Green Growth and Water

Green Growth and Water
World Water Day in Tokyo
Preparatory Meeting for the 7th World
Water Forum - Towards a Sound Water
Cycle and Green Economy –
20 February 2015 Tokyo
Raekwon Chung
Director
Environment and Development
Division, UN ESCAP
ESCAP
•
One of the five regional commissions of
the UN system – 53 members & 9
associate members
Primary regional platform for sustainable
development processes at the UN
Initiated Green Growth in 2005
•
•
2
Vicious cycle/Maximization of Short
Term Quantity of Growth (GDP)
Human Capital
Worsening social exclusion
Low labor productivity
Widening income gap
Exploiting
Natural Capital
Low economic
Dynamism/ resilience
High economic vulnerability
High resource intensity
Low resource efficiency
Ecological unsustainability
Undermining
economic vitality
Virtuous cycle/Pursuing Long Term
Quality of Growth (GDP)
Human Capital
High labor productivity
Social inclusion
Equitable income distribution
Natural Capital
High resource efficiency
Low resource intensity
Ecological sustainability
Investing
High economic
Dynamism/ resilience
Low economic vulnerability
Reinforcing
economic
vitality
Sustainable Development Model: Purple & Green
Growth have to go hand in hand (integration of 3 pillars)
GG: new paradigm for system change
 Green Growth: shifting from intensive to
energy/resource/carbon/water Efficient pattern
 Different pattern of ecological footprint: Japan/4ha,
Europe/6ha, US/9ha per capita
 Green Growth: process to arrive at Green Economy
 GG:
trade-off to synergy
Time Gap: Long Term vs Short Term
Efficiency Gap: Economic Efficiency
vs Ecological Efficiency
Price Gap: Market Price vs Real Value
 Fundamental Transformation of Economic System
Invisible Structure: Fiscal Policy, lifestyle, regulations,
Visible Structure: Physical Infra, urban design, Water infra
 Leading Role of public sector
Closing Time & Price gaps
•
•
•
•
Fundamental reason for failure of
investing in natural capital
Time gaps - gap between investments in
returns from natural capital and other
capitals: expand the time horizon of
development planning to long term
Price gaps – gap between the ecological
price & market price; introducing fiscal
reform and ETR; double dividend
Strategy for SD/SDG
Ecological tax reform: Double Dividend /
Revenue Neutrality
Powerful tool for GG/GE and sustainable development
• Double Dividend of improving ecological efficiency and increasing
Employment and Growth simultaneously (GE) is possible.
• Provides opportunities for financing the “Goods” – revenue recycling into
socially and environmentally desirable investments
- Taxing the “Bads” not the
“Goods”
- Shifting investments to
natural & human capital
- Revenue neutrality supports
political acceptability
Well-design environmental tax reforms can have
positive impacts: carbon tax combined with
Income, Consumption, Corporate Tax Reduction
It could help some
Southeast Asian countries
to escape the middleincome trap and achieve
high-income status.
Environmental tax reform for low carbon green growth: major findings and policy
implications from a multi-regional economic simulation analysis (UNESCAP 2012):
US$10 ton carbon tax with reduction of income, consumption, corporate tax
Low-carbon green growth roadmap
& e-learning facility
ESCAP Low Carbon Green
Growth Roadmap - 5 tracks
http://www.unescap.org/e
sd/environment/lcgg/
1. Improving the quality of growth and
maximizing net growth
2.Changing the invisible structure of the
economy: Closing the gap between
economic and ecological efficiencies
3.Changing the visible structure of the
economy: Planning and designing ecoefficient Infrastructure
4.Turning green into a business opportunity
5. Formulating and implementing low carbon
development strategies
63 fact sheets, 51 case studies &
8 policy papers
Online e-learning facility
Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap;
Fundamentals of Green Growth; Liveable
Cities;
Sustaining Growth
http://www.greengrowth-elearning.org/lms/
Applying GG for Water
 Water: core of Natural Capital
 Shifting from short term Exploitation to long term
Investment in Water infra: closing time gap
 Improving Water Efficiency both in water Supply
and Consumption: closing price/efficiency gap
 Shifting from trade-off to synergy between Water
and Economic Growth;
 Re-balancing the role of public and private sector
 Any success story? Costa Rica, tax on fossil fuel
invested in Forestry/Water resources  Ecotourism  high quality Economic Growth,
“Green growth is not a separate strategy from long-term
economic growth and higher levels of well-being, but
rather is a means to achieve them.”
