ceat.ral AsS.a Which was forcibly
incorpora~ed
1n t:he
'fsertst. Auas1m empire en a backward eoloD1a1 peripheral
region 1nhabit.e1 by non•Russien naeionalit.ins under pre.
has been t.ransforme4 into a t!Ddem
enpi uli.st
rete~ ions
indw:~~riel
aoctety with a bit1b level of eulture ed
mechanised
qricultu~
wtt.btn ti\0 framworlt of mu1U-
nat.1onol soeialis t etate.
The Central Mia peoples'
whoso pro-cet.Jo of c:onsolid.Uon into nations had not boeo
completed u,nier eapi ~&Usm &tvoloped into full-tle!qe4
soc1ellst net.lonn in a short opan of time.
'fhiS transfo.rmaUoo owed its success 1n the first
plece to the correct t.heoretioal <JUldelines formulet.fd
under IAntr.•s gu.J4et\eeemi.tbe· 1\&tionalittae quest.loa in
tho ftrat an4 second Party woorammes .Soptea in 1903
and 1919 respectively.
t.nte f.tr!Jt Party Prooremmo unc!er-
seored the nations • r ioht. to
secession.
salf~etermtnatiat
upto
It. also provided for full equality of' r1-:;rhte
for all citizens
irrespeot~ve
of their nliqicn, rece
or net1ona11t.y reeogn1sed their rtght to receive oducation
Sn tMit'
native lanqu49e
en~
the equal status of ell
181lguages spoken by the people with the state
lanoua~.
Thio progran:me waa meant. to guide the party in the
1nitte1 stago of
bourqeote-d~retie
revolution.
175
-rbe second proarammo t'dopt.«l 1ft 1919
.·.. itself to th.e task of concretaly
resol~nq
~reseed
the oaticnal
question against t.M bacJdrop of eoe1e11ot nvolu.tioo.
Since the new sJ.tuetJ.on celled fOJr unity an:J solidarity
of the tOiJJug masses of the Rueslan end nm-Russlm
oppi.'CSMd people. the new pc-ogJ:'amme call«! for esteblJ.sh-o
meet. of a fe:lerat!on
OD the
soviet
~t.em
ee • trerutl•
t.ional form towcde complet:e ana full unity.
!'he tunt
part.y pCOQTem:ne reJ.teJ"at«i the abo.U.Uan of all klnels
of privileges of vhlehever nation they
~ht be
with e
v1ev to oveeQninq the <.Ustu.-uet. of the workiftQ elus of
th.e opp&"essinq nat.l.ciOs by the toilers of the oppress.s.
:tt celle4 upon the part.y to t.J!eat w! th caut.tco
~he
•su.ntval of neticrtol fee11ftqs• md pay 4ue ettent;!cm
to ttnaUcnal U'edtUons• of t.he m1110\t Ol$SSU of the
opprcu.,sed nations,.
'the sec:o.tl4 party progt"amme thus offered a l'ealtet:ic
soluticn of tbe natiorualltles question Jn the early
phase of t.ho ooe.talist J"eVolutJ.on.
tts ne11 featw:'e
wu .its support for a federal form of union of tbe sovt.-et.
revuol1cs exati a ehlf't from t.he earlier insistence on
1GQa1 equality
w
eetuel equality cf different: sovtet.
nettcns 1n the economic m4 cultural fielcts.
tt also
116
gave a call for re3olute at.ru'lgle aqainst both ebauv.lniat
and oationellst devlaticna.
tfbe secona petty pr'Ot3C"atDI of 1\119 helped the
party Jn solving
~e
nation ali ties qne9t.icln aodftst. t:he
backdrop of ooe1a11at oonGUaetion tbrOQ;Jh ita aboUUcm
of all national pco1v!18lJes lll1d inequalf.ty of naticns.
reeoonltioo of
n~Sonal
et.etehoGd
~
developftlf!!l1t of all
notional lanquageg.
