Title Author(s) 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justic e）が必要か : 近年の英語圏の議論を中心に 小松原, 織香 Editor(s) Citation Issue Date URL 人間社会学研究集録. 10, p.25-47 2015-03-20 http://hdl.handle.net/10466/14486 Rights http://repository.osakafu-u.ac.jp/dspace/ 人間社会学研究集録10（2014），25−47（2015年3月刊行） ᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡣಟⓗྖἲ 5HVWRUDWLYH-XVWLFHࡀᚲせ ̾̾㏆ᖺࡢⱥㄒᅪࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ୰ᚰ̾̾ ᑠᯇཎ⧊㤶 ࡣࡌࡵ ㏆௦ฮྖἲ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㛗ࡽࡃ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣእࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋドゝࢆồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ ࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊฮྖἲุ࡛ࡣయⓗ㛵ࢃࡿࡇࡀไᗘୖࡢ⌮⏤࡛ྍ⬟࡛࠶ ࡗࡓࠋ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓᚋࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅Ꮫࡢຨ⯆ࢆྠࡌࡃࡋ࡚ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀ⣮தゎỴ 㛵ࢃࡿᶒࡢ㔜せᛶࡀㄆ㆑ࡉࢀጞࡵࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ฮྖἲࡢ₻ὶࡢ୰࡛ᥦ ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡀ Restorative Justice㸦௨ୗࠊRJ ␎ࡍ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋRJ ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣࠕಟ ⓗྖἲࠖ ࠕಟⓗṇ⩏ࠖ࡞ヂࡉࢀࡿࠋRJ ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸⣮தゎỴࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ ࡾࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ຍᐖ⪅ࡢ㛵ಀ↔Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡃࠋᙜ⪅ࡼࡿయⓗ࡞⣮தゎỴࢆ┠ᣦࡍ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓሙྜ1 ࠊRJ ᥎㐍⪅ࡣࠕRJ ࡢほⅬࡽ ⣮தゎỴࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࠖ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ᪉ࠊᛶᭀຊ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊRJ ࡢᐇ㊶ࡢᑟධᑐࡋ࡚ࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡽࡢៅ㔜ㄽ ࡀ᰿ᙉ࠸ࠋRJ ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊᛶᭀຊࡣࡢ୍⯡≢⨥ศࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏆ᖺࡣす Ḣඛ㐍ᅜࢆ୰ᚰࠊᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡶ RJ ࡀ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ᐇド◊✲ࡀ✚ࡉࢀ ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᛶᭀຊ࠾ࡅࡿ RJ ᐇ㊶᰿ࡊࡋࡓṇ⩏ㄽࡣࠊ࢟ࣕ ࢧ࣭ࣜࣥࢹ࣮ࣜࡀ➃⥴࡞ࡿ◊✲ㄽᩥࢆ 2014 ᖺⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ2 ࠋ ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶᛶᭀຊ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡓ RJ ࡢ◊✲ࡀࢇ Ꮡᅾࡏࡎ ࠊࡇࡢࡇࡀࡁ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡢ ✚࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡲࡗࡓࡃඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸3ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࡇࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࡘ * 㜰ᗓ❧ᏛᏛ㝔ே㛫♫Ꮫ◊✲⛉༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬㸦ே㛫⛉Ꮫᑓᨷ㸧 1 RJ ࡢ᰿ᙉ࠸ᢈุࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠕຍᐖ⪅ࡢ᭦⏕࣭♫ᖐࠖࢆ୰ᚰࡋࡓᐇ㊶࡛࠶ࡾࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ⿵ൾ࣭㓄៖ࠖࡀ ㍍どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊRJ ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆ୰ᚰࡋࡓ◊✲ࢆ✚ᴟⓗᒎ㛤ࡏࡊࡿࢆ࠼ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆ୰ᚰࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࢆᢅ࠺ࡇࡍࡿࠋ 2 Daly (2014).࡞࠾᪥ᮏㄒᩥ⊩࡛ࡣᒸ㔝(2012)ࡀࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢどⅬࡽṇ⩏ㄽࢆ⪃ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ RJ ࡶゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡀࠊᛶᭀຊ࠾ࡅࡿ RJ ᐇ㊶ࡣゝཬࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ 3 ᾏእࡢᛶᭀຊ࠾ࡅࡿ RJ ᐇ㊶ࢆ⤂ࡋࡓᩥ⊩ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᖹᒣ(2010)ࠊᑠᯇཎ(2013)ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ 1 26 小松原 織香 ࠸࡚ࡢⱥㄒᅪࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࢆ⤂ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆᢈุⓗ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇࢆ ➨୍ࡢ┠ⓗࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ➹⪅⊂⮬ࡢどⅬࡽࡇࡢၥ㢟㏕ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵࡢ ⴌⱆⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࢆㄽᩥᮎᑿ࠾࠸࡚⾜࠺ࡇࡋࡓ࠸ࠋᮏㄽᩥయࡋ࡚ࠊඛ⾜◊✲ ࡢ᳨ウࡁ࡞⣬ᖜࡀࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮⏤ࡼࡿࠋ ➨୍❶࡛ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡞≢⨥࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆ㔜どࡋࡓ RJ ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢᒎ㛤ࢆ ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ➨❶࡛ࡣࠊᛶᭀຊ≉ࡋࡓ RJ ࡢㄽதࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋRJ ᥎㐍⪅ࡢ࢟ ࣕࢧ࣭ࣜࣥࢹ࣮ࣜࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡢࢽ࣮࣭࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡢㄽதࢆ㏣࠺ࠋ➨୕❶࡛ࡣࠊ ࢹ࣮ࣜࡀ RJ ᐇ㊶ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚᪂ࡓᒎ㛤ࡍࡿṇ⩏ㄽࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ➨ᅄ❶࡛ࡣࠊ ᚋࡢᒎ㛤ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ᐀ᩍᛶ࣭ࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸ࠸࠺ㄢ㢟ࡀࠊ㠀すὒ♫ࡽ RJ ගࢆᙜ࡚ࡓ㝿ᾋࡁୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ➨୍❶ ࠕṇ⩏ࠖࡽࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ̾̾ึᮇ 5- ࡢᛮࡽᚰ⌮Ꮫㄪᰝ̾̾ RJ ᥎㐍⪅ࡢࣁ࣮࣡ࢻ࣭ࢮࡣ 1990 ᖺ Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice ࢆฟ∧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢⴭసࡣୡ⏺୰࡛ឡㄞࡉࢀ RJ ࡢྂࡶゝ࠼ࡿᩥ⊩࡞ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢮࡣᑡᖺྖἲᦠࢃࡿ୰࡛ࠕ㏆௦ࡢฮྖἲࡣṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖ࠸࠺ၥࢆࡶࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⣮தゎỴࡢᐇ㊶ࡀᚲせࡔ⪃࠼ ࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀ RJ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢどⅬࡽࢮࡢ RJ ࡢᛮࢆㄞࡳゎ࠸ࡓࡁ㔜せ ࡞ࡢࡀࠕṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࠖࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢮࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣࠕṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࠖࡀ࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋ ࠕṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࠖࡣࠊ ࠕ➨ ୕⪅ࡼࡿ⨥ࡢᢎㄆࠖࠕ≢㜵Ṇࠖࢆồࡵࡿࢽ࣮ࢬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣ ࠕ⨥ࢆ☜ᐃࡋࠊᝏࢆṇࡍࡓࡵࡢᡭ⥆ࡁࠖཧຍࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢᡭ⥆ࡁ ࡢཧຍࢆࢮࡣࠕṇ⩏ࡢ⤒㦂ࠖࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࢮࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡿࠋ ࠑᐇ㝿ṇ⩏ࢆࡇࡢ㌟࡛ࢃ࠸ࠊ⤒㦂ࡍࡿࡇࠒࡣᝋࡤࡋ࠸ࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞ ࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡣṇ⩏ࡀ[ཷືⓗ]⮬ศࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊ[⬟ ືⓗ]ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ▱ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ༢࡞ࡿࠑṇ⩏ࠒ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠑ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚ࡢ ṇ⩏ࠒࡀᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ4ࠋ ㄽதࡢෆᐜࡣ㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛ㄽࡌ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ 4 Zehr(1990), p.204. 㸦⩻ヂࠊ205 㡫ࠋᑠᯇཎࡀ୍㒊ࡢヂࢆᨵኚࡋࠊㄞࡳࡸࡍ࠸ࡼ࠺ᒣᣓᘼࢆࡅຍ࠼ࡓ㸧 ࠋ௨ୗࠊ ྠᵝ⏝ᩥ࡛ࡢゅᣓᘼࠊᒣᣓᘼࡣᑠᯇཎࡀ㐺ᐅࡅຍ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 2 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 27 ࢮࡣࠊ㏆௦ࡢฮྖἲࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆ㝖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆᣦࡍࡿࠋฮྖἲ࡛ࡣ ἲᚊࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡀ㞟ࡲࡗ࡚ຍᐖ⪅ࢆྲྀࡾᅖࡳࠊ⨥ࢆ☜ᐃࡋ࡚ᝏࢆṇࡍࡓࡵࡢ⨩ࢆ࠼ ࡿࡇࢆỴࡵࡿࠋᑓ㛛ᐙࡓࡕࡀἲᚊⓗ࡞⨥ࡢᴫᛕࢆᇶࡋ࡚ฮྖἲࢆᨭ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࡢࡔࠋࡑࡢ㐣⛬⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣཧຍ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡗ࡚ࠕఱࡀ㉳ ࡁࡓࡢࠖ ࠕఱࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠖࢆ᪥ᖖⓗ࡞⮬ศࡢゝⴥ࡛ㄒࡿሙࡀ࡞࠸ࠋฮྖἲ ࡛ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢほⓗ࡞⤒㦂ࡸឤࡣእࡉࢀࠊຍᐖ⪅ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡀἲᚊἢࡗ࡚⨥࡛࠶ ࡿ࠺ࢆỴᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡺ࠼ṇ⩏ࡀฮྖἲࡢไᗘࡢ୰࡛ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ ⿕ᐖ⪅⮬㌟ࡣᐇឤࢆᣢ࡚࡞࠸5ࠋࡇࢀࡀࢮࡢᣦࡍࡿࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀṇ⩏ࡢ⤒㦂ࡽ እࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠖ࠸࠺ែࡔࠋฮྖἲ࡛ࡣṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࡀ‶ࡓࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ ࡛ࢮࡣ RJ ࡼࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸⣮தゎỴࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡢᣑࢆッ࠼ࡓࠋ ྠᵝ㏆௦ฮྖἲࢆ㗦ࡃᢈุࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘ࡢ≢⨥Ꮫ⪅ࢽࣝࢫ࣭ࢡࣜࢫ ࢸ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢡࣜࢫࢸࡣ 1977 ᖺⓎ⾲ࡋࡓㄽᩥ “Conflict as Property”࡛ࠊ㏆௦ฮ ྖἲࡀἲᚊࡢᑓ㛛ᐙᨭ㓄ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୍⯡ᕷẸࡢᡭࡽ⣮தࡀዣࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠕ≢ ᙇࡋࡓࠋࢡࣜࢫࢸࡼࢀࡤࠕ⣮தࡣ㈈⏘6࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᮶ⓗ࡞⣮தゎỴ࡛ࡣࠊ ⨥ࡼࡗ࡚ఱࡀኻࢃࢀࡓࡢࠖࡣࠊἲᚊࡢ᮲ᩥ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃಶูࡢ↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏ ຺࡚ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ⿕ᐖ⪅ຍᐖ⪅ࡢᐩࡸᡤᒓࠊฟ⮬ࡸ⏕ά⩦័࠸ࡓࡿ ࡲ࡛ࢆㄪࠊ࡞ࡐ≢⨥ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡢࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡢࡔ7 ࠋࡑࡋ࡚⿕ᐖ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ ᭱ึࠕຍᐖ⪅ࡣఱࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࠖࢆ⪃࠼ࠊḟᆅᇦࡢ㞄ேࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⿵ൾࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽຍᐖ⪅ࡣ⨩ࢆཷࡅࠊ᭦⏕ࡢ㐨ࢆṌࡴ8 ࠋࢡࣜࢫࢸࡣࠊࡇࡢ⣮தゎỴࡢࣉࣟ ࢭࢫࡀࠕே㛫㛵ಀࢆ⪃࠼┤ࡋࠊࡼࡾ㇏ࡍࡿࡁࡗࡅ࡞ࡿࠖ⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓ ࡵࠊᕷẸࡼࡿ⿕ᐖ⪅-ຍᐖ⪅ἲᘐࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ⣮த࠸࠺㈈⏘ࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ᙇࡍࡿ9 ࠋࢡࣜࢫࢸࡣࡇࡢㄽᩥࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣ RJ ࠸࠺ㄒࡣ⏝࠸࡚࠸࡞ ࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊRJ ࡢ᥎㐍⪅ࡣࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘࠾࠸ ࡚ᅜⓗᗈࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ RJ ᐇ㊶ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᇶ♏࡙ࡅ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡶࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ࡛ࡣ࣐࢜ࣜホ㆟ࡀࠊ㏆௦ฮྖἲࢆᢈุࡋ RJ ࡢᑟධ 5 Ibid., p.72.㸦⩻ヂࠊ78 㡫ࠋ 㸧 6 Christie(1977), p.7. 7 Ibid., p.8. 8 Ibid., pp.9-10. 9 Ibid., p.11. 3 28 小松原 織香 ࢆᥦゝࡋࡓࠋ ᳜Ẹᆅᨭ㓄࡛࣐࢜ࣜࡢேࠎࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⣮தゎỴࡣ◚ቯࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⣮தゎỴࡣࠕㄆ▱ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ㢌࡛⪃࠼ࡿࡇࠖࡽࠊឤࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕᚰ࡛ ឤࡌࡿࡇࠖࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ⛣⾜ࢆసࡾฟࡍ10࣐ࠖ࢜ࣜホ㆟ࡣᙇࡍࡿࠋุᐁࡸ ㆙ᐁࡸ㝙ᑂࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡣⓑே࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣐࢜ࣜࡢேࠎࡗ࡚⮬ศࡅ㞳ࢀࡓᏑᅾ ࡛࠶ࡿ11ࠋRJ ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⣮தゎỴࡢࡼ࠺ຍᐖ⪅ࡶ⪥ࢆഴࡅ࡚ᚰࢆ㛤ࡃࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㝖ࡉࢀࡓឤࡌࡿ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡶࠊ༑ศヰࢆࡋ࡚⣮தゎỴ ࡢᡭ⥆ࡁཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᮍ᮶ࡀᏳ࡞ࡶࡢࡔ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ ࡿ12ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ RJ ᐇ㊶ࡢᑟධࢆ࣐࢜ࣜホ㆟ࡣ᥎㐍ࡋࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥ ࢻ࡛ࡣᅜᐙࡢฮᨻ⟇ RJ ࡀྲྀࡾධࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐࢜ࣜ㝈ࡽࡎࠊඛఫẸ᪘ࡢ ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⣮தゎỴࢆ RJ ࡋ࡚᥎㐍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃヨࡳࡀୡ⏺୰ᗈࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺ึᮇࡢ RJ ࡢᛮᐙࡓࡕࡸ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣࠊ㏆௦ฮྖἲ ࡢᢈุࡽ RJ ࡢ᥎㐍ࢆጞࡵࡓࠋ ࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ RJ ࡀᚲせࡔࠖ࠸ ࠺ᙇࢆ࣮࣋ࢫࡋ࡚ࠊᐇ㊶ࡀᣑࡋ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊRJ ᑐࡋ ࡚⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᨭᅋయࡣࠕᮏᙜ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ RJ ࡣᚲせ㸽ࠖ࠸ ࠺ၥࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⫼ᬒࡣࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᶒࡢᙇࢆᇶࡋࡓࠊฮྖἲᨵ㠉 ࢆồࡵࡿ㐠ືࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ1970 ᖺ௦⡿ᅜࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚ᗈࡲࡗࡓ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᶒ㐠ືࡣࠊ ཝ⨩ࡸ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢุཧຍࢆồࡵ࡚ୡㄽッ࠼ࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢሗ㛤♧ ࡸ VIS(Victim Impact Statement)13ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓ14ࠋ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆ୰ᚰ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ ࡁࠊ ࠕRJ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃฮྖἲࡇࡑࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࠖ࠸࠺ᙇ RJ ᥎㐍 ⪅ࡓࡕࡣ┤㠃ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ15ࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ RJ ᥎㐍⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢᑻᗘࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠕฮྖἲ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊRJ ࡇࡑࡀ ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࠖ࠸࠺ᐇド◊✲ࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࠋ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡋ࡚࣊ࢨ࣮࣭ 10 ࣐࢜ࣜホ㆟ࠊ45 㡫ࠋ 11 ྠୖࠊ39 㡫ࠋ 12 ྠୖࠊ46 㡫ࠋ 13 ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀἲᘐ࡛㝞㏙ࢆࡍࡿไᗘࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ཧຍไᗘࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ㢮ఝࡢไᗘࡀᶞ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ 14 ⡿ᅜࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᶒ㐠ືࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ Elias(1986)࡞ࡀヲࡋ࠸ࠋ ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ㛗ࡽࡃㄽத࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅㑇᪘ࡢ௦ᘚᅋయࠕᅜ≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ NAVSࠖ 㸦ᪧ 15 ࠕ࠶ࡍࡢࠖ 㸧ࡣ RJ ᥎㐍ᑐࡢ❧ሙࢆࡿ㸦ᅜ≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ NAVS㸧 ࠋࡋࡋࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅㑇᪘ࡣ୍ᯛᒾ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࡃࠊ∦ᒣ㸦2006㸧 ࠊᒣཱྀ(2010)࡞ࠊᙜ⪅ࡢ❧ሙࡽ RJ ᥎㐍ࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢどⅬࢆ㔜どࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣࠊRJ ᥎㐍ᢈุⓗ࡞❧ሙࡢㄽᩥࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㛗(2003)ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࠊ㔜≢⨥ ࡢ㐺⏝ៅ㔜ㄽࢆ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀᑐࡋ࡚㬞ᚿ⏣(2011)ࠊ㕥ᮌ(2008)ࠊ᳃⏣(2009)࡞ࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅ᨭࡢ❧ሙࡽ RJ ᐇ㊶ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᥈ồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 4 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 29 ࢫࢺࣛࣥࢢࡀ⾜ࡗࡓ RISE(Reintegrative Shaming Experiment)ࡢ◊✲ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ RISE ࡣᐇ㦂ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢ㤳㒔࡛࢟ࣕࣥ࣋ࣛ㉳ࡁࡓ≢⨥௳ ࢆ RJ ฮྖἲ↓సⅭࡾศࡅࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚୧⪅ࡢ⣮தゎỴࡢᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ⤊࠼ࡓ ᚋࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ᚰ⌮ㄪᰝ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆẚ㍑ศᯒࡋࡓࡢࡀࢫࢺࣛࣥࢢࡢ◊✲ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋRJ ཧຍࡋࡓ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ93㸣ࡀࠕຍᐖ⾜Ⅽ࡛ఱࢆኻࡗࡓࡢࢆㄝ᫂ࡍ ࡿᶵࢆᚓࡓࠖ⟅࠼16ࠊ88㸣ࡀࠕ⮬ศࡢ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ⾲⌧࡛ࡁࡓࠖ⟅࠼ࡓ17ࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ 85㸣ࡣࠕせᮃࡀ༑ศᫎࡉࢀࡓࠖ⟅࠼࡚㧗࠸‶㊊ᗘࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ18ࠋࡉ ࡽ RJ ཧຍࡋࡓ 91㸣ࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣㅰ⨥ࢆồࡵ࡚࠾ࡾ19ࠊᐇ㝿 72㸣ࡀㅰ⨥ࢆཷࡅ ࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ 77㸣ࡣ ࠕຍᐖ⪅ࡽࡢㅰ⨥ࡣᚰࡽࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ ⟅࠼࡚࠸ࡿ21ࠋ ࡓ20ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘ࢆ㈇࠸ࡸࡍ࠸ᭀຊ≢⨥ࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢⱞ③ࢆ RJ ࡀ⦆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶ ࢃࡗࡓࠋࡓ࠼ࡤຍᐖ⪅ᜍᛧࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣࠊRJ ཧຍࡍࡿ๓ࡣ 38㸣 ࠸ࡓࡀࠊཧຍᚋࡣ 14㸣ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ22ࠋ ᪉ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢฮྖἲ࡛ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢሗᥦ౪⩏ົࡀㄢࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊ ࠕሗᥦ౪ࡀ㐺ษ࡞ࢱ࣑ࣥࢢ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠖ⟅࠼ࡿ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣࡓࡗࡓ ࡢ 14㸣࡛࠶ࡿ23ࠋ㉳ッࡉࢀࡓࡇࢆ▱ࡽࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣ 27㸣࡛ࠊຍᐖ⪅ࡢฎ㐝ࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ ▱ࡽࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣ 18㸣࡛࠶ࡿ24ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊฮྖἲࡽ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣ౫↛ࡋ࡚እࡉ ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊཧຍࡍࡽ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ࡛ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣ‶㊊ࡍࡿࡇࢁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲ ࡓ 88㸣ࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣㅰ⨥ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ25 ࡀࠊᐇ㝿ㅰ⨥ࢆཷࡅࡓࡢࡣ 19㸣26ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋࡑࡢᑡᩘࡢ࠺ࡕ࡛ࡶࠊ ࠕຍᐖ⪅ࡽࡢㅰ⨥ࢆᚰࡽࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ⟅࠼ࡿࡢ ࡣ 41㸣27ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୖࡢࢫࢺࣛࣥࢢࡢ RISE ࡢᚰ⌮ㄪᰝᇶ࡙ࡃᐇド◊✲ࡣࠊࢮࡢᙇࢆࡅࡿ 16 Strang(2002), p.122. 