What Price Roid Rage A Travesty Of Justice

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Michael R. Graham
Research Article
Received:1 August 2014
Revised:8 August 2014
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Accepted:9 August 2014
Published online in publicnotices.eu interscience
(www.publicnotices.eu) DOI: 01.2014/pn.eu.12
Boxing Landmark Travesty of Justice
We should not be allowed to break the law, or pervert the course of justice, because we
have the power. This is misfeasance and malfeasance and must be brought to justice.
The following article highlights the dangers of drug abuse but also the extent to which
the authorities will stoop to achieve what they “believe” is the moral high ground.
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Michael R. Graham
What Price is “Roid” Rage?
Michael R. Graham,∗1
Counterfeiting in drugs such as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is increasing exponentially
and pervading all aspects of sport, especially combat sports such as boxing. They are still the
most widely abused drugs in all aspects of sport.
However, less detectable drugs such as the drugs of abuse, particularly human growth hormone
(h-GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 Long arm 3 (IgF-1 LR3) has resulted in increased
importation not only for performance enhancement in sport, but also for personal use. The
substantial increase in this market has opened up avenues for counterfeiting, estimated as a
multi-million pound business.
There are, however, substantial health risks adverse effects from possible contaminated vials,
manufactured in non-sterile environments, which may result in a variety of pathologies and
communicable diseases, such as Hepatitis C and Human Immuno-deficiency virus.
Despite being legal outside sport, as recreational drugs of abuse, there can be catastrophic
effects on sports persons’ legitimate status in both amateur and professional sport.
The recent landmark case resulting in UKAD’s life-time ban of a non-competitive father’s
association with sport and his daughter’s four year ban from boxing, because of alleged
knowledge and complicity in trafficking, indicates the extent to which the anti-doping
authorities will stamp their power to prevent drug abuse within the world of sport.
In 2009, in the UK, a study of samples by a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
accredited laboratory, obtained from the underground market resulted in
the analysis of parenteral samples and oral samples and identified fifty-three per cent of the
injectable AAS esters and 21% of the oral tablets were counterfeit. Culture and sensitivity
revealed the presence of commensal organisms, which can contribute to the development of
communicable diseases.
The retail price of these drugs on the internet and black market is freely available, but the trade
prices are implausibly economical because of the profitability of the manufacture of these
products in countries such as China, Colombia, Egypt, Greece, India, Mexico, Pakistan,
Romania, Russia, Thailand and Turkey. Users of AAS, hGH and IgF-1 LR3 for sports such as
boxing are paying prices which may risk not only their health because of below par meticulous
manufacture of such products, but also any future potential rewards they may have had
because of natural success in sport.
Key words: AAS, counterfeiting; communicable diseases; h-GH; IgF-1 LR3
Correspondence to:
*1.Michael R. Graham, Llantarnam Health Care, Parc-y-Bont, Newport Road,
Llantarnam, Cwmbran, Torfaen, NP44 3AF,
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected];
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Michael R. Graham
Introduction
On 06.05.2014 The National Anti-Doping Panel (NADP) Tribunal issued a life ban to the
father of an amateur female boxer, for a conviction of exchange of anabolic-androgenic
steroids (AAS). Despite the prosecution wanting an eight year ban, the Tribunal also issued a
four year ban to the daughter on the following allegations: Under section 1.5 and 1.6 of the
United Kingdom Anti-Doping (UKAD) Regulations (Appendix 1).
Regulation 1.5 stipulates that at all relevant times, she was a licensed member of the WABA
and bound by its Anti-Doping Rules.
Regulation 1.6 stipulates: The following constitute Anti-Doping Violations contrary to
Article 2 of the UKAD Rules:
1.6.1 (in the case of an Athlete) Possession of one or more Prohibited Substances (UKAD
Rules - Article 2.6.1);
1.6.2 (in the case of an Athlete Support Personnel) Possession of one or more Prohibited
Substances (UKAD Rules - Article 2.6.3);
1.6.3 Trafficking or Attempting Trafficking in any Prohibited Substance (UKAD Rules Article 2.7); and
1.6.4 Assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting or covering up or any other type of complicity
involving an anti-doping rule violation or any attempted anti-doping rule violation (UKAD
Rules - Article 2.8).
