Examining the Evidence Base for the 16 OWG Focus Areas

Examining the Evidence Base for
the 16 OWG Focus Areas
OWG side event sponsored by Bhutan, Colombia, Denmark,
Rwanda, South Africa, Sweden, and Switzerland
New York, 5 May 2014
Glenn Denning, Professor Professional Practice, Columbia University
Maria Freire, President and Executive Director of Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
Hania Zlotnik, former Director of UN Population Division
Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Professor of Globalization and Education at NYU
Charlotte Bunch, former Board Member, Global Fund for Women and Founding Director of Center for
Women's Global Leadership, Rutgers University
Bineta Diop, Executive Director of Femmes Africa Solidarité
Johan Rockström, Executive Director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre
Shahid Naeem, Director of the Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability
Cynthia Rozenzweig, Senior Research Scientist at NASA Goddard Institute
Guido Schmidt-Traub, Executive Director of the SDSN
Presentation available online: unsdsn.org/?p=6945
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Introduction: Goals, Targets, Indicators
• Goals provide overarching vision, provide generation-long
narrative, mobilize stakeholders. Need to be few in numbers.
• Targets map out operational priorities
• Indicators are metrics to track progress towards Targets
Assessment of the 16 OWG FAs:
• Consistent with the 3 dimensions of SD & continuation of MDGs
• Too many “Goals” and “Targets”
• Mix of “Targets” and “Indicators” => opportunity for
consolidation
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Guido Schmidt-Traub
Executive Director, SDSN
Mapping 16 Focus Areas against the three
dimensions of sustainable development
Economic Development
including poverty eradication
FA1: Poverty eradication,
Adequate support, access and
building shared prosperity and opportunity to eradicate
poverty and empower all
promoting equality
citizens to be productive
FA 2: Sustainable Agriculture,
Food security and nutrition
Increasing agricultural output
will help reduce extreme
poverty, fight hunger, and
promote economic growth
3: Health and population
dynamics
Health is a prerequisite for
economic productivity,
development and poverty
eradication. Fertility transition
can yield demographic
dividends and low fertility rates
promote poverty eradication
3
Available online: unsdsn.org/?p=7005
Social Inclusion
Environmental Sustainability
Reduce inequality by
supporting the poorest and
most vulnerable and raising
incomes through economic
opportunities
Improving the lives of
smallholder farmers will
strengthen social inclusion
including gender equality;
ending hunger and malnutrition
will ultimately result in a more
cohesive and stable population
Reduce pressure on the
environment that is partly
driven by poverty (e.g. slash
and burn agriculture)
Adequate healthcare, including
reproductive health care, is
central for achieving gender
equality and improving social
inclusion
Improving health will inter alia
have to address environmental
causes (e.g. air and water
pollution); healthy behavior
promotes environmental
sustainability
Sustainable agriculture will
reduce pressure on ecosystems
(e.g. water abstraction) and
planetary boundaries (e.g.
lower greenhouse gas
emissions, improved nitrogen
and phosphorus cycles)
References and Resources
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•
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Principles for Setting Sustainable Development Goals, Targets, and Indicators:
http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/principles-for-framing-sustainabledevelopment-goals-targets-and-indicators/
Mapping of OWG FAs against 3 SD dimensions: http://unsdsn.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/140501-OWG-FAs-and-3-Dimensions-of-SustainableDevelopment-Table.pdf
Possible metrics for the OWG focus areas. Mapping the SDSN draft list of SDG
indicators against the 16 OWG focus areas: http://unsdsn.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/02/140428-Mapping-SDSN-indicators-to-OWG-focusareas.pdf
Guido Schmidt-Traub
Executive Director, SDSN
Agriculture, Food Security and
Nutrition
Glenn Denning
Professor of Professional Practice,
School of International and Public Affairs
Columbia University
5
Well-crafted OWG Focus Area that
needs clearly defined targets
Focus Area 2: End hunger and improve nutrition for all through
sustainable agriculture and improved food systems
Evidence focuses on four operational priorities:
1. Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture
2. Improved Food Distribution and Access
3. Reduced Food Loss and Waste
4. Shift to Healthier Diets
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Glenn Denning
Professor of Professional Practice, Columbia University
Operational Priorities
1. Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture
Global food production needs to increase while reducing the environmental impact of agriculture.