OECD(2014), Towards Green Growth in Southeast Asia
Development in Southeast Asia is
leading to natural capital depletion
•
•
•
Natural capital is being depleted at
different rate across ASEAN countries
This rate of depletion across the region
prove unsustainable development
Natural capital has been depleted at an
increasing rate in ASEAN countries
Percent GNI, yearly average 2001-2012
Total: Net forest depletion, Energy depletion and Mineral depletion
Green growth objectives in Southeast Asian
countries’ national development plans
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Resilience to natural disaster
s/adaptation
to climate change
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Sustainable forest and land
management
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Renewable energy
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Air pollution ,water pollution
and waste
Water
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Energy security
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Food security
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Sustainable fossil fuel and
minerals extraction
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Green technology
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Energy efficiency
No
Marginal
Margin
al
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Climate change mitigation
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Green growth is increasingly integrated
into ASEAN national development plans
Lao PDR Strategy on
Climate Change of the
Lao PDR (2010)
Vietnam National Green Growth Strategy for the period 2011-20 with a
vision to 2050
National Action Plan on Green Growth for Period 2014-20
Sustainable Development Strategy for 2011-20
National Strategy on Climate Change for 2011-20
Myanmar National
Sustainable
Development
Strategy of Myanmar
(2011)
Thailand National
Strategy on Climate
Change 2008-2012
Thailand Climate Change
Master Plan 2012-50 ;
National Strategy on
Climate Change
Malaysia National Green
Technology Policy(2009)
National Policy on Climate
Change (2009)
Cambodia The National Green Growth Roadmap (2009)
Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014-23
Singapore Singapore
sustainable Development
Blueprint (2009)
National Climate Change
Strategy (2012)
Philippines National Framework Strategy
on
Climate Change 2010-22
National Climate Change Action Plan
2011-28
Indonesia National Action
Plan Addressing Climate
Change (2007)
Indonesia Climate Change
Sectoral Roadmap(2009)
The National Action Plan for
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Reduction(2011)
Green growth is not a separate strategy from long-term
economic growth, but rather is a means to achieve
them
Vietnam
•National Green Growth Strategy for the period 2011-20 with a vision to
2050
•National Action Plan on Green Growth for Period 2014-20
•Sustainable Development Strategy for 2011-20
•National Strategy on Climate Change for 2011-20
•Environmental Protection Tax Law
•
•
•
•
Doubling GDP per capita compared to 2010 levels
Reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 1.5-2% per year
Reducing the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP
by 8-10%.
Amount of 16-20% with international support
Thailand
•
•
•
•
•
•
National Strategy on Climate Change 2008-2012
Thailand Climate Change Master Plan 2012-50 ; National Strategy on Climate Change
Pollution Management Plan (2012-2016)
Inter-ministerial Coordinating Board for implementation of the Green Growth Strategy
A long term strategy laid out in the 20-year Energy Efficiency Development Plan 2011-2030
Economic Instruments for Environmental Management Act
•Under the assumption that the annual economic growth rate will be at 4.2% in average
•The cumulative final energy saving up to 2030 will be an annual average of 14,500 ktoe, and avoided CO2 emission an
annual average of 49 million tons.
•About 50 million tons of avoided CO2 emission can be achieved.
•Overall, the environmental quality improvement and a positive impact on the macroeconomic arena can be expected
Removing fossil fuel energy subsidies is
integral to green growth
•In June 2013, Indonesia increased petrol prices by
44% and diesel by 22% to cut its annual subsidy bill
of $20 billion
•Promoting natural gas use in transport to reduce oil
subsidies
•Continuing successful kerosene to LPG conversion
program , which started in 2007
•Electricity tariffs are set to rise by 15% in 2013
(based on quarterly increase for all but consumers
with the lowest level of consumption
•Set a target for clean cooking to 85% by2015 from
only 45% today (OECD/ IEA 2013)
•
•
•
•
Generating a permanent real GDP gain of between 0.4% and 0.7% by 2020.
Reducing Indonesian greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by between 7.9%8.3%
Reducing CO2 emissions from fuel combustion by 10.8% and 12.6% by 2020
Expecting other environmental co-benefits such as improvements in air quality
A Sound Water Cycle and
Green Economy for
Sustainable Development
CHANGHUA WU
VICE CHAIR, GOVERNING COUNCIL, ASIA-PACIFIC WATER FORUM
GREATER CHINA DIRECTOR, THE CLIMATE GROUP
TOKYO, 2015.2.20
NEXUS OF WATER CYCLE AND CLIMATE
CHANGE
THE LARGEST GLACIER CALVING EVER FILMED
HOW BAD IS IT?
•
The average global surface temperature has increased 0.8C over the last 100 years
•
The 12 warmest years on the instrumental record have occurred in the last 15 years
•
The observed plateau in temperatures in the past 14 years marks an unequivocal warming
trend once natural variability is accounted for
•
Nearly 90% of the extra heat generated since the 1960s has gone into the oceans, which
have continued to warm uninterrupted
•
Sea level rise has accelerated in the last two decades rising from 1.7mm to 3.2mm a year
since 1990, driven by increased ice loss and thermal expansion
•
Antarctica and Greenland are experiencing net ice loss of 600 billion tons per year
•
Summer Arctic sea ice has reduced dramatically, falling 13% per decade since 1979
•
Increased atmospheric CO2 absorbed by the oceans has raised the acidity of the oceans by
30%
•
Ecosystems are moving poleward and to higher altitudes in response to warming
HOW CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTS WATER CYCLE?
•
Water cycle describes the continuous movement of water through the climate system in its liquid,
solid and vapor forms, and storage in the reservoirs of ocean, cryosphere, land surface and
atmosphere.
•
Water is the significant factor in atmospheric circulation and hydrologic cycle.
•
The biggest impact climate change has incurred is interruption of the water cycle.