An appeal was launched. The Tribunal had consisted of a Queen’s Council (QC), who
chaired the tribunal and two untrained, unqualified panel members who were able to interpret
anti-doping laws or legal facts in the index case. They were both Olympic athletes and one
was a general medical practitioner.
The defence believed that the ruling against the amateur boxer was unjust and unfair, on the
following grounds:
Abuse of process; Misrepresentation of the facts; Misdirection of the facts by the Chairman to
unqualified and untrained panel members.
No evidence was adduced at the hearing by any of the witnesses that linked the amateur
boxer to any drug involvement whatsoever.
The evidence that was adduced by the witnesses acquitted the amateur boxer of any and all
knowledge and complicity in her father’s activity.
She had no “mens rea” of her father’s activity and no “actus reus” in her father’s activity.
She had been proven to have a negative drug test, complying with the NADP/UKAD
specifications for sport.
The Chairman, who was legally qualified to interpret the facts, misdirected the unqualified
and untrained panel members to a level that confused their memories as to what was stated on
examination and cross-examination.
They did not all sign the ruling.
On the balance of probabilities there was no evidence linking her to wrong doing, nor
complicity in her father’s activity.
The cases that were referred to in the disclosure prior to this tribunal and the subsequent
judgement had no bearing on the index case and were totally irrelevant. They referred to
individuals who had pleaded guilt to unlawful dealings in WADA banned substances and
who had tested positive to WADA banned substances.
Despite having a clean enhanced criminal records bureau (CRB) check and a negative drug’s
test, the NADP Tribunal also dismissed an appeal, on 30.07.2014.[1].
On this occasion there were two QCs and one retired doctor, who was not licenced to practice
medicine in the UK and had no training or qualifications in anti-doping laws or legal facts in
the index case [Appendix 2].
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Michael R. Graham
Yearly reports from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) identify that AAS are still the
most abused group of drugs in competitive sport, despite severe penalties for positive test
results.
However multiple countries license the sale of AAS without a medical prescription [2], [3].
and sale of these products to overseas customers is also not restricted neither directly nor
through snail mail and the internet. Most AAS found in Europe are initiated from countries
within the European Union and Russia but also from Thailand, Turkey, Egypt, India and
Pakistan [3]. In the US, signiﬁcant quantities of AAS emanate from Mexico, as well as from
Russia, Romania, and Greece [2].
In the UK, performance enhancing drugs are controlled under Schedule 4, Part 2 of the
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. There is an exemption from restriction on the possession of these
substances, when they are in a medicinal product and are for self-administration. AAS can
only be obtained in the UK for non-medical use from sources of unknown derivation, such as
the black market or the internet. These products will definitely not be manufactured in
accordance with good practice. There has been an enormous increase by female athletes
leading to an assessment of the type of drugs they use [4] [5].
Past doping violations, contravening the WADA code, illustrate the excessive
‘‘polypharmacy’’ in the athletic world have [6] have identiﬁed extensive doping regimes of
famous household named athletes such as Dwain Chambers, in athletics [8] and more
recently Lamont Peterson, in boxing, when he tested positive for Testosterone in his world
title victory over Amir Khan [9].
The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PED) is contrary to all Olympic values and creates
negative role models for young athletes. Peer inﬂuence and the information that AAS
administered by intra-muscular (IM) injection are ‘less harmful’ than oral products has
increased the use of IM preparations. The escalation in the frequency of IM abscesses in a
cohorts of sportspersons has been considered to be as a result of the use of non-sterilised or
contaminated counterfeit products obtained from the black market.
Such harm to health has a gargantuan price and that price is paid in cash for black market
products and is resulting in lengthy bans for any complicity in any illegal dealing in every
aspect of sport [1], [9].
Methods
Ethical approval for this study was granted by Llantarnam Advocacy Services. Discussions
with AAS users provided new counterfeit companies which are selling AAS products online.
