日本研究演習(英語)A

日本研究演習(英語)Ａ
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Last Week:
Thinking about Identity
• Getting beyond “nation”: understanding the
importance of diverse identities:
– gender, sexual
– regional, rural/urban
– age
– race/ethnicity
– education/social class
Nation as the dominant distinguishing
category in modern life…
"The idea of a man without nation seems to
impose a strain on the modern imagination. A
man must have a nationality as he must have
a nose and two ears. All this seems obvious,
though, alas, it is not true. But that it has
come to appear so very obviously true is
indeed an aspect, perhaps the very core, of
the problem of nationalism. Having a nation is
not an inherent attribute of humanity, but it
has now come to appear as such."
Ernest Gellner (1983: 6)
Nationality: A Recent Invention
• ‘Invented’ in Europe at the end of C. 18th
– Developed mid C. 19th thanks to the
emergence of ‘print-capitalism’ (出版資本主義)
• Idea of nation emerged later in Japan
– “The modern Japanese state…is an
artificial construct whose boundaries were
drawn in the 2nd half of the 19th century” TMS
明治３２（１８９９）年に国籍法が制定されるまで、
国籍という概念が存在していなかった
This Week: Who are the
Japanese?
Who are they? Are they Japanese?
②
④
⑤
①
③
①Yu Darvish ②Ariana Miyamoto ③Hakuho ④Koji Murofushi ⑤Chris Burgess
Miss Universe Japan Ariana Miyamoto faces
criticism for being ‘not Japanese enough‘
（宮本エリアナさん「日本人ではない」との批判に「悔
しい」ミス・ユニバース日本代表）
外国メディアが批判
Also: Article in today’s Japan Times
(check out the online “comments” too)
Understanding Categories
• Crisp (固定) categories
– Clear-cut, black or white
• Fuzzy (ぼやけた)
categories
– Stereotypes, images
– Often no SINGLE
feature defines whole
category
What is a bird…?
Feathers?
Can Fly?
In other words, ‘bird’, like most
categories, is a fuzzy category
• Very few features define birds AND ONLY
birds
– e.g. all birds lay eggs but so do reptiles
– e.g. many birds can fly but not all can
• There are good and bad examples of birds
– i.e. some birds are more ‘bird-like’ than others
• So, what about the category “Japanese”…?
Defining‘Japanese’? Group Activity
1) First, add some more attributes (特徴)
–
(in)abilities, appearance, knowledge, personality ,
habits, possessions, experience, values, rights etc
She’s very humble
(腰が低い) – like
Japanese people!
She’s
Japanese –
she eats
umeboshi
(dried plums)!
Defining‘Japanese’? Group Activity
1) First, add some more attributes (特徴)
–
(in)abilities, appearance, knowledge, personality ,
habits, possessions, experience, values, rights etc
2) Next, add some names
–
–
names of groups (Ainu, Nikkeijin, returnees etc)
names of individuals (Hikaru Utada, Tsuda Umeko etc)
3) Finally, fill in the grid using (O) or (X)
Summing Up: Fukuoka’s “Who
are the Japanese?”
1) Many people do not fit neatly into 日本
人・外国人 categories
2) People place different weight on criteria
such as blood, culture, and nationality
Source: Burgess, Chris (2012), '‘It’s Better if they Speak Broken Japanese’: Language as a Pathway or
an Obstacle to Citizenship in Japan?', in Language and Citizenship in Japan. edited by Nanette Gottlieb.
London and New York: Routledge, pp.37-57 (IN THE LIBRARY!).
Summing Up: Fukuoka’s “Who
are the Japanese?”
1) Many people do not fit neatly into 日本
人・外国人 categories
2) People place different weight on criteria
such as blood, culture, and nationality
3) Japanese do not constitute the
homogeneous race commonly portrayed
日本研究演習(英語)Ａ
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
What kind of qualities are companies
looking for in job seekers?
1. Communication skills
2. Independence
3. Cooperativeness
4. Fighting Spirit
Q: Why has the male ‘salaryman’
come to represent all Japanese?
A: POWER brings access to mass
media and publicity: visibility (the
‘face’ of Japan)
Q: Why has the male ‘salaryman’
come to represent all Japanese?
A: Viewers, visitors, tourists tend to
interact mostly with these
‘gatekeepers’

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