東京大学 1994年度要約 DOWNLOAD

でぃらプリント夏期講習 2015 年度第 1 講：要約【Lesson 1（東京大学）】
A
【東京大学 1994 年度前期〔1〕 (363 words) 】
〔1〕
次の英文を読み、全文を 80 字～ 100 字の日本語に要約せよ。要約にあたっては、解答欄の書き出し
（Self-handicapping とは）にしたがって”self-handicapping”を定義し、それについての筆者の見方をまとめ
ること。ただし、句読点も字数に数える。(書き出しは字数に含めない。)
Bad luck always seems to strike at the worst possible moment. A man about to interview
for his dream job gets stuck in traffic. A law student taking her final exam wakes up with a
blinding headache. A runner twists his ankle minutes before a big race. Perfect examples of
cruel fate.
Or are they? Psychologists who study unfortunate incidents like these now believe that in
many instances, they may be carefully arranged schemes of the subconscious mind. People often
engage in a form of self-defeating behaviour known as self-handicapping – or, in simple terms,
excuse-making. It’s a simple process: by taking on a heavy handicap, a person makes it more
likely that he or she will fail at an endeavour. Though it seems like a crazy thing to do, it is
actually a clever trick of the mind, one that sets up a difficult situation which allows a person to
save face when he or she does fail.
A classic self-handicapper was the French chess champion Deschapelles, who lived during
the 18th century. Deschapelles was a distinguished player who quickly became champion of his
region. But when competition grew tougher, he adopted a new condition for all matches: he
would compete only if his opponent would accept a certain advantage, increasing the chances that
Deschapelles would lose. If he did lose, he could blame it on the other player’s advantage and no
one would know the true limits of his ability; but if he won against such odds, he would be all the
more respected for his amazing talents. Not surprisingly, the people most likely to become
habitual excuses-makers are those too eager for success. Such people are so afraid of being
labeled a failure at anything that they constantly develop one handicap or another in order to
explain away failure. True, self-handicapping can be an effective way of coping with anxiety for
success now and then, but, as researchers say, it makes you lose in the end. Over the long run,
excuse-makers fail to live up to their true potential and lose the status they care so much about.
And despite their protests to the contrary, they have only themselves to blame.
解答
Self-handicapping とは
15
30
45
60
75
90
100
下書き
Self-handicapping とは
15
30
45
60
75
90
100
でぃらプリント夏期講習 2015 年度第 1 講：要約【Lesson 1（東京大学）】
B 構造分析
【東京大学 1994 年度前期〔1〕 (363 words) 】
♪ |
：SV の切れ目
♪ /
：構造の切れ目（分詞、前置詞など）
♪ //
：節の切れ目（that 節など）
♪ [ ]
：小カッコ（関係詞など）
♪ { }
：中カッコ（関係詞など）
♪ < >
：大カッコ（関係詞など）
♪ ( )
：分詞構文、副詞、挿入など
1st paragraph
Bad luck always seems to strike / at the worst possible moment. A man /
about to interview for his dream job | gets stuck in traffic. A law student /
taking her final exam | wakes up / with a blinding headache. A runner | twists
his ankle / minutes before a big race. Perfect examples of cruel fate.
Memo
□ luck：運、幸運
□ seem to do：～するように思われる
□ strike：襲う、打つ、ぶつかる
□ about to do：今にも～しかけて
□ interview：面接、インタビュー
□ get stuck in traffic
：渋滞に引っかかる
□ law：法、法律
□ blinding：突然の、目をくらますような
□ twist：～をねじる、よる、巻く
□ ankle：足首
□ minutes before：～の直前に
□ cruel：非情な、冷酷な
□ fate：運命
2nd paragraph
Or are they? Psychologists [who study unfortunate incidents / like these]
| (now) believe // that (in many instances), they may be carefully arranged
schemes of the subconscious mind. People often engage / in a form of
self-defeating behaviour / known as self-handicapping – or, (in simple terms),
excuse-making. It’s a simple process: (by taking on a heavy handicap), a
person makes it more likely // that he or she will fail / at an endeavour.