The generic name of the drug was identiﬁed from the brand name, speciﬁed on the label. All
vials were analysed for culture and sensitivity (C & S) prior to analysis for chemical
formulaic content.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry conditions
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was carried out on an Agilent
5973 mass selective detector coupled to an Agilent 6890 GC system with an Agilent 7683
autosampler. The GC was ﬁtted with a cross-linked polymethylsiloxane capillary column
(HP-1; length 25 m; internal diameter 0.2 mm; ﬁlm thickness 0.11 µm). The initial column
temperature was 180 ◦C for 1 min; this was ramped to 220 ◦Cat8◦C/min, then from 220 to
250 ◦Cat3◦C/min and from 250 to 320 ◦Cat14◦C/min. The ﬁnal temperature, 320 ◦C, was held
for 5 min. Injections (1 µL) were made in the splitless mode; the injection port and transfer
line temperatures were 250 and 280 ◦C, respectively. Helium was used as the carrier gas and
the ﬂow rate was 0.7 mL/min. For screening purposes, the mass spectrometer was operated in
the selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) using an ion speciﬁc for the mono or bistrimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative for each compound. Full scan analysis (mass range m/z 80–
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Michael R. Graham
650) was used for identiﬁcation of the compounds detected. The chromatographic conditions
are described above.
LC-MS/MS analysis
A tablet from a bag labelled ‘levothyroxine’ was placed into a tube containing 10 mL of
methanol. The contents were mixed thoroughly by sonication and centrifuged at 1320 g for 5
min. Then 0.8 mL of the supernatant was taken and diluted to 5 mL with methanol : water
containing 0.1% formic acid (70 : 30). A solution containing 1 µg/mL of thyroxine was
prepared in methanol : water containing 0.1% formic acid (70 : 30). A portion of these
solution was transferred to autosampler vials and analysed by LC-MS/MS. Chromatographic
separation was performed on an Waters Acquity UPLC system using a Zorbax Eclipse XDBC18 column (50 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm particle size) heated to 35 ◦C. The mobile phase×consisted
of 0.1% formic acid (v/v) (solvent A) and methanol containing 0.1%formic acid (v/v)
(solvent B). A gradient was employed starting at 30% B, increasing to 55% B in 2 min and to
75% B in 8.66 min and returned to the initial conditions in 9.3 min and allowed to
equilibrated for a further 0.7 min. The ﬂow rate was 0.25 mL/min. The injection volume was
10 µL.
This was coupled to an Applied Biosystems API 3200 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
with a Turbo Ionspray source operating in the positive ion mode. The optimized source
conditions were source heater probe temperature 500 ◦C, Turbo Ionspray voltage 5500 V,
curtain gas setting of 15 psi, collision gas setting of 6, ion source gas 1 setting of 45 psi, ion
source gas 2 setting of 50 psi, declustering potential of 65 V, entrance potential of 10 V, cell
exit potential of 51 V, and collision energy of 35 V. The mass spectrometric method was set
up to detect the ions (mass range m/z 500–780) produced by after collision induced
dissociation of m/z 777.2, the protonated molecule [M+H]+,(product ion scan).
The tablet extract gave a peak consistent with the retention times (4.68 min) and product ion
spectrum for thyroxine. The protonated molecule was visible at m/z 777 and collision
induced dissociation resulted in the formation of m/z 731, 634 and 605 are consistent with
those reported previously [10].
Analysis of products
A statistical sign test was applied to Tables 1 to 3.
Analysis of IM AAS PED vials and Products (Table 2)
The contents were transferred to glass vials and a 200 µL portion of each was taken and
added to 10 mL of methanol in 20 mL tubes. The contents were mixed thoroughly and then
centrifuged at 1320 g for 5 min. Methanol extracts (200 µL) were taken and the solvent was
evaporated to dryness under nitrogen at 60 ◦C. The residues were derivatised to form
trimethylsilyl derivatives and analysed by full-scan GC-MS, as described above.
