mamuka cuxiSvili saCxeris RmrTismSoblis da macxovris saxelobis taZrebi saCxeris raionSi aris ori ulamazesi sofeli _ exvevi da speTi. romlebic Sedian Walis sakrebulos SemadgenlobaSi. samwuxarod, batoniSvili vaxuStis genialuri naSromi „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“ am soflebs ar icnobs, ise rogorc ar icnobs cxomareTis teritoriaze mdebare jruWis unikalur monasters. „kualad am saCxeres zeiT, yvirilas kidezedve ars s a v a n e T i s e k l e s i a , ugumbaTo, sakÂrvelad Senebuli, rameTu ars mTlad erTis qvisa kankliTurT. am savaneTs zeiT ars W a l a. aramed Walidam wonamde arRara ars Senoba, garna pirvel yofila Senobiani, sadaca Canan eklesiani da nadabarni“.1 amis meti informacia qarTlis cxovrebaSi ar mogvepoveba. es imas gvafiqrebinebs, rom vaxuSti Tavis Tanmxleb pirebTan erTad ar misula SedarebiT miuval adgilebSi, ris Sedegadac suraTi srulyofilad ver warmoadgina. 1881 wels TbilisSi Catarda ruseTis imperiis arqeologTa V yriloba, romlis saorganizacio komitetma mweralsa da publicists giorgi wereTels (1842-1900 ww.) daavala gelaTis monastris xelnawerTa miwerilobebisa da warwerebis aRwera. mweralma Sekrebili masala gamoaqveyna 1891 wels ruseTis arqeologiuri sazogadoebis SromaTa krebulSi «Древности восточния». naSromis saTauria «Польное собраные надписей и приписок к рукописям гелатского манастыря». arqeologiurma sazogadoebam moiwona naSromi da imave wels g. wereTeli ruseTis saimperatoro arqeologiuri sazogadoebis mudmiv wevrad airCia. am faqtma mwerals stimuli misca, emog1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. 4. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, Tb., 1973, gv. 760. 56 mamuka cuxiSvili zaura yvirilis xeobis soflebSi da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi aRewera. exvevis taZarTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT: „savanidan xuT versze yvirilis xeobaSi marcxniT mdinaris erT mTis ferdze mdebareobs Zveli taZari. senakebis nangrevebi taZris garSemo gvimtkicebs, rom aq unda yofiliyo monasteri da Skola. taZari warmoadgens bazilikis Senobas, romelsac Semoxvevia dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT eqvsi ekvteri xuT kuTxianebi. „kvalSi“ daxatuli dasavleTisa da CrdiloeTis karis bWeni Tavisi CuqurTmebiT warmoadgenen friad Zvirfas naSTs uZvelesis qarTulis xuroTmoZRvrebisas. es ori fasadi karis bWisa sul sxva-da-sxva qandakis motivebiT aris gamoyvanili. CrdiloeTis fasadze bWis Tavze aris jvari, grexiliT gamoqandakebuli, romelsac simbolurad fesvebi ganedlebia, gamouRia Svenieri nayofi, foTlebiT Semkuli. es foTlebi warmoadgenen simboluraT samebas; TaRSi, jvaris orive mxriT gadmokidebulan tevnebi, simbolo qristes sarwmunoebis sitkboebisa. fasadis svetebze akantis foTlebs Sua gamoqandakebulia bisoniT Semosili mefe, romelsac xelebi aRupyria zecisken, vedrebis niSnaT. dasavleTis karis bWis fasadze kidev ufro gansacvifrebeli wminda qandakia moWrili. bWis Tavze SesaniSnavia amarTuli jvari. romlis saxe warmoadgens gansxivebul mzes, kvarcxlbekze dayenebuls. bWis marcxniT Cans qandakiT moWrili mTavarangelozi, romelic karis guSagiT aris damdgari. am Cvens naxatze arc mTavarangelozia gamosaxuli da arc