(Though it seems like a crazy thing to do), it is actually a clever trick of the
mind, / one {that sets up a difficult situation [which allows a person / to save
face (when he or she does fail.)]}
Memo
□ psychologist：心理学者
□ unfortunate：不運な、不幸な
□ incident：出来事、事変
□ instance：場合、例、事実
□ arranged：計画された
□ scheme：計画、大綱、組織
□ subconscious：潜在意識
□ mind：心、精神、意見
□ engage in：～に従事する
□ a form of：～の一形態（一種）
□ self-defeating：自滅的な
□ term：（専門）用語、期間
□ excuse：言い訳、許し
□ process：過程、処理、経過、作用
□ take on：～を引き受ける、帯びる
□ handicap：不利な条件
□ likely：ありそうな、起こりそうな
□ fail：失敗する、出来ない、欠ける
□ endeavour：試み、努力
□ trick：計画、いたずら、手品
□ set up：～を設立する
□ allow A to do：A に～させておく
□ save face：メンツを保つ
□
□
□
□
3rd paragraph
A classic self-handicapper was the French chess champion Deschapelles,
[who lived / during the 18th century.] Deschapelles was a distinguished
player [who quickly became champion of his region.] But (when competition
grew tougher), he adopted a new condition / for all matches: he would compete
(only if his opponent would accept a certain advantage), (increasing the chances
[that Deschapelles would lose.]) (If he did lose), he could blame it on the
other player’s advantage // and no one would know the true limits of his ability;
but (if he won / against such odds), he would be all the more respected / for his
amazing talents.
□ classic：典型的な、古典的な
□ distinguished：優れた、有名な
□ region：地域、領域
□ competition：競争、コンクール
□ tough：難しい、堅い
□ adopt：～を採用する
□ condition：条件、状況、状態
□ match：試合
□ compete：競争する
□ opponent：相手
□ accept：～を受け入れる
□ certain：ある程度の、一定の、特定の
□ advantage：有利、メリット
□ increase：～を増やす、強める
□ blame A on B：A をB のせいにする
□ limit：限界、境界、極、極限
□ ability：能力、才能
□ odds：ハンディキャップ、差、見込み
□ all the more A for B
：B のため、それだけいっそう A
Memo
□ amazing：驚くべき
□ talent：才能、人材
□
□
□
Last paragraph
(Not surprisingly), the people / most likely to become habitual
excuses-makers | are those / too eager for success. Such people are so afraid
of being labeled a failure at anything // that they constantly develop one
handicap or another / in order to explain away failure.
(True),
self-handicapping can be an effective way of coping with anxiety for success
(now and then), // but, (as researchers say), it makes you lose / in the end.
(Over the long run), excuse-makers | fail to live up to their true potential / and
lose the status [they care so much about.] And (despite their protests / to the
contrary), they have only themselves to blame.
Memo
□ not surprisingly：当然のことながら
□ habitual：習慣的な、常習的な
□ eager for：～を求めて
□ so ~ that S’V’…
：とても～なので…
□ be afraid of：～を恐れる
□ label A (as) B
：A をB と分類する、呼ぶ
□ failure：失敗、怠惰、不足
□ constantly：いつも、絶えず
□ one ~ or another：何らかの～
□ explain away：～をうまく釈明する
□ (It is) true S’V’ ~, but SV …
：たしかに～だが…。
□ cope with
：～をうまく処理する、対抗する
□ (every) now and then：時々
□ fail to do：～出来ない、しない
□ live up to：～に応える、～に従って
□ status：地位
□ despite：～にもかかわらず
□ protest：抗議、異議
□ have only oneself to blame
：自業自得である
C 設問分析 [ (1) ]
[1]
[ 2nd paragraph ]
People often engage in a form of self-defeating behaviour known as self-handicapping – or, in simple terms, excuse-making.
