civilizacia
bizantia da qarTuli identoba
Tina doliZe
mokle istoriuli eqskursi
yoveli eri ramdenime sityviT SeiZleba daxasiaTdes. sityvaTa es erToblioba,
Cveulebriv, eris ZiriTad niSan-Tvisebebze miuTiTebs da upasuxebs kiTxvas, Tu
ras warmoadgens igi. aseTi sityvebi mudam eris istoriisa da kulturis maxasiaTeblebia, radgan es ori ram gansazRvravs ama Tu im eris raobas, anu, rogorc
axla miRebulia Tqma, mis identobas. amitomac sakacobrio cxovrebis am ori
sferos — istoriisa da kulturis — dacvas, maT codnas sagangebo mniSvneloba
eniWeba erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.
qarTvelebsac mogvepoveba Cveni erovnulobis sxarti gansazRvreba, rac pasuxobs kiTxvas: `rani varT Cven?~ mkiTxveli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvelTa nawili
mainc, albaT, maSinve moindomebs am kiTxvaze sakuTari pasuxis Ziebas. magram,
vfiqrob, am daxasiaTebasac daeTanxmeba: qarTvelebi kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi uZvelesi eria, romelmac marTlmadidebluri tipis qristianuli saxelmwifo da kultura Seqmna. am definicias SeiZleba raime daematos, ufro dazustdes an sxva­
gvaradac gamoiTqvas, magram misi ZiriTadi Sinaarsi mainc igive darCeba.
64
bizantia da qarTuli identoba
marTlac, gavaanalizoT da davfiqrdeT. qarTvelebis erovnuli meobis pirvelad, umokles gansazRvrebaSi (gansxvavebiT, magaliTad, berZnebisa Tu itali­
elebisgan) ver CavrTavT Cveni winareqristianuli xanis istoriasa da kulturas.
droTa msvlelobam, samwuxarod, mciredi Semogvinaxa am uZvelesi epoqidan. dRes
am istoriuli foliantebis calkeuli fragmentebi Tu gvipyria xelT (vgulisxmob arqeologiur monapovars da istoriul cnobebs), romlebic arasrulad
mogviTxroben qarTvel tomTa metad saintereso uZveles warsulze. rasakvirvelia, Cveni istoriis es uZvelesi xanac Cveni individualobis Semadgeneli nawi­
lia, magram raoden faseulic ar unda iyos es samuzeumo da matianeTa warsuli,
is dResdReobiT ar aris Cveni erovnuli cnobierebis aqtiuri Sre. amis mizezi
ki ZiriTadad isaa, rom xsenebul epoqaSi ar dasturdeba iseTi kulturuli
fenomenebi, rogoric aris damwerloba da literatura.
religiac erTi umniSvnelovanesi kulturuli fenomenia. Cven vambobT, da asea
Cvens SegnebaSi, rom qarTvelebi umTavresad marTlmadidebeli qristiani eri
varT. qristianobis miRebidan mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da Semdegac,
XVIII saukunis bolomde, saqarTvelo Zalze xSirad ganicdida sxvadasxva mahmadianuri qveynis (arabeTi, sparseTi, TurqeTi da sxv.) politikur agresias. amaTgan
saqarTveloSi mxolod iranuli kulturis garkveul gavlenaze SeiZleba visaub­
roT. muslimanurma religiam ver moikida fexi Cvens qveyanaSi da Tuki raime Rirebuli Semoitana muslimanurma kulturam, masStaburobiT is mainc ver Seedreba
udides kulturul monapovars, rac marTlmadideblobam Seqmna saqarTveloSi. mis gverdiT verc sxva romelime qristianul aRmsareblobas davasaxelebT,
romelsac Cvens istoriaSi raime msgavsi SemoqmedebiTi potenciali gamoevlinos.