Well-managed agriculture will be a key pillar of economies and employment.
Timmer (1988, 2009), Tomich et al (1995), World Bank (2008)
Sustainable Intensification principles should apply to all scales of farming, not only smallholders.
Different pathways; no “one size fits all” solution. SDSN (2013)
Possible metrics:
• Yield gap & yield potential
• Resources use efficiency (land, labor, nutrients, water, and energy)
• Conversion of forest, wetlands or grasslands to agriculture
• Conservation and effective deployment of biodiversity & genetic resources
• Climate smart production systems & landscapes
Godfray et al (2010), Tillman et al (2011), Foley et al (2011) ,
SDSN (2013, 2014)
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Glenn Denning
Professor of Professional Practice, Columbia University
Operational Priorities
2. Improved Food Distribution and Access
Market infrastructure (storage, transport, IT)
Enablers under other goals (e.g. women’s
empowerment, safety nets, trade)
World Bank (2008) Ruel et al (2013)
3. Reduced Food Loss and Waste
Reducing losses and waste along the Food Value Chain
is highly contextual
IME-UK (2013), FAO (2013), USDA-ERS (2014)
4. Shift to Healthier Diets
For producers: promote diversification and nutritionsensitive agriculture
For consumers: promote dietary diversification and
balanced nutrition; discourage overconsumption
Black et al (2013), Ruel et al (2013), Meeker and Haddad (2013), SDSN (2013)
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Glenn Denning
Professor of Professional Practice, Columbia University
Means of Implementation
• Promote integrated, country-led, multi-stakeholder plans,
supported regionally and internationally
• Reinforce existing partnerships (ZHC and SUN)
• Expand global financing mechanism : GAFSP ($1 billion, 25
countries, 3 years)
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Glenn Denning
Professor Professional Practice, Columbia University
Agriculture References
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Timmer, C. P. 1988. “The Agricultural Transformation.” In H. Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan, eds., Handbook of Development Economics. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: North
Holland.
World Bank (2008) World Bank. World development report 2008: Agriculture for development. (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008).
SDSN (2013a) An Action Agenda for Sustainable Development, UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network: New York. Available at:
http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/an-action-agenda-for-sustainable-development/
SDSN (2013b) Goals, targets and indicators for sustainable agriculture, Issue Brief, UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network: New York. Available at:
http://unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Issue-Brief-Goals-Targets-and-Indicators-for-Sustainable-Agriculture.pdf
SDSN (2014) Indicators for Sustainable Development- Draft for Consultation, UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network: New York. Available at:
http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/indicators-for-sustainable-development-draft-for-consultation/
Tomich, T.P., Kilby, P., Johnston, B.F., (1995) Transforming Agrarian Economies: Opportunities Seized, Opportunities Missed, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 474 pp.
Godfray, H.C. et al. (2010) Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People. Science 327, 812-818.
Timmer, CP (2009) A World without Agriculture: The Structural Transformation in Historical Perspective, Henry Wendt Lecture, American Enterprise Institute, 2009.