- Climate change leads to change of global hydrologic cycle and bring the direct effects to
precipitation, vaporization, runoff and soil moisture.
- The influence causes the reallocation of water resource in both time and space, changing the total
amount of water resource.
- As a result, the happening frequency and intensity of severe disasters such as floods and drought
increases, water resource shortage problem becomes rather serious, which brings negative effects to the
exploitation, utilization, planning and management of resources and farther influence the sustainable
development.
FUTURE SUSTAINABILITY AT STAKE
• The evidence for global warming is now unequivocal. This is not a new conclusion
but one made six years ago in the IPCC’s last Assessment Report. The evidence has
only strengthened since then.
• Changes to various natural systems are now underway. Climate change is no longer
a future threat but something which is happening today.
• Although the impacts have so far been manageable, it is clear that tremendous
shifts are occurring which could have profound consequences for food chains,
coastal communities and areas already subject to high temperatures.
• Failure of decision-makers in business and government to appreciate the
magnitude of what has already happened, and the implications these changes have
for the future, are putting the long term sustainability (and indeed survival) of
natural systems, communities and companies at risk.
WATER SECURITY: A KEY FACTOR FOR
SUSTAINABILITY
GLOBAL
IPCC AR5
WORKING GROUP II
Greenhouse Gas
Emission
Freshwater Risk
Subtropical Dry
Region
Competition
Extreme
Weather
Freshwater
Water Quality
Agriculture
Water
Consumption
Energy
Production
Efficiency
ASIA
Melting
Glaciers
Central Asia
South Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia
Severe
Freshwater
Shortage
Floods
hurricane
Disasters
Drought
Storm surges
Landslides Risk
Food
Production
Energy
Security
Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Assessment Report
CHINA
Northern
Drought
Aggravating
Climate Change
Impacts Water
Resource
Distribution
Water
Environment
Deteriorating
Southern Floods
Increasing
Water Storage
Reducing
Overall balance has been
achieved in water resource supply
and protection.
No overall security risks but water
security focus has been put onto
low water use efficiency;
Severe problems remain in
regional water issues and water
security.
SIZING THE CHALLENGE
WATER SECURITY IN FIVE DIMENSIONS
Resilience to
waterrelated
disasters
Resilience to
climate
change
Economic
water
security
Household
water
security
National
Water
Security
Environmental
water security
Urban
water
security
DEFINE THE ROOT CAUSES
Land use
change
Climate
change
Hydrological cycle
Poor
governance
Lack of
knowledge
and
information
Capability and
capacity
ASSESS THE NEEDS
• Vision – Societies can enjoy water security when they successfully manage
their water resources and services to build resilient communities that can
adapt to climate change
• Identify the gaps – between resilient capability and the consequences of
climate change
• AWDO II – the five dimensions to understanding water security offer a good
framework to assess the needs.
BRIDGE THE RESILIENCE GAP
Master
Planning
- Opportunity
Need assessment
- Challenge
- limits
Action Plan
Execution
CHINA
China’s water use will peak at 650‐700 bn m3 during 2025‐2030.
Extreme
climate events
impacts:
1.
Water supply: Imbalance in clean water supply;
2.
Economic Growth: The water-food-energy-climate nexus
negatively affects economic growth;
3.
Energy: Dilemma between building new dams and
sustainable hydropower development;
4.
Urgent needs to enhance management pattern that allows
water to play a key role in adaptation and requires coordination
among government departments.
BARRIERS
> Lack of comprehensive water security legislation arrangements
National level
• Lack of coordination and cooperation among
legislative departments
• Lack of cross-sector integrated regulations
• Weak enforcement
• Lack of stakeholders’ coordination in water
management system
Regional level
• Imbalance in local legislative progress
• Lack of featured institutional arrangements in
legislation
• Weak feasibility in local legislation
• Conflicting legislation
BARRIERS
>
Governance reform is required between water and environment
departments where governance conflicts remain
> Lack of systematic plan for regional basin water security management
>
Market instruments have not fully delivered the impacts on water
resource adjustment.
>
Mechanisms for information sharing and public participation in water
resource protection are not fully in operation.
