Document

A Common Web Language
Hiroshi Uchida
ISeC
(Institute of Semantic Computing)
Semantic Computing, CDL and UNL
[+core_on
tology]
CDL:=Concept
Description Language
UNL
R+A
icl
UW
met
Computer
agt
think
Natural Language
CDL.nl
Common Web Language
met
person
agt
think
OWL
RDF/XML
UNL
a language for computers
• Artificial language (Semantic Network with
Hyper Node)
A node represents a concept
An arc represents a relation
A node can be annotated by attributes
• Consists of;
Universal Words:
Relations, Attributes:
Knowledge Base:
vocabulary
syntax
semantics
Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a huge
tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens.
long ago
tim
agt
begun
obj
people
huge
agt
aoj
build
tower
obj
plc
obj
city
obj
reach
seemed
obj
mod
gol
Babylon
heaven
Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a
huge tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens.
{unl}
tim(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,long ago(icl>ago))
mod(city(icl>region).@def,Babylon(icl>city))
plc(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,city(icl>region).@def)
agt(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,people(icl>person).@def)
obj(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,build(agt>thing,obj>thing)
@past)
agt(build(agt>thing,obj>thing),people(icl>person).@def)
obj(build(agt>thing,obj>thing)),tower(icl>building))
aoj(huge(icl>big),tower(icl>building))
aoj(seem(aoj>thing).@past,tower(icl>building))
obj(seem(aoj>thing).@past,reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon)
obj(reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon,tower(icl>building))
gol(reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon,heaven(icl>region).@def.@pl)
{/unl}
History of UNL
• Started in 1996, as an initiative of the
UNU/IAS in Japan
• R&D
UNU/IAS and other 19 research
institutes
Development on 18 languages
Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Greek, German, Hindi, Indonesian,
Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian,
Mongol, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish,
Thai, Swahili
• Transfer to the UNDL Foundation in 2001
Relation
• Constitutes syntax of the UNL
• Expresses objectivity together with UWs
• Expresses how concepts(UW) constitutes a
sentence related each other
• 38 relations
agt and aoj bas cag cao cnt cob con coo dur fmt
frm ins man met mod nam obj or per plc plf plt
pof pos ptn pur qua rsn scn seq src tim tmf tmt to
via
Relation
agt
and
aoj
bas
ben
cag
cao
agent
a thing in focus that initiates an action
conjunction
a partner to have conjunctive relation
thing with attribute
a thing that is in a state or has an attribute
basis
a thing used as the basis (standard) of comparison
beneficiary
an indirectly related beneficiary or victim of an event
or state
co-agent
a thing not in focus that initiates an implicit event that
is done in parallel
co-thing with attribute
a thing not in focus that is in a parallel state
Relation
cnt
icl
Ins
Int
Iof
man
met
mod
nam
content
the content of a concept
included/a kind of
an upper concept or a more general concept
instrument
a instrument to carry out an event
intersection
a partner to take an intersection
an instance of
a class concept that an instance belongs to
manner
a way to carry out an event or characteristics of a state
method
means to carry out an event
modification
a thing that restricts a focused thing
name
a name of a thing
Relation
obj
opl
or
per
plc
plf
plt
pof
affected thing
a thing in focus that is directly effected by an event or
state
affected place
a place in focus affected by an event
disjunction
a partner to have disjunctive relation
proportion, rate of distribution
a basis or unit of proportion, rate of distribution
place
the place where an event occurs, or a state is true, or a
thing exists
initial place
the place where an event begins or a state becomes true
final place
the place where an event ends or a state becomes false
part-of
a concept of which a focused thing is a part
Relation
pos
ptn
pur
qua
rsn
scn
seq
Src
possessor
a possessor of a thing
partner
an indispensable non-focused initiator of an action
purpose or objective
the purpose or objective of an agent of an event or the
purpose of a thing which exists
quantity
quantity of a thing or unit
reason
a reason why an event or a state happens
scene
a scene where an event occurs, or state is true, or a
thing exists
sequence
a prior event or state of a focused event or state