Tillman et al (2011), Global Food Demand and the Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture, PNAS, Vol 08, No. 50, Available at:
http://www.pnas.org/content/108/50/20260
Foley et al (2011), Solutions for a cultivated planet, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature10452. Available at:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v478/n7369/full/nature10452.html
FAO (2011), Global Food Losses and Food Waste, Extent, Causes and Prevention. http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/mb060e/mb060e00.htm
Ruel, M.T., Alderman, H. and The Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group (2013) 'Nutrition-Sensitive Interventions and Programmes: How Can They Help to
Accelerate Progress in Improving Maternal and Child Nutrition? ', The Lancet 382.9891: 536-51
IME-UK (2013), Global Food: Waste Not, Want Not, Institute of Mechanical Engineers: London. Available at: http://www.imeche.org/docs/defaultsource/reports/Global_Food_Report.pdf?sfvrsn=0
United States Department of Agriculture: Economic Research Service (2014) Loss-Adjusted Food Availability Documentation, Available at:
http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-availability-(per-capita)-data-system/loss-adjusted-food-availability-documentation.aspx#.U2X38F7gBD0
Black, RE et al (2013), Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet The Lancet, Volume 382, Issue 9890, Pages
427 - 451, 3 August 2013 Published online June 6, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
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Meeker and Haddad (2013),A State of the Art Review of Agriculture-Nutrition Linkages, An AgriDiet Position Paper, Agridiet, University of Cork: Cork. : Available at”
http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/3035/AgiDiet%20Global%20Review%20FINAL.pdf?sequence=1
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Glenn Denning
Professor of Professional Practice, Columbia University
Health
Maria Freire
President and Executive Director of
Foundation for the National Institutes
of Health
11
Organizing the Health Goal
 Focus Area 3: “Healthy life at all ages for all” is an excellent formulation of
the health goal.
 Goal requires clear structure: Experience with MDGs suggests 3 priorities:
1.
2.
Universal Health Coverage with particular focus on primary care for the poor
Control of Infectious and Non-communicable diseases and other key health outcomes
(including child survival, safe childbirth, end of mother-to-child transmission of HIV)
3.
Healthy behaviors (diets, physical activity, tobacco)
 Health goal must be supported by adequate means of implementation,
including global financing for health and domestic resources for the poor.
 Achieving these goals will require policies that create enabling social
conditions that promote health and provide access to health care services,
including gender and minorities rights, and access to health facilities.
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Maria Freire
President and Executive Director of Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
Key quantitative health priorities
What does the evidence say?
₋ Achieve universal health coverage (UHC) – including SRH &
access to medicines
₋ Maternal deaths: Target MMR of 50/100,000 live births (Lancet,
UNICEF)
₋ Child mortality/infant mortality: Below 20/1,000 IMR in all
countries, and further reductions depending on initial conditions
₋ End epidemics of HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, and neglected tropical
diseases: Quantitative targets on reduction of disease burden &
mortality
₋ Non-communicable disease mortality: Use at least 25-30%
reduction as the target (WHO)
₋ Include mental health (more discussion is required)
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Maria Freire
President and Executive Director of Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
Means of Implementation & Enablers
Means of Implementation (MoI):
GAVI and Global Fund (GFATM) have transformed global health – we will need
further pooled financing to support health systems.
One possibility is a Global Health Fund focusing on health systems, including
community health workers and use of ICTs for Health.
A Health SDG would greatly empower these MoIs
Some Key enablers for health outside of the health system:
• Universal Birth registration
• Access to clean energy (indoor air pollution)
• Sanitation & hygiene
• Decent nutrition based on upgraded sustainable agriculture
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Maria Freire
President and Executive Director of Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
Health References
– Bustero, F., et al., (2013) Ending Preventable Maternal Deaths: The Time is Now, The Lancet,
August 19th 2013. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214109X(13)70059-7/fulltext
– Chan, M., and A. Lake (2012) Towards Ending Preventable Child Deaths, The Lancet, Volume 379,
Issue 9832, Pages 2119 – 2120. Available at:
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673612609088.pdf
– WHO (2012) Report of the Formal Meeting of Member States to conclude the work on the
comprehensive global monitoring framework, including indicators, and a set of voluntary global
targets for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. World Health
Organization. A/NCD/2. 21 November 2012. Available at: http://apps.who.int/gb/NCDs/
– SDSN (2013c) Health in the Framework of Sustainable Development: Technical Report for the
Post-2015 Development Agenda, UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network: New York.
Available at: http://unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Health-For-All-Report.pdf
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Maria Freire
President and Executive Director of Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
Population Dynamics
Hania Zlotnik
former Director of UN Population
Division
A copy of the statement is available online at: http://unsdsn.org/?p=7015
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Countries by fertility level 2005-2010
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Hania Zlotnik
former Director of UN Population Division
Quinquennial population increase in
millions by fertility level, medium variant
High
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Intermediate
Hania Zlotnik
former Director of UN Population Division
Low
2095-2100
2090-2095
2085-2090
2080-2085
2075-2080
2070-2075
2065-2070
2060-2065
2055-2060
2050-2055
2045-2050
2040-2045
2035-2040
2030-2035
2025-2030
2020-2025
2015-2020
2010-2015
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
Quinquennial population increase for high-fertility
countries (medium and low variants, millions)
Medium
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Hania Zlotnik
former Director of UN Population Division
Low
2095-2100
2090-2095
2085-2090
2080-2085
2075-2080
2070-2075
2065-2070
2060-2065
2055-2060
2050-2055
2045-2050
2040-2045
2035-2040
2030-2035
2025-2030
2020-2025
2015-2020
2010-2015
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
Percentage of women married or in union
having an unmet need for family planning
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Hania Zlotnik
former Director of UN Population Division
Population References
A copy of the statement is available online at: http://unsdsn.org/?p=7015
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United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). Seven
Billion and Growing: The Role of Population Policy in Achieving Sustainability, Technical Paper
2011/3. Available at:
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/technical/index.shtml
Ibid (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, Highlights and Advance Tables.
ESA/P/WP.228. Available at:
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Documentation/pdf/WPP2012_HIGHLIGHTS.pdf
Moreland, Scott et al. (2010). World Population Prospects and Unmet Need for Family Planning,
Futures Group. Available at:
http://futuresgroup.com/files/publications/World_Population_Prospects.pdf
Hania Zlotnik
former Director of UN Population Division
Education
Hirokazu Yoshikawa
Professor of Globalization and
Education at NYU
22
One goal on Education
with 3 operational priorities
Well-framed OWG Focus Area: Provide quality education and
life-long learning for all
3 Operational priorities:
1. Early Childhood Development
2. Quality primary and secondary education
3. Successful transition into labor market
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Hirokazu Yoshikawa
Professor of Globalization and Education at NYU
Focusing on learning outcomes:
measuring the right thing
Possible Metrics
Early Childhood
Development
Quality Primary and Secondary Education
Transition into labor market
Early Childhood
Development Index
(includes cognitive,
language, social
learning)
Primary completion for girls and boys
Percentage of young people
not in education, training, or
employment
Universal: one year of
quality pre-primary
education
Foundational skills across a broad range of
learning outcomes at end of primary cycle,
including proficiency in reading and basic
skills in mathematics
Tertiary enrollment rates for
women and men
Secondary completion for girls and boys
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Proficiency across a broad range of learning
outcomes, including mathematics at end of
lower secondary cycle
Hirokazu Yoshikawa
Professor of Globalization and Education at NYU
Early Child Development and Human
Development, Higher Earnings, Wellbeing
Bosnia and Herzegovina
% ECD on target in MICS4
1
High
correlation
between
ECD Index
and HDI
0.9
Laos
Ghana
0.8
Gambia
0.7
Nigeria
Nepal
Togo
0.6
DRC
0.5
CAF
0.4
Bhutan
Swaziland
Pakistan
0.2
0.3
0.4
Programs targeting the
earliest years
Preschool
programs
0.5
•
K-12
interventions
19+
6-18
4-5
Job training
0-3
Suriname
Sierra Leone
0.6
HDI in 2012
Age
Source: Heckman (2004)
25
Iraq
Mongolia
Serbia
Macedonia
Kazakhstan
Chad
0.3
Rates of
return to
human
capital
investment
Viet Nam
Belize
Hirokazu Yoshikawa
Professor of Globalization and Education at NYU
•
0.7
0.8
Source: UNICEF (2014)
Raising preprimary enrollment to 100% in lowand middle-income countries: benefit / cost ratio
7 to 15, based on only school attainment /
earnings effects (Engle et al 2011; Hidrobo et al)