17 Ibid., p.125. 18 Ibid., p.125. 19 Ibid., p.114. 20 Ibid., p.115. 21 Ibid., p.116. 22 Ibid., p.99. 23 Ibid., p.119. 24 Ibid., p.120. 25 Ibid., p.114. 26 Ibid., p.115. 27 Ibid., p.116. 5 30 小松原 織香 ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋฮྖἲࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆእࡍࡿࡓࡵ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࠕṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࠖࢆ ‶ࡓࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋRJ ࡛ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣほⓗ࡞⤒㦂ࡸឤࢆㄒࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚‶ ㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽຍᐖ⪅ࡣᚰࡽㅰ⨥ࢆࡋࠊ➨୕⪅ࡢ๓࡛⨥ࡀ᫂ࡽࡉࢀᝏࡀ ṇࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᚰ⌮ⓗ࡞ⱞ③ࡀῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⿕ ᐖ⪅ࡢࠕṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࠖࡣ‶ࡓࡉࢀࡓゝ࠼ࡿࠋRJ ࡢᙇࡣᚰ⌮ㄪᰝࡼࡗ࡚ලయ ⓗ࡞ീࢆ⤖ࡧࠊᐇド◊✲ࡼࡗ࡚ࡼࡾᙉ࠸ࣥࣃࢡࢺࢆᣢࡘࡇᡂຌࡋࡓࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࠊึᮇࡢ RJ ᐇ㊶ࡢᙉ࠸ືᶵࡣࠕ㏆௦ฮྖἲᢈุࠖࠕṇ⩏ࡢ ᐇ⌧ࠖࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋRJ ࡢᛮᐙࡓࡕࡸ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣࠊRJ ࡢᐇ㊶ࡼࡾࠊ ㏆௦ฮྖἲࡢၥ㢟ࢆ✺◚ࡋࠊ ࠕṇ⩏ࠖࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࢆࡅ ࡿࡓࡵᐇド◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ↔Ⅼࡀᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊฟ ⓎⅬࡣࠕṇ⩏ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࡣࡎࡢ RJ ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ㔜ᚰࡣࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢどⅬࢆ㔜どࡋࡓ⤖ ᯝࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ⛣ືࡋࡓࠋ ࠕRJ ࡣࠊ࣮ࣘࢺࣆᛮ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡗ࡚᭷⏝࡞⣮ தゎỴ᪉ἲࡔࠖᙇࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢ▱ぢࡀᚲせࡔࡗࡓࡢࡔࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ୍ ⯡ࡢ≢⨥ࡢሙྜࡣࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡢᐇド◊✲ࡼࡾࠕRJ ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿ ࡢᚲせࡔࠖ࠸࠺ᖐ⤖⮳ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ➨❶ ᛶᭀຊࡢ≉Ṧᛶࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚̾̾5- ᥎㐍⪅ࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡢㄽத̾̾ ᛶᭀຊࡢሙྜࡣࠊ ୍⯡ࡢ≢⨥ࡼࡾࡉࡽ RJ ࡢៅ㔜ㄽࡣᙉᅛ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ከࡃࡢࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡣࠕࡓ࠼୍⯡ⓗ࡞≢⨥࡛ࡣ RJ ࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡋ ࡚ࡶࠊᛶᭀຊࡣᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ⪃࠼ࡓࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘◊✲ࡢ➨୍ே ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢪࣗࢹࢫ࣭ࣁ࣮࣐ࣥࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࣁ࣮࣐ࣥࡶࡲࡓㄽᩥ “Justice from the Victim’s Perspective”࠾࠸࡚ࠕ㏆௦ฮྖἲࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀẚ࡚ࠊRJ ࡣཎ⌮ⓗࡣᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ↓ᐇࡢド᫂ࢆ࡞ࡋᚓ ࡿ₯ᅾຊࡀ࠶ࡿࣁ࣮࣐ࣥࡣㄆࡵࡿ28ࠋ᪉ࠊᐇ㊶࠾࠸࡚ࡣຍᐖ⪅ᚿྥࡔᣦ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊRJ ࡢᴫᛕࡣ㆟ㄽࢆ⤒࡚Ὑ⦎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ᚿྥ ࡞ࡿࡇࡣ㠀⌧ᐇⓗࡔ㏙ࡿ29ࠋࣁ࣮࣐ࣥࡣᛶᭀຊᚲせ࡞ࡢࡣࠊRJ ࡢᐇ ㊶࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸᑐࡍࡿၨⓎάືࡔ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ30ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ 28 Herman(2005), p.578. 29 ibid., p.578. 30 ibid., p.599. 6 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 31 ࣁ࣮࣐ࣥࡢᣦࢆࡣࡌࡵࡋ࡚ࠊࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡓࡕࡣᏳ᫆࡞ RJ ᐇ㊶㆙㚝ࢆ㬆ࡽࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿ31ࠋ ᮏ❶࡛ࡣᛶᭀຊ≉ࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ RJ ࡣᚲせ ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ㄽதࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋᛶᭀຊࡢ RJ 㐺⏝ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿ࢟ ࣕࢧ࣭ࣜࣥࢹ࣮ࣜࠊࡑࢀㄽࡍࡿࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡢࢽ࣮࣭࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡢㄽத࡛࠶ ࡿࠋཱྀⅆࢆษࡗࡓࡢࡣࢹ࣮࡛ࣜࠊ2006 ᖺ BJC(The British Journal of Criminology) ࠾࠸࡚ “Restorative Justice and Sexual Assaults: An Archival Study of Court Conference Cases”ࢆⓎ⾲ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢㄽᩥࡣ࣮࢜ࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣜ⾜ࢃࢀࡓᐇែㄪᰝࢆᇶࡋࡓ◊✲ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࢹ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡋࠊฮྖἲࡼࡾࡶ RJ ࡢ࠺ࡀ᭷⏝࡛࠶ࡿࡇ ࢆᐇドࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀᑐࡋ࡚࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡣࠊ2008 ᖺ 5 ᭶ྠࡌࡃ BJC ୖ࡛ “Restorative Justice and Child Offence: The Theory and the Practice”ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋ࢝ࢬࣥ ࢬࡣࠊࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡢ❧ሙࡽࢹ࣮ࣜㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ RJ ࡼࡾࡶฮྖἲ ࡀ᭷⏝ࡔ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋࡉࡽࢹ࣮ࣜࡀࠊྠᖺ 7 ᭶ BJC ୖ࡛ “Setting the Record Straight and a Call for Radical Change: A reply to Annie Cossins on ‘Restorative Justice and Child Sex Offence’”ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢㄽᩥ࡛ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ࢝ࢬࣥࢬㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢹ ࣮ࣜࡶ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡶࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡓ࠸ࠖ࠸࠺ඹ㏻ࡢ࠸ࢆᣢࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ୧⪅ࡣྠࡌㄪᰝࢆᇶࡋ࡚ࡃ㐪࠺⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡁฟࡋࠊ㆟ㄽ ࡣჶࡳྜࢃࡎᖹ⾜⥺ࢆࡓࡿࠋ ୧⪅ࡀᇶ┙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᐇែㄪᰝࡣࢹ࣮ࣜࡀ❧ࡕୖࡆࡓࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ SAAS(Sexual Assaults Archival Study)࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࢹ࣮ࣞࢻࡢᑡᖺἲᘐ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ ࡓ RJ ฮྖἲࡢᐇ㊶ࢆẚ㍑ศᯒࡋࡓࡶࡢࡔࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࢆࢹ࣮ࣜࡀㄽᩥ୰ ࡛ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑡᖺࡢ 226 㸦59㸣㸧ࡀุཧຍࡋࠊ118 㸦31㸣㸧ࡀ RJ ࡢ࢝ࣥࣇࣞࣥࢫཧຍࡋࠊ41 㸦10㸣㸧ࡀカ࿌ࢆཷࡅࡓ32ࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ≢⋡ ࡣุࡀ 66㸣࡛࢝ࣥࣇࣞࣥࢫࡣ 48㸣ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠕ 㸦ᇳ⾜⊰ணࡶྵࢇࡔᣊ␃࡞ ࡢ㸧㈐௵ࢆࡿࡼ࠺⬣ࡍࠕ㟷ᖺ⬣㏕(scare youth )33ࠖࡢヨࡳࡣࠊ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸≢⋡ࢆ ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡣᑠす(2006)ࡀࣁ࣮࣐ࣥㄽᩥࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᛶᭀຊࡣ RJ ᐇ㊶ࡽእࡍࡁࡔᥦゝࡋ࡚࠸ 31 ࡿࠋ 32 Daly(2006), p.339. 33 ͂Scared Straight program̓ࡢࡇࠋ1970 ᖺ௦⡿ᅜ㠀⾜ᑡᖺᑐࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓ≢⨥ᢚṆࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࠋᡂேฮົ ᡤࡘ࠸࡚⏕ࠎࡋࡃᩍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡛≢⨥⪅ࡢ⾜ࡃᮎࡢᝒࡉࢆᙉㄪࡋࠊ㠀⾜ᑡᖺࢆ᭦⏕ࡉࡏ࡚≢⨥ᢚṆ࡛ࡁࡿ⪃ ࠼ࡽࢀࠊᐇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᐇド◊✲ࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࠊຠᯝࡣၥࡀࡶࡓࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 7 32 小松原 織香 ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(81㸣)ࠖࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋḟุ࡛᭷⨥ุỴࡀฟࡓࡢࡣ 32㸣 ࡍࡂ࡞࠸34ࠋࡉࡽุࡣ⤊⤖ࡲ࡛࢝ࣥࣇࣞࣥࢫࡢಸࡢ㛫ࡀࡾࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ ࡣᖹᆒ 6 ᅇࡢฟᖍࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊ᭱⤊ุỴฟᖍࡋ࡚ࡶ༙ศ㏆ࡃ ࡢࡀッゴᲠ༷ࡲࡓࡣッゴྲྀࡾୗࡆ࡞ࡿࢹ࣮ࣜࡣᣦࡍࡿࠋ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀドゝ ࡋࡓࡢࡣ 14 ࡢࡳ࡛ࠊ᭷⨥ุỴࡀฟࡓࡢࡣ 3 ࡔࡅࡔ35ࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ௨ୖࡢࢹ ࣮ࢱࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡿࠋ SAAS ࡢ⤖ᯝࡣᛶᭀຊࡢᑐᛂ࠾ࡅࡿබᘧࡢุ㐣⛬ࡢ㝈⏺ࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ㝈⏺ࡣᑐ❧ⓗ࡞[ฮྖἲ]ไᗘෆᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠑ࿌ッࡉࢀࡓேࡀຍᐖࢆྰ ㄆࡍࡿᶒࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠒࠑἲᚊⓗ࡞⨥ࢆ☜ᐃࡍࡿ୰࡛ࡣドᣐࢆ㞟ࡵࡿࣁ࣮ࢻ ࣝࡀᴟࡵ࡚㧗࠸ࡇࠒ࡛࠶ࡿ36ࠋ ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊᛶᭀຊࢆฮྖἲไᗘ࡛ᢅ࠺ࡢࡣᅔ㞴ࡔ⪃࠼࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣᛶᭀຊࡢከࡃࡀ≀ドࡸドேࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⨥ ࡢ☜ᐃࡢỴᐃᡴࢆຍᐖ⪅ࡢ⮬ⓑ㢗ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊฮྖἲࡣ⿕ ᐖ⪅ຍᐖ⪅ࡀᑐ❧ࡍࡿไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊຍᐖ⪅ࡣ⮬ᕫ㜵⾨ࡢࡓࡵྰㄆࡍ ࡿᶒࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᛶᭀຊ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ࠕຍᐖ⪅ࡢྰㄆࠖࠕドᣐࡀ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠸࠺ࡢࡀ᭷⨥ุỴࢆ㜼ࡴ᭱ࡢ㞴㛵࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊRJ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ຍᐖ⪅ࡢᑐ❧ᵓ㐀ࠖࢆᙅࡵࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡼࢀࡤࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ RJ ࡢᐇ㊶ࢆಠ▔ࡋ࡚ࡶຍᐖ⪅ࡣ᪩ᮇ⨥ࢆㄆࡵ ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊุࢆࡍࡿࡼࡾࡶ㎿㏿⤊⤖ࡍࡿࡋࠊබᘧ࡞グ㘓ࡶṧ ࡽ࡞࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕྰㄆࡋุ࡚ᣢࡕ㎸ࡴࡼࡾࠊRJ ࡛⨥ࢆㄆࡵࡿ࠺ࡀࡼ࠸ࠖ ຍᐖ⪅ࡀ⪃࠼ࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࡀ࠶ࡿࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ37ࠋࡉࡽ ࠊຍᐖ⪅ࡢ᪩ᮇࡢ⮬ⓑࢆಁࡍࡓࡵࠕࢫࢸࢢ࣐ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡇࠖࢆࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ ᥦࡍࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ࿌Ⓨࡉࢀࡓᑡᖺࡀྰㄆࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ ࠕࣞࣆࢫࢺࠖࡸࠕᛶᭀຊຍ ᐖ⪅ࠖࡤࢀࡿࡢࢆᜍࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡽࡔ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊࣞࣆࢫࢺࡸᛶᭀຊ ຍᐖ⪅ࡢࢫࢸࢢ࣐ࢆ㈞ࡽࢀࢀࡤࠊἲⓗタᐜࡉࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ 34 Ibid., p.347. 