日本研究演習(英語)A

日本研究演習(英語)Ａ
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] / http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
http://www.crazykawaii.com/en/
パリで日本の若者文化などを紹介するイベン
ト「ＴｏｋｙｏＣｒａｚｙＫａｗａｉｉ（トウキョウクレイ
ジーカワイイ）」が２２日（日本時間２３日）に
開かれ、クールジャパン戦略を担当する稲田
行政改革相が出席した。
• Tomomi Inada, state minister
for administrative reform,
wears a Goth-Loli outfit at
“Tokyo Crazy Kawaii”, an
event held to promote youth
culture in Paris on Sunday.
Inada, who is also in charge
of the “Cool Japan” project,
promoted Japanese foods
serving kushikatsu deep-fried
cutlets and ramen. The
government is planning to
spread information about
modern Japanese culture
ahead of the Tokyo 2020
Olympic games (日本の現代
文化の発信に力を入れていく
方針だ）
た
ぶんか
きょうせい
しゃかい
日本：多文化共生社会？
Multicultural
co-existent
society
きょうせい
共生
• Biological co-existence between different
species or humans and nature
• 1990s: (economic) relations between Japan
and ‘Asian’ countries (outside)
• Mid-1990s: harmonious relations between
‘Japanese’ and ‘foreigners’ (inside)
– “Keyword for conceptualising Japanese society
in the 21st century” (extension of “Kokusaika”?）
eg. “Multicultural Community Building”
“The plan aims to realise a city that is
comfortable for foreigners to live in, to
create a society where Japanese and
foreigners can live together” (Yamagata City 2003)
「外国人が住みやすい街づくり、日本人と外国
人との共生社会づくりなどに生かす方針」
First used by civic groups and governments at
the local level in the 1990s; only recently has the
national govt. taken up the “tabunka” slogan
Development of Multicultural
Integration Policies in Japan
• 2001 Gaikokujin Shuju Toshi Kaigi
– October Hamamatsu Declaration demands
govt create integration policy
「浜松宣言及び提言」
• 2005: “Integration” used for first time in
official government document
• 2009: Cabinet Office sets up “office in
charge of policies for resident foreigners”
(定住外国人施策ポータルサイト)
Govt. to devise Measures to
Support Foreigners in Japan
(政府、外国人との共生で検討会議)
• The government is set to work out measures to support foreigners
living in Japan in July.
• At a government meeting, participants agreed to ensure that at least
some of the measures will be reflected in a state budget for 2013
• The conference members will study ways to help foreign residents
learn Japanese and
simplify
enrollment
2013
Budget
Request procedures at public schools.
• Cabinet member Masaharu
Nakagawa
(25年概算要求額
) said he would also like to hold
discussions about
Japan'syen
acceptance
of immigrants and foreign
1.9 billion
(19億円）
workers.
• Nakagawa is the state minister in charge of measures to allow
Japanese and foreigners to live more harmoniously.
Daily Yomiuri 2012/05/26
Focus on foreigners currently living in Japan: Need for “public debate”
“consensus” re. acceptance of foreign workers (外国人労働者）
http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/kyousei/index.html
• As part of their preparations to
make Tokyo more visitor-friendly
for the Olympics, the Ministry of
Land, Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism has decreed a
change to signs in the
government district of Tokyo that
should make a lot more sense.
• According to guidelines issued in
2005, common nouns like “toll
road” should be translated into
English, while proper nouns
should be given a phonetic
rendering in Roman letters. So,
up to now, signs in front of the
parliament building have read
Kokkai instead of The National
Diet, for example. (Aug 2013)
So have Japanese become
more accepting of diversity?
Or is tabunka kyōsei simply a
new form of exclusion?
=“Cosmetic multiculturalism” (Morris-Suzuki 2002)
→ Cultural diversity is celebrated only when it
remains a form of exterior decoration and
doesn’t threaten the status quo, i.e. tabunka
kyōsei maintains the “myth of homogeneity”
See also Burgess (2004) at http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/Burgess.html
Kikuko Nagayoshi (Tohoku Uni.)
(永吉希久子)
• Most Japanese agree that immigrants
should have equal rights (but these rights
are easily deprived)
• Strong correlation between ethnonationalistic feelings and endorsement of
‘multiculturalism’; argues that Japanese
people regard their own brand of
multiculturalism not as conflicting with but
rather as strengthening homogeneity.
https://sites.google.com/site/kikukonagayoshi/home/works
'Support of
Multiculturalism, but for
Whom? : Effects of
Ethno-National Identity
on the Endorsement of
Multiculturalism in
Japan'. 37:4 (May),
pp.561-78.