source/initial state
the initial state of an object or thing initially associated
with the object of an event
Relation
tim
tmf
tmt
to
via
Time
the time an event occurs or a state is true
initial time
the time an event starts or a state becomes true
final time
the time an event ends or a state becomes false
destination
a final state of a thing or a final thing (destination)
associated with the focused thing
intermediate place or state
an intermediate place or state of an event
Attributes
• Mainly describe subjectivity
• Attributes group:
•
Describing logic characters / properties of
concepts
• Times with respect to the speaker
• Speaker’s view on aspects of event
• Speaker’s view of reference to concepts
• Speaker’s view of emphasis, focus and topic
• Speaker’s attitudes
• Speaker’s feelings and judgments
Attribute
• Time with respect to speaker
@past @present @future
• Speaker’s view of aspect
@begin-soon @begin-just @progress
@end-soon @end-just @complete
@state @repeat
• Speaker’s view of reference
@generic @def @indef @not @ordinal
• Speaker’s focus
@emphasis @entry @qfocus @theme @title @topic
• Speaker’s attitude
@affirmative @confirmation @exclamation @imperative
@interrogative
@invitation
@politeness
@respect
@vocative
Attribute
• Speaker’s viewpoint
@ability, @ability-past, @admire, @although,
@ask-back, @conclusion, @custom, ＠doubt,
@expectation, @grant, @grant-not, @induce,
@inevitability, @insistence, @intention, @may,
@obligation, @obligation-not, @possibility,
@probability, @regret, @request, @should,
@unexpected-presumption,
@unexpected-consequence, @will
• Convention
@angle_bracket, @double_parenthesis,
@double_quotation, @parenthesis, @pl,
@single_quotation, @square_bracket
Attribute for Describing Logicality
@transitive
@symmetric
@identifiable
@disjointed
attached to an UW that has transitivity
attached to an UW that has symmetricity
attached to an UW that can identify the subject
attached to an UW or a group of UWs to show
that all element concept do not hold common
instance. All connected UWs do not share
instances.
Attribute for Times Respect to
Writer
@past
@present
@future
happened in the past
happening at present
will happen in future
Attribute for Writer’s View on
Aspect of Event
@begin
@complete
@continue
@custom
@end
@experience
@progress
@repeat
@state
beginning of an event or a state
finishing/completion of a (whole) event
continuation of an event
customary or repetitious action
end/termination of an event or a state
experience
an event is in progress
repetition of an event
final state or the existence of the object on
which an action has been taken
Attribute for modifying Attribute on
Aspect
@just
@soon
@yet
expresses an event or a state that has just begun
or ended/completed
expresses an event or a state that is about to
begin or end/completed
expresses an event or a state that has not yet
started or ended/completed, together with @not
Attribute for Writer’s View of
Reference on Concept
@generic
@def
@indef
@not
@ordinal
generic concept
already referred
non-specific class
complement set
ordinal number
Attribute for View of Emphasis,
Focus, and Topic
@contrast
@emphasis
@entry
@qfocus
@theme
@title
@topic
contrasted UW
emphasized UW
entry or main UW of a sentence or a scope
focused UW of a question
instantiates an object from a different
class
title
topic
Attribute for Writer’s Attitude
@affirmative
@confirmation
@exclamation
@humility
@imperative
@interrogative
@invitation
@polite
@request
@respect
@vocative
affirmation
confirmation
exclamation
in a humility manner
imperative
interrogation
inducement
polite way
request
respectful way
vocative
Attribute for Writer’s Felling and
Judgment
@ability
@get-benefit
@give-benefit
@conclusion
@consequence
@sufficient
@consent
@dissent
@grant
@grant-not
ability, capability of doing something
speaker’s feeling of receiving benefits
through the fact or result of something (to
be) done by somebody else
speaker’s feeling of giving benefits by
doing something for somebody else
logical conclusion due to a certain
condition
logical consequence
sufficient condition
consent feeling of the speaker about
something
dissent feeling of the speaker about
something
to give/get consent/permission to do
something
not to give consent to do something
Attribute for Writer’s Felling and
Judgment
@although
@discontented
@expectation
@wish
@insistence
@intention
@want
@will
@need
@obligation
@obligation-not
something follows against [contrary to] or
beyond expectation
discontented feeling of the speaker about