35 Ibid., pp.351-353. 36 Ibid., p.353. 37 Ibid., pp.351-352. 8 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 33 ᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡛ࡶ࠸ࡌࡵࡽࢀࡓࡾࠊࡑࡢᅵᆅ࡛ᬽࡽࡏ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸38ࠋ ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊᛶᭀຊຍᐖ⪅ࡀ⮬ⓑࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࢆࡑࡢே⮬㌟ࡢᛶ᱁ࡸ⌮ࡢၥ㢟ࡋ ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠕࢀࡽࡣᝏ㉁࡛↓㈐௵ࡔࡽ⮬ⓑࡋ࡞࠸ࠖࡣゝࢃ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࠋ௦ࢃࡾࠊ♫ ⎔ቃࢆ⮬ⓑࡋ࡞࠸⌮⏤ᣲࡆࡿࠋ♫ⓗཝ⨩ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࠊᛶᭀຊຍᐖ⪅ࡢ ᨷᧁࡸⓑ║どࡀཝࡋࡃ࡞ࡿࢫࢸࢢ࣐ࡣ㐍ࡴࠋࡑ࠺࡞ࢀࡤࠊࢫࢸࢢ࣐ࢆ㑊 ࡅ࡚ᛶᭀຊຍᐖ⪅ࡣ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺⮬ⓑࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡔࡽࡇࡑࠊ ࠕᛶᭀຊຍᐖ⪅ࡢࢫࢸ ࢢ࣐ࢆῶࡌࡿࡇࡀᚲせࡔࠖࢹ࣮ࣜࡣゝ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࡇࡢⓎࡢ ㌿ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⚾ࡣࡇࡢ㔜࡞ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲࡢኚ᭦ࢆ⮬ⓑࡢቑຍ㸦⌮ⓗࡣ᪩ᮇࡢ⮬ⓑ㸧ࠊ[ุ࠾ ࡅࡿ]ᐇドᣐࡢᚲせᛶࡢపୗࠊᛶᭀຊࡑࡢຍᐖ⪅ᑐࡍࡿᖖ㌶ࢆ㐓ࡋࡓࢫࢸࢢ࣐ ࡢᴟᑠ࠸࠺Ⅼࡽ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㜵⾨⾜ືࢆῶࡽࡍࡓࡵࡣࢀࡽࡢࢡࣛࣥ ࢺࡋ࡚ࡢᶒࡢ᧦ㆤࢆࡍࡿࡇࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ<ἲᚊୖ>࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠑᐇୖࠒ࡛ࢡࣛ ࣥࢺࡀ⨥ࢆㄆࡵࡿ౯್ࢆ᥈ồࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚾ࡣࡇࡢࢪ࢙ࣥࢲࡢኚ᭦ ࡀࡍࡄᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡣᮇᚅࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⚾ࡣྖἲࡸุࡢᨵ㠉ࢆ㉺ ࠼࡚ᗈ࠸ᛶᭀຊࡢᩥ⬦ࢆᛕ㢌⨨ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋඣ❺ᛶᚅࡣᩍࠊ㝔ࠊᏛᰯ࡞ࡢタ ࡢ୰࡛㉳ࡁࠊዪᛶࡸᏊࡶᑐࡍࡿᭀຊࡣ⣮தࡸᡓதࡢᆅᇦ࡛ቑࡍࡿࠋุࡸッ㏣ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢಶேࡉࢀࡓࣔࢹࣝࡣ㐣ཤ㉳ࡁࡓ㸦ಶே㛫ࠊタෆ࡛ࡢ㸧ᛶⓗᚅࡸࠊ 㞟ᅋⓗᛶᭀຊࠊ㞳ࢀࡓඛఫẸඹྠయࡸࠊ㒔ᕷࡢᑡᩘẸ᪘㞟ᅋࠊⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜࡢዪᛶࡸᏊ ࡶࡓࡕᑐࡍࡿᭀຊࡣ࠶ࡲࡾࡶ㈋ᙅࡔࠋࡼࡾኚ㠉ⓗ࡞⿵ൾࡸᨭࠊไࡀࢪ ࢙ࣥࢲ࡞ࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸39ࠋ ୖ࡛㏙࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊᛶᭀຊࡑࡢຍᐖ⪅ᑐࡍࡿどⅬࡶኚ࠼ࡼ࠺ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࢹ࣮ࣜࡢࢪ࢙ࣥࢲࡢኚ᭦ࡢᥦࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢࠕᛶᭀຊຍᐖ⪅ࡢ ṧࡉࢆᙉㄪࡋᅜᐙࡼࡿฎ⨩ࢆཝࡋࡃࡉࡏࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᨵ㠉ࠖࡽࠊ ࠕࡼࡾᰂ㌾࡞ฎ 㐝ࢆ┠ᣦࡍᨵ㠉ࠖࡢኚ᭦ࡢᥦ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡢᥦࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡣࡇࢀ ࡀᛶᭀຊຍᐖ⪅ࡢᶒࡢ᧦ㆤࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡼࡾᗈ࠸ᛶᭀຊࡢᣠ࠸ୖࡆ㈉⊩ ࡍࡿࡇࡔࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵฮྖἲࡼࡿ᭷⨥࣭↓⨥ࡢ☜ᐃ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᐇࡋ࡚ຍᐖ 38 Ibid., p.352. 39 Daly(2008), p.560. 9 34 小松原 織香 ⪅ࡀ⨥ࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇࢆಁࡍࡇࢆඃඛࡍࡿࠋ ࢹ࣮ࣜࡀ RJ ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿືᶵࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕṇ⩏ࡢࢽ ࣮ࢬࠖࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡇࡔゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡔࡀࠊ➨୍❶࡛㏙ࡓ୍⯡ࡢ≢⨥࠾ ࡅࡿ RJ ᥎㐍⪅ࡓࡕࡢ㆟ㄽࡣⓎࡀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢀࡽࡣࠕ㏆௦ฮྖἲࡀṇ ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࠖࡇࢆၥ㢟どࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊฮྖἲࡢཎ⌮ⓗഛࢆ ㏣ồࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪉ࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ║ࢆᛶᭀຊࡢᣠ࠸ୖࡆ⨨ ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋᛶᭀຊ࡛ࡣࠊ ࠕຍᐖ⪅ࡢྰㄆࠖࠕドᣐࡀ࡞࠸ࠖ࠸࠺ቨࡼࡾࠊࡑࡶࡑ ࡶฮྖἲࡢไᗘ࡛ࡣṇ⩏ࡀᐇ⌧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡽࠊᑡࡋ࡛ࡶṇ⩏ࡢᐇ⌧ࡀ࡞࠺ ࡼ࠺ RJ ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋฮྖἲᢈุ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᛶᭀຊࡢᣠ࠸ୖࡆࡀ ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶฮྖἲࡢ⿵ࡋ࡚ RJ ࢆ᥎㐍ࡋ ࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡀᣲࡆࡿࡢࡣ᭷⨥⟅ᘚࡢᨵ㠉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾ⾜ ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᭷⨥⟅ᘚࡣ ࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢỴࡲࡾࡁࡗࡓ㉁ၥࠊ ຍᐖ⪅ࡀᲬㄞࡳ࡛⟅࠼ࡿⓑࠎ ࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀ⮬ศࡢ⤒㦂ࢆᛮ࠸ษࡾㄒ ࡋࡓࡶࡢࠖࡔࢹ࣮ࣜࡣᣦࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࢆࠊ ࡾᑾࡃࡋࠊຍᐖ⪅ࡀṇ┤௳ࡘ࠸࡚ྤ㟢ࡍࡿሙࡍࡿࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ40ࠋࢹ࣮ࣜ ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺ゝ࠺ࠋ ⚾ࡣࠑᛶᭀຊࡢุࡼࡿၥ㢟ゎỴࡼࡾ࢝ࣥࣇࣞࣥࢫࡸࡑࢀ㢮ࡍࡿ RJ ࡀࡼࡾ୍⯡ ⓗ࡞ࡿࠒࡣᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ⚾ࡣ≢⨥⿕ᐖࡢࡼࡾⓎᒎⓗ࡞ᑐᛂࢆࡍࡿࡇࠊࡑࡋ࡚ RJ ࡀࡑࡢ୍ࡘࡢ₻ὶ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡣ౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ41ࠋ ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ RJ ࡣฮྖἲࡢ⿵ⓗ࡞ᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ ᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࡢᐇ⌧ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࠊ ࠕฮྖἲࡢ⥙ࡽࡇࡰࢀⴠࡕ ࡿᛶᭀຊࠖࢆᣠ࠸ୖࡆࡿࡓࡵࠊRJ ࢆ᥎㐍ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡢ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡣࠊ ࠕฮྖἲࡢ࠺ࡀ RJ ࡼࡾ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࠖࡋ࡚ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡢࡼ࠺࡞ RJ ᥎㐍⪅ࡣฮ ྖἲᨵ㠉ࢆࠕᡙ⏬ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺42 ࠋ㏆ᖺ࡞ࡾࠊฮྖἲࡣドேಖㆤ (vulnerable witness protection)ࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚ᨵ㠉ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬ༶ࡋ ࡚ฟ᮶ࡿ㝈ࡾ㈇ᢸࢆῶࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡞ไᗘࡀసࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡢࡼ࠺ 40 Ibid., pp.560-561. 41 Ibid., pp.560-561. 42 Cossins(2008), p.362. 10 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 35 ࡞ࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡶྵࡵࡓࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ᨭࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡢᡂᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡣฮྖἲ ไᗘ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ㢦ࢆྜࢃࡏ࡞࠸ࡇࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⿕ᐖࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲࠊ ⣮தゎỴࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ⤊࠼ࡿࡇ࡛ࡁࡿᣦࡍࡿ43ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊRJ ࡢࡼ࠺⿕ ᐖ⪅ࢆຍᐖ⪅ᑐ㠃ࡉࡏࡿ༴㝤ࢆ࠾ࡍᚲせࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡢࡔࠋᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢከ ࡃࡣࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘ࡶ῝ࡃࠊຍᐖ⪅ࢆᜍࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶࡼࡃ࠶ࡿࠋ⿕ᐖࡢ༴㝤ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀぢྜ࠺ࡔࡅࡢ‶㊊ࡣ RJ ࡛ࡣᚓࡽࢀ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡢᙇࡔࠋ࢝ࢬ ࣥࢬࡣࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢឤⓗ࡞ᛂࡑࡢ‶㊊ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ࠑRJࠒࠑドேಖㆤ ࢆࡗࡓุࠒࡢᚋࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣ࡞࠸44ࠖᣦࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࢹ࣮ࣜࡢㄪᰝ ࢆཧ↷ࡋࠊ71%ࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀ࢝ࣥࣇࣞࣥࢫཧຍࡋ࡚ࡶఱᖺࡶᅇࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ ࢆၥ㢟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡢ❧ሙࡽ RJ ࡀᡂຌࡋࡓࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸࠸ ࠺ࡢࡔࠋ ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡣୖࡢࡼ࠺⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚ࠊ ࠕRJ ࡣᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆ ‶㊊ࡉࡏ࡞࠸ࡋࠊⱞ③ࡶࡽࡆࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠖᙇࡍࡿࠋ➨୍❶࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ୍ ⯡ⓗ࡞≢⨥࡛ࡣࠕRJ ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ‶㊊ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃࠊⱞ③ࢆῶࡌࡿࠖࡇࢆࢫࢺࣛࣥࢢࡢ ◊✲࡞ࡀᐇドࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡣࠊᛶᭀຊࡣࡑࢀᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡽ࡞࠸ ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡢ⪃࠼ࡿᛶᭀຊࡢ≉Ṧᛶࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡢ⪃࠼ࡿ≉Ṧᛶ␗ ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠕฮྖἲ࡛ࡣ᭷⨥ุỴ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࠖࡀᛶᭀຊࡢ≉Ṧ ᛶࡔ⪃࠼ࡓࡀࠊ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡣࠕRJ ࡛ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᚰ⌮≧ែࢆᨵၿ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࠖࡀᛶ ᭀຊࡢ≉Ṧᛶࡔ⪃࠼ࡓࠋࡑࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࠕṇ⩏ࠖ㔜ᚰࢆ⨨ࡁࠊ ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ㔜ᚰࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ┦㐪Ⅼࡼࡿ㆟ㄽࡢ㱈㱒ࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡢ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡢㄽ㢧ⴭ♧ࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡶᛶᭀຊ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡓ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ‶㊊ᗘㄪᰝࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࡣㄆࡵࡿ ࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࢇ࡞⣮தゎỴἲࡶⱞ③ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࡶῶࡌࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ 45 ࡿࠋࡉࡽࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡀฮྖἲไᗘ࡛⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀⱞ③ࢆࢃࢃࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ ࡓࡇࢆぢⴠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿㄽࡍࡿ46ࠋ ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮≧ែࡢᨵၿࠖࡀᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࡢᐇ⌧ࡗ࡚ࡢ 㔜せ࡞ᑻᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪉ࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ RJ ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠕṇ⩏ࠖࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せ 43 Ibid., p.368. 44 Ibid., p.362. 45 Daly(2008), pp.557-558. 46 Ibid., p.558. 11 36 小松原 織香 ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠕⱞ③ࢆࠑቑᖜࡍࡿࡇࠒࡶࠑࡽࡆࡿࡇ ࠒࡶࠑࢇ࡞࠸ࡇࠒࡶ࠶ࡿ47ࠖࡋ࡚ࢣ࣮ࢫࣂࢣ࣮ࢫࡔ∦ࡅ࡚ࡋࡲ ࠸ࠊ㆟ㄽࡢதⅬࡽእࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠕᚰ⌮≧ែࠖࢆ RJ ࡢホ౯ࡢᑻᗘࡽእࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡔࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠕṇ⩏ࠖ㔜ᚰࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ㔜ᚰ ࢆ⨨࠸ࡓ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊㄔᐇᛂ⟅ࡋࡼ࠺ࡶதⅬࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࠋࡑ ࡢࡓࡵࠊࢹ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡢ㆟ㄽࡣᖹ⾜⥺ࢆࡓࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡺ࠼ࠊ ࠕṇ⩏ࠖ 㔜ᚰࢆ⨨ࡃ RJ ᥎㐍⪅ࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ㔜ᚰࢆ⨨ࡃࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡣᑐ❧ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ ➨୍❶࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ୍⯡ࡢ≢⨥ࡢሙྜࡣࠕṇ⩏ࠖࡽࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ㆟ㄽ ࡢ㍈ࢆ⛣ࡋࡓࡇ࡛ࠊ ࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡣ RJ ࡀᚲせࡔࠖ࠸࠺ᖐ⤖ࢆᑟ ࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ ࠕRJ ࡣ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⌧ᐇⓗ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ‶ࡓࡍࠖ ᙇ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚰ⌮ㄪᰝࡣ᭕࡞ே㛫ࡢᚰࢆᩘ್࡛ࡽ࠼ࠊ᫂☜ẚ㍑ ศᯒࡍࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࠋᐇド◊✲ࡣᙇᙉ࠸ࣥࣃࢡࢺࢆ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡀᨭከࡃ㛵ࢃࡿᛶᭀຊࡢሙྜࡣࠊࡶࡶࠕᚰ ⌮ࠖ㔜ᚰࢆ⨨ࡁࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕṇ⩏ࠖ㔜ᚰࢆ⨨ࡇ࠺ ࡍࡿ RJ ᥎㐍⪅ࡣ㆟ㄽࡀჶࡳྜ࡞࠸࠸࠺≧ἣࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ➨୕❶ ࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡽࠕṇ⩏ࠖ ̿̾᪂ࡋ࠸ṇ⩏ㄽࡢᒎ㛤̾̾ ➨❶࡛᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㏻ࡾࠊᛶᭀຊࡢሙྜࡣࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ ⌧ࡍࡿࡢࡣ RJ ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ᖐ⤖ࢆᑟࡃࡓࡵࡣࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ㆟ㄽࡢ㔜ᚰ ࢆ⨨࡞࠸࠺ࡀⰋ࠸ࠋ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡢㄽதࡢᖺᚋࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ“Reconceptualizing Sexual Victimization and Justice”ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢㄽᩥ࡛ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊRJ ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ㔜 ᚰࢆࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡽࠕṇ⩏ࠖᡠࡍࡇࢆ᫂ゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺ゝ࠺ࠋ 㸦๓␎㸧…⚾ࡓࡕࡣ<ṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿάື>(justice activity48)࠾ࡅࡿ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࡢࢽ ࣮ࢬ㸦ࡲࡓࡣ┈㸧ࠊᚰ⌮≧ែࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢάື㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᛣࡾࡸᜍᛧ ࡀῶࡌࡓࡾࠊ⮬ᕫᑛ㔜ឤࡀቑࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ㸧ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆศࡅࡿࡁࡔᛮ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ㸰 47 Ibid., p.558. 48 ͂justice activity̓ࡣ┤ヂࡍࡿࠕṇ⩏άື࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡀࠊෆᐇࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠕṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿάືࠖヂࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 12 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 37 ࡘࡢㄽ⌮ࡢ༊ูࡣ㔜せࡔ㸦von Sokkom, 2011, pp.209-211㸧 ࠋ…㸦୰␎㸧…⚾ࡣṇ⩏ࡢ࣓ ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᚰ⌮ⓗࣥࣃࢡࢺࡢ◊✲ࢆḼ㏄ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢど Ⅼࡽ<ఱࡀ᭱㐺࡞ṇ⩏ࡢせ⣲࡛࠶ࡿࡢ>ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇࢆඃඛࡋࡓ࠸49ࠋ ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ ࠕṇ⩏ࠖࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡢ⥺ᘬࡁࢆ᫂☜ࡍࡿࡇࢆᐉゝࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ➨❶࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࢹ࣮ࣜ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡢ㆟ㄽࡣჶࡳྜࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ࢝ࢬࣥࢬࡀࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡢᑻᗘ࡛ RJ ࢆᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢹ࣮ࣜ ࡀࠕṇ⩏ࠖࡢほⅬࡽᛂ⟅ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡽࡔࠋࡇࡢࡎࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠕ⚾ ࡓࡕࡢ㔜せ࡞㆟ㄽࡀჶࡳྜࢃ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣඹ㏻ࡢᇶ┙ࠊඹ㏻ࡢᑻᗘࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࡽ ࡔ50ࠖࡲࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣඹ㏻ࡢᇶ┙ࡸᑻᗘࡢసᡂ╔ᡭࡍࡿࡢࡔࡀࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡢᑻᗘࡣᗫ ࡍࡿࡇࢆ᫂ゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓ‶㊊ᗘㄪᰝࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ ࠕ༢⣧ࡍࡂ࡚᭕࡛ゎ㔘ࡀᗈࡀࡾࡍࡂࡿ51ࠖᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ➨୍❶࡛㏙ ࡓࡼ࠺ RJ ◊✲⪅ࡀࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ㆟ㄽࡢ㔜ᚰࢆ⛣ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ࠕ⿕ᐖ ⪅ࡢᅇࢆຓࡅࡿࡓࡵࡢ<ṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿάື>ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᚰ⌮ⓗຠ⏝ࡔࡅࢆ୰ᚰ ࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿ52ࠖᢈุࡋࡓࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠕṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿάືࠖࡣᚰ⌮≧ែࢆኚ࠼ ࡿࡓࡵ⾜࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡣ␗࡞ࡿᑻᗘ࡛ホ౯ࡍࡿ ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࠕṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࠖࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᑻᗘࡼࡿホ౯࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ ࠕṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࠖࡀࠕ⚾⮬㌟ࡢᶒ࠸࠺ἲࡸṇ⩏ࡢṇ⤫ᛶ⏤᮶ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ53ࠖ࠸࠺ࠋ➨୍❶࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࢮࡶ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࠕṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࠖࢆ㔜 どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊRJ ◊✲ࡣᐇドࢆ⾜࠺ࡓࡵࠕᚰ⌮ࠖ㔜ᚰࢆ ⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ᪉ࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡣ␗࡞ࡿᑻᗘࢆసᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋὀពࡍ ࡁࡇࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶᐇドศᯒࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡔࠋึᮇࡢ RJ ࡢ ᛮࡢࡼ࠺࡞ほᛕⓗ࡞ṇ⩏ㄽᡠࡿヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᐇドᇶ࡙ࡃṇ⩏ㄽࢆᵓࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡔࡽࡇࡑࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࠕṇ⩏ࠖ㔜ᚰࢆ⨨ࡃᑻᗘࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ 49 Daly, pp.387-388. 50 Ibid., p.389. 51 Ibid., p.387. 52 Ibid., p.387. 53 Ibid., pp.387-388.