bisoniT Semosili mefe. sazogado STabeWdileba am fasadebis qandakebisa iseTia, TiTqos visme qvis kedlebze miefarebinos metaT wmindaT naqsovi kruJevo. sazogado STabeWdileba exvevis taZrisa ki miemsgavseba varskvlavs, TiTqos cidan mowyvetils da dedamiwaze ganrTxmuls. SigniT kankeli hqonia am taZars marmarilosi, magram misi moqandakebuli filaqnebi wereTlebs wauRiaT jruWs, rogorc Seutyvia adgilobrivi moxuci glexebisagan b-n g. wereTels. kankelis nangrevebSi kidev darCenilia ramdenime marmarilos sveti da erTi filaqani, zed gamoqandakebuli jvriT. kankelis siZvele amtkicebs, rom taZari unda iyos aSenebuli mecxre, Tu meaTe saukuneSi. taZris aRmosavleTiT svetis safexurze aris arxauli formis xucuri asoebiT ze warwera: „qe. Se. lg. (qriste, Seiwyale legoTeT(?!), Tu leon, giorgi?)“.2 _ werili aris xelmouwereli. rogorc irkveva, is redaqciis saxeliTaa gakeTebuli da zogad umniSvnelovanes infor2 gazeTi `kvali~, Tb., 1890, #20. 20. gv. 10. 57 exvevisa da speTis taZrebi macias namdvilad gvawvdis. „broses da baqraZes exvevis Sesaxeb monacemebi ar gaaCniaT. xolo g. wereTelma es Zegli leon afxazTa mefes da mis Svils giorgis daukavSira. xolo sxva varaudiT, igi XI saukunes ganekuTvneba. aseve man daaTvaliera speTis zeda macxovris saxelobis eklesia, romelic daTariRebulia X-XI saukuniT“.3 „saqarTvelos sameurneo da saxelmwifoebrivma gaZlierebam mtkice winamZRvrebi Seuqmna qarTuli feodaluri kulturis gafurCqvnasa da ayvavebas. XI-XII saukuneebSi argveTSi aigo mravali SesaniSnavi arqiteqturuli Zegli. speTis, Walisa da Cixis erTnaviani eklesiebi, ubisis sveti, savanis, darkveTisa da rganis wminda giorgis taZrebi, exvevis RvTismSoblis eklesia amSvenebs mdidari qarTuli kulturis saganZurs, rogorc XI-XII saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis brwyinvale nimuSebi“.4 rogorc vxedavT XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze exvevis taZari araerTxel moeqca mkvlevarTa da mecnierTa yuradRebis centrSi. akad. vaxtang beriZem Seiswavla exvevis taZris arqiteqturuli mxare da brZana: „exvevis eklesia (mas „deda RvTisas“ uwodeben) savsebiT martivia igi Tlili qvis naSen erTaderTi navisagan Sedgeba, garedan sworkuTxaa. SigniT, Cveulebisamebr, naxevarwriuli afsidi aqvs da mis orsave mxares, or sarTulad _ mcire zomis sadgomebi. am sadgomebSi TviT afsididanvea Sesasvleli, meore sarTulis oTaxebs aRmosavleTiT TiTo mrgvali fanjara hqonia, magram dRes orive amoSenebulia. navi kedlis svetebiTa da sabjeni TaRiT or araTanabar nawilad iyofa da amitom, kedlis TaRebis quslebi sxvadasxva simaRlezea moTavsebuli“.5 saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis xelovnebis institutis davalebiT 1938 wlis zafxulSi akad. vaxtang beriZem da arqiteqtorma beJan lorTqifaniZem erTad azomes exvevis taZari, moamzades naxazebi da fotomasala. im droisaTvis jer kidev yofila mTavar taZarze miSenebuli nawilis naSTebi. „kedelze midgmuli orkalTiani saxuravis kvali mJRavndeba, CrdiloeTiT erTi TaRis kvali garkveviT Cans uSualod Sesasvlelis zemoT. timpanis konturis koncentrulad da TiTo, sagrZnoblad ufro dabali TaRisa _ karis marjvniv da marcxniv. Tu mxedvelobaSi minaSenis saZirkvlis naSTsaistorio almanaxi `klio~, d. sulaberiZe, yvirilis xeobis istoriuli Zeglebis aRwera g. wereTlis mier, Tb., 2002, #14, 14, gv. 43. 