gviani Sua saukuneebidan Cndebian CvenTan kaTolike misionerebi. maT garkveul
Jams udavod pozitiuri roli Seasrules mahmadianebisgan SeWirvebuli qarTveli
eris sulier cxovrebaSi. garda amisa, XVIII saukuneSi qarTvelTa mcire nawili
moiqca kaTolikur aRmsareblobaze, magram, miuxedavad amisa, namdvilad Znelia
visaubroT kaTolikuri kulturis zegavlenaze saqarTveloSi.
aRdgoma, XIV saukunis freska, qora, stamboli
65
civilizacia
konstantine didis mozaikuri
gamosaxuleba aia-sofiaSi, xelSi
qalaqis modeliT, X s. stamboli
amgvarad, isev qarTvelobis zemomoyvanil definicias mivubrundebi da Semdegnair ganmartebas
davur­Tav: qarTuli qristianoba ganuyofladaa
dakav­Sirebuli bizantiur marTlmadideblobasTan, xolo misi qristianuli kultura — bizantiur marTlmadideblur kulturasTan. marTlac,
saqarT­veloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
SemoRebis droidan bizantiuri qristianoba, misi
mwerloba, xelovneba, mecniereba da, sazogadod,
mTeli bizantiuri kultura qarTvelobisTvis sulier da inteleqtualur RirebulebaTa SeTvisebis
uSreti wyaro iyo. berZnulenovani kulturis wiaRSi aRmocenda da Camoyalibda qarTveloba, rogorc
erovnuli kulturul-istoriuli fenomeni. qarTuli qristianoba mxolod da mxolod bizantiuri
marTlmadideblobiT sazrdoobda da ase gagrZelda
XVIII s-is miwurulamde, sanam Cvens qveyanaSi ruseTis imperia Semovidoda da rusuli eklesiis mZlavrobis xana daiwyeboda.
SegviZlia mcired mainc warmovadginoT is kulturuli areali, sadac mimoiqceodnen qarTvelebi
adrindeli Sua saukuneebidan maRal Sua saukuneeb­
amde da is sulieri garemo, romliTac isini saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sazrdoobdnen.
bizantiis imperia, tradiciuli daTariRebis mixedviT, dasabams iRebs 330 wlis 11 maiss, roca romis
imperiis dedaqalaqi romidan bosforis srutesTan,
qalaq bizantionSi iqna gadatanili, da pirveli
stamboli — Zveli konstantinopoli — dRes
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bizantia da qarTuli identoba
qristiani imperatoris, konstantine didis, pativ­
sacemad mas axali saxeli — konstantinopoli ewoda.
am sazeimo dRes jer aravin icoda, rom uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimuli axlad dafuZnebuli
qristianuli saxelmwifo kacobriobis istoriaSi
erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivad arsebuli imperia
iqneboda. misi teritoriuli sazRvrebi bosforis
napirebidan Sua afrikamde da adriatikis zRvidan
SuamdinareTis qveynebamde iyo gadaWimuli. rac
Seexeba mis qronologiur sazRvrebs, es zesaxelmwifo xalxebsa da qveynebs 11 saukuneze met xans ganagebda da Tavisi arseboba 1453 wlis 29 maiss daasrula, roca sulTan mehmed II fatihma (Turqulad
`dampyrobeli~) cxenosani jariT gadalaxa konstantinopolis kedlebTan aRmarTuli jebirebi, SeiWra
qalaqSi da aiRo.
am tragikul movlenamde ki bizantias udidesi misia unda Seesrulebina aRmosavleT da dasavleT
qristianul xalxTa formirebaSi, raTa istoriaSi
maTi saerTo kulturuli warsulis saxeli daemkvid­
rebina. Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi dausrulebel
dampyroblur Tu TavdacviT omebSi CarTuli bizantia
konstantinopolis ruka,
gamocemuli amsterdamSi 1640
wels, masze kargad Cans qalaqis
galavani, galaTas raioni,
evropuli da Turquli xomaldebi,
bosfori da oqros rqa, me-16
saukunis Senobebi, suleimanis
meCeTi, topkapis sasaxle.