Steroids in which the tri-ene-one system is present, such as trenbolone acetate and
tetrahydrogestrinone, do not derivatise well with the above procedure and a repeat analysis
was performed using a different derivatising technique to form a stable methyloxime
trimethylsilyl derivative. Methanolic extracts (50 µL) were taken and evaporated to dryness
under nitrogen at 60 ◦C. The residues were derivatised to form methyloximes by heating at 60
◦Cfor1h with 50µL of methoxylamine hydrochloride (8%w/v in pyridine). Following
derivatisation, 2 mL of cyclohexane: dodecane (98: 2 v/v) and 0.5 mL of water were added.
The water layer was removed and anhydrous sodium sulphate was added to the organic layer,
which was then decanted into a clean tube. The organic fraction was evaporated to dryness,
the residue derivatised by trimethylsilylation and analysed by full-scan GC-MS, as described
above.
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Michael R. Graham
Analysis of Oral AAS PED tablets (Table 3)
Nineteen products were analysed. Oral products (tablets) were placed into tubes containing
10 mL of methanol. The tubes were mixed thoroughly by sonication then centrifuged at 1320
g for 5 min. The equivalent of 1–5 µg of each substance was transferred to a glass tube, 0.1
mL of d3-testosterone solution (50 ng), 5 ml of potassium hydroxide (0.1 M) and 5 mL of
hexane, were added. The contents were mixed thoroughly and then centrifuged at 1320 g for
5 min. The hexane layer was removed and added to 2 mL of 95% methanol, mixed
thoroughly then centrifuged at 1320 g for 5 minutes. The hexane layer was removed and
discarded. The methanolic layer was evaporated to dryness under a steady stream of nitrogen.
The residues were derivatised to form ether-TMS and/or enol-TMS derivatives by heating at
60 ◦Cfor 15minwith40µL of a mixture containing N-methyl-Ntrimethylsilyltriﬂuoroacetamide (MSTFA), ammonium iodide and ethanethiol (1000/3/9
v/w/v). Following derivatization, the tubes were allowed to cool, 20 µL of dodecane was
added and the samples were analysed by SIM and full-scan GC-MS as described above.
Analysis of vials for human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 Long arm-3
Vials purported to contain h-GH and IgF-1 LR3 were subjected to direct analysis and
following digestion with trypsin, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of
ﬂight, mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) and peptide mass mapping, as described
elsewhere [11]. The presence of recombinant h-GH (22.1 kDa) was investigated by peptide
mass mapping (12 peptides). The presence of recombinant
IgF-1 LR3 (7649 Da) was investigated by peptide mass mapping (70 amino acids).
Results
Table 1 identifies a new unlicensed counterfeit company (VMX Pharma) [12].
Retention times and full scan spectra were compared to those obtained from analysis of
standards and drugs supplied by licensed pharmaceutical companies. The results of tablet,
and vial analysis, obtained from the underground market, are displayed in Tables 2 and 3. Of
the 22 samples analysed, 15 were counterfeit (68%). The statistical sign test applied to Tables
2 and 3 demonstrated signiﬁcance in all groups (p < 0.05).
From 12 vials for parenteral use, no samples contained what was described on the label
(Table 2) and contained no active drug.
Of the 10 oral preparations (Table 3), three products were counterfeit (30%). Seven products
labelled contained the correct contents (70%).
Microbiological culture of the vials revealed the presence of contaminants.
Discussion
Trade prices of black-market drugs appear to be decreasing, because of the enormous
competition of illegal black market cottage industries and the pervasive invasion of the
internet. In the UK, Europe and USA access to controlled drugs is uncontrolled and cannot be
policed. However, in certain “communist” countries such as China certain websites, e.g.,
“Youtube” are banned (personal communications).
Manufacturing costs in third world countries are fractional in comparison to UK costs,
because of slave labour, using children in countries such as India, Thailand, Pakistan.
Trade dealers will try and buy large quantities to obtain the cheapest prices and sell at retail
for the maximum amount of profit (Table 1).
One hundred percentage (100%) of the injectable PED AAS (Table 2) and thirty percentage
(30%) of PED tablets (Table 3) were found to be counterfeit, containing steroids other than
those indicated or no steroid at all.