4 vaxuStis saxelobis geografiis instituti, t. XI, k. anTaZe, zemo imereTis istoriul-geografiuli narkvevi, Tb., 1959, gv. 83. 5 krebuli „qarTuli xelovneba“, v. beriZe, Tb., 1942, gv. 41. 3 58 mamuka cuxiSvili sac miviRebT, aq advili warmosadgenia saSualosaukuneebrivi qarTuli taZris TiTqmis aucilebeli atributi“.6 mweral giorgi wereTlis mier aRwerili nimuSebi daaxloebiT 50 wlis Semdeg praqtikulad aRar arsebobda, razec wuxiliT wers mecnieri: „stoebi aRar arsebobs. aRaraa arc wereTlis mierve aRniSnuli senakebi, yvelaferi es im kapitalur remonts emsxverpla, romelic am ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT gaukeTes soflelebma eklesias. es remonti romelic WiaTuridan gamoweril berZen ostatebs SeusrulebiaT, Zeglis mxatvruli mTlianobisaTvis sabediswero gamodga“.7 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi saCxeresa da WiaTuraSi samuSaod gamoCndnen berZeni mSeneblebi, romlebmac aages saCxeris wmida ninos saxelobis sakaTedro taZari (e. w. soboro) da Cixis samebis saxelobis qveda taZari, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi daingra. aseTive bedi ewia exvevis taZarsac. jer kidev giorgi wereTeli miiCnevda, rom exvevis taZari agebulia IX saukuneSi, Tumca v. beriZe am Tvalsazriss uaryofs da brZanebs: „araviTari saamSeneblo warwera, arc sxva raime werilobiTi sabuTi ar gvaZlevs saSualebas vamtkicoT, rom Zegli IX saukunisaa. erTaderTi dasayrdeni aq TviT Zegli unda iqnes. ufro sworad – misi dekori, radganac Senobis arqiteqtura zusti daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas ar mogvcems. jer erTi, CvenTvis igi mxolod saxeSecvlili aris cnobili da, amis garda, TviT erTnaviani eklesiis tipic saqarTveloSi marto erT romelsame xanaSi ki ar arsebobda, aramed saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. dekori ki srulebiT sakmarisia imis dasadgenad, rom am Senobis mikuTvneba IX saukunisaTvis, rogorc amas wereTeli Svreba, SeuZlebelia“.8 misi azriT: „yvela paraleli Cven savsebiT garkveul xanas migviTiTebs da nebas gvaZlevs sakmaod zusti qronologiuri farglebi mivuCinoT exvevis taZars: es farglebi X saukunis naxevari da XI saukunis naxevaria. uaxloesi analogiebi mainc ufro XI saukunis dasawyisis maCvenebelia da Cveni azriTac, exvevis „deda RvTisa“ swored XI saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebs unda miekuTvnos“. 9 aRsaniSnavia ramdenime garemoebac. kerZod, XIX saukunis miwuruls exvevis taZari g.wereTlis monacemebiT ukve nangrevebadaa qceuli, amis miuxedavad mas istoriuli mniSvneloba ar daukargavs, 6 iqve, gv. 42. 7 iqve, gv. 43. iqve, gv. 44. 8 9 iqve, gv. 47. 59 exvevisa da speTis taZrebi miuxedavad imisa, rom ramdenjerme ganicada saxecvlileba, rasac daemata JamTa siave da uyuradReboba. Tumca sul sxva viTarebaa XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi. 1919 wlis agvistoSi saCxeris raions stumrobda wmida eqvTime RmrTiskaci, romelmac daaTvaliera da aRwera yvirilas xeobis qristianuli Zeglebi, uSualod exvevis taZrisaTvis moamzada ramdenime naxazi da gadaiRo 6 unikaluri foto, romelTagan erT-erTze gamokveTilad Cans sasuliero