kostantinopoli Zvelad
67
civilizacia
wm. petre iberi,
XVIII s. miniatura
misi mtrebisTvis mudam aRfrTovanebis sagnad rCeboda: mas
ebrZodnen da Senatrodnen, misgan iTvisebdnen, baZavdnen mas
da cdilobdnen masTan gatolebas. bizantiis farglebSi Semavali da misi mezobeli axlo aRmosavleTis, afrikis da dasavleTis xalxebi, elinebi da barbarosebi — gansxvavebuli kulturuli tradiciisa da ganviTarebis xalxebi, CarTuli iyvnen
saerTo sulier da inteleqtualur moZraobaSi, romelsac
maTi saerTo sarwmunoeba — qristianoba warmarTavda.
adrindel Sua saukuneebSi am sulierad gaerTianebuli sam­
yaros centri axlo aRmosavleTi iyo. `yuresa amas queynisasa~ — kavkasionis samxreTiT mcxovrebi qarTvelebi adreqristianuli xanidanve mieltvodnen am mxares. palestina, egvipte
da siria — ai, is qveynebi, sadac eziarnen qarTveli qristianebi `aRmosavleTqristianul saocrebas~. calkeulma momlocvelebma am RvTivsulier mxares qarTlis gaqristianebis­
Tanave, e.i. IV s-is Sua wlebSive miaSures.
asketuri mosaydreobis (anu asketebis, sulieri srulyofis
mizniT ama qveynisgan gandgomili pirebis, moRvaweobis) sawyis
etapze qarTveli berebi palestinur, egviptur da siriul monastrebSi mkvidrdebodnen. V s-Si qarTvelTa ricxvma axlo aRmosavleTSi imdenad imata, rom maT sakuTari eklesia-monast­
rebis mSeneblobas mihyves xeli. V saukuneSi maiumis episkoposma
(q. Razis maxloblad) da bizantiaSi saxelmoxveWilma
wm. ekaterines saxelobis monasteri sinas mTaze, dRevandeli egviptis teritoria
68
bizantia da qarTuli identoba
saeklesio moRvawem, petre iberma (409-488), romelic bizan­
tiis imperatoris karze aRzrdili qarTveli ufliswuli
iyo, qarTuli monastrebi aaSena ierusalimsa da iudeis
udab­noSi, beTlemis maxloblad. didi avtoritetiT sargeb­
lobda misi saRvTismetyvelo-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba
q. maiumSic.
qarTvelTa farTo samonastro mSenebloba axlo aRmosavleTSi VI saukuneSi iwyeba, roca qarTvelebma samonast­ro
koloniebis daarseba daiwyes palestinaSi — sinis da qorebis
mTaze, agreTve siriaSi — Sav, anu sakvirvel mTaze (antioqiis maxloblad). garda religiuri cxovrebisa, es samonastro kerebi mniSvnelovan kulturul-saganmanaTleb­lo
centrebs warmoadgendnen. am mxriv adrindel Sua saukuneebSi gamoirCa 532 wels daarsebuli
wm. sabas monasteri palestinaSi, sadac
berZnebTan erTad mravali qarTveli
mowesec moRvaweobda. sabawmidis qarTulma mwignobrulma keram ayvavebis
xanas VIII-X ss-Si miaRwia. sagangebod
aRsaniSnavia aq Seqmnili SesaniSnavi
Targmanebi wmida werilis wignebisa
da saeklesio sagaloblebisa. Cvenamde
moRweulia bizantiur sagalobelTa
iseTi qarTuli Targmanebic, romelTa
originali SemorCenili araa da amitomac,
ierusalimis jvris
monasteri dRes,
israeli
ierusalimis jvris
monasteri, XIX s-is
qarTuli graviura
69
civilizacia
wm. sabas lavra ierusalimSi
SoTa rusTavelis
freskuli portreti
ierusalimis jvris
monasterSi
(XIII s-is I nax.)
70
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adrebizantiuri palestinuri himnografiis Seswavla qarTuli Targmanebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
sabawmidis qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa da mTargmnelTa damsaxurebas warmoadgenda agreTve VIII-IX ss. qarTuli salite­
raturo enis reforma.