>
Insufficient supports for water-conservation technology development
>
Lack of countermeasures to emerging problems
CHINA’S PLAN
National Climate Change Plan (2014-2020)
Adaptation
Strengthening water resources management and facilities
construction
Improve Resilience and Dynamic Monitoring in Marine
and Coastal Zone
Implementation assessment program of the most strict
water resource management system (2014)
Following the inter-provincial water allocation scheme
4 key indicators are assessed including total water
consumption, water consumption per ten thousand CNY
industrial value added
CHINA’S ACTIONS
New
Technologies
Adjust energy
Structure
wind
Power
Solar
Energy
Develop
Clean
Energy
Biomass
Develop water efficiency
and clean water technology
Hydro power
promote measuring
equipment for water
consumption
Sustainable
agriculture
STRENGTHENING COOPERATION
Dec. 4th 2014
China Europe Water Platform
Focus on Environment
Water-related Issues
Green Technology Innovation
Cooperation
Green Development Forum
And more clean water
technology transfer and
cooperation internationally,
focusing on role of private
sector
Control Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
NATIONAL WATER SECURITY STRATEGY
Integrated Water Security Strategy
• Securing drinking water
• Focusing on integrated river basin management (IRBM)
• Enhance water saving technology and capacity
• tackle basin pollution
• Integrate economic reform, ecological civilization and water security
measurements in key regions and basins in western China
• addressing climate extreme events and water scarcity in urban areas
• Constructing water facilities that adapt to climate change
NATIONAL WATER SECURITY STRATEGY
Restructure water institutional arrangement
revise water related law and regulations
enhance the river basin legislation
Uplift basin governance system
Integrate the function of basin administrations
pilot cross‐sector comprehensive management mechanism
POLICY DIRECTION
Implement water use peak
management and risk
management mechanisms by
applying pricing and trading
instruments;
Establish long-term financing
and ecological compensation
mechanisms in water
protection and supplying
system;
Launch
comprehensive
water security
plan
Undertake water
management performance
evaluation for a better water
efficiency and improved
water security
Constitute comprehensive
water security risk
management system with 4
categories of risk factors for
risk classification
SEIZING THE OPPORTUNITY
– THE CHISHUI WATERSHED PPP-BASED WATER FUND
-- THE ELION GROUP
THE NEEDS
•
Development needs. Chishui Watershed is a less developed area and rural income in a
considerable part of the watershed is low.
•
Environmental financing needs. There is a big gap between the existing eco-compensation
fund (CNY100 million/year) and the environmental financing needs, which was estimated as
CNY5.6 billion in the Guizhou Provincial Plan for Environmental Protection in Chishui
Watershed (2013-2020).
•
Partnership needs. Private sectors seek for market opportunities while the government
stresses the watershed protection. The partnership has not been established to mutually meet
the both ends.
•
Aggregation needs. Not a single local government nor a single enterprise could solve the
watershed degradation problems even if they would like to, since the Chishui Watershed is as
big as 10,000 km2 in Guizhou Province alone. Collective action, aggregated and coordinated
environmental investment are needed.
•
Sustainability needs. The Chishui Watershed Fund will be revolving and sustain itself with the
market playing a major role.
FUND OBJECTIVES
• The Fund is a public private partnership (PPP) fund with the dual aims of
protecting Chishui Watershed, and promoting the socio-economic
development in the Watershed. The Fund is a market-based instrument for
watershed protection, the first PPP fund for watershed protection in The PRC,
and will be replicable in other watersheds.
THE FUND DESIGN
• The Fund's target size is CNY 5 billion, with an initial closing planned at around
CNY 1 billion. Two compartment funding pools are operated under the Fund,
following different strategies on fundraising, investment and exit. They are a
public pool with a targeting size of CNY2 billion and a private pool of CNY3
billion.
The governance:
• The general partner will enter into an agreement with the limited partners,
the fund manager, and Investment Committee to establish the Fund and to
define relationships, responsibilities, rights, and obligations.
THE PUBLIC POOL
•
Government funding which shows political supports for the Fund from central and/or provincial government
is likely to be acquired, which is expected to be CNY100 million per annum for a 10-year period.
•
Increased water resources fees. The GPG has been considering reform to increase water resources fees that
are levied from the water users..
•
Multilateral funds of USD100 million including that from development banks are expected in a period of 12
years.
•
Potential donations from organizations and individuals from PRC are expected.
•
There is potential for government-backed sponsors to scale up the provision of additional and improved risk
mechanisms, which helps cover the cost of risk management in the public pool.
•
There is already a Chishui eco-compensation fund which will have CNY100 million per year for a 10 years
period.
•
ADB and other development banks are the potential banks.
•
The Adaptation Fund finances projects and programmes to help developing countries adapt to the negative
effects of climate change
•
The GCCA was established by the European Union (EU) in 2007 to strengthen dialogue and cooperation with
developing countries, in particular least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing States
(SIDS) The Green Climate Fund (GCF)
PUBLIC CAPITAL INVESTMENT
•
Loans. Loans are applied for construction of physical infrastructure including but not limited to clean
energy, logistics, water resources, solid waste treatment, and sewage treatment. Despite the huge
financial gaps in infrastructure construction in the watershed area, the Fund will provide financing
for projects on priority, which will match the demands of investments identified in the private pool.
•
Compensated utilization. The fund could be provided in terms of micro-credit programs targeting
local communities for livelihood projects. It could also be combined with reinsurance tools to
upgrade the credit level of investments of private pool so as to attract other funding opportunities.
The fund could also be used as subsidized loans for investments identified in the private pool, which
is additional for improving the overall financial return from an unbankable level.
•
Grants. Grants from the public pool could be allocated to soft infrastructure projects and related
activities required to maintain the economic, health, and cultural and social standards, such as the
financial system, the education system, the health care system, the system of government, and law
enforcement, as well as emergency services. Especially under this circumstance, it refers to a
supporting environment of predictable legal and judicial rights and procedures, a sound regulatory
framework, and implementation readiness that are crucial for physical infrastructure investment to
be efficient.
THE PRIVATE POOL
• The fund will raise up to CNY3 billion from the potential private sources.