Socialist plano.tnq,
1n:1U5tt'1a11t~tt't!on,
collect.tvi•
oaUon end cultural revoluticn helpe:l 1n bridgiaq the qap
that oxiste:S in ttle economic and cultural level betwen
tho erstwhile oppl'essed and oppresstnq naticns.
the oerly
st.~e
ttta various nations
w~
glVGft t.he right
to form 'their own oeticc states end Jo.tn t.be
fedor:etiou as free ed $Ctuel
~n
If tn
souee
of tbe un!aa in
the· next etage they were tlelped. to catch up wJ. tb the
Central ngtons of RuetJ.tea.
tn thf.e regur! they ver:e
constaar&bly helped by the polltteelly. ftnaDeially,
culturally &ft4 t.ehnleeUy t!ICJI"e a!vance
ilWJ~nia
people.
The pace of ecorJOm:.l.c development, tl'le rete of capttal
tDvestment end
durinq the
for
1the
~th
tire~
of the JA4ustrlal wcrlctn.o cleaa
two fl'Ve yeu plans vu mtteb highes-
eeaue1 Asiao zepu'bllcs than the
Cen~ral
part.e
111
1'be 11oilted oap tllet. remained vas ultlmetel.y
of RU561a.
nearly
~:amove:!
by the ent of the fifties.
The early sixties saw a
fur~her
tntcastfteat1on of
the QMC!tral prooese of eonverqer1ce of
socialia~
nat.tcna
along w1 th the! I" contJ.nutno eonso114aUon ert4 ell• round
development.
The developtDent of frahnlal cooperatJ.Cft
an4 fr1en;Sly 1ntemationa1 cantacte Jn the sphue of
economic, culttn"e end 1ntelleotua1 life t'fJSulte4 in Ule
Gme£V8DC8 of a oew historical commt.lr'Jt ty ca11«i the Soviet
people.
If tbe ftrst
~d
of C«lUnuing CQ'lsolldot.ian
ant'l development of eocielJ.et nat.ions was of apttelal
~1gni£icance
Jn the earlier
s~ages,
of eonvetuence of nations assuntct4
t.he let.t• tl'81'1d
Wfll'
greeter urgency
GOd acopa .ta the new h1etod.oe1 seeqe of developed
socialism IJJ"JtJ compnt\enaiva bu114lng of com:nun!st
aocJ.et.y. -.rbis, however:, does not mem that
the
tren4
of all-rour.v.l flourishing of nations has come t:o a halt.
in
~be
phase of early communist
eons~rueticn
elso called
4avelopat ecc!aliam or thO ti:8Dd tolferds the rapproel\ament
of nadons
liP
oltoqether
The induatriallsatloo and
abSen~
-ovtb
in t.ho e.-U.er pertoa..
of u.r:bCl population
were J.mpoetct facton promotl.nq t.he eominq together
of the r:epresent.atives of various ruattonal1Ues.
~he
116
1959 eeooue already showtd that all. the ctt.tes of Central
Asia hEld en extremely mixed national composition an4
evan in the collective
~
state farms. it was not
Ut'l•
common to meet :representat1ve of ten or: more net1cme.
Yet du.ctnq the earl.te.r:
pea:~
the consolt<iatlon
end de\felopmen t of nat.S.ons rather than their convergence
for:med the dominant
t~end.
'Ibis n.eoesst t.at.ed tbe
projection of new goela C1d 'bJSks 1n the nationaliUes
question vhtcb the new Party Proqramme adopt«l 1ft 1961
.
duly unc!erecore! ae" emphasis on eonverqence of nations
did not mean ebe:'l4on1nq of the all•tound develOpment
of nations vtdeh was w continue 1n tJialectleal r•let1on•
ship with
~etr
drarino clc:uar tooether.
Tbe new sloo-
wa& .:!eve1opment and fUJ:"theJ:' oonsolidet.ton of different
nations thrOUCJh t.netr rapprochement and conveqence.
The llW !>rogi'UJne adopted by Twenty 8econ4 P41!'tf
Conq&-esa 1D 1961 made e
corr41Ct eppralsal
of t.ho national
sPG(:lf1c.a avo1:11no both atremea of over eft4. under
asoeasment of t.he national cU.stinctl.ona..
Its dom!nant
tone was the pc-itlclple of prolet.erf.an int.emationalism.