… it is actually a clever trick of the mind, one that sets up a difficult situation which allows a person to save face when he or she does fail.
[ Last paragraph ]
… the people most likely to become habitual excuses-makers are those too eager for success.
… it makes you lose in the end.
… excuse-makers fail to live up to their true potential and lose the status they care so much about.
今回は”self-handicapping”についてまとめ、それに対する著者の考えをまとめればよい。
①：まず最初に”self-handicapping”が登場するのは第 2 段落の上記の部分である。ここでは前後で「自
滅的行為」や「言い訳をすること」と『換言』されているので、これらで補うことで解答の作成
が可能となる。
②：①の内容に更に追加情報を加えたいが、第3 段落は『具体例』となっているので、ここは絶対に
解答に加えてはいけない。内容が続くのは最終段落となる。ここではまず「成功を強く求める人
がこの行為をする」と付加情報があるので、これも解答の材料としよう。
③：その上で、”True,…but…”の『譲歩構文』を使用することで、”but”の後ろに『主張・意見』が込め
られていることに気付く必要がある。ここでは「最終的に失敗する」とあり、続く文でそれを「潜
在能力が発揮出来ず、欲していた地位さえも失う」とその失敗を具体的に描写している。よって、
文字数が許容する範囲内で「最終的に失敗する」という著者の意見に付加すればよい。
解答
失
敗
し
た
時
に
対
面
を
保
つ
た
め
の
口
15
実
に
な
る
よ
う
に
、
自
ら
不
利
な
条
件
30
を
課
す
行
為
で
あ
る
。
成
功
欲
の
強
い
45
人
に
よ
く
見
ら
れ
る
が
、
こ
の
よ
う
な
60
こ
と
を
し
て
い
る
と
、
結
局
自
分
の
能
75
力
を
発
揮
し
な
い
ま
ま
成
功
出
来
ず
に
90
終
わ
り
が
ち
で
あ
る
。
100
Memo
D 自己分析
[ 白文の状態で前から読み下し、一度もひっかからずに読めるまで復習（分析・音読・黙読）しよう！ ]
Bad luck always seems to strike at the worst possible moment. A man about to interview for his
dream job gets stuck in traffic. A law student taking her final exam wakes up with a blinding headache.
A runner twists his ankle minutes before a big race. Perfect examples of cruel fate.
Or are they? Psychologists who study unfortunate incidents like these now believe that in many
instances, they may be carefully arranged schemes of the subconscious mind. People often engage in a
form of self-defeating behaviour known as self-handicapping – or, in simple terms, excuse-making. It’s a
simple process: by taking on a heavy handicap, a person makes it more likely that he or she will fail at an
endeavour. Though it seems like a crazy thing to do, it is actually a clever trick of the mind, one that sets up
a difficult situation which allows a person to save face when he or she does fail.
A classic self-handicapper was the French chess champion Deschapelles, who lived during the 18th
century. Deschapelles was a distinguished player who quickly became champion of his region. But when
competition grew tougher, he adopted a new condition for all matches: he would compete only if his
opponent would accept a certain advantage, increasing the chances that Deschapelles would lose. If he did
lose, he could blame it on the other player’s advantage and no one would know the true limits of his ability;
but if he won against such odds, he would be all the more respected for his amazing talents.
Not surprisingly, the people most likely to become habitual excuses-makers are those too eager for
success. Such people are so afraid of being labeled a failure at anything that they constantly develop one
handicap or another in order to explain away failure. True, self-handicapping can be an effective way of
coping with anxiety for success now and then, but, as researchers say, it makes you lose in the end. Over
the long run, excuse-makers fail to live up to their true potential and lose the status they care so much about.
And despite their protests to the contrary, they have only themselves to blame.
E 全訳
Memo

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