• Among those private investors, Moutai Group is very likely to participate in
the Fund due to the similarity between the Fund objectives and Moutai’s own
Moutai clean production plan. The scale of investment is not clear yet, which
requires further discussion between GPG and Moutai Group.
• Moutai Group is the PRC’s largest liquor producer and one of top five in the
world with a market value of over $25 billion.
PRIVATE CAPITAL INVESTMENT
•
The private pool will be invested in six industrial sectors:
•
Water-saving and ecological agriculture; including industrial chain from production to
processing and marketing of purple potato, pepper, and peanut.
•
Forestry with sloping land conversion programs include planting of economic trees;
•
Eco-tourism including valley tourism, rural tourism, minority cultural tourism, and recreation
and holiday tourism.;
•
Environmental protection including the urban sewage treatment facilities project, urban
garbage disposal project, rural sewage treatment project, rural garbage disposal project, rural
alternative energy and comprehensive utilization project, etc;
•
Liquor derivatives sector including ecological aqua-culture, ecological feeds, biomass energy
made from liquor stillage etc.;
•
Competitive resources including resource and energy projects that use regional resource
advantages in Guizhou province
THE FUND’S SAFEGUARD MECHANISM
• The Fund will adopt environmental and social safeguard policies so as to
minimize the negative impacts on the environment and communities. It will
incorporate ADB’s environmental and social safeguard guidelines and policies
and with the PRC's environmental and social safeguard laws, regulations, and
standards. The fund management and investment will adhere to safeguard
policy to ensure there are no negative impacts on the environment, the ethnic
minorities, women, and the poor. Due diligence is needed in project
preparation and supervision will assure the safeguard policies in place.
CONCLUSION
GOVERNANCE TO INVEST IN A WATER SECURE
FUTURE
• Leaders of government, the increasingly dynamic private sector, and the
region’s diverse and resourceful civil society are the gatekeepers of a watersecure future in Asia and the Pacific. They set the pace of reforms and signal
the urgency of the transformation through their own leadership styles and
visions for a water-secure society. They have the proven potential to drive and
expedite changes in the water sector—changes that have profound effects on
the lives and livelihoods of millions of individuals and on the economies of
Asia and the Pacific. These leaders must raise the standard and demonstrate
their confidence and their commitment to taking on the challenge of
maintaining water security. The skills and the resources they command are in
demand, and the needed changes are critical. Water resources must be
developed and managed in environmentally and socially responsible ways.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
[email protected]
http://www.theclimategroup.org/
www.thefutureacademy.cn
ICID’s contribution to WWF7
第７回世界水フォーラムへのＩＣＩＤの貢献
20 February 2015
Tokyo, Japan
Shinsuke OTA
Chair of Task Force to Guide ICID Inputs
to 7th World Water Forum (TF-WWF7)
My short history
I was born in a village, where
irrigation canals conveyed
water for paddy cultivation.
農業用水路の近くで生まれる
These canals were constructed in 1173-1175 by
then ruler Kiyomori by request of his lover born
in my hometown.
12世紀につくられた用水路
Little Ota was observing the
work for canal reconstruction,
while playing in the canals.
Thus, I am a born irrigation
engineer! 水路が遊び場の少年期
What is ICID?
International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage
国際かんがい排水委員会
Established in 1950 as a Scientific, Technical and
Non-Governmental International Organization,
now consisting of 110 member countries.
1950年に設立され、100か国余が参加
Dedicated to enhancing the worldwide supply of
food by improving water/land management and
the productivity of irrigated and drained lands,
through appropriate management of water,
environment and application of irrigation,
drainage and flood management techniques.
Todays’ Topics
1. Outcomes of WWF6: Theme 2.2
前回の成果
2. Report of Asian Regional Task Force on Climate
Change (ASRWG): released at WWF6
アジアのかんがい排水への気候変動への適応策
contribution to WWF7
ICIDの貢献
3. ICID’s
3-1 High-level Panel on Water for Food Security
3-2 Session 2.1.3 coordinated by ICID and KRC
Modernization of irrigation schemes
3-3 Session 4.4.1: presentation by ICID
Fostering water heritage, water values and
related cultural expressions
3-4 Special Session 9: presentation by ICID
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus as pragmatic
entry point for cross-sectoral collaboration
1. Outcomes of WWF6: Theme 2.2
(Contribute to Food Security by Optimal Use of Water)
最適な水利用による食料安全保障への貢献
手に入る価格で
経済的に持続可能な農業生産
貯水容量の増加
１
1. Outcomes of WWF6: Theme 2.2 (contd.)
２
2. Report of Asian Regional Task Force on C.C.
6th World Water Forum
Session AP2.1
15 March, 2012, 11:00 – 13:00
Climate Change Adaptation for
Irrigation and Drainage in Asia
「気候変動対応の検討成果」をｱｼﾞｱ太平洋ｾｯｼｮﾝで発表
Mr. Shinsuke Ota
Chairman of ARTF-CC
(Asian Regional Task Force on Climate Change)
Vice-President Hon of ICID
(International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage)
３
Principles of the study 活用可能な成果の検討方針
Principles of the study 検討の原則
〇 To have a wider view covering governance,
peoples’ recognition & social movement and
local practices in addition to science & technology.