The 1961 Party Pr'Q9C'fml:!18 laid down
the~
with the Vietoi'Y
of C:ommunism in the USSR Dat.lons w111 'be drawn et.lll
closer
toge~her,
theie econom1c and itJeolO;Jtcal CO!I!!lUDity
will gC"OW end c:oumon cortlm.lli•t traits of t.be11" cultural
end intellectual
~alee
up 11111 develop.
t t also observed•
· ttr-tovever. the Ob.U t.eratJ.on of national distinctions,
and especially of languaqe d.iet1noticme, 's e ccme1derebly a lorlqer p.wocase
d istJ.netions. •
~.,
the Ob11 tet:eUon o£ etqs
1
The Draft ct the reedit.ed Party P!'OQI'atw.ae Whteb
w.tll ba presented
befo~:e the
TWeoty
seventh Party congress
ooing to be held in l'ebruary 1986 talces full account of
the multinational nat.ure of t.ba soviet 80Ctet.y.
showing c:oncua for
~he
In
ccmtinuecl f lou.rishinq Of nat.ione
and their st.ee:Sy coming together, tile Party pJ:Oceeils f..:om
tbe assumption that
-no
ert:.iftcie1
p~ding
or holdinq
back of the ripe cbject.J.ve t:reo4e of developtDeDt an·
admJ.s&iblo J.n thia. • 2 'rbe nw Draft folly ncognlaes
that ill tho proeess co.mn:m work and Ufe of more tbe
tOO peoples
l'lW
and
nat1onaltt1es there, -naturally arise
tas'ks £or ref1nino
prime t.an'ks
pu~
nat1~al
relations. •
AmODq the
forwald by the ndraf-.s pi'Oql"amme Draft
ere the ell-round strer.tgtheninq and
devalcpmen~
of the
mulUaatJ.onel SOviet. etat.M ecoe:J.eblnt. strugqle aoet.ne't
1.
ftgqramme q£ the CPSy,
2.
PJ!VaJ, 26
MO~
Oct.obec 1985.
1951, p.to3.
tSO
eny maoi.fest.ations of peroobtalism and national
end~:
at:
~he
same time, unfe111no ccmcert! for tite continue!
enhancement, Of the role of tbe rapW')lics,
cegt.Ot'l& an:! autonomous areas in
tasks.
llmU:a~icne,
e~OJDOue
accompliehia~
cocmtrywlde
Jt suesooa t.be neet t.o consistently deepen tbe
div1eion of labour: between the npublics. even out tiw
concU t.tans of GCOnomic
man.agemen~.
encourage actift
p.Uctpatf.cn by the rep\&bllca in d'le economic dewlop!SJGDt
of new regions. promote int.er:-npublice exchanges of
workers ll'l4 speoiell9t.a, and extend and tmprove 1:he
Uainino of qualified personnel fi"O!D among cttlaens of
ell peoples and nattonal1Uee Jnhanf:t.tng the •pul'JU.cs.
The Draft altJo eells for tile edvaneement of ttte SOViet
peop.le•s in't,.eqrel cultur•• whieh is aoeialiet to contGftt.
diverse 1ft ita national forms md 1nt.e.rnat1onolist. in
its opirit,
ortgtnel
()0
tile basltJ cf t.he best achlevemenu .en4
prog~sstve
tr&ilticns of the paoplea of tho
usnr.t.
The cm:Jphdts on the .tntef0at1«3ne11st splr1 t tn the
oraf't of t.be new dicJ.on of the Party RQ9l"Gltllte has
let:! to e
~iU11l:i
for e more olabor-.te fQmulat;ioo of the
,.intomattona1tsetion of pubUc: life as a powerful booster
of eem.omtc end ood.al
pr~esa • by
the proc;p:omme.
sucb
181
.......
a plea baa tJeen fQede by soviet philosopher E. aogremo"~i
1n his rec.f~Qt ar:tic1e. 1 9oql'amo'\' bas elso t.mderseore4
the need t.o
mein~ein
the Per:ty COune for •ever-broader
enlistment of c.ltt.aene of all nation.a11t1es .t.ft the
processes of new cbsnqes• and a •jotnt solution of the
urqen~
t.anks of regional or all-trnlen qrowth, euch es
the develov.nent of S1ller1en oil and oas fields, e betCSt:
up for 'the Nm-'llack Soil none 4'Qd. the fulfillmEI'lt of
the food
pt'OgrB.'l!'ll!)9
1mpt"OVem.en.t."
