ºË‚ÌÀ»-ºÌÀ̻·M ÉZŃZÌ·M { É|̈¯Y ÉZź¸Ì§ cZ̏y ÉÁ ºË‚ÌÀ» ½Y‚Ì» €ÌiZe
Ê^ËZ¿ {Y‚Æ] ,Ê]€Ÿ ¾Ìˆu ,É|¿YÂË{ É|Æ» ,€Æ»}M €Ì»Y |̇
½Y€ËY d ÀÁ º¸Ÿ ÃZ´Œ¿Y{ ,Ƀ·Zf» Á {Y» ʇ|ÀÆ» Ã|°Œ¿Y{
Effects of Magnesium Contents on Characteristics of Al-Mg Alloys
Oxide Films
S. A. Azarmehr, M. Divandari, H. Arabi, B. Nayebi
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology
Ã|Ì°q
Ä/ÌÆe µÂ/— { Ä/ËÁ cZ/œuÔ» Ä/r¿ZÀq ,½Â̇Y|̈¯Y Ä] d^ˆ¿ [Y~» ºË‚ÌÀ»-ºÌÀ̻·M ÉZŃZÌ·M ÉÓZ] ḋZˆu d¸Ÿ Ä]
Ä/ËÓ ½M {YM s˜/‡ ÉÁ Á {Â/‹Ê/» ½Â̇Y|̈¯Y Zq{ dŸ€‡ Ä] [Y~» ,{€Ì´¿ c \·Z« Ĝ¨v» Ä] ½M µZ¬f¿Y Á [Y~»
[Y~/» {YÁ Á ¶Ì°/Œe ɂËZ/] ¾Ì/u { ÃZ/e¯ ½Z/» { Ä/¯ É|̈¯Y ÉZź¸Ì§ ,|‡Ê» €œ¿ Ä] .{‹ʻ ¶Ì°Œe É|̈¯Y
Š/»{ Y Ã{Z¨f/‡Y Z/] Z/ÅĿ¼¿ ,ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY { .|À‹Z] Ạ̀ Á ʓZ^¬¿Y Á ɁZ³ cY€¨u |À¿Z» [Â̟ Y ÉZ̈] ZŒÀ» ,|¿Â‹Ê»
Á d»Zz/“ €/̜¿ É|̈¯Y º¸Ì§ cZ̏y Á |¿|Ë{€³ ÄÌÆe |̈¯Y-‚¸§-|̈¯Y pËÁ|¿Z‡ ¶Ì°Œe Á [Y~» ½Á{ Ä] YÂÅ [Z^u
¶/Zu lËZf¿ .d§€³ Y€« ʇ€] {» Al-5Mg Á Al-1Mg ÉZŃZÌ·M ÉY€] ʌ]Á Ê¿Á€f°·Y _°‡Á€°Ì» –‡Âe Ƀ·§»
€ËZ/‡ cZ/¬Ì¬ve Á €“Zu ªÌ¬ve lËZf¿ ĈËZ¬» .d§€³ Y€« ĈËZ¬» {» ½Z¬¬v» €ËZ‡ cZ¬Ì¬ve Y ¶Zu lËZf¿ Z] Z¯ ¾ËY Y
Ä/f§ZË ŠËY‚/§Y |/Ë|m É|Ì/ˆ¯Y º¸Ì§ Á É|̈¯Y ÉZÅʳ{Ây¾Ìq d»Zz“ ,ºË‚ÌÀ» |{ ŠËY‚§Y Z] į {Y{ ½ZŒ¿ ½Z¬¬v»
.d‡Y
ʳ|̯Á€q ,ʳ{ÂyZe ,|̈¯Y -‚¸§ -|̈¯Y pËÁ|¿Z‡ ,ÄËÓÁ{ É|̈¯Y º¸Ì§ ,ºË‚ÌÀ» -ºÌÀ̻·M ƒZÌ·M :ÃYÁ |̸¯
ABSTRACT
Molten Aluminum-magnesium alloys oxidize rapidly during casting and handling if adequate
prevention measures are not taken. Oxide films that form in a very short time during pouring the
melt into moulds seem to be one of the main reasons for dross-like defects, porosities and etc. The
characteristics of these films in Al-1Mg and Al-5Mg were studied and compared with the results of
similar researches published in literature. For this investigation, Samples of oxide–metal–oxide
sandwich were prepared by the bubble impingement technique. Features such as thickness, size and
morphology of the oxide film have been examined by SEM. Results show that thickness of oxide
folding increase with increasing the magnesium content in Al-Mg alloys.
