PRESENT SIMPLE VERB TO BE (essere) AFFIRMATIVE FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS I AM I'M YOU ARE YOU'RE HE IS HE'S SHE IS SHE'S IT IS IT'S WE ARE WE'RE YOU ARE YOU'RE THEY ARE THEY'RE NEGATIVE FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS I AM NOT I'M NOT YOU ARE NOT YOU AREN'T HE IS NOT HE ISN'T SHE IS NOT SHE ISN'T IT IS NOT IT ISN'T WE ARE NOT WE AREN'T YOU ARE NOT YOU AREN'T THEY ARE NOT THEY AREN'T INTERROGATIVE VERBO + SOGG. + …? SHORT ANSWERS Affirmative Negative AM I...? YES, I AM NO, I'M NOT ARE YOU...? YES, YOU ARE NO, YOU AREN'T IS HE...? YES, HE IS NO, HE ISN'T IS SHE...? YES, SHE IS NO, SHE ISN'T IS IT...? YES, IT IS NO, IT ISN'T ARE WE...? YES, WE ARE NO, WE AREN'T ARE YOU...? YES, YOU ARE NO, YOU AREN'T ARE THEY...? YES, THEY ARE NO, THEY AREN'T PRESENT SIMPLE VERB TO HAVE (avere) AFFIRMATIVE FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS I HAVE GOT I'VE GOT YOU HAVE GOT YOU' VE GOT HE HAS GOT HE'S GOT SHE HAS GOT SHE' S GOT IT HAS GOT IT' S GOT WE HAVE GOT WE' VE GOT YOU HAVE GOT YOU' VE GOT THEY HAVE GOT THEY' VE GOT NEGATIVE FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS I HAVE NOT GOT I HAVEN'T GOT YOU HAVE NOT GOT YOU HAVEN'T GOT HE HAS NOT GOT HE HASN'T GOT SHE HAS NOT GOT SHE HASN'T GOT IT HAS NOT GOT IT HASN'T GOT WE HAVE NOT GOT WE HAVEN'T GOT YOU HAVE NOT GOT YOU HAVEN'T GOT THEY HAVE NOT GOT THEY HAVEN'T GOT INTERROGATIVE Verbo + soggetto + …? SHORT ANSWERS Affirmative Negative HAVE I GOT...? YES, I HAVE NO, I HAVEN'T HAVE YOU GOT...? YES, YOU HAVE NO, YOU HAVEN'T HAS HE GOT...? YES, HE HAS NO, HE HASN'T HAS SHE GOT...? YES, SHE HAS NO, SHE HASN'T HAS IT GOT...? YES, IT HAS NO, IT HASN'T HAVE WE GOT...? YES, WE HAVE NO, WE HAVEN'T HAVE YOU GOT...? YES, YOU HAVE NO, YOU HAVEN'T HAVE THEY GOT...? YES, THEY HAVE NO, THEY HAVEN'T EXPRESSIONS WITH HAVE Ci sono alcune espressioni in cui have non indica possesso, ma viene usato come i verbi non ausiliari (have breakfast, have lunch, have dinner, have a shower...). Esso non è accompagnato dal got e usa l'ausiliare do/does e don't/doesn't per la forma negativa, interrogativa e le risposte brevi She doesn't have breakfast Do they have dinner at the restaurant? Yes, they do/No they don't PRESENT SIMPLE USE Il present simple si usa per descrivere: 1. Azioni abituali: She goes to bed at ten o'clock = Va a letto alle 10 2. Situazioni permanenti: She lives with her family = vive con la sua famiglia 3. Orari (scolastici, dei treni...): It leaves at 11.00 a.m. 4. Gusti e sentimenti: He doesn't like basketball N.B. Non si usa mai per descrivere ciò che si sta facendo in questo momento 3rd PERSON La terza persona singolare (he, she, it) del present simple affermativo si forma secondo le seguenti regole ortografiche: 1. aggiungendo -s alla forma base per la maggior parte dei verbi: Forma base 3a persona Start Starts Live Lives Play Plays 2. aggiungendo -es se il verbo termina in -o. -ch, -:sh, -s, -x Forma base 3a persona Go Goes Watch Watches Finish Finshes Pass Passes Mix Mixes 3. sostituendo la -y con la “i” e aggiungendo -es se il verbo termina con la y preceduta da una consonante Study Studies Fly Flies PRESENT SIMPLE all forms AFFIRMATIVE: SOGGETTO + FORMA BASE I LIKE YOU LIKE HE