XI s-is Sua wlebSi (1040-1050) giorgi proxore SavSelma
daaarsa ierusalimis jvris monasteri. axalgazrda Taobis­
Tvis es savane, uwinares yovlisa, SoTa rusTavelis freskiT
aris cnobili. jvris monasteri ara marto qarTvelTa erTerTi mniSvnelovani sasuliero-saganmanaTleblo kera iyo
qristianul aRmosavleTSi, aramed mas ekisreboda meurveoba da xelmZRvaneloba qarTuli eklesia-monastrebisa mTel
wminda miwaze. monasters hqonda qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis
mdidari biblioTeka. dRevandlamde am sulieri saganZuris
mxolod erTi nawilia SemorCenili, da igi ierusalimis berZ­
nuli sapatriarqos biblioTekaSi inaxeba. iseve, rogorc Sua
saukuneebis sxva sasuliero-samonastro xelnawerTa fonde­
bi, qarTul xelnawerTa ierusalimuri koleqciac bevr sagu­
lisxmo masalas hpirdeba bizantiur-qarTuli urTierTobebis kvle­viT dainteresebul mecnierebs. mamaTa monastrebis
garda, palestinaSi arsebobda dedaTa monastrebic, romelTa
mwignobrul saqmianobas ZiriTadad xelnawerTa gadaweradamzadeba Seadgenda.
VI saukuneSi xdeba qarTvelTa mcire jgufis damkvidreba
sinas mTaze. kolonia mravalricxovani gaxda IX saukuneSi, ramac safuZveli moumzada X saukunis sinas mTis literaturuli skolis ayvavebas. sinas mTis qarTul monastrebsac
bizantia da qarTuli identoba
saukeTeso biblioTekebi da sakiTxavi darbazebi hqondaT, aRWurvili im droisaTvis Cinebulad gamarTuli sabiblioTeko katalogebiT. bolo drois gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom sinas mTaze qarTvelebs bevrad
meti monasteri ekuTvnodaT, vidre aqamde iyo cnobili.
VI saukunidan Cans qarTvelTa kvali siriaSic. Sav
mTaze, antioqiis maxloblad, VI s-Si moRvaweobda
didi asketi svimeon mesvete umcrosi. mas ukavSirde­ba
qarT­lsa da kaxeTSi samonastro cxovrebis dafuZneba. svimeonwmidis savaneSi qarTvelebs sakuTari eklesia hqoniaT. dResdReobiT gamovlenilia rva qarTuli monast­
ris arseboba Sav, anu sakvirvel mTaze. XI s-is pirvel naxevarSi
am wminda adgils miaSura samxreT saqarTvelos ber-monazonTa
axal­ma nakadma, romelmac Tan gaiyola da Sav mTaze daamkvidra
tao-klarjeTis samwerlobo tradiciebi. XI s-is Sua wlebSi aq
erTxans moRvaweobda giorgi mTawmindeli. amave saukunis meore
naxevarSi, didi qarTveli swavlulis, RvTismetyvelisa da mwerlis — efrem mciris winamZRvrobis Jams gansakuTrebuli avtoriteti moipova kastanis qarTvelTa monasterma. imave periodSi
kastanaSi moRvaweobda meore gamoCenili qarTveli RvTismetyveli da filosofosi arsen iyalToeli. efrem mciris moTaveobiT antioqiis qarTvel moRvaweebs ganzraxuli hqondaT qarTuli saeklesio ganaTleba Tanadrouli bizantiuri ganaTlebis
donemde aemaRlebinaT. am rTuli amocanis Sesasruleblad efrem
mcirem SeimuSava sagangebo meTodologiuri principebi, romlebic
Raliis monastris
fragmenti, kviprosi
petriwonis
monasteri dRes,
bulgareTi
71
civilizacia
aTonis iverTa monasteri, saberZneTi
aTonis iverTa monasteri XVIII saukuneSi,
timoTe gabaSvilis
`mimoslva~
72
filologiur, saRvTismetyvelo da sagamomcemlo sakiTxTa
farTo speqtrs moicavda. antioqiel mTargmnelebs ara marto zedmiwevniT gadmohqondaT berZnuli dedani, aramed amzadebdnen xelnawerTa mecnierul gamocemebs, rac gulisxmobs
TargmanisaTvis samecniero kritikuli aparatis (Sesavlis,
filologiuri, saRvTismetyvelo da istoriuli xasiaTis
ganmartebebis) darTvas. Savi mTis qarTvel mwignobarTa mier
momzadebuli mecnieruli gamocemebis saxiT Cven arsebiTad
SemogvrCa bizantiis arealSi Seqmnili Sua saukuneebis humanitaruli azrovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebi, ris gamoc (agreTve
am xelnawerul gamocemebSi daculi unikaluri cnobebis gamo)
isini metad Rirebulia bizantiuri kvlevebisTvisac.