piri jvriTa da kunkul-bartyuliT.10 teqsti dawerilia rusul enaze fanqriT, ris gamoc naSromis wakiTxva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. Cven mxolod erTi winadadebis amokiTxva SevZeliT: „exvevis taZari Tavisi arqiteqturuli stiliT ganekuTvneba XI saukunis pirvel naxevars“.11 rogorc fotomasalidan naTlad Cans, moCuqurTmebulia sapireebi, gamosaxulia ganedlebuli jvari da misgan aRmocenebuli foTlebi, romlebic faravs timpans (karis Tavze moTavsebul naxevradwriul da samkuTxa niSas), aseve moCans CrdiloeTis fasadis reliefebi. msgavsi ornamentebi gvxvdeba rogorc savaneSi, ise manglissa da nikorwmindaSi. xolo, exvevis taZris aRmosavleTis fanjris upirobo analogi gvxvdeba iSxnis taZarze, romelic ganekuTvneba 1032 wels.12 is, rom taZars mniSvnelovani mxatvruli da arqiteqturuli Rirebuleba hqonda, es udavoa, rasac mowmobs gadarCenili fragmentebi, mozaika, CuqurTmebi, timpanebi, dekoratiuli elementebi, romlebic im epoqis xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli (iSxani, xaxuli, oSki, savane da sxv.). exvevis taZari gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis unikalur Zegls warmoadgens da Cveni valdebulebaa taZris aRdgena pirvandeli saxiT, ris Sedegadac is daaxloebiT iseT saxes miiRebs, rogoric e. TayaiSvilis fotoebma Semogvinaxa.13 speTis „zeda macxovris eklesiis“ saxeliT cnobili xuroTmoZRvrebis unikaluri Zegli dRemde rCeba samecniero da sazogadoebrivi interesebis obieqtad. speTSi aseve dgas ` macxovris qveda eklesia~, magram amjerad Cveni mizania „macxovaris zeda“ taZris istoriis warmoCena. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde speTis taZris Sesaxeb araviTari masala ar mogvepoveba. mas aseve ar icnobs cnobili qarTveli mkvlevari giorgi boWoriZe, maSin rodesac aRwers iqve mdebare exvevis taZarsa da daryis teri10 11 12 13 xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, e. TayaiSvilis fondi № 508, foto № 21. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, e. TayaiSvilis fondi № 470, rusul enaze. m. brose, qarTuli ornamentebi, peterburgi, 1864, gv. 16. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, e. TayaiSvilis fondi № 508. 60 mamuka cuxiSvili toriaze aRmoCenil sam darbazul eklesias. „zeda macxovaris“ taZari mdebareobs mdinare yvirilas marcxena napirze aRmarTul yvelaze maRal mTaze. speTelebs taZrisaTvis SesaniSnavi adgili SeurCeviaT. misi kalTebidan moCans abaSiZeTa feodaluri gvaris mamuli _ sofeli Wala. aseve istoriuli savane da raWis mTebi. saukuneebis JamTasvlam speTis macxovris taZarzec imoqmeda. saqarTvelos ssr kulturis saministros ZeglTa dacvis mTavarma sammarTvelom SeakeTa taZari. arqiteqtor m. kalaSnikovis mier 1939 wels is aizoma da momzadda gengegma. taZari aris erTnaviani darbazuli tipis bazilika. mas aqvs ori Sesasvleli _ erTi dasavleTiT, xolo meore aRmosavleTiT, mesame karis arsebobas adasturebs karis Wrili, romelic mogviano saukuneebSi iqna amoqolili da Sida mxridan moTavsebulia patara niSa, igive TaxCa. mas aqvs sami srulfasovani sarkmeli da ori mcire zomis mrgvali sarkmeli, romelic savsebiT sakmarisi iqneboda stoas gasanaTeblad. taZris grZivi kedlebi dayofilia orsafexuriani pilastrebiT (svetebi, boZebi), romelsac