Keywords: Al-Mg alloy, double layer oxide film, oxide-metal-oxide sandwich, fold, wrinkle
11
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Table 1: Formation range of oxides in Al-Mg alloy melt
with Mg concentration [9]
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12
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Fig. 2: Two kinds of folding involve wrinkles and folds [16]
13
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contact with each other, (c) in the form of double oxide film is
submerged in the bulk liquid and act as submerged cracks[1].
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‰Á ¾Ë€//fÆ] Ä//¯ d//‡Y Ã|//‹ ‰Y‚//³ .[14 ,13 ,4-2]
Ã|ÅZ/Œ» ,É|Ì/ˆ¯Y º¸Ì§ d»Zz“ ɀ̳ÁY|¿Y ÉY€] ɀːe
d/‡Y (3 ¶°/‹) Ê^¿Zm ÉZ¼¿ Y |̈¯Y-‚¸§-|̈¯Y pËÁ|¿Z‡
É{€/e Á dÌ/‡Zˆu €—Z/y Ä] į d‹Y{ ÄmÂe |ËZ] Ê·Á ,[4]
Ã|ÅZ/Œ» ½Z°»Y ,|̈¯Y-‚¸§-|̈¯Y pËÁ|¿Z‡ ÉZÅĿ¼¿ ÉÓZ]
.[19 Á 18] dˆÌ¿ €ˆÌ» Č̼ŠZÅĿ¼¿ ¾ËY Ê^¿Zm
ʓZ^¬¿Y ŠÀe Á (1 Â¿ ­€e) ÉY{€]Ŀ¼¿ €iY { ­€e ¶Ì°Œe :4 ¶°‹
[18] Ž·Zy ºÌÀ̻·M { (2 Â¿ ­€e)
Fig. 4: Crack formation in pure aluminum due to sampling
(Type 1) and contraction stress (Type 2) [18].
ŠÅÁ„a ‰Á
Al-5Mg Á Al-1Mg ÉZ/ŃZÌ·M ÄÌÆe ÉY€] ,ŠËZ»M ¾ËY {
.|/‹ Ã{Z¨f/‡Y Ž·Z/y ºË‚/ÌÀ» Á Ž·Z/y ºÌÀÌ»Â/·M Š¼‹ Y
Êf»ÁZ/¬» ÃÂ/¯ ®/Ë Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z] ɁZ‡ƒZÌ·M Á [Á} cZ̸¼Ÿ
800 cY€/u Äm{ { ɀ³ÄfzË Á Äf§€³ c ÊËZÀ̻·M
ɃÂ/·Â§» Ê/‡€] ÉY€/] .|/Ë{€³ ¹Z/n¿Y {Y€/³Êf¿Z‡ Äm{
Ä/ËÓ Ä/‡ pËÁ|¿Z/‡ ‰Á Ä/] ZÅĿ¼¿ ,É|̈¯Y ÄËÓ Êv˜‡
ºÌÀÌ»Â/·M ÉZŃZÌ·M {» { Ô^« į [15] |̈¯Y-‚¸§-|̈¯Y
½M lËZ/f¿ Á Ä/f§€³ Y€/« Ã{Z¨f/‡Y Á ŠËZ/»M {» ºË‚ÌÀ» Á
.|‹ ÄÌÆe [19-15 ,7] d‡Y Ã|‹ ‰Y‚³
ŠËY|/m t˜/‡ ÉZ/ËY‚» Y ÉY{Â/y€] ÉY€] ,ŠËZ»M ¾ËY {
ɀ//̳\//·Z« d//Æm ÁÁ{ ÉYÄv¨// µ|//» Y ,\//·Z« É{Â//¼Ÿ
ćZ» Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z] ZÅĿ¼¿ ɀ̳\·Z« .(5 ¶°‹) |‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y
1388 ½Zfˆ» ,94 ÃZ¼‹ ,ºfŒÅÁdˆÌ] µZ‡ ,ɀ³ÄfzË
ÉZ¼¿ Y Al-5Mg ƒZÌ·M { |̈¯Y -‚¸§ -|̈¯Y pËÁ|¿Z‡ €Ëe :3 ¶°‹
.[7] d‡Y ÄËÓÁ{ É|̈¯Y º¸Ì§ Ê «YÁ d»Zz“ €´¿ZŒ¿ į Ê^¿Zm
Fig. 3: Oxide–metal–oxide sandwich viewed from its edge
[7].