IX saukunidan qarTvelebma mimarTes bizantiis dasavleT
nawils. IX s-is meore naxevarSi ilarion qarTvelma (822-875)
mcire aziaSi daafuZna olimpos, xolo konstantinopolis
axlos romanas monastrebi. 980-983 ww. ioane mTawmidelisa
da Tornike erisTavis TaosnobiT aTonis mTaze aigo iberTa
(qarT­velTa) monasteri. ivironi, rogorc mas berZnebi uwodeben, umokles droSi gadaiqca bizantiis imperiis dasavleT
nawilSi qarTuli kulturisa da erovnuli TviTSegnebis protagonistad. X-XI ss-is qarTvelebi gacxovelebul samwerlobo saqmianobas eweodnen konstantinopolis monastrebSi. maT
ekuTvnodaT Raliis monasteri kviprosze da petriwonis savane bulgareTSi. es ukanaskneli 1083 wels daaarsa bizantiis
imperiis msxvilma samxedro moxelem, qarTvelma grigol baku­
rianisZem. savanesTan arsebobda seminaria, romelsac iseve,
rogorc Tavad savanes, daaxloebiT 20 weli winamZRolobda
Sua saukuneebis gamoCenili qarTuli filosofosi da RvTis­
metyveli ioane petriwi.
bizantia da qarTuli identoba
SeuZlebelia CamovTvaloT bizantiis imperiis dasavleTsa Tu aRmosavleTSi moqmedi yvela qarTuli eklesia-monasteri, magram SegviZ­
lia aRvniSnoT maTi erTi saerTo Tviseba — es
sasuliero da mwignobruli kerebi sulac ar
eweodnen Caketil samonastro cxovrebas. isini
cxovrobdnen intensiuri sasuliero cxovrebiT, rac gulisxmobda cxovel urTierTobebs
erTmaneTTan da saqarTvelos eklesiasTan.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Sav mTaze svimeon
wmindas ukavSirdeba VI saukuneSi 13 asureli
mamis Camosvla aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da 17
iyalTos akademia
samonastro centris daarseba. jer kidev bevri
ram aris ucnobi am moRvaweTa realuri raodenobis, maTi erovnebisa da religiuri aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb. magram sagulisxmoa Tavad is faqti, rom maT asketuri mosagreobis formebis danerg­
vasTan erTad (samonastro Tanacxovrebis wesi, meudabnoeoba, mesve­teoba,
memRvimeoba, dayudebuloba), saqarTveloSi samonastro ganaT­leba Semoitanes. XI-XII saukuneebSi asurel mamaTa mier dafuZnebul monastrebs axali
sicocxle STaberes bizantiaSi ganswavlulma qarTvelebma.
gelaTis akademia
73
civilizacia
ioane zosimes `qebaL
da didebaL qarTulisa
enisaL~ xelnaweri
davaTis qvajvari IV saukunis II naxevriT (362381 ww.) TariRdeba. masze, zeda nawilSi, gamosa­xulia miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebi,
xelSi gragniliT. gragnilze (eqvs striqonad)
qarTuli asomTavruli
asoebia amokawruli.
frTebdaSvebuli mTavarangelozebi TiTqos
uflis nebas auwyeben
qvajvaris warweras 367
wliT aTariReben.
