ケネディのアメリカ 就任演説 ニューフロンティア 冷戦 平和部隊 キューバ危機 公民権 暗殺 JFK Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961 “We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans--born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage--and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.” JFK Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961 • “Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country.” JFK Inaugural Address President Kennedy Inaugural Address Jan. 20, 1961 Peace Corps March 1961 Civil Rights Speech by Kennedy 6/11/1963 We are confronted primarily with a moral issue. It is as old as the Scriptures and is as clear as the American Constitution. The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal rights and equal opportunities, whether we are going to treat our fellow Americans as we want to be treated. If an American, because his skin is dark, cannot eat lunch in a restaurant open to the public, if he cannot send his children to the best public school available, if he cannot vote for the public officials who will represent him, if, in short, he cannot enjoy the full and free life which all of us want, then who among us would be content to have the color of his skin changed and stand in his place? Who among us would then be content with the counsels of patience and delay? One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the slaves, yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free. They are not yet freed from the bonds of injustice. They are not yet freed from social and economic oppression. And this Nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free. The Cuban Missile Crisis JFK on Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Address to the Nation 22 October 1962 assassination assassination ジョンソン大統領 偉大な社会 公民権 １９６４ 公民権法の成立 １９６５ 投票権法 ベトナム戦争 Voting Rights Act, 1965 LBJ Speech on Voting Rights 3/15/1965 Lyndon B. Johnson: Voting Rights Act Address Delivered March 15, 1965, Washington, D.C. I speak tonight for the dignity of man and the destiny of democracy. I urge every member of both parties—Americans of all religions and of all colors—from every section of this country—to join me in that cause. At times history and fate meet at a single time in a single place to shape a turning point in man's unending search for freedom. So it was at Lexington and Concord. So it was a century ago at Appomattox. So it was last week in Selma, Alabama. There is no Negro problem. There is no southern problem. There is no northern problem. There is only an American problem. And we are met here tonight as Americans—not as Democrats or Republicans—we are met here as Americans to solve that problem. This was the first nation in the history of the world to be founded with a purpose. The great phrases of that purpose still sound in every American heart, north and south: "All men are created equal" — "Government by consent of the governed" — "Give me liberty or give me death."… Their cause must be our cause too, because it is not just Negroes but really it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice. And we shall overcome…. This great, rich, restless country can offer opportunity and education and hope to all— all black and white, all North and South, sharecropper and city dweller. These are the enemies—poverty, ignorance, disease—they are our enemies, not our fellow man, not our neighbor. And these enemies too—poverty, disease, and ignorance—we shall overcome. ベトナム戦争 トンキン湾決議 軍事介入のエスカレーション 北爆 トンキン湾事件 1964年8月2日、4日、トンキン湾で北ベトナム軍の哨戒艇がアメリカ海軍の駆逐艦に2発の魚雷を 発射したとされる事件。 アメリカ議会はこの後、トンキン湾決議を採択。 大統領に、東南アジア集団安全保障の参加国を援助するために必要な、軍事行動を含むあら ゆる手段をとる権限を与える。上院88対2、下院で416対0で大統領支持を決議。 反対者 Ernest Henry Gruening（D-AK), Wayne Lyman Morse(D-OR) この後、北爆開始。宣戦布告なしで軍隊を大規模に派遣。戦争のエスカレーション。 1971年6月、トンキン湾事件はねつ造だったことが判明。特に4日。 Mylai Massacre March 16, 1968 反戦運動の広がり • 学生運動 • 政治家の戦争批判 反戦運動の激化 LBJ not running for re-election in 1968 公民権運動の波紋 ブラック・パワーの興隆 女性解放運動 ベティ・フリーダン『フェミニン・ミスティーク』 第二波フェミニズム インディアン解放運動、マイノリティの運動 環境保護運動 Black Power 1960年代後半～1970年代 "For the last time, 'Black Power' means black people coming together to form a political force and either electing representatives or forcing their representatives to speak their needs.“ (Stokely Carmichael) Stokely Carmichael メキシコ･オリンピック、１９６８ 1963 The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan was published. 1964 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, includingthe Title VII prohibition of discrimination based on sex. 1966 The National Organization for Women, known as NOW, was founded. 1969 The radical feminist group Redstockings began in New York. 1970 The first Women‘s Studies department began at San Diego State University, followed shortly by a Women’s Studies program at Cornell. 1972 Ms. magazine began regular publication. Gloria Steinem (March) The ERA passed the Senate and was sent to the states for ratification. The amendment died in 1982 when it failed to achieve ratification by a minimum of 38 states. Phyllis Schlafly the group "Stop ERA,” in 1975 renamed the Eagle Forum. 1973 Roe v. Wade legalized first trimester abortion and struck down many state restrictions on abortions in the United States. ジェンダーの変化 1960s後半～1970s 1960年代終わり以降のジェンダー (第二波フェミニズムの下での女性） ジェンダー役割の変化 家族の変容 崩壊なのか 性関係、セクシュアリティの変化 平等化の進行 経済構造の変化、（恐慌、第二次世界大戦も影響？） 消費文化の拡大 女性の教育の向上 フェミニズム Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963) 33 Free Speech Movement Berkeley in the ‘60s 若者たちの抵抗 ニューレフト ベトナム反戦、公民権運動 ヒッピー カウンターカルチャー ライフスタイル ドラッグ・カルチャー LSD，マリファナ 宗教 コミューン 性の解放 音楽 ロック、フォーク 1969年 ウッドストック・ フェスティヴァル sixties songs • • • • Joan Baez Bob Dylan Peter, Paul and Mary The Kingston Trio • Bruce Springsteen “Born in the USA” (1984) Born in the U.S.A. by Bruce Springsteen 1984 Twist の流行 Woodstock Festival 1969 Hippies 1960s アメリカ例外主義の崩壊へ アメリカ例外主義 アメリカは他の諸国とは異なり、優れている 自由と民主主義の国、豊かな社会 植民地建設以来の伝統 多文化主義の興隆 公民権運動 ベトナム反戦運動 カウンターカルチャー アメリカ民主主義に対する疑問 人種差別、ベトナムでの殺戮
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