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Michael R. Graham
The risks of AAS abuse can be catastrophic to health [13] [14] [15].
Any unregulated manufacture may produce preparations that are contaminated with
infectious agents and are of poor quality [16]. The sharing of AAS ‘multi-dose’ vials,
whether the vials are from a legitimate source or otherwise, is common-place, exposing
individuals to the risk of intramuscular abscesses. Reported infections associated with AAS
injection include abscesses attributable to Mycobacterium smegmatis, Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeﬁciency virus
[17]. Administration of large volumes of testosterone esters in one injection (up to 5 mL) is
common, exposing an individual to sterile abscess formation, where pathogenic organism
cannot be found [18]. Contamination of vials with used needles would be an effective means
of transmitting blood-borne pathogens [19] [20]] This is comparable to the sharing of spoons
among intravenous drug users, who inject street drugs [21].
Education and provision of disposable of sterile needles remains a method to prevent such
infections to this population [22]. However, there has been a pandemic increase in hepatitis C
from recreational drug abuse and currently 50% of all recreational drug abusers are suffering
with the virus [23]. There is a direct relationship between the increase in PED use and
infections and communicable diseases, which are reaching plague magnitudes [24]. Funding
for contemporary research must be provided to educate and prevent the catastrophic effects of
doping [25].
However, the caveat to such measured bans on associated sporting personnel, must not rely
on hearsay diatribe. Quasi-legal authorities cannot and must not falsify evidence to obtain a
conviction at “any price”. Justice should be delivered in the fairest way possible examining
hard factual evidence and not just hearsay opinion. Otherwise we may as well disqualify
passengers from driving, when the driver is doing 100 m.p.h., in a 30 m.p.h., zone. It is
considered gross professional misconduct not to treat drug addicts. A world famous professor
once stated that we should give addicts not just what they want, but add harmful products to
what they take (personal communications). Such opinion is atrocious.
However, falsifying evidence to blame family members for crimes committed by their
parents is equally heinous and considered “perverting the course of justice”.
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Michael R. Graham
References
1. http://www.ukad.org.uk/news/article/first-ukad-lifetime-ban-following-policecollaboration.Accessed:01.08.2014.
2. R. J. Cramer, Anabolic steroids are easily purchased without a prescription and
present signiﬁcant challenges to law enforcement ofﬁcials,
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06243r.pdf, 3 November 2005.Accessed: 27.05.2014.
3. G. Hermansson, Doping trade: business for the big ones. Search for author under
http://www.playthegame.org, January 2008.Accessed:21.6.2014.
4. M. R. Graham, B. Davies, F. Grace, A. Kicman, J. S. Baker, Sports Med. 2008, 38,
505.
5. Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, Hullin D, Thomas NE, Davies B.Potential benefits
of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to athletes. Growth Horm IGF Res.
2009 Aug;19(4):300-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.04.008.
6. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more sport/athletics/artic
le3942201.ece.Accessed:22.05.2014
7. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/athletics/7403158.stm,16 May
2008.Accessed:04.06.2014.
8. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxing/9296051/Lamont-Petersonshould-get-a-life-ban-and-boxing-must-eradicate-drug-cheats-says-AmirKhan.html.Accessed:20.05.2014.
9. https://elb.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/investigationtrafficking/investigations.Accessed:07.05.2014.
10. E. Mikami, T. Ohno, H. Matsumoto, S. Sekita, J. Health Sci. 2003, 49, 547.
11. P.Laidler, D.A.Cowan, E.Houghton, A.T.Kicman, D.E.Marsh. Rapid Commun. Mass
Spectrom. 1998, 12, 975.
12. http://www.pharmamedicexport.info.Accessed:13.05.2014.
13. M R Graham, F M Grace, W Boobier, D Hullin, A Kicman, D Cowan, B Davies, J S
Baker. Homocysteine induced cardiovascular events: a consequence of long term
anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse. Br J Sports Med 2006;40:644–648. doi:
10.1136/bjsm.2005.025668.