eyrdnoba kedlis da sabjeni TaRebi. taZars aqvs naxevarwriuli moxazulobis kamara (saubaria qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebze gavrcelebul cilindrul kamaraze, romelic eyrdnoba or paralelur kedels), mTavar areSi Sirimis qvis sami rigi aris CarTuli. rogorc Cans, taZari ar yofila moxatuli. gareT aqvs moCuqurTmebuli karnizebi, saxuravi imTaviTve kramitisa yofila, rasac adasturebs saxuravze SemorCenili Sua saukuneebis ramdenime kramiti, romelTa analogi gvxvdeba xaxulsa (mdebareobs TurqeTSi, saqarTvelos uZveles provincia taoSi, agebulia X saukunis II naxevraSi) da rakeTis wmida nikolozis saxelobis taZarze (oni, X saukunis pirvel mesamedSi agebuli). ornamentebi da CuqurTmebi gasdevs mxolod karsa da sarkmlebs. erT-erT sarkmelTan SemorCenilia xuTstriqoniani warwera, rac iZleva utyuar mtkicebulebas, rom taZari ganekuTvneba X-XI saukuneebs. striqonebi amokveTilia asomTavruli qarTuliT da ganlagebulia qviSaqvis oTx filaze, romlebic Casmulia aRmosavleT fasadSi. „filebi wvimisagan Zlier gadarecxilia (gansakuTrebiT pirveli da meoTxe). amis Sedegad warwera Zlier dazianebuli saxiTaa moRweuli~.14 warwera ase ikiTxeba: `[wmidao sam]e[bao, [s]ofeli sa[kÂrik]e daicev yovelTa[ga]n savnebelTa ami[s] soflisaTa“. samwuxarod, meore warweris amokiTxva yvela mecnierisaTvis Seu14 qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebi, Tb., 1980, gv. 84. 61 exvevisa da speTis taZrebi Zlebeli Seiqmna. rogorc cnobilia, speTis taZris yvelaze mniSvnelovan da fasdaudebel saganZurs warmoadgens kankeli, romelic TeTri TabaSirisganaa damzadebuli da zustad asaxavs X-XI saukuneebis kankelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel stilsa da arqiteqturul Taviseburebebs. yvela im Semadgenel komponents, romelic gvxvdeba speTis zeda macxovris taZarSi, rogoricaa sworkuTxa absidebi, xis masiuri jvari, kvarcxlbeki, Tlili qvebiT mopirkeTebuli iataki, zusti analogiebia parxalis (tao, daax. X saukunis 80-iani w.), JabeSis (mestia, mulaxis Temi, XI s.), kumurdosa (ninowminda, XI s.) da kacxis (WiaTura, XI s.) unikaluri taZrebisa. taZris aRmosavleT fasadis sarkmeli identuria X-XI saukunis Zeglebisa. misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mkafio S-isebri -isebri motivebi gvaZlevs safuZvels, mivamsgavsoT nikorwmindisa (oni, 1010-1014 w.) da zemo krixis (ambrolauri, X s.) taZrebis ornamentebs. speTis taZris samxreTi sarkmelis CuqurTmebi, romlebic sibrtyidan amozidulia da mWidrod azis mTavar qvas, gvaZlevs srul uflebas, mivamsgavsoT aseve X-XI saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebs manglisis sionsa (TeTriwyaro, IV s.; VI-VII da XI saukuneebSi Cautarda mniSvnelovani restavracia) da muSevanis (bolnisi, XI s.) taZars. cnobili mkvlevari rene Smerlingi miiCnevs, rom speTis „zeda macxovris“ kankeli da mTlianad taZari aris erTi xuroTmoZRvris mier Seqmnili, rasac adasturebs kankelisa da taZris CuqurTmebi, kerZod, „kankelis marjvniv gamoqandakebuli ornamenti pirdapir emsgavseba aRmosavleTis fasadis sarkmelis sapire CuqurTmas; zog SemTxvevaSi ki, maT analogi ar moeZebneba maxlobel arqiteqturaSi“. is aseve brZanebs: „kankeli, e. i. is konstruqcia (tixari), romelic