ኴᏐࡣཎᩥ࡛ࡣࢱࣜࢵࢡࠋ௨ୗࠊྠᵝࠋ 13 38 小松原 織香 ᪂ࡓ࡞ᑻᗘ࡛ࡣࠕཧຍࠖ ࠕኌࠖ ࠕጇᙜᛶࡢ☜ㄆࠖ ࠕド᫂ࠖ ࠕຍᐖ⪅ࡢ㈐௵ࠖ࠸࠺㸳 ࡘࡢせ⣲ࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࠕཧຍࠖࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀ≢⨥ᑐࡋ࡚༑ศ࡞ሗࢆᚓ࡚ฎ㐝 ཧຍࡍࡿ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕኌࠖࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀ࿘ᅖࡢேࠎࡢ๓࡛┿ᐇ ࢆㄒࡗࡓࡾ㌟య⾲⌧ࢆࡋࡓࡾࡋ࡚ࠊබⓗ࡞ᢎㄆࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕጇᙜᛶࡢ☜ ㄆࠖࡣఱࡀ㉳ࡁࡓࡢࡀ᫂ࡽࡉࢀࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ㈐௵࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃຍᐖ⪅ࡸ࿘ᅖࡢ㈐ ௵࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕド᫂ࠖࡣ✀㢮ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊἲⓗド᫂⿕ᐖ⪅ ド࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣຍᐖ⪅ࡀἲⓗ࣭㐨ᚨⓗ㛫㐪ࡗࡓࡇࢆࡋࡓࡇࡀ᫂ࡽࡉ ࢀࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡣࡑࢀࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅ᐖࢆ࠼ࡓࡇࢆ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚࿘ᅖࡢே㛫ࡣド᫂ ࢆㄆࡵࠊຍᐖ⪅ࡣ⨩ࢆཷࡅࡓࡾ⿵ൾࢆࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࠋ ࠕຍᐖ⪅ࡢ㈐௵ࠖࡣ⮬ศࡢ㈐௵ ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚ᚰࡽࡢᚋ┬ࢆ⾲ࡋࠊἲⓗ࡞ド᫂ࡸ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡽࡢ㠀㞴ࢆཷࡅṆࡵ ࡿࡇࡔ54ࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࡇࡢ 5 ࡘࡢᑻᗘࡣࠊࡲࡔᐇドࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᵓᡂᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡇ␃ពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢせ⣲ࡢᐃ⩏ࡀኚ᭦ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࡶࠊㄽ ᩥ୰࡛㏙࡚࠸ࡿ55ࠋ ࢹ࣮ࣜࡀ⮬ㄆࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࡲࡔࡇࡢᑻᗘࡣᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ ࢹ࣮ࣜࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊṇ⩏ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᑻᗘࡼࡿศᯒࢆ㛤ጞࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕṇ⩏ࠖ㔜ᚰࢆ⨨࠸ࡓᐇド◊✲ࡀࠊࡍ࡛ጞ ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᛶᭀຊ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢࡣ RJ ࡀᚲせࡔࠖᙇࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ୍⯡ࡢ≢⨥ࡣ␗࡞ࡿㄽ⌮ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣṇ⩏ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ᪂ࡓᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞㸰ࡘࡢṇ⩏ࡢᴫᛕࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋ័ⓗṇ⩏ (conventional justice)ࠖࠕኚ㠉ⓗṇ⩏(innovative justice)࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ ࢹ࣮ࣜࡼࢀࡤࠕ័ⓗṇ⩏ࠖࡣ௨ୗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ័ⓗ[ṇ⩏ࡼࡿᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ]ᑐᛂࡣࠊἲⓗᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚㞟ࡵࡽࢀࡓドᣐࢆ♧ࡋࠊ ุࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆᨭࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋฮྖἲ༶ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀࡽࡣฮྖἲࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿ༠ྠࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢇࡣබᘧ࡞㐺ἲᛶ ౫ᣐࡋࠊ㉳ッࠊุࠊุỴ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࠋࡢ័ⓗᑐᛂࡣ VIS(victim impact statements56)ࠊᑓ㛛ᐙἲᘐࠊᕷẸἲᘐࠊ⚾ッไᗘ57ࠊᅜᐙࡢ⿵ൾ㔠58ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅௦ᘚࠊ⿕ᐖ 54 Ibid., p.388. 55 Ibid., p.389. 56 ἲᘐ࡛⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀ㝞㏙ࡍࡿไᗘࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ཧຍไᗘࡋ࡚ᑟධࡉࢀࡓࠋ 14 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 39 ⪅ᘚㆤே࡛࠶ࡿ59ࠋ ᪉ࠊ ࠕኚ㠉ⓗṇ⩏ࠖࡣ௨ୗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ኚ㠉ⓗ㹙ṇ⩏ࡼࡿᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ㹛ᑐᛂࡣࠊฮྖἲ༠ྠ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡾ⤫ྜࡉ ࢀࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ⾜ᨻᥐ⨨ࡸᕷẸ♫ࡢ㐠Ⴀ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣ࣓ ࢹ࢚࣮ࢩ࣑࣮ࣙࣥࢸࣥࢢ60ࡸ⿕ᐖ⪅ຍᐖ⪅ࡢ࢝ࣥࣇࣞࣥࢫࠊ㠀බᘧ࡞ṇ⩏ࡢ࣓ ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࠊ┿ᐇ࿌ⓑࡸ┿ᐇ᥈ồࠊ≀㉁ⓗ࡞⿵ൾ㸦⿵ൾ㔠ࡸࡢᙧ࡛ࡢຓᡂ㔠㸧 ࠊ㇟ᚩ ⓗ࡞⿵ൾ㸦ㅰ⨥ࡸグᛕ᪥ࠊグᛕ☃㸧 ࠊேẸุࠊࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢱ࣮ࣜసရࡸ㊰ୖࠊ ࡢࢱࣉࡢⱁ⾡ࡸᕷẸάືࢆྵࡴ61ࠋ ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ ࠕṇ⩏ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ័ⓗ[ṇ⩏]ࡽኚ㠉ⓗ[ṇ⩏]ࡢ㐃⥆యࡢ࠺࠼ ࠶62ࠖࡾ୧࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠕ┦ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㞧✀ΰ࡞ᙧᘧ࡛ࡘ࡞ࡂྜࢃࡍ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ63ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊRJ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕኚ㠉ⓗ[ṇ⩏ࡢᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ ࡢ]ᑐᛂࡣᖜᗈࡃ RJ ࡶࡑࡢ୍ࢱࣉ64ࠖࡔࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࢹ࣮ࣜࡼࢀࡤࠊ ័ⓗṇ⩏ࡽኚ㠉ⓗṇ⩏ࡲ࡛άືࡀᖜᗈࡃ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ୍➃ࡀฮྖἲ࡛࠶ࡾ㏫ഃ ࡢ୍➃ࡀ RJ ࡔ࠸࠺ࡇࡔࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ RJ ࡢ௦ᘚ⪅ࡣᛂሗⓗྖἲಟⓗྖἲࢆẚࡿࡁࠊࡼࡃ័ⓗ࡞ฮྖἲࡣࠕᝏ ࠸ࠖࡲࡓࡣࠕฎ⨩ⓗ࡞ࠖṇ⩏࡛࠶ࡿぢࡃࡧࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣྍ⬟ࡔࠋ ࡴࡋࢁ⌮ㄽⓗ࣭ᐇドⓗㄢ㢟ࡣࠊ័ⓗṇ⩏ኚ㠉ⓗṇ⩏ࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࡸ┈ࢆ‶ ࡓࡍ⛬ᗘࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ65ࠋ 57 ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀຍᐖ⪅㈺ൾ㔠ࢆㄳồࡍࡿไᗘࠋᖏ⚾ッࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶᑟධࡉࢀࡓࠋ 58 ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅⤥㔠ไᗘࡀᶞ❧ࡉࢀࡓ 59 Ibid., p.382. 60 ᙜ⪅ࡀ㞟ࡲࡗ࡚࣑࣮ࢸࣥࢢࢆ㛤ࡃ࠸࠺⣮தゎỴ᪉ἲࠋ ࠕㄪࠖ࡞ヂࡉࢀࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ 61 Ibid., p.382. 62 Ibid., p.382. 63 Ibid., p.382. 64 Ibid., p.382. 65 Ibid., p.383. 15 40 小松原 織香 ➨❶࡛ࡶ㏙ࡓࡀࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ RJ ࢆࠕฮྖἲࢆ⿵ࡍࡿᡭẁࠖࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣᛶᭀຊࡢ≉Ṧᛶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠕຍᐖ⪅ࡢྰㄆࠖࠕドᣐࡀ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠸࠺ᅔ㞴ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ ࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡗ࡚ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢࡣ RJ ࡀᚲせࡔࠖ ࠸࠺⪃࠼࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ5 ᖺᚋࡢࡇࡢㄽᩥ࡛ࢹ࣮ࣜࡣࠊࡉࡽ⪃࠼ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ RJ 㝈 ࡽࡎࡼࡾᗈ࠸ࠕṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿάືࠖࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆసᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᛶᭀຊࡘ࠸ ࡚ࡣࠊฮྖἲᨵ㠉ࢆᢲࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡶ⥙ࡽࡇࡰࢀⴠࡕࡿ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡣ࡚ࡶᥒ࠸ୖࡆࡽ ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ័ⓗṇ⩏ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ୰᰾ⓗ࡞ฮྖἲ࡛ࡣ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡋࡁࢀ࡞࠸ ࡢࡔࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊኚ㠉ⓗṇ⩏ࢆᐇࡋᕷẸ♫ࡢάືࡋ࡚⥙ࢆᗈࡆࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᑡ ࡋ࡛ࡶከࡃࡢᛶᭀຊࢆᣠ࠸ୖࡆࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࣜࡢ័ⓗṇ⩏ ኚ㠉ⓗṇ⩏ࡢᴫᛕࡢ㆟ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡶࡣࡸ RJ ฮྖἲࡣᑐ❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ୧⪅ࡣ ࠕṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿάືࠖࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀูࡢ㒊ศࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣ᪂ࡓࠕࡢάືࡀᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆࡼࡾᐇ⌧ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠖ࠸࠺ၥ࠸ࢆ❧࡚ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊṇ⩏ࡢᑻᗘࡼࡿᐇド◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡵࡤࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕṇ⩏ࠖࡢほⅬࡽࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡣ RJ ࡀ ᚲせࡔࠖ࠸࠺ᖐ⤖ࡀᑟࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊᛶᭀຊ࠸ ࠺≉Ṧ࡞ࣇ࣮ࣝࢻ࡛ RJ ࡀ࠺ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿ➃⥴࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ➨ᅄ❶ ṧࡉࢀࡓࠕࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࠖ࠸࠺ㄢ㢟 ࢹ࣮ࣜࡢṇ⩏ㄽࡣࠊ ࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡣ RJ ࡀᚲせࠖ࠸࠺ ◊✲ࡢⓎᒎࡁࡃᐤࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣᛶᭀຊ࠸࠺≉Ṧ࡞ࣇ࣮ࣝࢻ ࠾࠸࡚ࠊṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿάືࢆ័ⓗṇ⩏ኚ㠉ⓗṇ⩏ศࡍࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣᅜᐙ ࡼࡿྖἲไᗘࢆ୰ᚰᒎ㛤ࡋࠊᚋ⪅ࡣᕷẸ♫ࡼࡿάືࢆ୰ᚰᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀ ࡣ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓᚋࡢすὒ♫࡛ᗈࡃㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓබඹࡢၥ㢟᥋⥆ࡉࢀࡿࡔࢁ ࠺ࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶ RJ ࡢᛮࡶࠊ ࠕ⚾ࡸ࠶࡞ࡓࡢၥ㢟࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡣࡎࡢ≢⨥⾜Ⅽࡀࠊ ࠕᅜᐙࠖ ࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ฎ⌮ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡢᢈุࡽጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1970 ᖺ௦άⓎ࡞ࡗ ࡚ࡁࡓ RJ ࡢᛮ࡛ࡣࠊ㏆௦♫ᢈุࡢ₻ὶ┦ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊᅜᐙࡸ᪤Ꮡࡢไᗘࡢゎయ ࡸᗫᲠࡀㅻࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋึᮇࡢࢮࡢᩥ⊩࡛ࡣ RJ ฮྖἲไᗘࡣᑐ❧ⓗㄽࡌ ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ66ࠋࡲࡓࢡࣜࢫࢸࡣࠊ➨୕ୡ⏺ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ࠕ㈨ᮏ⩏࠸࠺୍ࡘ 66 Zehr(1990), pp.63-82. 