14. Graham MR1, Ryan P, Baker JS, Davies B, Thomas NE, Cooper SM, Evans P,
Easmon S, Walker CJ, Cowan D, Kicman AT.Counterfeiting in performance- and
image-enhancing drugs. Drug Test Anal. 2009 Mar;1(3):135-42. doi: 10.1002/dta.30.
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Michael R. Graham
15. M. R. Graham, F. M. Grace, W. Boobier, D. Hullin, A. Kicman, D. Cowan, B.
Davies, J. S. Baker, Brit. J. SportsMed. 2006, 40, 644.
16. M.Thevis, Y.Schrader, A.Thomas, G.Sigmund, H.Gey, W. Schanzer, J. Anal. Toxicol.
2008, 32, 232.
17. J. Rastad, H. Joborn, S. Ljunghall, G. Akerstrom, Lakartidningen 1985, 82, 3407.
18. M. D. Krauss, C. D. Van Meter, D. W. Robertson, Your Patient and Fitness 1995, 9,
12.
19. C. P. Marquis, N. Maffulli, Injury Extra 2006, 12, 451.
20. T. A. Buccilli Jr, H. R. Hall, J. D. Solmen, J. Foot Ankle Surg. 2005, 44,466.
21. M. J. Scott, M. J. Scott Jr., J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1989, 262, 207.
22. P. M. Nemechek, New England J. Med. 1991, 325, 357.
23. P. Alcabes, G. Friedland, Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995, 20, 1467–79.
24. B. P. Dickinson, J. D. Rich, T. P. Flanigan, Anabolic steroid injectors and needle
exchange programs in the United States: 1996. North American Syringe Exchange
Network Conference, San Diego CA 1997, pp. 23.
25. C. Aceijas, T. Rhodes, Int. J. Drug Policy 2007, 18, 352.
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Michael R. Graham
Table 1: Counterfeit Androgenic Anabolic Steroid (AAS): Manufacturing cost, Trade and Retail Prices
Quantity
Product
(VMX)
Administration
Presentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tritren 200
Andro-Nex 250
Androplex 500
Equi-Lone 200
Masterone 100
IM
IM
IM
IM
IM
IM
IM
IM
IM
IM
IM
IM
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Multidose (10 mls)
Tablets
Tablets
Tablets
Tablets
Primobolan Depot 100
Nandrolone 200
Test Cypionate
Test Enanthate
Test Propionate
Test 400
Trenbolone 80
Zanabol 10
Oxandrolone 50mg
Oxydrol 50mg
Stanozolol 50mg
Key: Testosterone (Test);
Manufacturing
cost £
(Unknown)
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Unknown ?
Trade
Price £
(Variable)
23
17
21
18
18
20
16
15
15
13
19
19
25
28
28
28
Retail
Price £
(Variable)
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
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Michael R. Graham
Table 2: Parenteral Products analysed by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, which contained no active ingredients.
Quantity
Product label
Product claimed
1
2
3
Boldabol
Boldebal-h
Mastabol
4
5
6
7
8
Primobolan
Spectriol
Testabol depot
Testex elmu prolangatum 250
Tesosterone cypionate injection
(cypionax)
Trenbol 75-r
Kigtropin
Hygetropin
Norditropin simplexx
Boldenone undecylenate
Boldenone undecylenate
Dromastanolone
dipropionate
Methenolone enanthate
T. Esters
T. Cypionate
T. Cypionate
T. Cypionate
9
10
11
12
Key: Testosterone (T);
Trenbolone acetate
Growth hormone
Somatotropin
Growth hormone
Product
found
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
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Michael R. Graham
Table 3: Oral products analysed by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS.
Quantity
1
2
Product label
Clenbuterol (Spiropent)
Stanozolol
3
4
5
6
7
8
Stanozolol
Methandienone
Stanozolol
Oxymetholone
Ephedrine
Stanozolol
9
10
Ma Huang
Mesterolone (Proviron)
Product found
Clenbuterol
No anabolic steroids
detected
5α-dihydrotestosterone
Methandienone
Stanozolol
Oxymetholone
Ephedrine
Methyl testosterone and
caffeine
Ephedrine
Mesterolone

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