sakurTxevlis win aRimarTeba da am ukanasknels gamohyofs sakuTriv navisagan, saqarTveloSi ZvelTaganve arsebobda, iseve, rogorc sxva marTlmadidebel qveynebSi (bizantia, ruseTi da sxv). kankelis uZvelesi da Cvenamde moRweuli nimuSebi ganekuTvneba VIII-IX saukuneebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTulma kankelma miiRo Tavis specifikuri saxe – SedarebiT dabali barieri, zed Sesmuli svetebi da svetebis SemakavSirebeli TaRebi. umTavres interess iwvevs kankelTa ornamentuli da reliefuri morTuloba. reliefebi gvxvdeba mxolod qvis kankelebze (qvemo barierze), TiTqmis yovelTvis farTo ornamentebis arSiis SigniT. yvelaze mniSvnelovania XI saukunis nimuSebi. zogierT maTgans amkobda reliefuri scenebi, romlebic 62 mamuka cuxiSvili Sua saukuneebis qarTuli plastikis saukeTeso nawarmoebTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia speTis kankeli. aseve patara onis, safaris miZinebis taZrisa da atenis sionis kankelis fragmentebi“.15 kankelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel CuqurTmebs, ornamentebsa da dekoraciebs zustad Seesabameba speTis „zeda macxovris“ taZris kankeli, romelmac aseTi didi aRiareba daimsaxura, Tumca saTanadod mainc ar aris Seswavlili. werilis momzadebis procesSi Cven aRmovaCineT wmida eqvTime RmrTiskacis (TayaiSvilis) mier 1919 wlis 31 agvistos Sedgenili naSromi, romelic 1936 wels, anu mecnieris emigraciaSi yofnis dros, gamosca inglisis samefo akademiis saistorio sazogadoebam. cxadia, naSromi Sesulia krebulSi da is gamocemulia mcire tiraJiT inglisur enaze, romelsac Tan axlavs avtoris mierve gadaRebuli fotoebi, romlebic uaRresad Zvirfasi da mniSvnelovania. „exvevis taZris qvemoT, kvirikes mTis ferdobze, mdebareobs dangreuli erTnaviani speTis bazilika, romelic miZRvnilia macxovrisadmi. speTis taZari ufro patara zomisaa vidre exvevisa da, samwuxarod, ar aris ise kargad Senaxuli, rogorc exvevis taZari. agebulia didi Tlili qvebisagan da, savaraudod, is aRdgenilia XIII saukunis miwuruls.mas hqonia karebi dasavleT da samxreT nawilSi, magram mogvianebiT samxreTis kari amoSenebulia. aqvs ori sarkmeli, erTi samxreTiT da erTic dasavleTiT. CuqurTmebi da ornamentebi dazianebulia. wereTlis varaudiT, speTis eklesia ufro Zveli unda iyos, vidre exvevisa da agebulia ara bagrat IV, aramed bagrat III dros. Cveni azriT, taZris warwera, misi xasiaTisa da stilis gaTvaliwinebiT, tipurad ufro IX-X saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, vidre XI saukunes“.16 saerTo daskvna aseTia: ori unikaluri taZari, exvevis „deda RvTisa“ da speTis „zeda macxovari“ ganekuTvneba erTiani saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebas da im saukeTeso ZeglTa ricxvSi Sedis, romelic am epoqaSi Seiqmna. sabednierod, maT gauZles JamTa siaves da saukuneebis Semdeg kvlav gadmohyureben zemo imereTs cicabo ferdobebidan da Rirseul mamuliSvilebs, momlocvelebsa da aRmaSeneblebs elian. Р. Шмерлинг, Малие форми в архитектуре средневековой Грузии, Тб., 1962, gv. 147. 16 E.Taqaichvili, Four basilican churches of Qvirila valley, „Georgica“, vol. 1, № 2-3, London, 1936, gv.173, citata qarTulad Targmna anJela laliaSvilma. 15
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