½M {€/e d Ì^— ,É|̈¯Y ÉZź¸Ì§ cZ̏y Y €´Ë{ Ê°Ë
º¸Ì/§ { ­€/e Â/”u €/] Ê/À^» ÉZ̈] cY|ÅZŒ» .d‡ZÅ
¾ËY Y É{Y| e .d‡Y Ã|‹ ÄWYY ¦¸fz» ÉZŃZÌ·M { É|̈¯Y
‰€/] Y ʋZ¿ cZ‹Z eY €iY { Á ɁZ‡Ä¿Â¼¿ ¾Ìu { ZÅ­€e
Ê/“Z^¬¿Y ÉZ/ŊÀe €iY { ‚Ì¿ Êy€] Z»Y ,{‹ʻ {ZnËY Ä ˜«
Ä/] {Z/¼n¿Y ¾Ì/u { ,É|Ì/ˆ¯Y º¸Ì§ ʘy ‘Z^¬¿Y Y ʋZ¿
Ä/¯ d‡Y €¯} Ä] ¹Ó .[19-15 Á 7] (4 ¶°‹) |ËMÊ» {ÂmÁ
Ä/ËÓ d»Zz/“ Ä/q€Å ,|Ì/ˆ¯Y Ê°Ì»Y€/‡ dÌÅZ» Ä] ÄmÂe Z]
14
®ÌeZ¼/‹ c Ä] Y Ä ˜« ½Á{ Ä] YÂÅ [Z^u {ÁÁ ÃÂv¿ 6
­€f/Œ» ¶/§ ,cZ ˜« ‰€] Á {Z¼n¿Y Y †a .|Å{Ê» ½ZŒ¿
pËÁ|¿Z/‡ Ä/¿Â¼¿ ½YÂÀŸ Ä] |¿{Â] Ã|̇ ºÅ Ä] į ÊËZÅ[Z^u
Ƀ·§» ʇ€] œÀ» Ä] Á |‹ [Zzf¿Y |̈¯Y-‚¸§-|̈¯Y
_°/ ‡Á€°Ì» –//‡Âe ,É|Ì/ ˆ¯Y º¸Ì/ § d»Zz//“ ¾Ì/ ¼ze Á
.d§€³ Y€« Ä ·Z˜» {» ʌ]Á Ê¿Á€f°·Y
Y ½ZÀ̼—Y µÂu ÉY€] .d§€³ ¹Zn¿Y Êf‡{ ‰Á Ä] Á CO2
{ [Y~/» {Z/¼n¿Y Y ɀ̳Â/¸m ,YÂ/Å Ã|À»{ ķ· ½|¿Z» ¹€³
Ä/¿Á ½|/‹ {Á|ˆ» Á ķ· { [Y~» {Z¼n¿Y ,ķ· ¾ËY ¥Y€—Y
.|/‹ Ã{Z¨f/‡Y ‚/˦/¯ ÊÅZ/´ÅY ºf/ˆÌ‡ Y ,YÂ/Å ÊmÁ€y
{ (Ä/ ˜« ¾ÌËZ/a Ä/] ÓZ] Y) {Z¼n¿Y \̋ ¶Ì·{ Ä] ¾ÌÀr¼Å
[Y~» Ä] {Ây€] Z] ÄÌ·ÁY ÉZÅ[Z^u ,‚˦¯ ÊÅZ´ÅY ºfˆÌ‡
Ä/nÌf¿ { Á |¿Â/‹Ê/» ¦/«Âf» ,Ä ˜« ÉÓZ] { Ã|‹ |¼nÀ»
¾Ë|/] .|¿Z/‡€] Ê/¸^« [Z^u Ä] Y {Ây |¿YÂeÊ» É| ] [Z^u
¶/§ ¶Ì°/Œe Á Z/Å[Z/^u ½|Ì/‡ º/Å Ä/] µZ¼fuY \Ìe€e
.|]ZËÊ» ŠËY‚§Y ZŽM ½ZÌ» ­€fŒ»
\·Z« ½Á{ Ä] YÂÅ Š»{ ºfˆÌ‡ ®ÌeZ¼‹ ŠËZ¼¿ :6 ¶°‹
Fig. 6: Schematic of air blowing system
ZÅÄf§ZË
Al-1Mg ƒZ/Ì·M { Ä/¯ Ê]Z^u Á{ ­€fŒ» ¶§ Y ʌz]