㸦⩻ヂࠊ69-89 㡫ࠋ 㸧 16 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 41 ࡢ౯್࡛ୡ⏺ࢆᨭ㓄ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᖇᅜ⩏ࡔࠖࡋ࡚ᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ67ࠋࡉࡽ࣐࢜ ࣜࢆࡣࡌࡵࡋ࡚ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲඛఫẸࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ඛఫẸࠊࣁ࣡ඛఫẸ࡞ඛఫẸ᪘ࡀ ⬮ගࢆᾎࡧࡓࡢࡶẸ᪘࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢᶒ㐠ືࡀ┒ࢇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ௦ࢆᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ᳜Ẹᆅ⩏ࡢ⿵ൾࡢၥ㢟ࡶྠᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᙜࡣࠕRJ ࡢᐇ㊶ࡢ᥎㐍ࠖࠕࡼࡾᗈ࠸ᩥ⬦࡛ࡢᨻⓗᙇࠖࢆ㔜ࡡྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ ࡶྍ⬟ࡔࡗࡓゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊయไ㐠ືࡢ୍⎔ࡢ୰࡛ RJ ᐇ㊶ࡀ᥎㐍ࡉࢀ࡚ ࡁࡓഃ㠃ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡔࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ௦ࡀୗࡿࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ⣲ᮔ࡞㡯ᑐ❧ࡸ࢚࢜ࣜࣥࢱࣜࢬ࣒ᑐࡍ ࡿᢈุࡶ࠶ࡾࠊRJ ࡢᛮࡣࡼࡾ✜ᙜ࡞ࡶࡢኚ㉁ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࢮࡣࠊᚋⓎ⾜ࡋ ࡓᩥ⊩࡛ࡣ RJ ฮྖἲࢆᑐ❧ࡉࡏࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࢆྲྀࡾୗࡆࠊࢫ࣌ࢡࢺ࣒ࣛ࠸࠺ ᙧኚ᭦ࡋ࡚ಟṇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ68ࠋRJ ࡢ㆟ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ୍᪉ࡀ᪉ࢆᢈุࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ ࡞ࡃࠊඹᏑྍ⬟࡞ࣔࢹࣝࡀᚲせࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࠕᩥࡢከᵝᛶࢆ ᣢࡘᕷẸࡀࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᩥ⬦ࢆάࡋ࡚ṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿάືྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࠖ࠸࠺ከᩥ ⩏ⓗ࡞Ⰽྜ࠸ࡀᙉࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊRJ ᐇ㊶⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢ᭷ྡ࡞ᩍ⛉᭩࡛ ࠶ࡿ The Handbook of Victim Offender Mediation ࡶከᩥ⩏ࡘ࠸࡚Ꮫࡪࡓࡵࡢ ୍❶ࡀタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ69ࠋࣥࣈࣛࢺࡣࡇࡢ❶࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜⓑேᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ࠕಶேࡢ ᩆ῭ࢆ㔜ࢇࡌࡿ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍⓗ౯್ほࠖࢆᬑ㐢࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇὀពࢆಁࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࣥࣈࣛࢺࡣ RJ ࠾࠸࡚ከᩥ⩏ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆ㏙࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࠊᣢࡘࡁṇࡋ࠸୍ࡘࡢୡ⏺ほࢆ♧ࡍࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡿୡ⏺ ほࡀ⾪✺ࡋࡓࡾ㸦ࡑࢀࡣᩥᏐ㏻ࡾᡓதࡢ㐨࡛࠶ࡿ㸧 ࠊ≢⨥ࡼࡗ࡚ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡓᝏ ࠸≧ἣࢆಟࡍࡿ࠸࠺ヨࡳࢆጉࡆࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇࢆࠊ㑊ࡅࡓ࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ70ࠋ RJ ࡣ⊂⮬ࡢẸ᪘ᩥࡸ᐀ᩍࢆ↓どࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊከᩥ⩏ࡣ ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶཧຍࡍࡿಶேࢆᢚᅽࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺㓄៖ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔࠋࡑࢀࢆᇶ┙ࡋ࡚ᩥ ࡸ᐀ᩍࡢᢲࡋࡅࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡇࢆ᭱ඃඛࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠕᐶᐜ࡞ᕷẸ♫ࠖࢆᇶ 67 Christie(2004), pp.16-17. 㸦⩻ヂ 45 㡫ࠋ 㸧 68 Zehr(2002), p.58.㸦⩻ヂࠊ78 㡫ࠋ 㸧 69 Umbreit(2001), pp.65-84. 㸦⩻ヂࠊ84-102 㡫ࠋ 㸧 70 Ibid., p.70. 㸦⩻ヂࠊ89 㡫ࠋᑠᯇཎࡀ୍㒊ࡢヂࢆᨵኚࡋࡓࠋ 㸧 17 42 小松原 織香 ┙ࡍࡿᛮࡀࢹ࣮ࣜࡢṇ⩏ㄽࡢୗᩜࡁࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᛶᭀຊ࡛ࡣࠊ㛗ࡽࡃࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺ RJ ᥎㐍⪅ࡣࡶࡼࡾࠊࣇ࢙࣑ࢽࢫࢺࠊྖ ἲ㛵ಀ⪅ࠊ་⒪㛵ಀ⪅ࠊ⚟♴㛵ಀ⪅࡞ከࡃࡢศ㔝ࡢேࠎࡀ㗦ࡃᑐ❧ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡾࢃࡅࢹ࣮ࣜࡢᆅ┙࡛࠶ࡿ⡿ᅜࡸᕞ࡛ࡣㄽதࡀ⃭ࡋ࠸ࠋࡔࡽࡇࡑࠊᑐ❧ࡋ࡚ ࠾࠸ࢆ₽ࡋྜ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊඹᏑྍ⬟࡞ṇ⩏ࡢάືࡢࣔࢹࣝࡀᚲせࡉࢀࡿ⪃ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋṇ⩏ࡢᑻᗘ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠕཧຍࠖ ࠕኌࠖ ࠕጇᙜᛶࡢ☜ㄆࠖ ࠕド᫂ࠖ ࠕຍᐖ⪅ ࡢ㈐௵ࠖࡣࠊ ࠕᅜᐙࠖࡲࡓࡣࠕᕷẸ♫࡛ࠖ⿕ᐖ⪅ຍᐖ⪅ࡢ⤒㦂ㄒࡾࡀᢎㄆࡉ ࢀࠊ㐺ṇ࡞ฎ㐝ࢆཷࡅࡿࡓࡵࡢᶒࡀ‶ࡓࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠕᖹ➼ࠖࡸࠕᶒࠖࢆ㔜ࢇࡌࡿすὒ♫ࡢせㄳࢆཷࡅ ࡚ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓࠊᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢṇ⩏ㄽࡔゝ࠼ࡿࠋ ᪉ࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣṇ⩏ㄽࢆࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ᛶᭀຊࡢၥ㢟ゎỴࡶど㔝ධࢀ࡚ᵓ⠏ࡋࡓ ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢹ࣮ࣜࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺ゝ࠺ࠋ ᪂ࡋ࠸ṇ⩏ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊᖹ࡞ඛ㐍ᅜࡢ㸦ಶே㛫ࡸࡲࡗࡓࡃࡢேࢆയ ࡘࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡞㸧ᭀຊ࠸࠺ᩥ⬦㝈ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋቑࡍࡿ⣮தᚋࡢ♫࡛ࡢᛶᭀຊ ṇ⩏ࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᣢࡕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ ࠑᅜෆࡢᩥ⬦ࡢ⌮ㄽ◊✲ࠒࢆࠑᅜ㝿ⓗࡲࡓⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜࡢ ᩥ⬦ࠒྥࡅ࡚ሗⓎಙࡍࡿࡇࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊ㏫ࡶࡲࡓ↛ࡾࡔ71ࠋ ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡣすὒ♫⠊ᅖࢆ⤠ࡽࡎࠊⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜࡶྵࡵࡓࡼࡾᗈ࠸ ᩥ⬦ࢆᑕ⛬ධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊࢹ࣮ࣜࡢṇ⩏ㄽࡣከᩥ⩏ࡸᕷẸ♫ࡢᡂ❧ ࢆᛕ㢌⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ័ⓗṇ⩏ኚ㠉ⓗṇ⩏ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ㞧✀ΰⓗ࡛┦⿵ⓗ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᅜᐙࡢ㡿ᇦᕷẸ♫ࡢ㡿ᇦࢆศࡅࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛බṇ ᢅࢃࢀࡿࡇࡀ㔜せࡔ⪃࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ 㠀すὒ♫ࡽᐇ㝿ฟ࡚ࡃࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࡑࢀࡣ␗࡞ࡿⰍᙬࢆᣢࡘࠋ ᛶᭀຊ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊRJ ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡣᖖすὒ♫ࡢ┦ᑐࡀヨࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ 2014 ᖺ࣋ࣝࢠࡢ࣮ࣦࣝࣥᏛ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓᅜ㝿Ꮫ Exploring the Potential of Restorative Justice for Sexual Violence ࡛ࡣࡑࡢၥ㢟ࡀྍどࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣁࢪ࣭ࣕ ࢨ࣮ࣜࡣࣛࣥࡢἲไᗘࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿሗ࿌ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࣛࣥࡣࢫ࣒ࣛᅜᐙ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ᐀ᩍᇶ࡙ࡃἲయ⣔ࢩ࣮ࣕࣜࢆᅜᐙࡢἲไᗘ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࢨ࣮ࣜࡣࠊᛶ 71 Daly(2014), p.381. 18 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 43 ᭀຊ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢩ࣮ࣕࣜࢆ RJ ࡢどⅬࡽゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿ72ࠋࡇ࠺ ࡋࡓヨ⾜ࡣᨻᩍศ㞳ࢆ๓ᥦࡋࡓすὒ♫ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ࣮ࣘࣇ࢛࣐࣭ࣛ ࣑࢝ࣥࣛࡣࠊࢼࢪ࢙ࣜࡢ⣮தୗ࠾ࡅࡿᛶᭀຊࡘ࠸࡚ሗ࿌ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ73ࠋ ࣑ࣛ࢝ࣥࣛࡣᏛࡢ᭱ᚋࡢయウ㆟࡛ࢹ࣮ࣜࡶྵࡴḢ⡿ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡓࡕྥࡗ࡚ࠊ ࠕすὒ♫࡛ RJ ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿࡁࡣࠊࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣝ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ㝖ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࢼࢪ࢙࡛ࣜࡣ RJ ᐀ᩍࡣษࡾ㞳ࡏ࡞࠸ࠖᣦࡋࡓ74ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ ᨻᩍศ㞳ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᅜᐙࡸࠊ᪥ᖖ⏕ά᐀ᩍᛶࡀษࡾ㞳ࡏ࡞࠸♫࠾࠸࡚ ᐇ㊶ࡉࢀࡿ RJ ࡛ࡣࠊᕷẸࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢኌࢆ⪺ࡁ♫ᫎࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛ࠊࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗ ࣜࢸࡢၥ㢟ࡀ῝ࡃ㛵ࢃࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ㠀すὒ♫ࡢᩥⓗᩥ⬦╔ ┠ࡋࡓᣦࡣࢨ࣮ࣜࡸ࣑ࣛ࢝ࣥࣛࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ㝔⏕ࡽ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋᛶᭀຊ ࠾ࡅࡿ RJ ࡢᐇ㊶ࡢ◊✲ࡀ㐍ࡳࠊᅜ㝿Ꮫࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ⮳ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ᪂ ࡋ࠸ୡ௦ࡀࡼࡾᗈ࠸ど㔝࡛ᛶᭀຊ RJ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ RJ ࡣᚲせࠖ࠸࠺㆟ㄽࢆࠊࢫࣆ ࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࡢほⅬࡽㄽࡌࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀᣅࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊࢹ࣮ࣜ ࡢ ࠕᅜᐙࡲࡓࡣᕷẸ♫࠾ࡅࡿᢎㄆࠖ ࢆ㔜どࡍࡿṇ⩏ࡢᑻᗘࡣ㐺⏝ྍ⬟ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡲࡓࠕᐶᐜ࡞ᕷẸ♫ࠖࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ㄽࡌࡁࢀࡿၥ㢟ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᪉ࠊRJ ࡶࡲࡓࠊึᮇࡢᛮ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࣁ ࣮࣡ࢻ࣭ࢮࡣ࣓ࣀࢼࢺὴ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆබゝࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊChanging Lenses ࡛ࡣ୍❶ ࢆ࠸࡚⪷᭩ RJ ࡢᛮࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ75ࠋฟⓎⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ RJ ࡢᛮ ࡣࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ㇏ᐩ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊすὒ♫ ࠾ࡅࡿ RJ ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀࠊࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㝖ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊᩥࡢ ከᵝᛶࢆ㔜ࢇࡌࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊすὒ♫࡛ࡣ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍࡀᅽಽⓗࢻ࣑ ࢼࣥࢺ࡞ゝㄝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿࡇ࡛᐀ᩍࢆᢚᅽࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ ࡽࡔࠋ㠀࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍ⪅ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ㠀᐀ᩍᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࢆ ḟⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡍࡿഴྥࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ᪉ࠊ㠀すὒ♫࠾࠸࡚ RJ ࡢ ㆟ㄽࡀᗈࡲࡗ࡚௨㝆ࡣࠊࡑࡢᅵᆅࡸᩥⓗᩥ⬦╔┠ࡋ࡚᐀ᩍᛶࡸࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜ ࢸࢆㄽࡌ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ୡ௦ࡢ RJ ◊✲⪅ࡢ୰ࡣࢫࣆࣜ 72 Azari(2014). 