技術面のみでなく、統治、人々の認識なども考慮
〇 To collect a variety of case studies taking
geographical distribution into consideration.
地理的分布を考慮し、事例を収集
〇 To extract keys for success really useful to find
out appropriate countermeasures.
適切な対応策を探し出すのに有効な成功へのカギを抽出
４
Case Study Format
事例の様式
II. Keys for Success 成功へのカギ
Experienced problem → How to overcome
直面した課題 ⇒ いかに克服したか
５
Countries that sent Case Study
Turkey
Japan
- Public awareness
(Government campaign)
- Integrated program with priorities
(Research strategy)
- Versatile basin model development
East Asia：China, Chinese Taipei,
Japan,analysis)
Korea
(Simulation
Countries that sent Case Study
- Impact to regional production
(On-site research)
West Asia：Iran, Turkey
Korea
Revision of design criterion
(Risk management)
Iran
Estimation of future crop
water requirement
China
(Simulation analysis)
Readjustment
of groundwater
Southeast Asia：
Indonesia,
management
Malaysia, Thailand,
(Strategic research)
Pakistan
- Formation
farmers
organization
South of
Asia：
India,
Nepal, Pakistan
(Farmers participation)
- Water environment management
(Action plan)
India
Legend
Demonstrations of effective technologies
(Administrative campaign)
Case Study
Handout
ICID member
Nepal
Formation of database
(Basin survey)
12カ国15事例
Indonesia
Establishment of systematic networks
(Strategic research)
Chinese Taipei
Multi-functionality of paddy fields
(Public awareness)
Thailand
Farmland as retained basins
(Win-win strategy)
Malaysia
Development of adaptation guideline
(Public involvement)
６
Examination of Solution
解決策の検討
- what was done/what the action means (Case of Thailand)
どのような行動がとられたか？/その行動の意味は？（タイの例）
Character of solution
KFS
Code
Name
Name
Thailand
-kfs1
Thailand
-kfs2
THA-1
THA-2
Nature
of
Trouble
Political
Judgment
Commitment by
the government
Information
sharing
to show
political will
to adjust way
to deliver
information
To enact a
special law for
inundation
project
Enacting a law
for
implementation
Win-win
strategy
By holding
briefing
sessions
List of Specific Solutions
Character
of solution
Key point
of solution
Commitment
by the
government
to show
political will
政府のコミット
Information
sharing
情報の共有
Agreement
among
stakeholders
関係者の合意
Doable
Strategic
Approach
実行しうる方法
政治意志提示
To hear
farmers’
demand and
to answer
their
questions
Deepening
farmers’
understanding
７
解決策の分類と具体例
Specific solution
－Enacting a law for people’s awareness/implementation
－Commitment by the prime minister
－Financial support by the government
－Preparing national program
－Revision of design criterion
－Organizational support by the government
－Establishing new organization
－Possible commitment by ICID
to adjust way
to deliver
information
伝達の工夫
－Through mass media and IT
－By reference materials/special issue of journal
－By congress/conference/session
－Through meetings
－By Information platform/common network
－Through working team
－By training visit/community involvement
to consider
people’s
Acceptability
受容性考慮
－Stirring motivation of people involved
－Deepening stakeholders’ understanding
－Win-win strategy
－Respecting traditional rule
－Effective use of human network
to employ
proper
Methodology
的確な手段
Doable
strategic
Approach
to employ
proper
methodology
To prepare
compensation
for farmers
To explain
the project to
the farmers
Effective
Approach
Agreement
among
stakeholders
to consider
people’s
Acceptability
－Integrated approach
－Rational approach
－Logistic approach
－Cooperative approach
－Supportive approach
－Appropriate scheduling
－Field approach
－Feed back approach
－Participatory approach
－Incentive approach
－Persuading approach
－Capacity building
８
Experienced problem and character of solution
直面した課題と解決策の性格
Cone 成功への解決策のコーン
for the successful solutions
When you look
down upon?