end a 1onq tam j)t'OOJ!'Mme of 111114
POinting out
~
anomaly of Siberia eft4
the Per Enst. wit.n nine-tenths of tthe country's fuel atld
pcnter am! thl"ee-foutt:M of J.t& t.lmber and wataJ:' reso\U'CeS
hav.tnq only 10 per cent of the CO\Intty•e populetJ.on,
Bo;ramov makes a strong plea fol' encoul!"eqt.ng the young
people to move tnto other npUbUca.
'the process of conveqenc:e of notions 1n the cent.rel
Mien :repu.Dliee of tho
ussR has clr81ifn
sua~erume• from
the qu.tct.aud pace of tt'leir eccmomle development end
S.ateqre.~ion
of the sovi.t! republics in a stnole economic
eomplex of ttle UGSR.
'!'be 1atAIOs1 ey of eccm.o!Dlo inter-
action emonq the national republics of f:he USSR bas
eontt 1t»utc!d a great deal to 'the eonverveneo of nations.
tit th the exception of the ttSPnR. Ukraine, md Kaeakhat.an
~
p
t,-
' .......
182
tne sbaa:'e of expo.rts :in ru't of tbe union republic. 1n
their indusuial end aqrtculturel wtpUt is over ZS per
cent whereas the share of imports I.e 30 per eent of all
industrial en:! ogr:!eult.ural pro!ucts consumed in • qiven
The lover shan 1n case of t.ne al:KNe ~hree
republic.
republics is explain«! by the
leroe
s:iste of 'their
~erritoey
whleh J.mperts a relotiv•ly more closed eh3racter to 'their
economy.
the
The radical
forme~
uansfo~tion
of t.he economies of
national hinterlands has done away with the
cme-sJ.ci.S 41vtaton of t.he c-epubl.S.c into agrulan l'ew
materiel pr&:blC1ng appcdagas aft4 iftdastrial republics.
The present. complex pro:!uct..l.on structonts have necessl tat.e.S
ma11y aJ4e!l inter republic relaUorus.
The fteeal policy in the USSR is a1md ot fUC"t.herJ.no
t.~tion
an;! tbe .to:U'VicSuel
Qpt,.f.mwa mrnnc~
R.edJ.su .t.but.lcn of
tho inurest.s oif both t.he
republica in an
ftncc•u' is don-e la aceotdmoe with a single atate
plan which treats the eocnomy of ell the tepubll.oe as
port of a s1ntJle economic ccamplex.
Thus the l.ndusf!ria-
U.e at1on to Ctmt.tal ABle vas financed by money tal sed
in Ruseie proper and no extra burd«t was place!! em the
central Asian t.tPC-payeJ:s.
!'b1s ptccess ot alloeatf.nq
lei."'Qer subsldtas frcn the union bwioet to the CEDtre1
183
M1 en t'epubltcs heo contlnttd beyond the ini U a1 petted
of 1ndustr!aUsa1llon.
Yhws
afJ 1~•
as 19'76 the tJBbelt
SSR, tbs Kaze'kh SSR* t-he Kirgl• SSR and the 'TejUc SSR
wero assigned gt.7 per cen't, tOO Pft" cent. 04.S per cent.,
oo.t
per cent and 100 per
CtJD1:
of deductions from t;ba
federal etate taxes end ravanues 1n
contras~
wl<th 41.9
per cant assigned ~o the asrsR. t,
ecenomie :Sevelopmont ill the Central AS!en J:e91t.m
was c.ecrled out cot
assistance
f~
ot~l?
with liberal f1nanc1a1 ancJ metertGl
t.ne Qltre out also with th9 :Slrect. pencnal
partieipat.f.al of a large number of Russian .bvltgrent.a.