74
samxreT saqarTveloSi intensiuri samonastro, kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo cxovreba arabebis batonobis
Semdeg daiwyo. visac waukiTxavs `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, icis, rom am saqmis mesaZirkvle wm. grigoli iyo (759-861).
misi xelmZRvane­lobiT tao-klarjeTSi mWidrod dakavSirebuli sasuliero-saganmanaTleblo kerebis farTo qseli Seiqmna.
iTargmneboda bizantiuri saeklesio mwerlobis yvela Janris
Txzulebebi. monastrebSi SesaZlo iyo im tipis enciklopediuri ganaTlebis miReba, rogoric imdroindel berZnul sasuliero centrebSi arsebobda. XII saukune dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ori udidesi sasuliero-saganmanaTleblo
keris daarsebiT aRiniSna. 1106 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma imereTSi safuZveli Cauyara gelaTis samonastro kompleqsisa da
akademiis aRmSeneb­lobas. daviTis istorikosi gelaTis akademias `sxva aTensa da meore ierusalims~ uwodebs. mematianis
sityvebSi vlindeba daviT aRmaSeneblis ganzraxva, bizantiis
umaRles saswavlebelTa darad gaeerTianebina gelaTSi elinTa
saero sibrZne, risi simboloc warmarTuli aTenia qristianul
sulierebasTan erTad, romelsac ganasaxierebs ierusalimi.
daviTma am didebul kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keraSi saqarTvelos SigniT da mis gareT moRvawe Cinebuli swavlulebi
Semoikriba. maT Soris iyvnen arsen iyalToeli da ioane petriwi — konstantinopolSi ganaTlebamiRebuli da ucxoeTis monastrebSi moRvawe qarTvelebi. meore saganmanaTleblo centri,
savaraudod, amave periodSi kaxeTSi, iyalTos Zveli monastris
teritoriaze auSenebiaT. samwuxarod, Cvenamde araa SemorCenili cnobebi iyalTos akademiisa da iq mimdinare saswavlosaganmanaTleblo saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
yvela mwerlobas Tavisi arsebiTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani
aqvs. qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba, uwinares yovlisa, mTargmnelobiTi xasiaTisaa. es aris misi prioriteti da specifika,
ris gamoc is aseve metad mniSvnelovania bizantiur-berZnuli
da aRmosavleTqristianuli saeklesio literaturis kvle­
visTvis. axlo aRmosavleTis mravalerovan da, Sesabamisad,
mravalenovan garemoSi moxvedrili qarTveli berebi zedmiwev­
niT iTvisebdnen berZnul, somxur, arameul, siriul, koptur
da arabul enebs. zogierTi am enidan Targmnidnen kidec sasuliero mwerlobis nimuSebs. Tumca, cxadia, berZnul enas mudam
upiratesoba eniWeboda qarTvelTa mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobaSi. mkveTri Semobruneba martooden bizantiuri berZnul­
enovani mwerlobisken X s-Si iwyeba da, upirveles yovlisa, eqvTime aTonelis saxels ukavSirdeba. swored am droidan isaxeba
kulturuli moTxovna — ara marto aiTvison bizantielTa codna, aramed ganaviTaron qarTuli ena berZnuli enis mixedviT. XI
s-is meore naxevarSi qarTvel mwignobarTa winaSe dadga rTuli
amocana — qarTuli ena gaetolebinaT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
daxvewili da Camoyalibebuli berZnuli samecniero enis Sesa-
bizantia da qarTuli identoba
ZleblobebisTvis. es amocana jer efrem mciris elinofilurma (elinofiloba niSnavs berZnuli kulturisa da ganaTlebis
upiratesobis aRiarebasa da mis mimbaZvelobas) mimarTulebam,
xolo XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gelaTis saliteraturo
centrma daisaxa miznad. araswori iqneboda gvefiqra, rom bizantiurma mwerlobam, ramdenadac is misabaZi magaliTi iyo
qarTvelebisTvis, daTrguna qarTvelebSi avTenturi Semoqmedebis unari. Cven amis sapirispiro suraTs vxedavT. qarTvelebs sxva erebisgan sulier da inteleqtualur RirebulebaTa
aTviseba uZlierebs erovnuli Rirsebis Segnebas da sakuTari
enisa da kulturis dacvis survils. es movlena jer kidev siRrmiseul dakvirvebas moiTxovs, magram aq calkeuli faqtebis
dasaxeleba mainc SeiZleba.