LIKES SHE LIKES IT LIKES WE LIKE YOU LIKE THEY LIKE NEGATIVE FULL FORMS: SOGG. + DO/DOES + NOT + FORMA BASE SHORT FORMS: SOGG. + DON'T/DOESN'T + FORMA BASE I DO NOT LIKE I DON'T LIKE YOU DO NOT LIKE YOU DON'T LIKE HE DOES NOT LIKE HE DOESN'T LIKE SHE DOES NOT LIKE SHE DOESN'T LIKE IT DOES NOT LIKE IT DOESN'T LIKE WE DO NOT LIKE WE DON'T LIKE YOU DO NOT LIKE YOU DON'T LIKE THEY DO NOT LIKE THEY DON'T LIKE INTERROGATIVE DO/DOES + SOGG. + FORMA BASE SHORT ANSWERS Affirmative Negative DO I LIKE...? YES, I DO NO, I DON'T DO YOU LIKE...? YES, YOU DO NO, YOU DON'T DOES HE LIKE...? YES, HE DOES NO, HE DOESN'T DOES SHE LIKE...? YES, SHE DOES NO, SHE DOESN'T DOES IT LIKE...? YES, IT DOES NO, IT DOESN'T DO WE LIKE...? YES, WE DO NO, WE DON'T DO YOU LIKE...? YES, YOU DO NO, YOU DON'T DO THEY LIKE...? YES, THEY DO NO, THEY DON'T ' MODAL VERB: CAN (permission/ability) • • • • • Il verbo modale è sempre seguito dalla forma base del verbo principale è uguale per tutte le persone alla forma negativa aggiunte solo not, n't (come i verbi ausiliari be e have) alla forma interrogativa precede il soggetto (come i verbi ausiliari be e have) non usa mai gli ausiliari do/does, don't/doesn't AFFIRMATIVE: SOGG. + CAN+ FORMA BASE I CAN GO I CAN SPEAK... (io so parlare...) (io posso andare) YOU CAN GO YOU CAN SPEAK... HE CAN GO HE CAN SPEAK... SHE CAN GO SHE CAN SPEAK... IT CAN GO IT CAN SPEAK... WE CAN GO WE CAN SPEAK... YOU CAN GO YOU CAN SPEAK... THEY CAN GO THEY CAN SPEAK... NEGATIVE FULL FORMS: SOGG. + CAN+ NOT + FORMA BASE SHORT FORMS: SOGG. + CAN’T+ FORMA BASE I CANNOT GO I CAN’T GO YOU CANNOT GO YOU CAN’T GO HE/SHE/IT CANNOT GO HE/SHE/IT CAN’T GO WE CANNOT GO WE CAN’T GO YOU CANNOT GO YOU CAN’T GO THEY CANNOT GO THEY CAN’T GO INTERROGATIVE CAN+ SOGG. + FORMA BASE SHORT ANSWERS Affirmative Negative CAN I GO...? YES, I CAN NO, I CAN’T CAN YOU GO...? YES, YOU CAN NO, YOU CAN’T CAN HE GO...? YES, HE CAN NO, HE CAN’T CAN SHE GO...? YES, SHE CAN NO, SHE CAN’T CAN IT GO...? YES, IT CAN NO, IT CAN’T CAN WE GO...? YES, WE CAN NO, WE CAN’T CAN YOU GO...? YES, YOU CAN NO, YOU CAN’T CAN THEY GO...? YES, THEY CAN NO, THEY CAN’T IMPERATIVES L'imperativo è formato da due persone la seconda singolare e la seconda plurale, che sono uguali. Nell'imperativo le persone non sono mai espresse. AFFIRMATIVE L'imperativo affermativo si usa per dare comandi, consigli e istruzioni, esso è uguale alla FORMA BASE DEL VERBO BE (essere) Be quiet! Stai zitto! Be quiet! State zitti! GO (andare) Go! Va'! Go! Andate! NEGATIVE L'imperativo negativo si usa per esprimere proibizioni, esso si ottiene con DON'T + FORMA BASE. Don't be stupid! Non essere sciocco Don't be stupid! Non siate sciocchi Don't copy! Non copiare! Don't copy! Non copiate! SHALL WE...?/LET'S... SHALL + WE+ FORMA BASE +.... Si usa per proporre a qualcuno di fare qualcosa insieme. Questa struttura corrisponde in italiano alla forma interrogativa noi del presente indicativo. Shall we do our Maths homework Facciamo i compiti di matematica? LET'S + FORMA BASE + ... Si usa per proporre a qualcuno di fare qualcosa insieme. Questa struttura corrisponde in italiano alla forma noi dell'imperativo. Let's listen to music Ascoltiamo della musica.
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