The Central ASian n;.t.on
~
Ka2ektuft.ao was oae of tba
economic a:egims ia need of adr.U.tiona& labour force.
n..a
fo~
fJ.'he
a ape!fKiy al.tminetlan of ee.onomic IAJ'1d cultural
'beetcw&E'dneee of the peoplea of cenual ASia, transfer cf
uu:n'Oer of industrial enterprises during the vu yean md
eu1Uvat:1<m of
fcr~lle
virqtn lands in the
natural,ly demenc!e:S e lat;:er
req ton a.
J.nflCM~
pes~
wu perto:S
of manpower from other
1'he requt rements of eeonom!e d•velopment eould
not be· coped. \111 th by
·~t.
available local marlpc74er resourees.
to 1959 e t:otal of 38,62.600 ptteons weH 81'lga9fld ln ell
'branehes
oe
ec:IX'lOfaY• eultural entJ se.tenttf!.o fields S.n
r n
----- _ F I
r
r
Usbeld.St:.en Wheftae t.hv tot;al au.'l'Der of 0.-belcs in the eqe
group df 19 tc 59 was
omy
24,Se~ooo
tneludfng housewives.
under sociallam the need for redistribution
power r:caources nes oonverte4 tne
d~aphlc
of
man-
proces•
from a spcmteneous ooc::J.4l pb«lOlm!non into a COMct.oua
and p1.mned. precess reflecting the soc.tali.at l4W$ of
population.
The <Sevetoproentel ne«le of · ccnu-el Mia
reeulte..t in e ehenqe::l conelat1on of nattcneUties.
However. ml;rd1on of naticnaUttes in USSR from their
t1tulu republic to other npub11ca 1s not only confined
to the Russians.
ou~aide
ttmu
tf the percenta{Je cf Russies 11\'ing
repUblic b 14.2 per cent
~h•
cotreepotdin;
fig-ures ar• 22.8 per cant for the Kaza'kh!J, 13.6 for the
1Urg.1es. 24·.8 per cent fer t:he TejUts and 1.8 per
cen~
for the Turkmeno.
9eq1nnir.lg w.tth the early sixtt•• a sharp drop in
birth rate has been reqietered mainly tn the RSPSR. the
tJkralne
sm~,
syeloruaeien GSR. the aattic Soviet l'tiP\lblies,,
Geor;im'l SSR end 'the Af:'menien saA.
At1 p.r:asGDt tme bir-th
rat.e in the Central As1eo z:ep.abl.ic• is more than t,w.tce
a• high as that. J.n t.be RSFSR,.
The alowness of urbmlseUon
process ta the Central Mic .repUblica on eccount of
cla1mat1c e:Ivan'tege$ Jn aortcultw:al d&'ltelopment. t.btt
tes
prevalence Of the peacU.ce of eal'ly merr.t.ages, low rate
of employment of
~
in the
organie~
sectors of
economv
and a greeter percen tege of manrl,eoeeble persons bas
a~q
contributed to hitJher birth rates
Muslirmt.
t1hie has given rise
w
the
~oviet
speeulatl.ons abOut 1 ts
e:lverse ef·fect en prospects of lntenslfle:S
tnt•e~ton
ASian peoples with other peoples tn the
of tho
Cen~al
USAR.
lf in the s1Kties aome scholars
~ e~it1c&1
of
the phenomenon of il'lonasift9 migration of the Russians
to Cetnl Mia es
~wuJif1eat1:cn •
of the MuSlim peoples
end their "-dertationallmat:J.on•,. p"sent 481 works of
wcestem
ue full with waroings about de-
soc1o1o11s~s
.stebillaet.ian of the BQ'ttiet l'(l91me u
MooG of the westem pmphe'te of
dflmQ9Jreph.tc cnanqea.
·doom have. bowevee,
a nault of cu.n-ent
VGJStt.ihd to ley 401110: 1th4!1
minimum proj;)Ort.lon of
of tne sovl$t re;lma.
AtlS~iane
crtt:ical
essential for the malntenenee
Ttmit- forecast about. the di:'Olmiftg
of the slavic nat1onau.ues by the Husl!m nat.ionallt.tes
appears to be highly fmeiful.
a fall in the growth rate of
I~
'rbo tvt9 Censun
sov.t~t.