something
expectation of something
wishful feeling, to wish something is true
or has happened
strong determination to do something
intention about something or to do
something
desire to do something
determination to do something
necessity to do something
obligation to do something according to
(quasi-) law, contract, or
…
obligation not to do something, forbid to
do something according to (quasi-) law,
contract or …
Attribute for Writer’s Felling and
Judgment
@should
@unavoidable
@certain
@inevitable
@may
@possible
@probable
@rare
@unreal
to do something as a matter of course
unavoidable feeling of the speaker about
doing something
certainty that something is true or
happens
logical inevitability that something is true
or happens
practical possibility that something is true
or happens
logical possibility that something is true
or happens
(practical) probability that something is
true or happens
rare logical possibility that something is
true or happens
unreality that something is true or
happens
Attribute for Writer’s Felling and
Judgment
@admire
@blame
@contempt
@regret
@surprised
@troublesome
the occurrence of
admiring feeling of the speaker about
something
blameful feeling of the speaker about
something
contemptuous feeling of the speaker
about something
Regretful feeling of the speaker about
something
surprised feeling of the speaker about
something
troublesome feeling of the speaker about
something
Attribute for Convention
@passive
@pl
@angle_bracket
@brace
@double_parenthesis
@double_quote
@parenthesis
@single_quote
@square_bracket
passive form
more than one
< > are used
{ } are used
(( )) are used
“ ” are used
( ) are used
‘ ’ are used
[ ] are used
Universal Word
•
•
•
•
<UW>::= <headword> [<constraint list>]
<headword>::= <character>…
<constraint list>::= “(“ <constraint> [ “,” <constraint>]… “)”
<constraint>::= <relation label> { “>” | “<” } <UW>
[<constraint list>] |<relation label> { “>” | “<” } <UW>
[<constraint list>] [ { “>” | “<” } <UW> [<constraint list>] ] …
• <relation label>::= “agt” | and” | “aoj” | “obj” | “icl” | ...
Types of UW
•
•
•
•
Basic UW
Restricted UW
Extra UW (Imported UW)
Temporary UW
A kind of UW
• Basic UW
Express
English
express
ex)
set of every concept an
word(/phase/clause)
can
spring
• Restricted UW
Restrict a concept by constraint
ex)
spring(icl>tool)
spring(icl>season)
spring(agt>person,obj>person)
Basic Category of UW
• UWs should belong to the following
categories
• Nominal Concept
• Verbal Concept
• Adjective Concept
• Adverbial Concept
UW
• Nominal Concept
swallow(icl>thing)
• Verbal Concept
change(agt>thing)
I changed my mind.
change(obj>thing)
The weather will
change.
I cannot remember
his name.
Do you remember me?
remember(agt>thing)
remember(aoj>thing)
UW
• Adjective Concept
positive(aoj>thing)
only(mod<thing)
Are you positive about
that?
a positive fact
the only person
• Adverbial Concept
weekly(icl>how)
only(icl>how)
This class is held
weekly.
The child only cried.
UW
• If the ambiguity of an UW still remains, upper
category labels of UW system(hierarchy) or case
relations will be used.
• Restrict using upper category
swallow(icl>bird)
swallow(icl>action)
swallow(icl>quantity)
the bird
“One swallow does not make a
summer”
the action of swallowing
“at one swallow”
the quantity
“take a swallow of water”
UW
• Restrict using case relations
spring(agt>thing,obj>wood)
bending something
spring(agt>thing,obj>mine))
spring(agt>thing,obj>person,
src>prison))
spring(agt>thing,gol>place)
blasting something
escaping (from) prison
spring(agt>thing,gol>thing)
spring(obj>liquid)
jumping up
“to spring up”
jumping on
“to spring on”
gushing out
“to spring out”
UNLKB
• Define the concept of UW
Concepts are defined by describing the set of
possible relations.
• Provide linguistic knowledge of Concepts
• Format:
relation(UW1, UW2)=c
c=0, 0<c<256
UW System
(Ontrogy)
• All Uws arelinked with each other through
“icl” (subclass)
“iof” (element / instance)
“equ”
• Property inheritance
• Replacement by super-class concept
Knowledge
• Linguistic knowledge
semantic information of words for understanding sentences
of natural languages
semantic background of natural language sentences
• Definitions of concepts
knowledge of concepts in connection with other concepts
knowledge for reasoning
• Others
every kind of knowledge such as encyclopedia
knowledge for reasoning and providing information on
concepts
(3) Knowledge on concepts provided by natural
language sentences, for example,
encyclopaedia, etc.