Parenting program added to nutrition
intervention from birth to 2 years results in
higher IQ, reduced depression and violence at
age 22, and 50% higher earnings at age 22
Source: Gertler, Heckman et al 2013
Making it happen:
Means of Implementation
MDG 2 and means of implementation for education are insufficient:
– MDG too narrowly focused on primary enrolment
– Insufficient domestic resource mobilization (global benchmark of 6% in
GDP is not met)
– $36 billion global gap for MDG 2 (UNESCO)
– No pooled financing mechanism, such as GFATM in health sector
Opportunities for OWG:
– Set the right goal & targets including learning outcomes (missing for ECD)
– Consider global pooled financing mechanism for education (e.g. transform
Global Partnership for Education into Global Education Fund)
– Child development as the basis for societal development (age
disaggregation when relevant: 0-2, 2-5, end of primary, end of secondary)
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Hirokazu Yoshikawa
Professor of Globalization and Education at NYU
Education References
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Brief: Early Childhood Development: The Foundation of Sustainable Human Development for 2015 and Beyond:
http://unsdsn.org/?p=7016
Chavan, M., Yoshikawa, H., Bahadur, C., & Thematic Workgroup on ECD, Education and the Transition to Work (2014). The
future of our children: Lifelong, multi-generational learning for sustainable development. New Delhi: UN SDSN. Available at:
http://unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/130917SDSNDraftReportEducation.pdf
Engle, P. L., Fernald, L. C., Alderman, H., Behrman, J., O'Gara, C., Yousafzai, A., ... & Iltus, S. (2011). Strategies for reducing
inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low-income and middle-income countries. The
Lancet, 378(9799), 1339-1353. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)608891/abstract
Gertler, P., Heckman, J., Pinto, R., Zanolini, A., Vermeersch, C., Walker, S., ... & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2013). Labor market
returns to early childhood stimulation: a 20-year follow up to an experimental intervention in Jamaica (No. w19185).
Cambridge, MA: NBER. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w19185
Heckman, J.J. (2004). The productivity argument for investing in young children. Working paper for Invest in Kids Working
Group, Committee for Economic Development. Available at: http://jenni.uchicago.edu/Invest/FILES/dugger_2004-1202_dvm.pdf
Hidrobo, M., Alderman, H., & Behrman, J. (2014). Commissioned benefit-cost analyses on preschool enrollment updating
Engle et al., 2011. Personal communication.
UNICEF (2014). Early Childhood Development Index. New York: Author. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/earlychildhood/
Hirokazu Yoshikawa
Professor of Globalization and Education at NYU
Gender Equality
Charlotte Bunch
Former Board Member, Global Fund for Women
Founding Director of Center for Women's Global
Leadership, Rutgers University
28
Key Findings &
What’s Missing from OWG draft
Considerable Evidence indicates that the underlying problem is lack of
political will and commitment of resources to addressing this goal
Gaps in OWG draft:
• Human Rights approach: Add “Women’s Rights” in title & accountability in
text
• Critical role of women’s rights organizations & women’s movements in
meeting targets- key partnership
• Incomplete integration of women and gender equality in other focus areas
• Intersection of gender equality w/ending all forms of discrimination, such
as race, sexual orientation, age, disability, etc.
29
Charlotte Bunch
Former Board Member, Global Fund for Women
Recommendations on Key Targets
• 1. End Violence Against Women & Girls in
all forms
• 2. Equal participation and leadership of
women in decision-making in public and
private institutions
• 3. Gender equality in capabilities and
resources -- economic empowerment &
social security
• 4. Sexual and Reproductive Health and
Rights
30
Charlotte Bunch
Former Board Member, Global Fund for Women
Resources on Evidence:
“Breaking Through”
31
Charlotte Bunch
Former Board Member, Global Fund for Women
Gender References
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•
•
•
•
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Batliwala, Srilatha (2013) Women Moving Mountains. Association for Women’s Rights in Development. Available
at: http://www.awid.org/content/download/197300/2118278/file/WMM%20FInal.pdf
Bradshaw, S., Castellino, J., and Diop, B. et al (2013). Achieving Gender Equality, Social Inclusion, and Human Rights
for All: Challenges and Priorities for the Sustainable Development. Paris, France and New York, USA: SDSN.