~s
Mo.sl.lm nat.tonallttes.
is expected that. Pliormt;a from 'the C*ltral M1an
republics would be attracted to t.h#J nev n;ion.a of Stberta
and the Sov! ~ Far £as t as vell es 'the oo"h where tht:tre
exist. Yast reeerves of· fuel,. eerov snd nw materiel
186
resources.
! f due to
lowe~
natural qrcwth rate
~he
mlqration Of Russians to central ASia ls likely to ba
adveeeely
aff~fl4#
a revene kler:eased mob11li:V of
the C.tJ:'&l ASians to dle northern ceglona w:t.ll help
conttaue to promote opportunities for converoence of
nation••
Tbe
1nar:eaa1n~
1ntra-repul:)11can mtoratlan
J.n tbe Central A01an region undc tbe
ul."baliaa~Lon
~
Qf qrovloQ
mel aechenteet!on of agrieulture will help
in overeomlog the t:eluctC(!e of Centtal M181 wor'kforee
to migrate outside their ropubUes.
conwrgencQ of nati.Ot\• iG i:eld.n.g place in the ussR
not only
OJ\
but elso 1c
th4t poli tieel, economic and social plane
the cultural field.
ni.. llnouallsm occupte•
a 'key place £n tbe process of eul t.ural convergence.
Russian and
aen-~us,tm
b1·11nguel1sm
ts a C$eolst.ve
link tn eolvJ.ng the pt'oblem of cott.eft.Ufttceticn 1n t.be
soviet liUltinetione.l st.•t•
tho~
form of bi•lJ.ngualism (there also
this ls not t.he ccly
entrt Uftbek-1'ojile,
nussian•:Ultra1c1an end Aamnian•Aterbaijao.tsn bi-l:l.:ngualtsm).
at-11n·Jaalism te 11n'ked vttb the process of convet'9et1ea
on.:t ts a clear 1n41eator of .f.t.s ext._,t since lenqu..aqe
is one of the moot important
elemen~:•
1n the natloael
culture of e people end famlliertq. With o socood lanqusqe
1mpl.tea ecqueint.aDce with • •econd culture different. from
181
its
0\lltD•
The equ.l
~ itJbt.s
of lang\l&ges enaurea by the
sovJ.et const.ltut:ion bas CJ:'88t.S fund..-mtall;o ow condlttons
for a voluntary grcwtb of bi-ltngualiiJm con•picuowtly
dsent. .In multinet1onel counu.les in the west.
!n tna pbaae of early
~tst
COllSUuct1cm bo'th
tbe Objective an4 tt. eu'bjecti¥8 factors for the
~h
of Ruestan l:J!i-Unqua11am hav• playaS their role.
t:f!
to tile prerevolu.tionery pest tbct ob jecttve eourse of
auqment:lng the force'S of prcduction bN\l'#lt to the foro
the neecS to ba'V• a comtOn language t.he
i.e. • the
um~i,ll..tngruuJs
Gobj~ive tac~or,
of oppr•s.S peopleo to stuay
the languaoa of T.he dominan-t net1m oame .tn the way of
4e. . lopment of
Ru&lfi~
bt-l tnauallam.
COtldi tiona.
bQrillevu, chalqed Wldtar eoetel:lem and as the lif'IO census
ahOliled 11.1 pee
can~
of t.he non•Ruseien
USSR CODB1derod RUSUitm fl8
about 49 per
cen~
popula~ion
of the
tl'\e1.t n.aUVII 1801uac:J8 \fb.tle
fluently apol«t it..
The 4ew1opment of
At:~Gs1en
b1·1in'lualtem la not.
oa i t is c:epresent..S by •oms watem sovietoloqtat,a
ttnuaelficetf&on• of the Cett'al Asian peoplen or their
"4eoatl.ona1isatt.on•.
Me9tery of t.he leguage of anot.ber
nationality somet.Smes d.oes l'Hu1t ln a
lenouaoe reg&ftled •• nau•.
cnen~
in the
AecaptetlQe of a l•gueqe
of GnOthC!r nationaltt;y aa one's native legueoe of
tee
cot.U:Se indicates th.et an important psycholoQical banter
has been overcome.