.d//‡Y Ã|//‹ Ã{Y{ ½Z//Œ¿ 7 ¶°//‹ { ,|//¿YÃ|Ì//‡ º//Å Ä//]
…Z/‡Y €/] Á {Â/‹ Ê/» Ã|/Ë{ ¶°/‹ ¾/ËY { į — ½Z¼Å
Ä/] É|Ì/ˆ¯Y ÉZ/Å º¸Ì/§ ,[19-15 ,7] Ê/¸^« ÉZ/Å ‰Y‚³
|/¼nÀ» [Y~/» ÊfË|/¿{ ZfyZ/‡ į |ÀfˆÅ ­Z¿ É|«
¶/]Z« ÊËÓZ/] Ä/ËÓ ½ZÌ» Y ,É|̈¯Y ÄËÓ Á{ ½ZÌ» { Ã|‹
{ Ä/¯ (²/¿ €a ɀfˆ¯Zy) ÉYÀÌe ª—ZÀ» .d‡Y Ã|ÅZŒ»
d/‡Y Ê]Y~/» ½Z¼Å ,{‹ Ê» Ã|Ë{ [Z^u Á{ ­€fŒ» ¶§
.d/‡Y Ã|‹ |¼nÀ» Á …Â^v» É|̈¯Y ÄËÓÁ{ ½ZÌ» { į
­Â/¿ ,€ËÂ/e ¾ÌËZa Á `q d¼‡ { ɀfˆ¯Zy Ĭ˜À» {
Á{ É|̈¯Y º¸Ì§ ½ZÌ» { Ã|‹ |¼nÀ» [Y~» ÉZÅdË|¿{
Z/] Ä/¯ dË|¿{ ­Â¿ É{Y| e) {‹ Ê» Ã|Ë{ s“Á Ä] ÄËÓ
7 ¶°/‹ { |̨/‡ ½Z/°Ìa –‡Âe ,|¿Y{ ­€fŒ» ¶§ ºÅ
pËÁ|¿Z/‡ Y ÊËZ/Åd¼/ˆ« ,7 ¶°‹ { .(d‡Y Ã|‹ ‚ËZ¼f»
15
ŠËZ»M { Ã{Z¨f‡Y {» ÉYÄv¨ µ|» :5 ¶°‹
Fig. 5: Pattern used in this research.
Ê/«€] µ€fÀ¯ €Ì‹ Á ‡€b¼¯ ®Ë –‡Âe Z] 0/5 ZŒ§ Z] YÂÅ
Y €f»Ê¸Ì» 1 €˜« Z] ÊËZ°Ì¸Ì‡ ķ· ½ZÌ» Y ž˜¬À» c Ä]
ž˜¬À» {ÁÁ Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .|‹ Ã|Ì»{ [Y~» ¶yY{ Ä] \·Z« ¦¯
Ä/] d^/ˆ¿ Ä/Ì¿Zi 3 ĸ/Z§ Z/] [Z^u €Å) [Y~» ¶yY{ Ä] YÂÅ
¶°‹ .|¿|‹ Ä ˜« {YÁ Y‚n» c Ä] ZÅ[Z^u ,(¶^« [Z^u
1388 ½Zfˆ» ,94 ÃZ¼‹ ,ºfŒÅÁdˆÌ] µZ‡ ,ɀ³ÄfzË
À/Ìe ÉZÅʳ{ÂyZe ½ZÌ» { …Â^v» [Y~» {ÂmÁ µZ¼fuY
Y À/Ìe ÉZ/Åʳ{ÂyZ/e d»Zz/“ ÄnÌf¿ { Á d‡Y €fŒÌ]
.{Y{ É{Z/ˁ ĸ/Z§ É|Ì/ˆ¯Y º¸Ì/§ d»Zz“ Ê «YÁ Y|¬»
{ …Â/^v» Ã{Z» d»Zz“ €f»YZa ʨÀ» €ÌiZe \Ìe€e ¾Ë|]
|/u Z/e ,É|Ì/ˆ¯Y ʳ{ÂyZ/e d»Zz“ €] ʳ{ÂyZe ½ZÌ»
,Ã|/‹ s€/˜» cZ°¿ Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .d§ZË |ÅYÂy ŠÅZ¯ ¾°¼»
