･
to血1d
pal'tial shading
Of partial
presence
detecting
on
PV
shading
TllC
Il(,W
during
unifol･m
arrays
without
CHAPTER
6.2
Future
Althoughthc
MPPT
AC/DC
l〕eimplen-ented
2･ The
is to test
DC
the
silnulation
the
with
reliability･
for illCreaSlng
3･ The
the
of the
verification
converter
The
with
followlng
solar
are
works
of tile I)idirectional
applications
the
power
the
also
by
prol′ided
solar
also by
into
of the PV
with
phenomenon
is the
be
prove
its advantages.
are
array
while
calculated
main
it should
auxiliary
without
EV
on
Only
by
compa･rlllg
by
tlle light
MPP,
the
charglng
the
of the
use
more
shading
power
will extend
the stability of the
pattel･nS
losses･
system
power
As
Stations
AC/DC
controller● with
the
be
service
the light
source
the
the
With
source
is
constraint
in future
the
controller
constraints.
fast charglng
three-phase
reduced
to
strings
so
cont1･OI
o111y influenced
not
calculating
focused
are
compact
MPPT
the
connected
and
solar
power
generation･
illCr(うaSillgI.api(ユly wllCr(.I fr(-(Ill(-l上t
(心al･glllg Star,iollS
ar(-
for extracting
for detecting
which
is to
fb∫ temperature
proposed
proposed
phase
temperature.
considel･ation
chal･ging stations
contl･O11ers
for natul･al shading
input
on
range
to
tile atmospheric
Thus
The
bc detcctcd
can
shading
shading.
compensations
methods
applications
Tiュ(- EVfl(-(-ts
wide
partial
of tlle COntrOller
wi11 be extended
constructed･
for
panels
panels.
characteristics
n-aim
PV
1･Cal time
highly parallel
with
during
VAR
MPPT
conventional
takcn
the artificial partial
constructed
has
inverter
efBciency
but
with
Tlle
grid.
btlt it has to bc tested
outptlt
for static
extended
6･ The
that
reveal
is l′eri丘edtllrOugll Silllulation.
the inverter
tlle AC
to
tO be
are
al･ray
increa5e
5･ The
inverter
conditions.
PV
4･ And
AC/DC
power
controller
in outdoor
which
and
cxperimcntally
results
by the MPPT
panels
efBciency
of single-stage
converting
The
the
cxpcrimcntally
the
converter.
futul･e work
world･
vcrificd
il一tlle future
1･ Tlle COntrOl
The
be
to
determine
to
is verific(1 cxpcrimcntally,
converter
has
controller
AC/DC
CONCLUSION
works
pallels in order
to
6.
are
and
extracting
inverter
for static
has
reactive
network.
83
with
foral1 tlle COnditions
maximum
Wide
power
I)C
suited for tlle fast
transfol･mel･･ Solarmodules
the slngle-stage■ inverter
tO
in this fast moving
l･equired
convel･tCl･ will be well
is required
are
system
power
control range
compensator
intelligent
of radiation.
will be suitable
from
the solar
of input
phase
for increaslng
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Applications
lnter-
(ICRI

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