VU corporate

SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PEER
APPRAISAL: DIFFERENTIAL
OUTCOMES FOR DRD4
POLYMORPHISMS
MARIEKE BUIL ([email protected])
VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM
DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY
Differential Susceptibility
Phenotype
DS alleles
risk allele
no risk allele
-
non-DS alleles
Psychopathology
+
Dual Risk
-
Environment
+
Adverse environment
e.g. Belsky et al., 2006
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Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
DOPAMINE RECEPTOR D4
DRD4-gene
• regulates dopamine receptor
activity
• reward related to social
interaction and learning;
signals salience of social
events (Trainor, 2011)
• 7-repeat allele: aggression,
conduct problems,
oppositionality, antisocial
behavior, prosocial behavior
(Anacker, et al., 2013; Holmes et al., 2002; Jiang, et al., 2013; Kirley et al., 2004;
Schmidt et al., 2002)
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Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
META-ANALYSIS
BAKERMANS-KRANENBURG & VAN IJZENDOORN (2011)
• 15 Effect sizes (9 ES’ on ‘dark side’, 6 ES’ on ‘bright side’)
• Caucasian children < 10 yrs
**
*
r =.37
r =.31
r =.10
4
supportive
parenting
Gene-environment interaction
Behavioral adaptation
Behavioral adversity
adverse
parenting
DS gene
non-DS gene
r = -.03
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
LIMITATIONS PRIOR STUDIES
1) Focus on either the bright or dark side
2) Peer environment is understudied
• Peer aggression (Dilalla et al, 2009)
• Peer victimization & well being (Kretschmer et al., 2013)
3) Cross-sectional designs
• Direction of influence
• rGE
5
Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
AIMS CURRENT STUDY
Replicate prior findings:
Are DRD4-7r alleles related to being disproportionally
vulnerable to the peer environment for better and for worse?
Extend previous studies:
• Social preference scores
•
•
Positive and negative dimension
Experienced by all children
• Pro-social behavior and Antisocial behavior
• Longitudinal assessment of environment and phenotype
6
Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
METHOD: SAMPLE
• 2 longitudinal studies in the Netherlands (N = 1090)
• elementary school children (age 7 – 13 yrs)
• age 13: saliva collection
Sample
• N = 406 (38%) permission for saliva collection
• ~ 50% boys
• 87% Dutch; 18% low SES
• 60% intervention in 1st and 2nd grade
• grades 3 - 6 (age 9 - 12): 4 measurement moments
• 91% ≤ 2 assessments, 68% ≤ 3 assessments
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Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
METHOD: MEASURES
Behavioral phenotypes, Teacher-rated
• Antisocial Behavior; Conduct Problems Scale from PBSI (Erasmus,
2000); 12 items, 5-point Likert scale (α = .90 - .92); “Attacks other
children” “Destroys other’s property”
• Pro-social behavior (SEQ-T; Crick & Grotpeter, 1996); 4 items, 5point Likert scale (α = .75 - .83); “Comforts children who are sad”, “Is
nice to other children”.
Social environment, Peer-nominated
• social preference scores
• (liked least / liked most) / (n – 1)
• range +1 (popular among all classmates) to -1 (rejected by all
classmates)
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Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
METHOD: DNA COLLECTION AND EXTRACTION
• Saliva (Oragene™ DNA Self-collection Kit)
Genetic Polymorphisms
• DRD4-L (at least one 7-repeat allele)
• DRD4-S (short alleles; 2 – 6 repeats)
(Nelson, K. A., 2014; Avera Institute for Human Genetics, USA)
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Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL: SP  BEH
Tested for direct
effects of DRD4
Covariates:
• Sex
• SES
• Intervention
•
Clustering
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Gene-environment interaction
No direct effects of DRD4
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL: MULTIPLE-GROUP
DRD4-L ≠ DRD4-S
Upper coefficient
= DRD4-L
Lower coefficient
= DRD4-S
DRD4-L = DRD4-S
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Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
POST HOC ANALYSES (1)
Social preference score
Dislike nominations
-1
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
+1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Like nominations
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Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
POST HOC ANALYSES (2)
DRD4-L ≠ DRD4-S
DRD4-L ≠ DRD4-S
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Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
CONCLUSIONS & DISCUSSION
• Differential susceptibility to peer-environment for antisocial
behavior development


Results extend to social appraisal by peers
Evolutionairy advantage?
STATUS
> reproduction
> resources
HARM
< reproduction
< resources
< reproduction
< resources
ANTISOCIAL
• No G*E for prosocial behavior
 Sensitivity questionnaire?
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Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Marieke Buil, Hans Koot, Bouchra Ftitache, Franca Leeuwis,
Pol van Lier
VU University Amsterdam
Dept. of Developmental Psychology
Kelly Nelson
The Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA)
QUESTIONS?
15
Gene-environment interaction
Faculteit der Psychologie en Pedagogiek

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