上から
見下ろせば？
Character of solution 解決策の性格
Commitment by the government
政府のコミット
Information sharing
情報の共有
Agreement among stakeholders
関係者の合意
Doable strategic approach
実行しうる戦略的アプローチ
People's
Awareness
Political
Judgment
Proper
System
Effective
Approach
Nature of problem 課題の性質
９
Keys for Success on “Problem and Solution Diagram”
「課題・解決策ダイヤグラム」に示された成功へのカギ
Political Judgment
People's Awareness
Doable strategic approach
Agreement among stakeholders
THA-1
MAS-1
INA-1,2
PAK2-3
Information sharing
PAK2-2
IRI-3
Commitment by the government
TUR2-1
TUR1-1
JPN2-3
IND-1
KOR-1
TPE-1
IRI-1
IRI-2
TUR1-2,4
TPE-2
TUR1-2
MAS-1
TUR2-1
PAK2-1
IND-4
TUR1-3
IND-3
PAK1-2,3
NEP-1,2
PAK1-1
TPE-1
JPN2-1
CHM-1,2,3
JPN1-1
JPN2-2,3
Proper System
TUR2-2
THA-2
JPN1-2
PAK2-2
IND-2
MAS-2
KOR-1,2
Effective Approach
１０
Release of Final Report
最終報告書の公表
Thank you
Merci
www.worldwaterforum6.org
Final report and CD
released at WWF6
最終報告書とCD
１１
3-1 High-level Panel on Water for Food Security
jointly organized by FAO and WWC
食料安全保障のための水に関する高級レベル会議
国連食糧農業機関と世界水評議会が共催
Issues to be investigated (concept note)
1. Agricultural water management is vital
to sustain life
2. The multiple roles of water: the special
character of agricultural water use
3. Alleviating the environmental impact:
the search for alternatives
4. The challenge ahead: re-inventing
agricultural water management
5. Water Productivity Gains: modernize irrigation where there is comparative advantage
6. Participation: improving the governance of
agricultural water management
7. Pursue strategic investment in agriculture
Composition
・International
org. incl. ICID
ICIDも参加
・Policy-makers
・Research
institutions
・Private
companies
・Farmers’
representatives
・Others
１２
3-2 Session 2.1.3 Irrigation Modernization
Structural aspect
Service provision and
improvement with proper
water management
techniques 水効率改善活動
施設機能面
Infrastructure 施設建設改修
Installment/rehabilitation
- efficient water use
- water-saving - labor-saving
- disaster prevention
- energy-saving - cost-effective
- environmental consideration
- modern/appropriate tech.
- multi-purpose approach
- multi-purpose approach
- appropriate technology
- environment- friendly
Socio/economic
- cost performance
- monitoring
transitions
Operation & 操作
Installment & 建設
Climate change
Multiple Use of
Management 管理
Establishment 設立
Water Services
Organization management
Institutional set-up
Investment
組織の管理
組織の設立
- participation in decision making
- consensus building mechanism
- transparency/info. sharing
- participatory management on
- equitability
system level and terminal level
- financial soundness
- compatibility with society
- monitoring
Institutional aspect 組織・体制面
１３
3-3 Session 4.4.1 Fostering Water Heritage
Tangible side
Nature 自然
有形・構造物
Intangible side
無形・行動面
(Performance)
(Structure)
ICIDからWWCに提案
Natural WH
世界自然遺産
World Water Heritage System program
ICID’s proposal to WWC
世界水遺産 (WHS program)
HIS
灌漑施設遺産
(Only irrigation)
GIAHS
世界農業遺産
(Only agriculture)
Cultural WH
世界文化遺産
ICH
無形文化遺産
WM
世界記憶遺産
(Only document)
Culture 文化
１４
3-4 Special Session : Water-Energy-Food Nexus
特別ｾｯｼｮﾝ：水とｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰと食料の連関
かんがいはいかにしてエネルギーとより良く連携できるか？
ICIDの提案による新たな連携を模索するﾜｰｸｼｮｯﾌﾟでの発表
2014 Lyon International Conference “Water and Energy”
水とエネルギーに関する国際会議： 2014年10月フランス国リヨン市で開催
Shinsuke Ota: Vice President Honoraire, ICID
１５
Energy-Food-Water Nexus ⇔ Green Economy
【Issues to be considered】
・Selection of resource exhaustive
or renewable energy supply
・Selection of resource consuming
or resource saving society
・
Energy
Exhausting fossil fuel
【Issues to be considered】
・Balance between food and bio-fuel
production
・Balance between import and selfsufficiency of food
・
Stable & fairly-priced energy supply
Food
Increasing demand
Small-hydro & bio energy supply
Increasing Population
Climate Change
Deteriorating Environment
Valuable experiences
& innovative approach
benefit the world, and
especially support
developing countries
for the future.
Water
Increasing competition
【Issues to be considered】
・Enhancement of transparency and
information sharing
・Introduction of new governance system
・
Contribution
to Green
Economy
ｸﾞﾘｰﾝ経済
への貢献
１６
Answers to Key Questions
共通質問への答え
Q1. Agricultural sector’s perspective/concern
about water and energy (sector)
水とエネルギーに関する農業分野の視点や関心
Q2. Experienced collaboration/conflict, solution
and key factors to lead the success
過去の連携や軋轢、解決策と成功への主要因
Q3.1 Agricultural sector’s proposal for
collaboration with energy sector
農業分野からエネルギー分野への連携の提案
Q3.2 Agricultural sector’s needs to know about
other sectors
多分野について農業分野が知りたいこと
１７
Q1. Agricultural sector’s perspective/concern
about water and energy (sector)
Player
Agriculture-Water
Agriculture-Energy
Farmers
Living on their harvest
A farming input
(end user)
(fear to wilting point/
reasonable water fee)
(stable supply
at reasonable price)
Irrigation
Association
Fair water distribution
with reasonable fee
Saving energy cost /
Exploiting local energy
Municipality
Contributing to local
economy / Feeding
local population
Transferring to
energy-saving society
Ministry
of
agriculture
National food self
sufficiency /
Promotion of
agriculture industry
Contributing to
reduction of
global warming
by incentive policy
Diversified perspective/concern by level of involvement １８
Q2. Experienced collaboration/conflict, solution
and key factors to lead the success
Conflict 軋轢
Key カギ
Solution 解決策
Competing water
resources development
Multi-purpose dam
with proper allocation
Request of water right
transfer by hydropower
Negotiator/
Rule of cost
allocation
Consensus
Building
発電への農業水利権の移動
合意形成
発電分野から農業への補償
Fluctuating river flow/
cold water discharge
for power generation
Mobilizing
technical
solution
Constructing equalizing
reservoir / surface
water intake
Agric. water shortage
at extreme drought
Coordination
by River
Basin Org.