73 Lamikanra(2014). 74 Daly, Koss, Geske, Ward, Mercer, Adrienssens(2014). 75 Zehr(1990), pp.126-157. 㸦⩻ヂࠊ129-160 㡫ࠋ 㸧 19 44 小松原 織香 ࢳࣗࣜࢸࢆ୰ᚰ⨨࠸ࡓ㆟ㄽࢆࡧ㛤ጞࡍࡿ⪅ࡀฟ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᛶᭀຊ ࠾ࡅࡿࢹ࣮ࣜࡢㄽࡌࡿࠕᅜᐙࠖࠕᕷẸ♫ࠖࡢ༠ാࡼࡿᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ ṇ⩏ࡢᐇ⌧࠸࠺ᵓᅗࡣࠊ୍ࡘࡢ㐩ᡂⅬ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽࡶ࠺୍ ᗘࠊ᐀ᩍᛶ࣭ࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓṇ⩏ㄽࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀࡣࢫ࣒ࣛᩥᅪࡸࣇࣜ࢝ᩥᅪࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢪᩥᅪ࡞ࠊ㠀すὒ♫ ࡽࡢⓎಙࢆ㍈ࡋ࡚ᣅࢀࡿṇ⩏ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ṇ⩏ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ RJ ࡣᚲせࠖࡀࡧၥ࠸┤ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࠾ࢃࡾ RJ ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠕṇ⩏ࠖࡢၥ㢟ࡢᴟࡽฟⓎࡋࠊ ࠕᚰ⌮ࠖࡢᴟ⛣ືࡋࡓᚋࠊࡶ࠺ ୍ᗘࠕṇ⩏ࠖࡢᴟᖐࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ᪉ࠊRJ ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠕ᐀ࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࠖࡢ ᴟࡽฟⓎࡋࠊ ࠕከᩥ⩏ࠖࡢᴟ⛣ືࡋࡓᚋࠊࡶ࠺୍ᗘࠕࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࠖ ࡢᴟᖐࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋᛶᭀຊ࠾ࡅࡿ RJ ᐇ㊶࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ㔜ࡢ 㐠ືࡀ㉳ࡁ ࡚࠸ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠕṇ⩏ࠖࠕࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࠖࡢၥ㢟ࡀࡇࡢ 㐠ື ࡢ୰࡛࠺⤡ࡳྜ࠸ࠊᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᛶᭀ ຊ࠾ࡅࡿ RJ ࡢ᥈ồࡢ◊✲ࡣጞࡲࡗࡓࡤࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᛶᭀຊࡢ≉Ṧᛶࢆᛕ㢌 ⨨࠸࡚ࠊ᐀ᩍᛶࡸࢫࣆࣜࢳࣗࣜࢸࡢほⅬࡽࠕᛶᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢṇ⩏ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍ ࡿࡣ RJ ࡀᚲせࠖࢆၥ࠺ࡓࡵࡢලయⓗ࡞᪉ἲㄽࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆ ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࠊᮏㄽᩥࡢ➹ࢆ⨨ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ ࠙ⱥㄒᩥ⊩ࠚ Cossins, Anny, “Restorative Justice and Child Offence: The Theory and the Practice”, The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 48, 2008, pp.359-378. Christie, Nils “Conflict as Property”, The British Journal of Criminology, 1977, pp.1-15. Christie, Nils, A Suitable Amount of Crime, Psychology Press, 2004.㸦ᖹᯇẎ࣭ᑎ⃝ẚዉᏊ ヂࠊ ࠗேࡀேࢆࡃࡁ࠘᭷ಙᇽࠊ2006 ᖺࠋ 㸧 Daly, Kathleen, “Restorative Justice and Sexual Assaults: An Archival Study of Court Conference Cases”, The British Journal of Criminology, vol.46, 2006, pp.334-356. Daly, Kathleen, “Setting the Record Straight and a Call for Radical Change: A Reply to Annie Cossins on ‘Restorative Justice and Child Sex Offence’”, The British Journal of 20 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 45 Criminology, vol.48, 2008, pp.557-566. Daly, Kathleen, “Reconceptualizing Sexual Victimization and Justice”, in Justice for Victims: Perspective on Rights, Transition and Reconciliation, edited by Vanfraechem, Inge, Pemberton, Antony, and Ndahinda, Felix Mukwiza, Routledge, 2014, pp378-395. Elias, Robert, The Politics of Victimization: Victims, Victimology, and Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 1986. Herman, Judith Lewis, “Justice from the Victim’s Perspective”, Violence Against Women, vol.11. No.5, 2005, pp.571-600. Strang, Heather, Repair or Revenge: Victim and Restorative Justice, Clarendon Press, 2002. Umbreit, Mark S. The Handbook of Victim Offender Mediation, Jossey-Bass, 2001. 㸦⸨ᒸ ῟Ꮚ┘ヂࠗ⿕ᐖ⪅-ຍᐖ⪅ㄪࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ——ಟⓗྖἲᐇ㊶ࡢࡓࡵ——࠘ ࠊ ㄔಙ᭩ᡣࠊ2007 ᖺࠋ 㸧 Zehr, Howard, Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice, Herald Press, 1990. 㸦すᮧኵ࣭⣽ὒᏊ࣭㧗ᶫ๎ኵ┘ヂࠗಟⓗྖἲࡣఱ—ᛂሗࡽ㛵ಀ ಟ—࠘ ࠊ᪂Ἠ♫ࠊ2003 ᖺࠋ 㸧 Howard Zehr, The Little Book of Restorative Justice, Good Books, 2002.㸦᳃⏣ࡺࡾヂࠗ㈐ ௵⒵ࡋ࠘ ࠊ⠏ᆅ᭩㤋ࠊ2008 ᖺࠋ 㸧 ࠙᪥ᮏㄒᩥ⊩ࠚ ᅜ≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢ NAVS㸦࠶ࡍࡢ㸧 ࠗ2000 ᖺᨵṇᑡᖺἲ 5 ᖺᚋぢ┤ࡋࡢពぢ᭩࠘ http://www.navs.jp/report/1/opinion2/opinion2-10.html#4ࠊ2014 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 10 ᪥☜ㄆ ᒸ㔝ඵ௦ࠗࣇ࢙࣑ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢᨻᏛ——ࢣࡢ⌮ࢆࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ♫——࠘ࡳࡍࡎ ᭩ᡣࠊ2012 ᖺࠋ ∦ᒣᚐ᭷ࠕ≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅ಟⓗྖἲࠖ⣽ὒᏊ࣭すᮧኵ࣭ᶔᮧᚿ㑻࣭㎮㔝ᩥ⌮⦅ ࠗಟⓗྖἲࡢ⥲ྜⓗ◊✲࠘㢼㛫᭩ᡣࠊ2006 ᖺࠊ93-106 㡫ࠋ 㬞ᚿ⏣ࡲࡺࡳࠕಟⓗྖἲࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ᨭࡢྍ⬟ᛶࠖ ࠗᮾὒᏛᏛ㝔⣖せ࠘48(♫ Ꮫ࣭⚟♴♫)ࠊ2011 ᖺࠊ 1-18 㡫ࠋ ᑠす⪷Ꮚࠕಟⓗྖἲ⿕ᐖ⪅ᨭ——≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅ࢃࡿ⢭⚄⛉་ࡢ❧ሙࡽ ——ࠖ ࠗἲᚊሗ࠘ ࠊ78 ྕ 12 ᕳࠊ2006 ᖺࠊ60-66 㡫ࠋ ᑠᯇཎ⧊㤶ࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ᨭࡋ࡚ࡢಟⓗྖἲࡢྍ⬟ᛶ——ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ᭀຊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࢆ ᑕ⛬ධࢀ࡚——ࠖ ࠗ㜰ᗓ❧ᏛዪᛶᏛ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ㄽ㞟࠘➨ 20 ྕࠊ2013 ᖺࠊ 21 46 小松原 織香 114-139 㡫ࠋ 㕥ᮌኴࠕ≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅ᨭࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ୍⪃ᐹ——ಟⓗྖἲࡢྍ⬟ᛶ——ࠖ ࠗྡᇛ ᏛᏛ㝔ἲᏛ◊✲⛉ ◊✲ᖺሗ࠘➨ 36 㞟ࠊ2008 ᖺࠊ85-92 㡫ࠋ 㛗㐍ࠕಟⓗྖἲ㛵ࡍࡿ୍⪃ᐹ——⿕ᐖ⪅ᨭࡢ❧ሙࡽ——ࠖ ࠗ≢⨥㠀⾜࠘ No.136ࠊ2003 ᖺࠊ78-101 㡫ࠋ ᖹᒣ┿㔛ࠕᛶ≢⨥ಟⓗྖἲࠖ⣽ὒᏊ࣭すᮧኵ࣭㧗ᶫ๎ኵ⦅ࠗಟⓗྖἲࡢ ᪥࣭᫂᪥࠘ᡂᩥᇽࠊ2010 ᖺࠋ ࣐࢜ࣜホ㆟ࠕಟⓗྖἲ㸻࣐࢜ࣜࡢぢᆅࠖ๓㔝⫱୕࣭㧗ᶫ㈆ᙪ┘ヂࠗಟⓗྖἲ —— ⌧௦ⓗㄢ㢟ᐇ㊶ ——࠘ ࠊ㛵すᏛ㝔Ꮫฟ∧ࠊ2001 ᖺࠊ39-56 㡫ࠋ ᳃⏣ⱱᩗࠕಟⓗྖἲࡀ≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅➼ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵࡢどⅬ——ಟⓗྖἲ ᑟධࡘ࠸࡚ࡢணഛⓗ⪃ᐹ——ࠖ ࠗᮾᾏἲᏛ࠘➨ 41 ྕࠊ2009 ᖺࠊ143-179 㡫ࠋ ᒣཱྀ⏤⨾Ꮚࠕ≢⨥⿕ᐖ⪅ࡽぢࡓಟⓗྖἲ——ຍᐖᑡᖺᑐࡋ࡚ᛮ࠺ࡇ——ࠖ ࠗ⮬⏤ṇ⩏࠘2010 ᖺ 9 ᭶ྕࠊ31-34 㡫ࠋ ࠙Ꮫሗ࿌ࠚ Kathleen Daly, Mary Koss, Janie Geske, Tony Ward, Vince Mercer, Peter Adrienssens, “Lessons Learned and Way Forward”, Exploring the Potential of Restorative Justice for Sexual Violence, 12-14 November 2014, Leuven, Belgium. Hajar Azari, “Rape and Possible Applications of Restorative Justice in Iranian Legal System”, Exploring the Potential of Restorative Justice for Sexual Violence, 12-14 November 2014, Leuven, Belgium. Ufouma Lamikanra, “We Did Not Ask to be Born: Secondary Victims of War Crimes of Sexual Violence and Restorative Justice”, Exploring the Potential of Restorative Justice for Sexual Violence, 12-14 November 2014, Leuven, Belgium. 22 性暴力被害者の正義を実現するには修復的司法（Restorative Justice）が必要か 47 Do We Need Restorative Justice to Realize Justice for Victims of Sexual Violence? : Analysis of Recent Discussions in English Orika Komatsubara This research aims to reveal what constitutes justice for victims of sexual violence (SV) from a philosophical standpoint. SV victim advocates have claimed that reforming criminal justice systems and strictly punishing offenders are essential to realize justice. I instead advocate constructing a framework for the meaning of 'justice' with the needs of SV victims at its center, according to the concepts of restorative justice (RJ). RJ for SV has recently been spreading widely in European countries. Researchers are exploring possibilities of RJ for SV and focusing on real data of RJ practices. The results of experimental studies reveal that the psychological needs of SV victims are satisfied by RJ practices. On the other hand, RJ includes philosophical aspects as well, as evidenced by RJ researchers discussing the problems of modern criminal justice systems at the conceptual level. Therefore, it is important to ask from a philosophical standpoint what constitutes justice for SV victims. Kathleen Daly has discussed gender and justice in the context of RJ. I take up and focus on psychotherapy and RJ. In the light of her work, I reconsider justice for SV victims from the perspectives of gender and therapy. 23
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