UNL
Expressions
(2) Definition of concepts
(1) Linguistic knowledge
Links between concepts
and definition of the
concepts
that
can
specify the concepts
Links
between
concepts
and
knowledge on the
concepts
UNLKB
UNLKB
equ
cnt
{unl}
{unl} ...
{unl} ...
{/unl}
... {/unl}
{/unl}
{unl}
{unl}
... {unl} ... {unl}
{/unl}...
{/unl}...
{unl}
{unl}
{/unl}
{/unl}
...
...
{/unl}
{/unl}
UNL Documents
of Definitions
ＵＮＬ Documents
of Encyclopedia
UNL
Knowledge
System
uw
adjective concept adverbial concept nominal concept
uw(aoj>thing) uw(mod<thing)
how
verbal concept
thing
be
do
occur
inference
ＵＮＬ
ＵＮＬ
artificial inteligence
clarify
realize
computer system
human inteligence
usage
computer
learning inference recognition judgement
unknown
based
scientifically
theory
known
matter
rule matter
some
UNL
Encyclopedia
UNL Verifier
UNL
Encyclopedia
E
UD
NI
LT
O
R
UNL
Library
UNL–based
application
E
X
UP
NL
LO
R
E
R
Language Server
EnConverter
UNL-Language
Dictionary
UNL
KCIC
EnCo Rules
DeCo Rules
UNL KB
DeConverter
UNL
Proxy
UNL
Document
Base
UW Gate
UW
Dictionary
Concept
Definitions
(UNL)
Annotation
Editor
Natural
Language
Texts
Grammatical
Rules
Natural
Language
Texts
Annotated
Natural
Language
Texts
Universal
Parser
UNL Verifier
UNL
Document
EnConverter
Word
Dictionary
Cooccurrence
Dictionary
UNL
KB
UW
Dictionary
Web Server
HTML+XML
UW Gate
DeConverter
UNL
Document
CDL Model & Syntax
Provide basic data structure common to all CDL.*
Basic data structure
“{“
“}” : Concept defined in the CDL
“<“ “>”: Concept which is imagined by the symbol.
{ Instance_Label Concept_Label Attribute_Value_Pair… :
Concept…
Arch…
Arch:= [node1 node2
}
node3]
CDL to CDL/RDF
Compound Concept
#S s
#A a
#B b
#C c
<cdl:Compound rdf:ID= "s" >
cdl:binrel
d
a
b
c
{#S s :
{#A a: }
{#B b: }
{#C c: }
[#A #B #C]
}
<cdl:Compound rdf:ID= "s" > <cdl:binrel>
<cdl:subject rdf:about= "a"> .
<cdl:Compound rdf:ID= "s" > <cdl:concept>
a b c.
Natural Language Representation in
CDL.nl
Ex.1 “I received a report that a computer was purchased yesterday.”
{#A event:
{#B event:
<#11:yesterday>
<#12:computer>
<#13:purchased>
[#13 tim #11] [#13 obj #12]
}
<#2:report>
<#3:received>
<#4:I>
[#2 cnt #B] [#3 obj #2] [#3 rec #4]
}
CDL.Nl Representation in RDF
<cdl:Compound rdf:about= “event " rdf:ID= “#A" > <cdl:binrel>
<uw:received rdf:ID= “#3" > .
<uw:received rdf:ID= “#3" > <cdl:obj> <uw:report rdf:ID= “#2" > .
<uw:received rdf:ID= “#3" > <cdl:rec> <uw:I rdf:ID= “#4" > .
<cdl:Compound rdf:about= “event " rdf:ID= “#A" > <cdl:binrel> < uw:report
rdf:ID= “#2" > .
<uw:report rdf:ID= “#2" > <cdl:cnt> < cdl:Compound rdf:ID= “#B" > .
< cdl:Compound rdf:about= “event " rdf:ID= “#B" > <cdl:binrel>
<uw:purchased rdf:ID= “#13" > .
<uw:purchased rdf:ID= “#13" > <cdl:tim> <uw:yesterday rdf:ID= “#11" > .
<uw:purchased rdf:ID= “#13" > <cdl:obj> <uw:computer rdf:ID= “#12" > .
Further Information on CDL, UNL
CDL: www.instsec.org/tr
UNL: www.undl.org

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