Emergency release of
water for hydropower
Obstacles regarding
small hydropower
development
Change of
policy
direction
Compensation by
hydropower sector
Deregulation /
Buying local energy
at higher price １９
Proper recognition of coordination framework
River manager
Terminal
unit 上流部
upstream
Irrigation association A
A土地改良区(水利組合)
Terminal
unit 下流部
downstream
Other
sector
Z
Other
sector
X
Other
sector
Y
Irrigation
Sector
かんがい分野
Terminal
unit
upstream
Irrigation association B
Ｂ土地改良区(水利組合)
Terminal
unit
downstream
２０
Stages of participation
P I M参加型灌漑管理 IWRM
Coordination
Level 段階
River basin
流域
参加の段階
Participants
参加者
Representative
of each sector
Coordinator
調整者
River manager
河川管理者
各分野の代表
Irrigation
Associations
Chairpersons of
Irri. Association
Irrigation division
in Pref. Gov.
土地改良区
土地改良区理事長
県のかんがい部局
Upstream/
downstream
of a system
Village heads
集落代表
上下流調整
Terminal
unit 末端施設
Village farmers
集落の個別農家
Chairperson of
Irri. Association
土地改良区理事長
Village head
集落の長（代表）
Transparency/Info. sharing/Participation to decision making
透明性確保/情報共有／意思決定への参画
２１
Q3.1 Agricultural sector’s proposal for
collaboration with energy
Field協力分野
Agri. Water 農水
Energy saving
Hard/software
countermeasures
(high efficiency pomp,
smart tech., etc.)
Small hydro
power
Agricultural
use of water
stored for
hydropower
水力貯留水の
農業利用
Multi-purpose
reservoir
多目的ダム
Energy エネルギー
Higher energy security
Technical advice and
new technology
development
Diversified energy
Selection of
Favorable
buying price
appropriate system
for small hydro.
一部費用の事後支払
一部費用の回収
Post-allocation of
Allowing agricultural
dam construction cost
sector to use
Additional benefits by water for hydropower
agricultural sector
Partial cost recovery
Financial justification of hydropower project
with multiple benefits incl. employment aspect
水力発電事業の経済性向上（雇用確保を含む多様な効果）
Starting negotiation at the earliest stage
through sharing information and enhancing transparency
情報共有と透明性を確保して早期に調整開始２２
Q3.2 Agricultural sector’s needs to know
about other sectors
What is their basic concern?
What is their cost structure?
What is their development stage?
How do they make a plan?
How do they build consensus?
What is their judgment standard?
What is the hardcore for them?
What is their pride?
Better
- planning
- negotiation
- coordination
What are they good at? / not good at?
What experiences/knowledge/techniques
different from us do they have?
New
- field
- approach
for
coordination
and more
２３
Intensity
Possible changes in a river basin
Climate change vulnerability
Ground water drawdown
Navigation problem
Energy shortage
Water pollution
Worsening eco-system
Multi-purpose dam
Competition of water use
Urbanization
Regional food shortage
Increased flood risk
Water diversion from
other river basin
Decreased crop yield
Changing diet
Irrigation dam
Deforestation
Soil/groundwater
Water conveyance from
salinization
near-by main river
Population increase
Close-by water resources
Industrialization
(brooks and ponds within irrigation area)
Red character: issue relevant to energy
Blue character: water resources development for irrigation
Time
２４
Some innovative ideas for better collaboration
◇ River basin approach through IWRM process
⇒ embracing all the sectors in the same boat
総合水資源管理を活用して流域単位の取組み
◇ Human involvement in the center
⇒ keeping both logic and mentality in mind
⇒ striving for understanding your counterpart
人の要素を中心に（論理と心情／他分野を理解）
◇ New governance system in changing society
⇒from governance by bosses to governance with
transparency and stakeholders’ participation
社会の変化に即した統治方法（透明性と関係者の参画）
◇ Flexible staged development
⇒ eg. multiple use of hydropower reservoir
(esp. in Africa/Central Asia)
水力貯留水の多目的利用などの段階開発（特にｱﾌﾘｶ･中央ｱｼﾞｱ）
◇ New age of ecosystem earing money
⇒ eg. proactive conservation of downstream ecosystem
(improvement of national revenue in Africa)
放流による下流の環境保全（ｱﾌﾘｶでの観光収入の改善）
ICID is addressing world water issues
and striving for green economy .
ICIDは世界の水問題の解決と
ｸﾞﾘｰﾝ経済の実現に努めます
Thank you
for your attention!
ご清聴
有難うございました
２５

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