This ie. however. a
vh1eh _
Soeioloqtcel atOSies ba'flt
ls by no means 1nev1tok>le.
shown that bi•linJual!sm
poss1b111~
d~
not as e rule lead to e
person chan;tnq the language ca:ud.ciere:J ee net1-ve by him
end even
llheD
tbis oocnars .lt does not automat1ee11y •en
e change J.n eGnscio® ethnic dfJ.llatlon.
1.'be scale Oft
t1hich c:haeqe of lm.guaqe occt#'S S.s quit. limit&t end
Oft
the vbole e ma.jort ty of the p-&Oples of tte USSR have
bel::! :firmly to tb4lr native lenguaps wht.cb corresponds
This 1e all the mor. obvious
to thelr ethnic effiliettan.
1n t:be ease of tme cenual Aet:f.en peoples.
Growth of bi·lil'l<;UalU.. however. I'Ktlps promot:e
e11m1netion of etmic prejudlou end
furthe~
G:U8Dq:tbeiftq
of frten4sh1p emong the peoples of the USSR. . The p.roporticm
of Central Asian peoples having fluency i:ft Ruoeiea
language- 31.5 per cent!- ecmpues fairly w11
v1~b
t.ne peoples. of thO Baltic republic • 45.7 per ce:nt: - ed
the T.renecauea!l'torJ natials .. 29.9 per cent.
of cent:rel Asian
~oplos Who
The proportf.m.
describe Russian ee thetr
native language has more or lees remalne4 t.be same
butveen 1970 and 1979 fr:om
and 0.4 to 1.4 1t1 19'79.
o. 3
tc 1.1 per CGJnt in 1.970
Th$ propor:Ucn of people fluont.
189
in Ruselan
lan~o•
has cm t.he other nd considerably
risen from ll. t per cent. to 53.9 pu c(lf;lt. .tn the ease
so.6
of Uabe'ke.- 41.6 per cent to
per cent for Kazatmo.
t6 .• 6 per cct to 2'7.8 per cent for TaJJ.ks t.t.a per cent
to 24.2 per cent for Tt.D!'ltmenims end 19.9 per cent. to
2e. 5 per cent tor K.lrqJ.o.
The ;rowt;b
of R.UtDsie bt.-
llnouelism 1n the Central Mien t:epu.bUe• has eoe
reeul~
J.n squeeiftg out the lanaueoes of the indigenous peoples
whieb hove achlev&d their meximwa dev,glopment
~
dtseover«!
oaw pet.ent1a1i ties for their funher en:d.ehment:.
oual1t.nJ. ve changes 1ft the eoef. el struet.ure of tthe
soviet Centrel Asian repubU.es leadtnq tto the entfJrqcmce
of e modem worldng class, eolleettve farfliog psasmtry
Md intelligentsia of
tt.leil!'
owe test!. fy to the qrowt119
hcmlOQenl tv of the socta1181: nat tons ift t.be ussR.
.tneresse to tho
n~r
of
A ~apid
skilled wortters tn the ngton
wh1Cb ha:J ID88f:! illtt.eracy 1n tbe pre-&'8Yoluttonery peeic4
reveals a major trend
st.r:uetuC'e of nat.iona.
m 'the
eoalescenee of the eocta.l
1'heJ evt~DioQ up of C\lltU#al and
duoa'tionel lavals of tbe Central Aslan peoples with
their eoufttell'part.s ln tbo edvance tturopeao part: of t.he
UOSR bee e.t:ested the necessary prerequts1te fo.r draw!nq
eloser to;ettter of ti\e different. netlorut. · Yet 1nsp1 te
of the favourable
objea~S.ve
eondltlms arentea by tocreased
190
social ho$ogen1t.y of nations. the national epeeJ.f.tcs
of
11fe-~tyles. traditiont~
of lerqe
tamtl.t~• ~
strcaq
family ties end 1Dsuff.tetent Jmowledoe of Russian (only
soout 40 pe:r cent of the tot.al population J.a the eentral
Ast<l are b1•Un7ual) have slowe~ down tile mobllt'ty of
the people both 1ns1de end outs tde the 1-'eqion.
an.~
thus
adversely effected tbe possibilities of oreatet et:m!c
tntereet&cn.