Available at: http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/achieving-gender-equality-social-inclusion-and-humanrights-for-all-challenges-and-priorities-for-the-sustainable-development-agenda/.
Htun, Mala and S. Laurel Weldon, (2012) "The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change: Combating Violence
against Women in Global Perspective, 1975-2005", American Political Science Review, Vol. 106, No 3, August 2012.
Available at: http://polisci.unm.edu/common/documents/htun_apsa-article.pdf.
Stanton, Caitlin (2012), Breaking Through: the Global Fund for Women Impact Report: Gender Equality in Asia &
the Pacific, San Francisco, CA.. Available at: www.globalfundforwomen.org
UN Women (2013). A transformative stand-alone goal on achieving gender equality, women’s rights, and women’s
empowerment: Imperatives And Key Components. New York, NY: United Nations. Available at:
http://www.unwomen.org/ca/news/in-focus/~/media/AC04A69BF6AE48C1A23DECAEED24A452.ashx
Charlotte Bunch
Former Board Member, Global Fund for Women
Climate Change and Planetary
Boundaries
Johan Rockström
Executive Director of the Stockholm
Resilience Centre
33
IPCC AR5 WGI 2013
34
Johan Rockström
Executive Director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre
Our current Climate Path undermines
Future Development
35
Johan Rockström
Executive Director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre
A living biosphere on a Sustainable Planet
Basis for Human Wellbeing
36
Johan Rockström
Executive Director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre
How are we to eradicate poverty in a
world of rising global environmental risks?
Human Development
within the Safe
Operating Space of a
Stable Planet
Growth within
Planetary
Boundaries
37
Johan Rockström
Executive Director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre
Implications for the OWG and the SDGs
1. Human Prosperity and Economic growth requires a shift to a
paradigm of development within planetary boundaries
2. Stand alone Goals on Climate and Ecosystems absolutely
critical to enable economic growth in the future
3. Integrating all pillars of sustainable development key, and
planetary boundaries offer a path for integration:
• FA on Economic Growth – Planetary boundaries define the sustainability dimension
of economic growth
• FA on Sustainable Consumption and Production – Planetary Boundaries provide the
targets for resource efficiency, circular economic development and the right to
development among the world’s poorest nations.
38
Johan Rockström
Executive Director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre
Climate Change and
Planetary Boundaries References
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
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Barnosky, A.D., Hadly, E.A. Bascompte, J., Berlow, E.L., Brown, J.H. et al. (2012) Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere. Nature 486:
52-58. Available at: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7401/full/nature11018.html
Griggs, D., Stafford Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M.C., Shyamsundar, P., Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N. and Noble, I.
(2013) Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature 495: 305-307. Available at:
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Ecology & Evolution 28: 389-395. Available at: http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(13)00141-9
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Policymakers. Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J. Abdrabo, M.A.-K., Adger, W.N., Anokhim, Y.A., Anisimov, O.A. et al.