IV s-is II naxevriTaa daTariRebuli davaTis qvajvari, romelic qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis am adreul xanaSi qarTul
anbans da amdenad, qarTul qristianul mwignobrobas ganadidebs.
IX saukunis meore naxevarSi bizantiis samefo karis warmomavlobiT qarTveli mdivanTuxucesi basili wm. ilarion qarT­
velis cxovrebas aRwers. nawarmoebSi is azria gatarebuli,
rom qarTuli ena, rogorc qristianuli xalxis ena, berZnuliviT madlmosilia, ris gamoc is berZnulis Tanasworad unda
miviCnioT; gansakuTrebuli madli ki, romelic masSia daculi,
samociquli, gamosaxulia
wm. eqvTime da giorgi
mTawmindelebi,wm. ila­rioni da wm. nino
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civilizacia
mxolod imas miecema, vinc am enas daeufleba. amitom mihyavs imperator basili I
makedonels Tavisi ori Ze romanas qarTvelTa monasterSi da SesTxovs qarTvel
berebs: `aswavleT wigni da enaL Tqueni~, raTa esenic Tanaziarni gaxdnen Tqveni
locvisao.
X s-is mwerali ioane zosime qarTuli enis sadidebelSi (`qebaL da didebaL qarTulisa enisaL~) kidev ufro Sors midis. is gvauwyebs, rom, Tumca mis dros qar­
Tuli ena daufasebelia, es is enaa, romelSic didi saidumloa damarxuli da
romelzec meored mosvlisas kacobrioba ganikiTxeba.
qarTvelebis TvalSi maTi eklesia Tanatoli iyo bizantiuri eklesiisa da masze
upiratesic imis gamo, rom, misgan gansxvavebiT, qarTul eklesias ar Sexebia sxva­
dasxva juris mwvaleblobaTa Semoteva. qarTulad iTargmneboda xalxTa saistorio qronikebi da iwereboda sakuTari saistorio Txzulebebi, sadac qarTvelebi
bizantinistikis (igive bizantinologiis), rogorc samecniero dargis dafuZneba
saqarTveloSi da misi kvlevis mokle istoria
amgvarad, qarTuli qristianobis istoriis da kulturis kvleva bizantiuri civilizaciisa da
Zveli berZnuli enis gareSe SeuZlebelia. es realoba saTanadod Seafases XX s-is qarTvelologiis saTaveebTan mdgomma brwyinvale mecnierebma, romlebmac Cinebulad icodnen Zvel berZnuli
ena da Sua saukuneebis berZnuli kultura (mag., iv. javaxiSvilma, k. kekeliZem, gr. wereTelma, s.
yauxCiSvilma). maT kargad esmodaT, rom axladgaxsnil qarTul universitetSi aucilebeli iyo bizantinistikis, rogorc sauniversiteto dargis dafuZneba, raTa Seqmniliyo qarTvel bizantinistTa
erovnuli skola.
