The New Style of Studies on Buddhism

The New Style of Studies on
Buddhism
with
The THESAURUS of PĀLI GĀTHĀ
and
A Personal Computer
by
Tetsuo Hashimoto
What is
“The THESAURUS of PĀLI
GĀTHĀ”?
• I. INPUT OBJECTS
• II. INPUT FORM
• III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or SYMBOLS
I. INPUT OBJECTS
“The THESAURUS of PĀLI
GĀTHĀ” is a computer-readable
file.
It contains the all words which are
cut out from all gāthās of the
following texts----
The Pāli Texts







Suttanipāta (PTS.1965) . It is expressed ‘{sng_}’ .
Saṃyutta-Nikāya vol.I (PTS.1973). It is expressed ‘{s_}’ .
Theragāthā (PTS.1966). It is expressed ‘{thag_}’ .
Therīgāthā (PTS.1966). It is expressed ‘{thig_}’ .
Dhammapada (PTS.1995). It is expressed ‘{dhp_}’ .
Itivuttaka (PTS.1975). It is expressed ‘{itig_}’ .
Udāna (PTS.1948). It is expressed ‘{udag_}’ .
(The
words ‘api’, ‘iti’, ‘iva’, ‘eva’, ‘kho’, ‘ca’, ‘ce’, ‘ti’, ‘tu’,
‘na’, ‘no’(not pronoun), ‘nu’, ‘pi’, ‘mā’, ‘va’, ‘vā’, ‘ve’,
‘vo’, ‘si’, ‘su’, ‘hi’ are omitted.)
II. INPUT FORM(1)
I. TREATMENT OF DIACRITICAl MARKS(1)










ā  aa
ī  ii
ū  uu
ṅ  nq
ñ  nw
ṭ  tz
ṭh  tzh
ṇ  nz
ḍ  dz
ḍh  dzh




ḷ  lz
ṃ  mz
avagraha  ‘-’
hyphen ‘=‘
II. INPUT FORM(1)
I. TREATMENT OF DIACRITICAl MARKS(2)
*When ‘nq’, ‘nw’, ‘nz’, ‘n’, ‘m’, and ‘mz’
are at the end of words, they are changed into
‘m^’.
Ex. dhammamz  dhammam^
Ex. sanqghan  sanqgham^

*When ‘aaa’ is needed, and it means
‘a+aa’, it is written ‘.…axaa….’.
II. INPUT FORM(2)
Words and combined words
(compounds, etc.) are cut out from
a sentence.
Ex. {sng_0892} ' idh-eva suddhi5 ' iti
vaadiyanti6 , na^anwnwesu dhammesu
visuddhim aahu , evam7 pi tithyaa4 puthuso
nivitztzhaa sakaayane tattha dalzhamz
vadaanaa . 15 . 















idh-eva {sng_0892}
suddhi5 {sng_0892}
vaadiyanti6 {sng_0892}
na^anwnwesu {sng_0892}
dhammesu {sng_0892}
visuddhimz {sng_0892}
aahu {sng_0892}
evamz7 {sng_0892}
tithyaa4 {sng_0892}
puthuso {sng_0892}
nivitztzhaa {sng_0892}
sakaayane {sng_0892}
tattha {sng_0892}
dalzhamz {sng_0892}
vadaanaa {sng_0892}
II. INPUT FORM(3)
 The
combined words(compounds,
etc.) are resolved into the words.
Ex. idh-eva {sng_0892}
/_idha_/_eva_/ {sng_0892}
* ‘/_’, ‘_/_’and ‘_/’are partitions.
II. INPUT FORM(4)
The derivatives of a verb are reduced to
the basic verbal form (present indicative,
3rd person, single.).
Ex.
/_nivitztzha_/ {sng_0892}
/_ni-_visati~p_nivitztzha_/ {sng_0892}
‘~’indicates ‘verb’, ‘p’indicates ‘past participle’.
II. INPUT FORM(5)
Passive, causative, etc. of the verb is
reduced to the basic verbal form.
EX. vaadiyanti {sng_0892}
/_vadati~>:caus_vaadeti~>:pass_vaadiyati~_/
| / vaadiyanti {sng_0892}/
*This line denotes that ‘vaadiyati’ is the passive of ‘vaadeti’, and
‘vaadeti’ is the causative of ‘vadati’.
II. INPUT FORM(6)