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UN Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) and its strategic plan 2011-2020, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Available at:
http://www.cbd.int/sp/elements/
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å, Chapin, III, F.S., Lambin, E.F., Lenton, T.M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H.J.,
Nykvist, B., de Wit, C.A., Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S., Rodhe, H., Sörlin, S., Snyder, P.K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., Falkenmark, M.,
Karlberg, L., Corell, R.W., Fabry, V.J., Hansen, J., Walker, B., Liverman, D., Richardson, K., Crutzen, P. and Foley, J.A. (2009a). A safe
operating space for humanity. Nature 461: 472-475. Available at: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å, Chapin, III, F.S., Lambin, E.F., Lenton, T.M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H.J.,
Nykvist, B., de Wit, C.A., Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S., Rodhe, H., Sörlin, S., Snyder, P.K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., Falkenmark, M.,
Karlberg, L., Corell, R.W., Fabry, V.J., Hansen, J., Walker, B., Liverman, D., Richardson, K., Crutzen, P. and Foley, J.A. (2009b). Planetary
Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Ecology and Society 14 (2): 32. [online] URL:
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art32/
Biodiversity and Ecosystems
Shahid Naeem
Director of the Earth Institute Center
for Environmental Sustainability
40
Biodiversity and Ecosystems:
Overarching Framework
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Shahid Naeem
Director of the Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability
Core Scientific Principles
1. Biodiversity is
–
–
–
Complex: the diversity of life on Earth or the sum of variation
among individual organisms (plants, animals, and microorganisms),
populations, species, communities, and ecosystems, patterns in the
linkages among species, and summed across all temporal and spatial
scales.
Well understood: 20 years of research, thousands of studies,
consensus achieved
Readily quantifiable: Biodiversity is quantified along different
dimensions such as taxonomic, functional, phylogenetic, genetic, and
more. Biodiversity is not number of species.
2. Biodiverse systems (natural or manmade) are more efficient
and more stable than depauperate systems.
–
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Stated differently, biodiverse systems are more sustainable.
Shahid Naeem
Director of the Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability
Integration of Biodiversity and
Ecosystems across FAs
• Sustainable Development through Biodiversity Management
– FA 2 (Food) – include preservation of agro- and native diversity to
improve food security through better pollination, invasion resistance,
and ecosystem services that benefit agriculture
– FA 6 (Water) – include biodiversity in the protection and restoration of
water resource ecosystems
– FA10 (Urban) – include biodiversity to reduce ecological footprint and
improve resilience to climate change, air quality, and food security
(e.g., green roofs, urban farming, parks to reduce heat island effects)
– FA12 (Climate) – Link biodiversity and CC mitigation and adaptation
given its role, especially forests, in green-house gas emissions and
carbon sequestration and climate regulation (i.e., temperature and
precipitation)
– FA14 (Ecosystems) – Heighten emphasis on forest preservation,
restoration, and aforestation, optimizing biodiversity preservation
– Consider combining FA13 (Marine Ecosystems) and FA14 (All
Ecosystems)
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Shahid Naeem
Director of the Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability
Scientifically Smart Targets
• Target 13 b - Restore and protect marine ecosystems from
destruction
– “halting and preventing ocean acidification” concerns mitigation of
elevating CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and should be integral to
FA 12 (Climate).
– monitoring requires improvements in monitoring as there is limited
information on the extent of oceanic destruction.
• Target 13 f - Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
– Consider more than MPAs: Recent evidence suggests achieving
sustainable development of marine resources may require going beyond
MPAs. International experts are considering protecting the high seas from
fishing (under the auspices of the UN Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal
Working Group).
• Target 12 a - Halve the loss of biodiversity
– Consider functional and phylogenetic diversity which relate to ecosystem
services, not just taxonomic diversity which does so poorly
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Shahid Naeem
Director of the Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability
Biodiversity references
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White C, Costello C (2014) Close the High Seas to Fishing? PLoS Biol 12(3): e1001826.