Z/e 0/5 Ã{Á|/v» { ,ŠÅÁ„a ¾ËY { ZÅʳ{ÂyZe d»Zz“
‰Á ª/^— ¾ËY€]ZÀ] .d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{ ¾Ì¼ze €f»Á€°Ì» 1/2
½YÂ/eÊ» ,[19-15 ,7] ʳ{Ây¾Ìq d»Zz“ ½{€¯ ¦¿
{ Al-1Mg ƒZ//Ì·M { É|Ì/ ˆ¯Y Ä//ËÓ Ê//À̼ze d»Zz//“
0/6 Z//e 0/25 Ã{Á|//v» { Y ,ÃZ//e¯ ½Z//» ½ÂÌ/ ‡Y|̈¯Y
,8 €Ëe { €´Ë{ ÄmÂe \·Zm \¸˜» .{€¯ ¹ÔŸY €f»Á€°Ì»
Žz/Œ» ÃZÌ/‡ ½Z/°Ìa Z/] į ÊËZÅ­€e) ÊËZÅ­€e ”u
¥Ôf/yY Ä/¯ d/‡Y ÄËÓÁ{ É|̈¯Y º¸Ì§ ½ZÌ» { (|¿YÃ|‹
.d‡Y {Zˁ ½ZŒ§€— Á{ t˜‡ Z¨eY
º/Å Ä/] É|Ì/ˆ¯Y Ä/ËÓ Á{ ½M { Ä/¯ |Ì/ˆ¯Y-‚¸§-|̈¯Y
.|¿Â‹ Ê» Ã|Ë{ |̨‡ ²¿ Ä] ,|¿YÃ|‹ ®Ë{‚¿
Al-ƒZÌ·M { Ã|̇ ºÅ Ä] [Z^uÁ{ ­€fŒ» ¶§ Y ʌz] :7 ¶°‹
½ZÌ» { Ã|‹ |¼nÀ» Á …Â^v» [Y~» ÉZÅdË|¿{ ,½M { į1Mg
.{‹ʻ Ã|Ë{ ‚Ì¿ É|̈¯Y ÄËÓÁ{ º¸Ì§
Fig. 7: The interface between two adjacent bubbles in
Al-1Mg alloy, showing dendrites of entrapped and
solidified melt between two oxide layers.
7 ¶°‹ { Ã|‹ ŽzŒ» {Z¯ Y €eÓZ] ÊËZ¼À³‚] Z] €Ëe :8 ¶°‹
ZfyZ‡ ¾ËY .d‡Y É|̈¯Y º¸Ì§ Ã{Ây¾Ìq ZfyZ‡ Ã|ÀÅ{½ZŒ¿ į
( B)Â¿ É|̈¯Y ʳ|̯Á€q ,(A)Â¿ ‚¸§ ÉÁZu ʳ{Ây¾Ìq ¶»Z‹
(C) Â¿ ÄËÓ Á{ º¸Ì§ ½ZÌ» { …Â^v» [Y~» Ä] ÊÆfÀ» ʳ{ÂyZe Á
.d‡Y
Fig. 8: Higher magnification of the framed area in Fig.7,
showing folded structure of oxide film. Folding involves
entrapped metal (Type A), wrinkle (Type B) and fold
reaches the entrapped metal (Type C) are seen in this
structure.