Pronouns are changed into their antecedents.
Ex.--------
/_tad_*>_te_<|~;mahaakassapa_><|~;bhaddaa#k_
>/:(#k=bhaddaakapilaanii) | :(/pron/ma/pl/no/_):H
ITOLL:THERA:THERI:(=te,see norman ad thig.6
6):((those same) we, by norman):(see norman a
d thig.24,with a first person plural verb=amhaa):
PENAME / ty {thig_0066}/
But it is done only 85%.
III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or
SYMBOLS(1)



The Thesaurus has many signs and symbols.
I will illustrate the most important articles of them.
If a word has many meanings, they are
distinguished by the sign ‘#’ and the one letter.
Ex. attha (They are based on the classification of
“The Critical Pali Dic.”)
attha#a: ‘aim’.
attha#b: ‘benefit’.
III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or
SYMBOLS(1)








attha#m: ‘meaning’
attha#n: ‘need’
attha#p: ‘place’
attha#r: ‘theory’
attha#s: ‘for the sake of’
attha#t: ‘thing’
attha#w: ‘welfare’
attha#d: ‘disappearance.
This is marked by myself.

attha#v: ‘various meanings’
About the others, see my HOME-PAGE----http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~pali-bud
III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or
SYMBOLS(2)
If two or more words belong to the same class, they have
the same index.
Every index is written with capital letters.
(In the “Thesaurus” every line is written with small letters
exept these indices.)
Ex.
LL=all
creatures including human
PL=plant
AN=animal
TO=human
III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or
SYMBOLS(2)
HI=ordinary man
 JA=excellent man
 BUTU=Gotama Buddha
------------------------------ above are creatures ------------ NAME=proper noun
 PE=personal
 GE=geographic
 NATU=natural phenomena
 YOKU=desire, lust, to cling
 KAN=seeing, to see, to understand, perception
 TIME=time, temporal
 SELF=self
 OSIE=teaching, doctrine
 ALL=all creatures except human
….and so on.

The subsumptional relation of indices to
creatures
LL: All creatures
including human
PL: Plants
AN: Animals
TO: Human beings
HI: Ordinary man
JA: Excellent man
BUTU: Buddha
About more information, see http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~pali-bud
‘PL’ (plant) is applied to these word------------













