JAPANESE GRAMMAR REVIEW CARD Conjugating Verbs – Different grammars require different bases Base ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ(anynon-ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝor non-irregularverbs) ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ(verbsthatendin-ｲﾙ/-ｴﾙ) ｽﾙ ｸﾙ “ｱ”sound* ｼ ｺ “ｲ”sound ｼ ｷ “ｳ”sound ｽﾙ ｸﾙ ﾚ “ｴ”sound ｽﾚ ｸﾚ ﾖｳ “ｵｳ”sound ｼﾖｳ ｺﾖｳ ｼﾃ ｷﾃ ｼﾀ ｷﾀ I - I - II IV V stem+ (verbminusfinalsyllable) ﾙ stem+ (verbminus -ﾙ) ﾃ ﾃ ﾀ ﾀ *BIofdipthongisﾜ(ｱ→ﾜ) Seesongbelow Some Japanese Parts of Speech Verb (V) – Does an action. Ends a sentence. Can be conjugated. ｲ Adjective (IA) – Adjectives that end in ｱｲ/ｲｲ/ｳｲ/ｵｲ (not ｴ ｲ). Can act as adjectives or adverbs. Behaves similarly to verbs. Can be conjugated. ﾅ Adjective (NA) – All other adjective. Can act as adjectives or adverbs. Behaves similarly to nouns. Does not conjugate. Noun (N) – Person, place, thing, or idea. Does not conjugate. Bﾃ, Bﾀ song for ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ verbs (sung to the tune of Silver Bells) “ｳ, ﾂ, ﾙ … ｯﾃ, ﾌﾞ, ﾑ, ﾇ … ﾝﾃﾞ, ｸ … ｲﾃ, ｸﾞ … ｲﾃﾞ, ｽ … ｼﾃ, are the ﾃ and ﾀ bases… ｳ, ﾂ, ﾙ … ｯﾀ, ﾌﾞ, ﾑ, ﾇ … ﾝﾀﾞ, ｸ … ｲﾀ, ｸﾞ … ｲﾀﾞ, ｽ … ｼﾀ, are the ﾃ and ﾀ bases…” SomeｺﾞﾀﾞﾝV.looklikeｲﾁﾀﾞﾝV. ﾊｼﾙ(run) ｷﾙ(cut) ｶｴﾙ(return) ｼﾙ(know) ｼｬﾍﾞﾙ(speak) ﾊｲﾙ(enter) ｹﾙ(kick) Japanese sounds The only vowels that exist in Japanese are the following five: ｢ｱ｣ “a” (as in awesome) ｢ｲ｣ “i” (as in east) ｢ｳ｣ “u” (as in oops) ｢ｴ｣ “e” (as in ever) ｢ｵ｣ “o” (as in open) Particles: Particles mark parts of speech and other functions in a Japanese sentence. They usually come AFTER NOUNS ﾊ = subject marker ｶﾞ = secondary subject marker ﾉ = noun linker/possessive ﾔ = “and” (etc implied) ﾄ = “and” (exhaustive list) ﾄ = “__”, quote marker ﾄ = together, with ﾃﾞ = method marker ﾃﾞ = place of action ﾆ = place of existence Numbers 1 = ｲﾁ 一 2=ﾆ二 3 = ｻﾝ 三 4 = ｼ/ﾖﾝ 四 5 = ｺﾞ 五 6 = ﾛｸ 六 7 = ｼﾁ/ﾅﾅ 七 8 = ﾊﾁ 八 9 = ｷｭｳ 九 10 = ｼﾞｭｳ 十 100 = ﾋｬｸ 百 1000 = ｾﾝ 千 10000 = ﾏﾝ 万 Days of the Week Monday – ｹﾞﾂ曜日 Tuesday – ｶ曜日 Wednesday – ｽｲ曜 日 Thursday – ﾓｸ曜日 Friday – ｷﾝ曜日 Saturday – ﾄﾞ曜日 Sunday – ﾆﾁ曜日 ﾆ = time marker ﾆ = direction marker, “to” ﾍ = general direction ｶﾗ = “from” ﾏﾃﾞ = “until” ｦ = object marker ｶ = “or” ﾓ = “also” N ﾆ ﾂｲﾃ = about N. N ﾄｼﾃ = as a N. General Counter 1 = ﾋﾄﾂ 2 = ﾌﾀﾂ 3 = ﾐｯﾂ 4 = ﾖｯﾂ 5 = ｲﾂﾂ 6 = ﾑｯﾂ 7 = ﾅﾅﾂ 8 = ﾔｯﾂ 9 = ｺｺﾉﾂ 10 = ﾄｳ Other Common Counters 1 person = ﾋﾄﾘ 2 people = ﾌﾀﾘ 3+ people = # + ﾆﾝ Flat objects = # + ﾏｲ Books = # + ｻﾂ Small objects = # + ｺ Cylindrical objects = # + ﾎﾝ Days of month 1st = ﾂｲﾀﾁ 2nd = ﾌﾂｶ 3rd = ﾐｯｶ 4th = ﾖｯｶ 5th = ｲﾂｶ 6th = ﾑｲｶ 7th = ﾅﾉｶ 8th = ﾖｳｶ 9th = ｺｺﾉｶ 10th = ﾄｳｶ 20th = ﾊﾂｶ 14th = ｼﾞｭｳﾖｯｶ 24th = ﾆｼﾞｭｳﾖｯｶ All others = # + ﾆﾁ Months = # + ｶﾞﾂ Year = # + ﾈﾝ N ｦ ﾄｵｼﾃ = through N. N ﾆ ﾖｯﾃ = through N. ﾄﾊ = definition marker ﾆﾊ = within ﾆﾓ = in also ﾖﾘ = than (comparison) Ending particles ﾖ = exclamation, affirmation ﾈ = agreement ｶ = question marker Watch your particles! N ﾆ ｼﾀｶﾞｳ = follow N. N ﾆ ｺﾀｴﾙ = answer to N. N ﾆ ｱｳ = meet N. N ﾆ ﾅﾙ = become N. N ﾆ ｽﾑ = live in N. N ﾆ ﾊｲﾙ = enter N. N ｦ ｷｸ = listen to N. N ﾆ ｷｸ = ask N. N ﾆ ｵｼｴﾙ = teach N. Time Words ｵﾄﾄｲ = day before yesterday ｷﾉｳ = yesterday ｷｮｳ = today ｱｼﾀ = tomorrow ｱｻｯﾃ = day after tomorrow ｾﾝｾﾝｼｭｳ = week before last ｾﾝｼｭｳ = last week ｺﾝｼｭｳ = this week ﾗｲｼｭｳ = next week ｻﾗｲｼｭｳ = week after next ｾﾝｾﾝｹﾞﾂ = month before last ｾﾝｹﾞﾂ = last month ｺﾝｹﾞﾂ = this month ﾗｲｹﾞﾂ = next month ｻﾗｲｹﾞﾂ = month after next ｵﾄﾄｼ = year before last ｷｮﾈﾝ = last year ｺﾄｼ = this year ﾗｲﾈﾝ = next year ｻﾗｲﾈﾝ = year after next Existence Verbs ｲﾙ = exist (animate) ｱﾙ = exist (inanimate) P.F. of ｱﾙ ｱﾙ ﾅｲ ｱｯﾀ ﾅｶｯﾀ Nﾆｱﾙ/ｲﾙ = to be in N. Nｶﾞｱﾙ/ｲﾙ = to have N. Time # + ｼﾞ = hours # + ﾌﾝ = minutes ﾊﾝ= half past(2:30 ﾆｼﾞﾊﾝ) ｺﾞｾﾞﾝ = a.m. ｺﾞｺﾞ = p.m. 3:05pm= ｺﾞｺﾞｻﾝｼﾞｺﾞﾌﾝ ﾏｲﾆﾁ = every day ﾏｲｼｭｳ = every week ﾏｲﾂｷ = every month ﾏｲﾄｼ = every year Grammar Patterns – Many patterns apply to more parts of speech than are included here. Refer to a text book for variations. BI + ﾅｲ ﾃﾞｸﾀﾞｻｲ = please do not verb BI + ﾅｲ ﾂﾓﾘ = intend not to verb BI + ﾅｲ ﾖｳﾆ = so that you won’t verb BI + ﾅｹﾚﾊﾞ ﾅﾗﾅｲ/ｲｹﾅｲ = must verb BI + ﾅｸﾃ ﾊ ﾅﾗﾅｲ/ｲｹﾅｲ = must verb BI + ﾅｸﾃ ﾓ = even if you don’t verb BI + ﾅｸﾃ ﾓ ｲｲ = okay if you don’t verb BI + ﾗﾚﾙ = can verb (ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ, ｦ→ｶﾞ) BI + ﾗﾚﾙ = passive form (ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ) BI + ﾚﾙ = passive form (ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ) BI + ｻｾﾙ = causative (ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ) BI + ｾﾙ = causative (ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ) BI + ｽﾞ ﾆ = without verbing BI + ﾅｲﾃﾞ = without verbing BI + ﾛ = plain command form (ｲﾁﾀﾞﾝ) BII + ﾊｼﾞﾒﾙ = start verbing BII + ｵﾜﾙ = finish verbing BII + ｶﾀ = way of verbing BII + ﾏｼｮｳ = let’s verb BII + ﾏｽ box (see below) BII + ﾅｶﾞﾗ = while verbing BII + ﾅｻｲ = command form BII + ﾆｸｲ = verbing is difficult BII + ﾔｽｲ = verbing is easy BII + ｿｳ = seems like s.o./s.t. is going to verb BII + ｽｷﾞﾙ = verb too much BII + ﾀｲ = want to verb BII + ﾂﾂﾞｹﾙ = continue to verb ｵ + BII + ｸﾀﾞｻｲ = (honorific) please verb ｵ + BII + ﾆ ﾅﾙ = (honorific) to verb ｵ + BII + ｽﾙ = (humble) to verb BIII + ﾎｳ ｶﾞ ｲｲ = it is better to verb BIII + ｶｷﾞﾘ = to the extent that you can verb BIII + ｺﾄ ｶﾞ ﾃﾞｷﾙ = can verb BIII + ﾏｴ ﾆ = before verbing BIII + ﾅ = negative command form (don’t verb) BIII + ﾀﾋﾞ ﾆ = every time I verb BIII + ﾀﾒ ﾆ = in order to verb BIII + ﾖｳﾆ = so that you verb BIII + ﾂﾓﾘ = intend to verb BIV = command form (ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ) BIV + ﾊﾞ = if you verb BIV + ﾙ = can verb (ｺﾞﾀﾞﾝ, ｦ→ｶﾞ) BV = volitional form, plain form of let’s verb BV + ﾄ ｽﾙ = try to verb Bﾃ … Bﾃ / BII … BII = and for verbs/phrases Bﾃ of ﾃﾞｽ = ﾃﾞ Bﾃ + ｲﾙ = currently verbing Bﾃ + ｲﾙ = state of having verbed Bﾃ + ﾊﾞｶﾘ ｽﾙ = do nothing but verb Bﾃ + ﾎｼｲ = want s.o. else to verb Bﾃ + ｱｹﾞﾙ = verb (as a favor) for s.o. else Bﾃ + ｲﾀﾀﾞｹﾏｾﾝｶ? = invitation, won’t you please verb? Bﾃ + ｲﾀﾀﾞｸ = to receive (a favor) of s.o. verbing Bﾃ + ｸﾀﾞｻｲﾏｾﾝｶ? = invitation, won’t you please verb? Bﾃ + ｸﾀﾞｻﾙ = verb (as a favor) for s.o. else (receiver’s perspective) Bﾃ + ﾐﾙ = try out verbing (literally verb and see what happens) Bﾃ + ﾓ = even if you verb Bﾃ + ﾓ ｲｲ = you may verb Bﾃ + ｼﾏｳ = completely verb or unfortunately Bﾃ + ﾊ ﾅﾗﾅｲ/ｲｹﾅｲ = must not verb Bﾀ + ｱﾄ ﾃﾞ = after verbing Bﾀ + ﾊﾞｶﾘ = have just verbed Bﾀ + ﾎｳ ｶﾞ ｲｲ = should verb (strong) Bﾀ + ｺﾄ ｶﾞ ｱﾙ = have verbed before Bﾀ + ﾗ = if and when you verb ﾏｽ Box + - N/NA + - Presen t BII + ﾏｽ BII + ﾏｾﾝ Presen t ﾃﾞｽ ﾃﾞﾊ ｱﾘﾏｾﾝ Past BII + ﾏｼﾀ BII + ﾏｾﾝ ﾃﾞｼﾀ Past ﾃﾞｼﾀ ﾃﾞﾊ ｱﾘﾏｾﾝ ﾃﾞｼﾀ PF ﾃﾞｽ Box PF Verb Box V + - Presen t BIII BI + ﾅｲ BTA To make IA polite, add ﾃﾞｽ. You cannot conjugate this ﾃﾞｽ. You must conjugate the IA. ﾃﾞｽ Box V Past Bﾀ + ﾘ … Bﾀ + ﾘ ｽﾙ = do things like … and … NA + ﾅ + noun = adjective modifying noun NA + ﾆ + verb = adverb modifying verb IA stem + ｹﾚﾊﾞ = if IA IA stem + ｸ + verb = adverb modifying verb IA stem + ｸ = BII of IA IA stem + ｸﾃ = Bﾃ of IA N + ﾀﾞｹ = only N N + ｼｶ = except for N (end with negative) N + ｶﾞ ﾋﾂﾖｳ = need N N+ ｶﾞ ﾎｼｲ = want N N1 ﾖﾘ N2 + ﾉ ﾎｳ ｶﾞ NA/IA = N2 is more NA/IA than N1 N + ﾉ ｵｶｹﾞ ﾃﾞ = thanks to N N + ﾉ ｾｲ ﾃﾞ = as a fault of N / because of N N1 + ﾉ ﾖｳﾅ N2 = N2 like a N1 N + ﾉ ﾖｳﾆ V = V like N N1 + ﾄ ｲｳ N2 = N2 called “N1” PF + ｿｳ = hearsay (I hear s.o./s.t. PF) PF + ﾍﾞｷ = should PF (no past tense) PF + ﾃﾞｼｮｳ = probably PF, affirmation PF + ｶﾓｼﾚﾅｲ = probably PF PF + ﾆ ﾁｶﾞｲ ﾅｲ = PF without a doubt PF + ﾊｽﾞ = supposed/expected to PF PF + ﾎﾄﾞ = to the extent you PF PF + ｶ ﾄﾞｳ ｶ = whether or not you PF PF + ｶﾗ = because PF (emphasis on reason) PF + ﾉﾃﾞ = because PF (emphasis on outcome) PF + ｺﾄ = nominalized PF/phrase PF + ﾅﾗ = if PF PF + ﾄｷ ﾆ = when you PF PF + ﾄ ｵﾓｳ = I think that PF/phrase PF + ﾉﾆ = despite, even though you PF PF + N = N that PFs (eg. ｵﾖｸﾞ ﾋﾄ = the person that swims) Two reasons for plain form: 1. Grammar calls for it 2. Conversations where plain form 3. is appropriate. PF IA Box N/NA + - IA + - Presen t ﾃﾞ ｱﾙ / ﾀﾞ ﾃﾞﾊ ﾅｲ / ｼﾞｬ ﾅｲ Present stem + ｲ stem + ｸﾅｲ stem + ｶｯﾀ stem + ｸﾅｶｯﾀ ﾃﾞ ｱｯﾀ / ﾀﾞｯﾀ ﾃﾞﾊ ﾅｶｯﾀ / ｼﾞｬ ﾅｶｯﾀ BI + ﾅｶｯﾀ Past Past Numeral s-/sh-/t-/chsounds h- sounds f- sounds p-/k- sounds wa- sounds 1 iss-/itt- (ｲｯX) ipp- (ｲｯX゜) ipp- (ｲｯX゜) ipp-/ikk- (ｲｯX) 3 (1000/10000/何) #b- (#X゛) #p- (#X゜) 6 ropp- (ﾛｯX゜) ropp- (ﾛｯX゜) ropp-/rokk- (ﾛｯX) roppa- (ﾛｯﾊﾟ) sanba- (ｻﾝ ﾊﾞ) 8 hass-/hatt- (ﾊｯX) happ- (ﾊｯX゜) happ- (ﾊｯX゜) happ-/hakk- (ﾊｯX) happa- (ﾊｯﾊﾟ) 10 juss-/jutt- (ｼﾞｭｯX) jupp- (ｼﾞｭｯX゜) jupp- (ｼﾞｭｯX゜) jupp-/jukk- (ｼﾞｭｯX) jippa- (ｼﾞｯﾊﾟ) Exceptions: 4月&7月→ｼｶﾞﾂ&ｼﾁｶﾞﾂ 3千&何千→ｻﾝｾﾞﾝ&ﾅﾝｾﾞﾝ 4→ﾖ for 人 / 時 / 時間 7→ｼﾁ for人 / 時 / 時間 9→ｸ for 月 / 時 / 時間
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