Ã|Ì/‡ º/Å Ä] [Z^u Á{ ­€fŒ» ¶§ Y ʌz] ,9 ¶°‹
Ä/] ,€ËÂ/e ¾/ËY ª^— .|Å{Ê» ½ZŒ¿ Y Al-5Mg ƒZÌ·M {
1388 ½Zfˆ» ,94 ÃZ¼‹ ,ºfŒÅÁdˆÌ] µZ‡ ,ɀ³ÄfzË
É|Ì/ˆ¯Y º¸Ì/§ Êv˜/‡ ɃÂ/·Â§» €eªÌ«{ ʇ€] ÉY€]
ÊËZ¼À³‚] Z] 7 €Ëe { Ã|‹ ŽzŒ» |̨‡ {Z¯ ,ÄËÓÁ{
{ ,8 €ËÂ/e { .d/‡Y Ã|/‹ Ã{Y{ ½ZŒ¿ 8 ¶°‹ { €eÓZ]
d/‡Y Äf‹Y{ {ÂmÁ [Y~» Y ɀfŒÌ] ºnu į ÊËZÅd¼ˆ«
ʳ{Â/y¾Ì/q É{Zˁ {Y| e ,(²¿ €a ɀfˆ¯Zy ª—ZÀ»)
ʳ{Ây ¾Ìq) {‹ʻ Ã|ÅZŒ» Ã|‹ |¼nÀ» [Y~» ÉÁZu
ʳ|/̯Á€q €f/ŒÌ] ,€Ëe ¾‹Á ÉZÅd¼ˆ« { .(A Â¿
,{Â/yÊ/» º/Œq Ä] (B Â¿ ʳ{Ây¾Ìq) É|̈¯Y ÄËÓ
Ĭ˜À» { ‚Ì¿ (C Â¿ ʳ{Ây¾Ìq) ÊËZÅʳ{ÂyZe Äf^·Y
0Ze|¼Ÿ į {‹ʻ Ã|Ë{ |̈¯Y-‚¸§-|̈¯Y pËÁ|¿Z‡ ¾‹Á
Ä/ËÓÁ{ ½Z/Ì» { …Â/^v» [Y~/» cY€/˜« Ä] ¥€— ®Ë Y
ʳ{ÂyZ/e d»Zz/“ ¾Ì/¼ze ÉY€/] .|/¿YÃ|Ì/‡ É|̈¯Y
ÉZ//Åʳ{ÂyZ//e d»Zz//“ ,Al-1Mg ƒZ//Ì·M { É|Ì/ ˆ¯Y
Y Ã|»M d‡{ Ä] €ËÁZe €ËZ‡ Á 8 ¶°‹ { €Ëe €] {¼Ÿ
.|/‹ Ã{ ¾Ì/¼ze †/°Ÿ …Z/̬» Ä/] Ä/mÂe Z] ,Ŀ¼¿ ¾ËY
Y |//‹ Ê //‡ ,¾Ì//¼ze d//«{ ŠËY‚//§Y ÉY€//] ¾Ì//Àr¼Å
Ä/¯ Y€/q ,{Â/‹ Ã{Z¨f/‡Y ¾/‹Á ²/¿ Ä/] ÉZÅʳ{ÂyZe
16
¶°/‹ { .{€/̳ Ê» Y€« €f»Á€°Ì» 0/7 Ze 0/4 Ã{Á|v» {
ÃZÌ/‡ ½Z/°Ìa Z/] Ä/¯ ÊËZ/Å ­€/e) ÊËZÅ ­€e ‚Ì¿ ¦·Y -10
d^/ˆ¿ Ä/] ½Z/Œ§€— Á{ t˜/‡ Z¨eY į (|¿Y Ã|‹ ‚ËZ¼f»
.{‹ Ê» Ã|Ë{ ,d‡Y {Zˁ
É|Ì/ˆ¯Y Ä/ËÓ Á{ ,Ê¿Z/Ì» d¼/ˆ« { [Y~/» {Â^¼¯ d¸Ÿ
½Z/Ì» { ‚/Ì¿ [Y~/» Y ÊeY€˜« Á |À‡€] ºÅ Ä] |¿Y Äfˆ¿YÂe
¾ËY { į — ½Z¼Å .d‡Y Ã{Zf§Y ¹Y{ Ä] É|̈¯Y ÉZÅ ÄËÓ
{ |Ì/ˆ¯Y-‚/¸§-|Ì/ˆ¯Y pËÁ|¿Z‡ ,{‹ Ê» Ã|ÅZŒ» €Ëe
{ Ä/ ˜« ‰€/] Y Ê/‹Z¿ cZ‹Z eY c|‹ Á º¸Ì§ É{€e €iY
.d‡Y Ã|‹ ‰‚Ë Zq{ B Á A Ĭ˜À» Á{
(¦·Y)
Al-5MgƒZÌ·M { Ã|̇ ºÅ Ä] [Z^u Á{ ­€fŒ» ¶§ Y ʌz] :9 ¶°‹
Fig. 9: The interface between two adjacent bubbles in
Al-5Mg alloy
( [)
([ Al-5Mg ƒZÌ·M { |̈¯Y -‚¸§-|̈¯Y pËÁ|¿Z‡ (¦·Y :10¶°‹
d‡ZÅʳ{Ây¾Ìq €´¿ZŒ¿ į (¦·)¶°‹ Y €eÓZ] ÊËZ¼À³‚]
Fig. 10: (a) Oxide-Metal-Oxide sandwich in Al-5Mg
alloy (b) same image at higher magnification showing
folding.