atztzhi(the stone of a fruit,ptsd.),
amba(mango),
ambusevaala(water plant),
assattha(fig tree,noman),
aamalaka(name of tree),
indagopaka(indagopaka=insects,noman.a name of
grass,nakamura),
udumbara(fig),
uppala(blue lotus) [exept uppalavanznza=THERI],
ummaa(flax),
usiira(name of a grass),
elambuja(lotus),
katztzha#c(chips,noman):ALLPLPRT,
katztzhaka(name of plant),
………………….and so on <see complete file>
What can we do with this file?
1. We can make the permutated index.
2.We can easily find the synonyms or the
parallel words.
３. We can find out all the gāthās which have
the target word.
1.We can make the permutated index
with all the gāthās by using the some
programs made by me.
Ex.---->> PROGRAM
The permutated index of 'dhamma‘
Its Japanese translation and English translation.
2. We can easily find out the synonyms
or the parallel words for any word by using
all the gāthās and some programs made by
me.
The way to find parallel word is based on this thought -- When we have two sentences, and one is consist of
the elements A-B-C, and the other A-B-C’, we may tell C
is the parallel word for C’. ( also C’ is for C).
I say the two sentences have the same constitution.
Next, I will show you an example
We find “kammanā vattati loko” in
Sn.654-a.
When we search the sentence which
have ‘kamma’ and ‘vattati’, we find
“kammanā vattati pajā” in Sn.654-b.
‘Pajā’ is a parallel word for ‘loka’
Dr. M.G.DHADPHALE made several important
statements on this point.
“ kammunā vattati loko, kammunā
vattati pajā” is a synonimic pāda.
“The Structual or Formal Classification of Synonyms:
…
4) Pāda-synonymy: This is not essentially different from
sentence-synonymy. The difference is merely formal.
Sentences occur in prose and pādas occur in verses.
The following are the instances of synonimic pādas:
asātaṃ sātarūpena, piyarūpena appiyaṃ (Ud. p. 82);
kammunā vattati loko, kammunā vattati pajā (Sn. p. 368);
udabindu yathā pi pokkhare, padume vāri yathā na limpati
(Sn. p. 395).”
Dr. M.G.Dhadphale, SYNONYMIC COLLECTIONS IN THE
TIPIṬAKA: A STUDY BHANDARKAR ORIENTAL
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, POONA, INDIA 1980,pp.31-32.
Making “The parallel words for Taṇhā”
1. Extracting all sentences which have the
word ‘Taṇhā’from all the gāthās.
( The permutated index is useful. )
2. Finding the available constitutions for our
purpose.
Ex. taṇhaṃ pajaheyya muni {thag_0596}
taṇhaa
pajaheyya
muni
3. Searching other sentences which has the
same constitution in all gāthās.
We can find them by putting ‘pajaheyya’ and
‘muni’(exellent man) on the program made by
myself. the program
We find one gāthā exept {thag_0596} :
{sng_1058} te ca^api nuuna pajaheyyu7 dukkhamz , ye tva
mz muni8 atztzhitamz9 ovadeyya , tamz10 tamz namassaa
mi samecca11 naaga , app=eva mamz bhagavaa12 atztzhi
tam13 ovadeyya . " _10 . | (:7=pajaheyya)
‘Dukkha’ is the parallel word for ‘taṇhā’
4. But ‘pajaheyya’ is an optative form of ‘pajahati’, and ‘muni’ belongs to class ‘JA’.
So we could put ‘jahati’ and ‘JA’ on the
program now.
5. We get the new file made by the program.
6. Then we sellect the sentences which have
the same constitution of thag.596 from it.
7. And we get the list （Excel）of the parallel
words for ‘taṇhā’ through the constitution of
“taṇhaṃ pajaheyya muni” {thag_0596}.
8.And we do the process 2~7 again
and again.
Then we get all the parallel words
through all the available constitution.
This is the list of all the parallel
words for ‘taṇhā’.
N.B. The most frequent word is ‘kāma’.
‘Saddhā’ is the parallel word for ‘taṇhā’in the
list.>>>> the illustration at the next slide
‘Saddhā’ is the parallel word for
‘taṇhā’.
Sn.740: “taṇhādutiyo puriso dīgham addhāna saṃsaraṃ…”
SN.I,p.25: “saddhā dutiyā purisassa hoti…”
Is it true that ‘saddhā’ is the parallel
word for ‘taṇhā’?
Then we start to research the
parellel words for ‘saddhā’
We find the two sentences which have
the same constitution including ‘anicca’
and ‘cala’ .
Same constitution!
• 1. {thag_0247} aniccā hi calā saddhā
evaṃ diṭṭhā hi sā mayā ; rajjanti pi
virajjanti , tattha kiṃ jiyyate muni .