シティズンシップ：
誰が、なぜ、外国
人への権利付与に
反対するのか
pp. 91-132
自己・
我々
Japanese
‘Normal’
Dominant Group
違いを強調すると、その違いを維持し、
確実なものにしてしまう
‘Foreigners’
他者
‘Different’
Subordinate Group
Japanese
‘Normal’
Dominant Group
Social
Mobility
セグリゲーション
による共生？
‘Foreigners’
‘Different’
Subordinate Group
X
(社会的移動）
Multiculturalism, as a policy…
• tends to achieve much in the area of life
style (dance, diet, dress, dialect)
– e.g. “International exchange (国際交流) events
こくさいこうりゅう
• But tends to achieve little in terms of life
chances (migrant participation in the
economy and politics)
Biggest Problem: Individuals
become locked/trapped in a
particular category
Effective means of social control?
e.g. Foreign Brides=Forever Brides?
• Often female international
marriage migrants are
referred to as hanayome
who have come to get
married (totsugu)
regardless of the number
of years they have been
in Japan or whether they
have naturalised
Recent Criticism of
Multiculturalism in the World
• UK Minister Signals Beginning of the End of
Multiculturalism
• German Chancellor Merkel declares that
the nation's attempts to create a
multicultural society have "utterly failed."
• Growing and increasingly bitter antiimmigration mood – especially for Muslims
– in Germany and across much of Europe.
• Britain’s Cameron Characterizes
Multiculturalism as a Failure
UK Minister Signals Beginning
of the End of Multiculturalism
• “We have moved from a period of uniform
consensus on the value of multiculturalism,
to one where we can encourage that
debate by questioning whether it is
encouraging separateness…On our attempt
to avoid imposing a single British identity
Ruth
and culture, have we ended up with some Kelly
communities living in isolation of each
other, with no common bonds between
them?” (August 2006)
In Germany, Voices Against
Immigration Grow Louder
• German Chancellor Angela Merkel declares that
the nation's attempts to create a multicultural
society have "utterly failed."
• In the speech to party members and supporters
over the weekend, Merkel also said new arrivals
need to do more to integrate into German society.
• Her comments reflect a growing and increasingly
bitter anti-immigration mood — especially
for Muslims — in Germany and across
much of Europe.
(October 18, 2010)
Britain’s Cameron Characterizes
Multiculturalism as a Failure
• “under the doctrine of
multiculturalism, we have
encouraged different cultures to
live separate lives, apart from
each other and the mainstream.
All this leaves some young
Muslims feeling
rootless…[which can] lead them
to extremist ideology”
Daily Yomiuri 2011/02/07 p. 4
Q. What about Japan?
A. The biggest barrier to
creating a multicultural society
accepting of migrants is the fear
that public safety (=治安）will get
worse
Foreign Workers & Crime
TRUE OR FALSE?
ふほうたいざいしゃ
Factual
• The number of illegal foreigners (不法滞在者)
in Japan is increasing
• Legally, foreigners who overstay their visas
(不法残留者) in Japan are criminals
ふほうざんりゅうしゃ
Subjective
刑事法
民事法
Criminal vs. Civil Law: US example
• "The INA [Immigration and Nationality Act] includes
both criminal and civil components, providing both for
criminal charges (e.g., alien smuggling, which is
prosecuted in the federal courts) and for civil violations
(e.g., lack of legal status, which may lead to removal
through a separate administrative system in the
Department of Justice). Being illegally present in the
U.S. has always been a civil, not criminal, violation of
the INA, and subsequent deportation and associated
administrative processes are civil proceedings.
•
Apr. 6, 2006 - Congressional Research Service (CRS) "Immigration
Enforcement Within the United States" (360 KB)
TRUE OR FALSE?
Factual
Subjective
• The number of illegal foreigners (不法滞在者)
in Japan is increasing
• Legally, foreigners who overstay their visas
(不法残留者) in Japan are criminals
• Proportionally (as a %), foreigners commit
more crime than Japanese
• Japan needs to bring in many more foreign
workers in order to sustain its economy
• The increase in foreigners over the past 10
years has made Japan more dangerous
日本研究演習(英語)Ａ
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] / http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
The story is set in the Meiji
period and revolves around the
young daughter of a poor family
in Yamagata Prefecture who’s
sent away to work for a wealthy
family to earn a living. The
overarching theme of
perseverance through hardships
became a trademark of the
Oshin character, which made
the original series incredibly
popular throughout Asia and
throughout the world, reaching
viewership numbers that have
yet to be matched.
Japan News 2013/09/19

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