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001826. Available at:
http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001826
Edgar GJ, et al. (2014 Feb 5) Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key
features. Nature. 2014 Feb 13;506(7487):216-20. doi: 10.1038/nature13022. Available at:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13022.html
Cardinale, B.J., et al.(2012). "Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity". Nature 486, 59-67. Available at:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7401/full/nature11148.html
Foley JA, et al. (2011) "Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature". 2011;478:337–342. [PubMed] Available at:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v478/n7369/full/nature10452.html
Naeem, Shahid, et al. "Can We Predict the Effects of Global Change on Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem
Functioning?". In Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing, edited by Shahid Naeem, Shahid, et
al. (2009) 290-98. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Available at:
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.001.0001/acprof-9780199547951chapter-21
Naeem, Shahid, J. Emmett Duffy, and Erika Zavaleta. (2012) "The Functions of Biological Diversity in an Age of
Extinction." Science 336, no. 6087 (June 15, 2012 2012): 1401-06. Available at:
https://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1401.short
Shahid Naeem
Director of the Earth Institute Center for Environmental Sustainability
Urban Development
Cynthia Rozenzweig
Senior Research Scientist at NASA
Goddard Institute
46
Our world is urbanizing rapidly
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Cynthia Rozenzweig,
Senior Research Scientist at NASA Goddard Institute
47
Urban goal is critical for SDGs
Focus area 10: Build inclusive, safe and sustainable cities and
human settlements
• Good wording; suggest adding “productive” to underscore
economic importance of cities
• Urban goal is critical to:
– Educate leaders and the public on the importance of urbanization
– Mobilize cities around the post-2015 agenda – without them SD is
impossible, and cities will not mobilize around sectoral goals
– Promote integrated approaches (infrastructure, services, housing)
SDSN (2013)
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Cynthia Rozenzweig,
Senior Research Scientist at NASA Goddard Institute
Three priority target areas
1. End slums & ensure universal
access to basic infrastructure and
services
2. Improve urban planning and
resilience
3. Improve urban environment and
reduce resource consumption
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Cynthia Rozenzweig,
Senior Research Scientist at NASA Goddard Institute
Rio de Janeiro
Bangalore
Over 250 cities and organizations have
mobilized for urban SDG (www.urbansdg.org)
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Urban References
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–
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–
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UN (2011) World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2011 Revision Highlights. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division. UN: New Yorl. Available at: http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf
Solecki, W., C. Rosenzweig, S. Hammer, and S. Mehrotra, (2012): Urbanization of climate change: Responding to a new global
challenge, in UN (2011) The Urban Transformation: Health, Shelter and Climate Change. E. Sclar, N. Volavka-Close, and P.
Brown, Eds. Routledge, 197-220. Available at: http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/so06100c.html
NASA (2013) Rapid Urbanisation: Time-Lapse. The Visual Everything. Available at:
http://www.thevisualeverything.com/2013/08/rapid-urbanisation-time-lapse/
SDSN (2013a) An Action Agenda for Sustainable Development, UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network: New York.
Available at: http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/an-action-agenda-for-sustainable-development/
SDSN (2013d) Why the world needs an urban sustainable development goal, Briefing. UN Sustainable Development Solutions
Network: New York. Available at: http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/why-the-world-needs-an-urban-sustainabledevelopment-goal/
SDSN (2013e) The Urban Opportunity: Enabling Transformative and Sustainable Development. Briefing for the High Level Panel
of Eminent Persons on Post-2015. UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network: New York. Available at:
http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/the-urban-opportunity-enabling-transformative-and-sustainable-development/
SDSN (2014) Indicators for Sustainable Development- Draft for Consultation, UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network:
New York. Available at: http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/indicators-for-sustainable-development-draft-forconsultation/
Cynthia Rozenzweig,
Senior Research Scientist at NASA Goddard Institute
Conclusions
• 16 OWG FAs provide strong foundation for crafting SDGs
• Opportunities for strengthening at goal level:
– Reduce number of goals to 10 (maximum 12)
– Promote integration within goals to support all 3 dimensions and
ensure systems-based approaches
– Refer to Planetary Boundaries or similar concepts as a definition of
“sustainability”
– Refer to inequalities or strengthening social inclusion at goal level
– Highlight need for partnerships involving governments, civil society,
and business
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Guido Schmidt-Traub
Executive Director, SDSN
This presentation is available at
http://unsdsn.org/?p=6945
More information about the SDSN:
Website:
Email:
www.unsdsn.org
[email protected]
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