• 2. {thag_1121} ropetvā rukkhāni yathā
phalesī mūle taruṃ chettu tam eva icchasi ,
tath-ūpamaṃ citta idaṃ karosi yaṃ maṃ
aniccamhi cale niyuñjasi . (yaṃ = ‘kāma’
from thag.1122.)
Let’s see the illustration in the next slide.
Same constitution!
‘Saddhā’ is the parallel word for ‘kāma’, i.e. ‘taṇhā’.
‘Saddhā’ is the parallel word for
‘kāma’, i.e. ‘taṇhā’ again.
Any more?
 Let’s go back to thag.247---- aniccā hi calā saddhā evaṃ diṭṭhā hi sā mayā ;
rajjanti pi virajjanti , tattha kiṃ jiyyate muni.
 ‘rajjati’ ‘virajjati’ is seen in other cases.
 rajjati=to be excited, attached to (loc.), to find
pleasure in (PTSD.)
‘rajjati’ ‘virajjati’
• {sng_0813} dhono na hi tena maññati, yad
idaṃ diṭṭhasutaṃ mutesu vā na aññena
visuddhim icchati : na hi so rajjati no
virajjatii ti.
‘ Dhona’ belongs to the index ‘JA’.
So, the three word ‘JA’ , ‘rajjati’ and
‘virajjati’ make a constitution.
rajjati=to be excited, attached to (loc.), to find pleasure in
(PTSD.)
A constitution by ‘JA’ , ‘rajjati’ and
‘virajjati’ in Sn.813.
The same constitution is found in Sn.853.
A constitution by ‘JA’ , ‘saddha’
and ‘virajjati’ in Sn.853.
{sng_0853} sātiyesu
anassāvī atimāne ca
no yuto, saṇho ca
paṭibhānavā , na
saddho na virajjati ,
(subj.=muni=‘JA’)
‘Saddha’ is the parallel word for
‘rajjati’ .
Dr.K.R.Norman made several important statements on
this point.
‘Saddha’ means “desire” in a sense.
• Norman’s statement(1)---“saddha must be based upon the meaning
“desire”” (K.R.Norman, COLLECTED PAPERS ,
Vol.II, PTS. Oxford 1991,pp.191-2.) <more details>
• Norman’s statement(2)---“ It is likely, then, that saddha here reflects
the alternative sense of śraddhā “desire””.
(K.R.Norman, THE GROUP OF DISCOURSES, Second
edition, PTS. Oxford 2001, p.355) <more details>
It is true that ‘saddhā’ is the parallel
word for ‘taṇhā’
• Though PTSD. doesn’t list ‘desire’as the
meaning of ‘saddhā’---• ‘Saddhā’ in “saddhā dutiyā purisassa hoti”
means ‘desire’. (SN.I,p.25)
• ‘Saddha’ in “sātiyesu anassāvī atimāne ca
no yuto, saṇho ca paṭibhānavā , na saddho
na virajjati” hoti” means ‘having desire’.
(Sn.853)
It is clear that parallel words
is useful to define a word.
Another constitution including
‘saddhā’
• {s_138_b06_c01_$01_n13_g_} apārutaa tesam
amatassa dvārā // ye sotavanto pamuccantu
saddhaṃ // vihiṃsasaññī paguṇam na bhāsiṃ //
dhammaṃ paṇitam manujesu brahme ti .
• {sng_1146} " yathā ahuu vakkali muttasaddho
bhadrāvudho āḷavi=gotamo ca , evam eva tvam
pi pamuñcassu saddhaṃ : gamissasi tvaṃ
piṅgiya maccudheyyapāraṃ. (tvam=Piṅgiya)
• ‘brahmā’ and ‘piṅgiya’ belong to ‘TO’.
A constitution by ‘TO’ ,
‘saddhā(acc.)’ and ‘pamuñcati’
=accusative
The same constitution ‘TO’ ,
‘accusative noun’ and ‘muñcati’
=kāma
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
rāga, dosa (lust,anger,dhp.377)
bandha (bond,thag.415)
vāca (word,sn.973)
canda (moon,SN.I,p.50)
suriya (sun,SN.I,p.51)
nāva (ship, SN.I,p.143)
sākha (branch,sn.791)
kathaṃkathin (a man who is
doubtful,sn.1064)
• ukkā (fire-brand,thig.507)
It is said ‘ukkā’ is like ‘kāma’
there.
and so on.
Muñcati includes pa-muñcati, vi-muñcati, vi-pa-muñcati,
‘Saddhā’ in this constitution
• ‘Saddhā’ in this constitution can be
considerd as a kind of desire.
• Then ‘saddhā’ in “pamuccantu saddhaṃ”
(Sn.I,p.138) and “pamuñcassu saddhaṃ”
(sn.1146) can be translated “desire”.
Another constitution including
‘taṇhā’
• {sng_0496} yesan tu taṇhā n’atthi
kuhiñci loke bhavābhavāya idha vā
huraṃ vā , kālena < tesu havyaṃ
pavecche , yo brāhmaṇo puññapekho
yajetha . >
taṇhā
n’atthi
bhavābhavāya idha vā
huraṃ vā
The same constitution including
‘paṇidhi’
• {sng_0801} yassūbhayante paṇidhīdha
n’atthi bhavābhavāya idha vā huraṃ vā,
nivesanā tassa na santi keci dhammesu
niccheyya samuggahītā.
paṇidhi
n’atthi
bhavābhavāya idha vā
huraṃ vā
‘Paṇidhi’ is a parallel word of
‘taṇhā’.
paṇidhi
taṇhā
n’atthi
bhavābhavāya
idha vā huraṃ
vā
‘Paṇidhi’ is ‘taṇhā’.
in the commentary, too.
• “paṇidhī ti taṇhā” (Paramatthajotikā II,
vol.2,p.530, ad v.801)
It is clear that parallel words is
useful to define a word.
END

Download Report