1927 wels ivane javaxiSvilis, grigol wereTlisa da simon yauxCiSvilis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi bizantinologiis kaTedra gaixsna, romelmac, samwuxarod, mxo­
lod 12 weli iarseba. 1938 wels, stalinuri reJimis mZvinvarebis xanaSi, roca mimdinareobda ideologiuri brZola yovelive progresulTan, kaTedris pirveli xelmZRvaneli da bizantinistikis
qarTuli skolis faqtobrivi fuZemdebeli, simon yauxCiSvili, rogorc sabWoTa ideologiisaTvis
arasando piri, universitetis bevr sxva profesorTan erTad daapatimres, bizantinologiis kaTedra
ki gaauqmes. stalinis Semdegac, komunisturi ideologiis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda am dargis
aRdgena Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. erTi mxriv, aTeisturi saxelmwifosTvis qristianuli
warsulis kvleva sazogadod ideologiur safrTxes Seicavda da, meore mxriv, iyo saSiSroeba, rom
eris warsulis kvleva biZgs miscemda erovnul TviTgamorkvevas, rac, cxadia, SeuTavsebeli iyo imperiuli saxelmwifos interesebTan. marTalia, universitetis kedlebSi bizantinologiis kaTedris
aRdgena ver moxerxda, magram es sulac ar niSnavda misi, rogorc samecniero dargis, ganviTarebis
Sewyvetas. simon yauxCiSvilma, misma kolegebma da aRzrdilebma SeZles bizantinistikis skolis dacva da ganviTareba rogorc saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis institutebSi, ise Tsu klasikuri
filologiis kaTedrazec, sadac wlebis ganmavlobiSi antikuri civilizaciis SeswavlasTan erTad
aramciredi adgili eTmoboda momavali bizantinistebis aRzrdasac.
mxolod 2006 wels aRdga Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi bizantinistika, rogorc damoukidebeli sauniversiteto dargi. bizantinistikis departamenti sTavazobs students samsafexurian
ganaT­lebas – bakalavriatis, magistraturisa da doqtoranturis doneze. ganyofilebis studenti
iZens codnas bizantiis istoriisa da kulturis sxvadasxva dargSi, rogoricaa bizantiuri lite­
ratura, bizantiuri RvTismetyveleba, bizantiis istoria, bizantiuri xelovneba, antikuri da Sua
saukuneebis filosofia. studenti Seiswavlis Zvel da Sua saukuneebis berZnulsa da laTinur enebs,
originalSi waikiTxavs bizantiel da laTinurenovan avtorTa Txzulebebs. mniSvnelovani adgili
eTmoba bizantiur-qarTul mravalmxriv istoriul da kulturul urTierTobebs.
dabolos, didma qarTvelma mefem da politikosma, vaxtang gorgasalma, anderZad dautova qarTvelebs sityvebi `giyvardeT berZnebi!~ vaxtang gorgaslis mowodeba bizantielTa sarwmunoebis da kulturis midevnebas urCevs qarTvelebs. Cveni eri erTguli aRmoCnda am istoriuli arCevanisa. ase
Seiqna igi individualobiT aRbeWdili, Rirseuli wevri aRmosavleT da dasavleTqristianul erTa
im ojaxisa, romlis saerTo kulturuli warsuli bizantiaa.
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bizantia da qarTuli identoba
poulobdnen miTiTebas TavianT uZveles bibliur warmomavlobaze da maT sapatio
adgilze civilizebul erTa Soris. yovelive es ar aris eris usafuZvlo yoyoCoba, aramed misi potenciis jansaRi gamovlineba, misi Rrma rwmena, rom is civilizebuli msoflios Rirseuli nawilia da mas, rogorc am samyaros unikalur
wevrs, Zala Seswevs, Seqmnas WeSmariti sakacobrio Rirebulebani. qristianoba,
rogorc zeerovnuli religia, xels uwyobda am tipis azrovnebis ganviTarebas,
vinaidan is Tavis TavSi mravalerovnulobisa da TviTmyofadobis dacvas gulisxmobs. qarTul niadagze gadmonergilma bizantiurma saeklesio kulturam
marTlac didebuli sulieri da inteleqtualuri nayofi gamoiRo: sxva aRmosavleTqristiani erebis gverdiT (sirielebi, koptebi, somxebi, qristiani arabebi,
bulgarelebi, rusebi da sxv.) qarTvelma ermac, bizantiurisa da erovnulis SezavebiT, RirsSesaniSnavi, TviTmyofadi qristianuli kultura Seqmna.
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sibZnis xidi mecnierebasa da sarwmunoebas Soris

mamuka cuxishvili

giorgi macharashvili

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