Intet'ettrl1c mecrie;e for:m en
importm~
of ethnic 88Gimile.t.1oa. an4 lntecact1on.
d$Wlopmcmt of friendly releUona
Cl'lOn;J
OWing to the
v•rtoWJ sthD1c
,(Jroups,.. tne.tr J.ncc-ease4 $0Clo1 mob1llt?f an4
role
·Of
reli-;;.ioft
then~
l.neuwnent
~be
rtductld
of miae! marriages has qone
up to the whole country inclu:Jtng its Cetrel M1•
region.
Tho percentnge of etmicelly mix""4 femllles 1ft
the Ceotral Asian republics compar:aa favourably w1tb
the RSf'SR.
een~
ln 1.919 mixed famtll«M eccot.mtel for 12 per
of total. families in the
RSPS~.
~horo pereen~aoe
in the oentrel Aaten republics in the same year was•
Kasakhstan
2t.s
per eet.t Uabetciet.an
to.s
per cen.1:t
t<lrgiale 15. s per cent:, 'l'asikat.e t3 pet cent• etSd
Tur'kmenta lJ. 3 per eent.
MixacS matti3QB!l in the Central
Asten republics have. howwat>. e number of spectfic
.featue"es.
They ore more traquent in the urbm
areas
and tht!r nW!1bee of Central As.len WDme.n
tHO
~JtUXYino
Russian
is alftDst 1ns1gn1f.S.cant.
'fhe influence of religtca en ~he life of t.be Cmt.rel
Asian peoples :La Clft the clecline althouoh ouch t-eUgtoutJ
ttita cs d.J:CUtllCta1on.
oceasions
m tbe
of Kot>aa en. spe.lal
rea~U.nq
family Ufe. burial 1ft the Muslim
cemetee, end private ealebr«'1cn of MUslim fes-19ala like
B.mgn and JSS£lim..B•lm ere et111 w14ely p•actSn:S. Many
hoWever. participate ln these ett.es to. satisfy their'
emouonal to4 psych01o'31c•1 n..S
an~
the
n~l'
of
act£ ve believers ls not ver.y blOb• Io my c:eM religion
1ft
plays U ttle ml1lt.!dRern.d:ninQ the etbnle n1f-ccm•e1ousness
of • Yest majortty o! the C.ttal As1e peoples.
'ro conelutJe. the extent of
Asian
net10ft~
cot~veroenc•
of central
wtt.h other nations com;tr1slnq t:he
in t:he po11 Ueal. eoCDom1ct
quite impJreaeJ.ve.
ena
socio.cul tural flelde t.s
They l'laVe been
auceesstully
in the family of free and equal soviet aat!orut..
~an.l.t.y
of aoctel.
c~.t.uoo.
cult.ul'al anct e:lucatLonel gap.
US.~t:JR
1n~rate~
'fbek
lewll!ng up of thel.r
1nte;~atl.a1
.ta • eounttyW!de
econ.Oftiic complex. JacreaJng etMo-11n;ul.st.1c iftteracttcm
es mw.t fest.td 1n a rising nU'!I'ibGs:- of mixed
merrieoee
end the qrowt.b of b.t-l.t.n1uol1am. 4!DIIrgence of
c:oD~Cn
soviet values. sucn es soviet pdrlottsm. colleetivtsm.
192
conmunist Gt.t1 tua.e to labOur and proletertm 1ntec-ne.t.lonalism .. ell these are Objective !Micators of
the CODVerpoc-e of nations.
«ro assert tbt.s. however, does not. mae e d.eatal
of ethfllc differences sp«:1a11y re!lectej Ja theu femf.ly
life and cult.ur.al ueiu.
rela~loos
The e.baracter of national
ie such that tbeir hermcnious
d.V.10pm$0~
depQ'tds not CPly on obj-ective conditione, but also tn
tnezoeas tno measnte on GUbj«rt:ive fector:s.
r.td for
gaug.tno these subjective factore one needs
not~·
mas& quenti'tatlve data ecntetne:J .in tne cerun.laq ao4
ot~
•tetisticel reports but empiwicel GOC1olog&cel
J.nveat1getJ.ans \¥bleb ere still .411
aD 1.1\cipieo.~
etap.
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