Š·Z´‡
Á{ {Â//y€] Y ¶//Zu Ä//¿Â¼¿ ¶Ì°//Œe ÃÂ//v¿ 11 ¶°//‹ {
Ã|/‹ Ã{Y{ ½Z/Œ¿ ®ÌeZ¼/‹ cÂ/ Ä/] ,º/Å Ä] YÂÅ [Z^u
{Ây€] ¶v» { ,d‡Y|Ìa ¶°‹ ¾ËY Y į —½Z¼Å .d‡Y
¦/¸fz» d/·Zu 3 d/‡Y ¾/°¼» ,[Y~» { ºÅ Ä] [Z^u Á{
½ZÌ» [Y~» ½{Zf§Y €Ì³ :Y |ÀeZ^Ÿ cÓZu ¾ËY į |ËM ŠÌa
17
Z//] 9 ¶°//‹ { |Ì/ ˆ¯Y-‚//¸§-|Ì/ ˆ¯Y pËÁ|¿Z//‡ Y Ê/ Œz]
.d/‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Y{ ½ZŒ¿ ¦·Y -10 ¶°‹ { €eÓZ] ÊËZ¼À³‚]
…Â^v» ÉYÂÅ ÉÁZu ªÌ¼Ÿ ʳ{ÂyZe |Àq €Ëe ¾ËY {
ÉZ/¼¿ Y ,d/‡Y Ã|/‹ ŽzŒ» |̨‡ ½Z°Ìa Z] ¶°‹ { į
¾/ËY d»Zz/“ ¾Ì/¼ze ½Z/°»Y Y~/· .{Â/‹ Ê/» Ã|Ë{ Ê^¿Zm
d/‡Y d¼/‡ Á ÊËÓZ/] d¼/ˆ« .{Y|¿ {ÂmÁ ZŠʳ{ÂyZe
½ZŒ¿ [ -10 ¶°‹ { €eÓZ] ÊËZ¼À³‚] Z] ¦·Y -10 €Ëe
ʳ{Â/y ¾Ì/q Â/¿ Á{ €Å €Ëe ¾ËY { .d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Y{
ÉY€/] .{Â/yÊ/» ºŒq Ä] ʳ|̯Á€q Á ʳ{ÂyZe ¶»Z‹
Al-5Mg ƒZ/Ì·M { É|Ì/ˆ¯Y ʳ{ÂyZ/e d»Zz“ ¾Ì¼ze
ʳ{ÂyZ/e d»Zz/“ ¾Ì/¼ze { Ã|/‹ s€/˜» –ËY€‹ ‚Ì¿
ª^— \Ìe€e ¾Ë|] .|‹ Äf§€³ €œ¿ { Al-1Mg ƒZÌ·M ÉY€]
5 ÉZ/Å Ä/¿Â¼¿ Y Ã|/»M d/‡{ Ä/] lËZ/f¿ €ËZ‡ Á 10 ¶°‹
Ã{Á|/v» { Z/Šʳ{ÂyZ/e d»Zz/“ ,ºË‚ÌÀ» Ê¿Á |{
¦/¿ Z/] ÄnÌf¿ { .|‹ Ã{ ¾Ì¼ze €f»Á€°Ì» 1/4 Ze 0/8
É|̈¯Y ÄËÓ ÊÀ̼ze d»Zz“ ,ʳ{ÂyZe d»Zz“ ½{€¯
1388 ½Zfˆ» ,94 ÃZ¼‹ ,ºfŒÅÁdˆÌ] µZ‡ ,ɀ³ÄfzË
ɀ/̳ÁY|¿Y ÉY€] ʬ̫{ ‰Á É|̈¯Y ʳ{Ây¾Ìq d»Zz“
‰Á ¾ËY Z»Y .[19-15 ,7] dˆÌ¿ |Ë|m É|̈¯Y º¸Ì§ d»Zz“
{ ½ÂÌ/‡Y|̈¯Y c|/‹ Ä/ˆËZ¬» ÉY€/] Ê^/‡ZÀ» ZÌ » |¿YÂeÊ»
Á ¹Z°vf‡Y ,d»Zz“ ɀË~a€ÌiZe ½{Y{ ½ZŒ¿ Á ¦¸fz» ÉZŃZÌ·M
.d‡Y ɃZÌ·M €ZÀŸ Y É|̈¯Y º¸Ì§ Ƀ·§»
Á Z/¯ ¾/ËY { į ¦¸fz» ÉZŃZÌ·M { ZÅʳ{Ây¾Ìq d»Zz“
12 ¶°/‹ { |/¿YÃ|/‹ Ã{ ¾Ì¼ze [18 ,16 ,7]cZ¬Ì¬ve €ËZ‡
Ê/¨¸fz» ¶/»YŸ ž]Ze ZÅʳ{Ây¾Ìq d»Zz“ .d‡Y Ã|‹ ÄËYY
º¸Ì/§ ɀË~/a¥Z/˜ ¿Y Á ¹Z°vf/‡Y ,[Y~» º—Ôe c|‹ ½Âr¼Å
c|/‹ ,ʳ{Â/y¾Ì/q ½ZÌ» { …Â^v» Ã{Z» ½Y‚Ì» ,É|̈¯Y
Žz/Œ» ,Y{¼¿ ¾ËY { d«{ Z] .d‡Y Ạ̀ Á ƒZÌ·M ½Â̇Y|̈¯Y
,ºÌÀÌ»Â/·M ÉZ/ŃZÌ·M { ºË‚/ÌÀ» d/œ¸£ ŠËY‚/§Y Z] į {‹ʻ
{ Ê/§€— Y .d/‡Y Ä/f§ZË ŠËY‚§Y ‚Ì¿ ZÅʳ{Ây¾Ìq d»Zz“
Ä/] ºË‚/ÌÀ» ½{Á‚/§Y Ä/¯ d/‡Y Ã|/‹ ÃZ‹Y ¦¸fz» ÉZʼnY‚³
,7-2] {‹ʻ ƒZÌ·M ½Â̇Y|̈¯Y c|‹ ŠËY‚§Y \m» ºÌÀ̻·M
ª/̬ve ¾/ËY { ,|/‹ s€/˜» ¾/ËY Y ŠÌ/a į —½Z¼Å .[18
Ã{Z//» 0Y€ÅZ//› Ä//¯ |//‹ Ã{ ¾Ì/¼ze ÊËZ//Åʳ{ÂyZ//e d»Zz//“
–ËY€/‹ Ê/§€— Y .d/‹Y{ {ÂmÁ ZŽM ½ZÌ» { ɀf¼¯ …Â^v»
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Fig. 11: Schematic showing (a) Colliding of two bubbles
(b) molten metal entrapped between two folded oxide layers
(c) Contact area between two folded oxide layers and air
entrapped between two layers.
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Fig. 12: Comparison of oxide foldings thickness for
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1388 ½Zfˆ» ,94 ÃZ¼‹ ,ºfŒÅÁdˆÌ] µZ‡ ,ɀ³ÄfzË
20
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½Zf/ˆ]Ze Á Z/Æ] ,92 ÃZ¼/‹ ,½Y€/ËY ½Y€/³Ä/fzË Ä/ »Zm cYZŒf¿Y ,"Ž·Zy ºÌÀ̻·M [Y~» { Ã|‹¶Ì°Œe É|̈¯Y
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-ºÌÀÌ»Â/·M ÉZŃZÌ·M { Á€°Ì» Á ¿Z¿ É|̈¯Y ÉZÅ º¸Ì§ cZzŒ» Á Ƀ·§» { ºÌˆ¸¯ ½Y‚Ì» €ÌiZe " ,Ê^ËZ¿ {Y‚Æ] .19
½Zf/ˆ]Ze ,½Y€/ËY d À/ Á º/¸Ÿ ÃZ´/Œ¿Y{ Ƀ·Z/f» Á {YÂ/» ʇ|ÀÆ» Ã|°Œ¿Y{ ,|‹Y ʇZÀ‹Z¯ Ä»Z¿ ½ZËZa ,"ºÌˆ¸¯
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20. M. Syvertsen, ”Oxide Skin Strength on Molten Aluminum”, Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions, Vol. 37B, pp-495-504, (2006)
21
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