ᆏ⏣ṇ୕ɵࠗୖᅜಠᴗ࣭ಠᮧ◊"ࡢ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡽࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࠘ ᇶ♏⌮ਭ◊"ᡂᯝሗ࿌᭩ ࢪȂ῭◊"ᡤ 2010 ᖺ 1f ୖᅜಠᮧఫẸǼʺࡢ⌮ਭ ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡢૹ⊩ࡢྍЏᛶ ᆏ⏣ ṇ୕ ोljᜨ ୖᅜಠᮧ࠾࠸࡚┠ⓗ࣭ᶵЏးᐃⓗ࡞ఫẸǼʺࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺⌧ ࡍࡿ◊"ࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡼࡾ┒ࢇࢌࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ◊"࡛ࡣࠊఫẸ ࡢǼʺࡢᡂྰ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᭷ຠᛶࡢोᅉ࡞ࡿ♫ᵓࡢศᯒࡀ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲ ࡓࠊ᫂♧ⓗ࡞Ǽʺࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡞࠸ႏᅋࡼࡿࢌືࡢཎ⌮ࢆศᯒࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡾࠊ᪤Ꮡ ࡢಠᮧǼʺਭࡣ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋಠᮧǼʺਭࢆࣥࡍࡿᙧ࡛ࠊಠᮧ♫ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣡ ࣮ࢡࢆศᯒǼࡳධࢀࡿᯟǼࡳࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿྍЏᛶࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣡ ࣮ࢡศᯒSocial Network Analysis: SNA࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊSNA ࡢᇶᮏⓗᴫᛕ ࡑࡢಠᮧⓎᒎ◊"ࡢᛂ⏝ྍЏᛶࢆ᥈ࡿࠋ ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻᜨ ಠᮧǼʺਭࠊ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒ ࡣࡌࡵ ከࡃࡢୖᅜࡢᮧ࡛ؐࡣࠊᨻඪ࡞ࡢᨻǼʺࡸࠊಠᴗ༠ྠǼྜ࡞ࡢȂ῭Ǽʺࠊ℺₅ æ⌮Ǽྜ࠸ࡗࡓඹ᭷ଘ※æ⌮ࡢࡓࡵࡢǼʺ࡞ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ┠ⓗࢆᣢࡗࡓǼʺࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ࡞ࡣࠊྂࡃࡽఏțⓗᏑᅾࡋࡓǼʺࡸࠊಠᮧࡢȂ῭࣭♫ⓗኚక࠸᪂ ࡓᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓǼʺ࡞ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࡶࡢࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊಶᖺࡣࠊᨻᗓࡸ NGOࠊᾏእ ࡢࢻࢼ࣮࡞ࡼࡿ࿔Ⓨᨻ·ࠊ࿔Ⓨࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢ࡞࡛ࠊಠᮧఫẸࡢǼʺࢆࢌ࠺ࡇ ࡶ⌋ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢǼʺࡢ࡞࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣǼʺࢆ೫ࡋ࡚ࠊಠᮧఫẸࡢ ࡢȂ῭ⓗ࡞ྲྀᘬࡸሗࡢࡸࡾྲྀࡾ࡞ࡀ᪥ࠎࢌࢃࢀࠊࡲࡓࠊǼʺࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊǼʺࡢᡂ 1 ဨࡢඹ೫ࡢ┈ࡢࡓࡵࡢ༠ਚࢌືࡶࢌࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊಠᮧǼʺࡍࡿ◊"ࡣࠊȂ῭Ꮫࠊ♫ᏛࠊேᆞᏛ࡞ࡢศญࡢ◊"͵ࡢ ࡛ᖜᗈࡃࢌࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊಠᮧᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡑࢀࡽࡢǼʺࡢ᭷ຠᛶࢆએਭࡍࡿ ࡶࡢࡸࠊǼʺཎ⌮ࠊࡘࡲࡾǼʺࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣǼʺࡀ᭷ຠᶵЏࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᮲௳ ࡘ࠸࡚ਭࡌࡿࡶࡢࡀከ࠸ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊୖᅜࡢಠᮧ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢಠᮧǼʺࢆ೫ࡋࡓάືࡢࡳࡀಠᮧఫẸࡢཌ⏕ྥୖ ࡸၥᆏॾỴࡢᡭẁࡣးࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁ♫ⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆ೫ࡋࡓࢻ࣍ࢵࢡ࡞ᙧ࡛ࡢ ሗࡸ༠ਚࢌືࡢฌोᛶࡶ࠸ͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋಠᮧǼʺࡢᏑᅾࡢഓᗘ࡞ᙉਚࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࢆ ᫎࡋ࡞࠸ྍЏᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏ✏ࡣࠊୖᅜಠᮧ♫࠾ࡅࡿȂ῭࣭♫࣭ᨻⓗ࡞ၥᆏॾỴࡢᡭẁࡋ࡚Ǽʺࡔ ࡅ࡛࡞ࡃǼʺᙧᡂ௨እࡢࢌືࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌮ॾࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓᇶ♏⌮ਭ◊"࡛࠶ ࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡣ≉ࠊǼʺ࠾࠸࡚ࡶǼʺᙧᡂ௨እࡢࢌື࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࠕࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠖࡀ ฌो࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋ 1 ÷࡛ࡣࠊ᪤ᏑࡢಠᮧǼʺਭࡢએਭࢆᩚ⌮ࡍ ࡿࠋ 2 ÷ࠊ 3 ÷࡛ࡣࠊಠᮧǼʺਭࢆࣥࡍࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣಠᮧ♫ᑐࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ศᯒ ख़ॵࢆ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡇࡀᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡਭࠊ≉ಶᖺᩘ⌮♫Ꮫ͵ࡢ࡛⌮ਭ ᙧᡂࡢᒎࡀ♫࠸ࡋ؝ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒSocial Network Analysis: SNAࡢᴫᛕ એਭࢆඛࢌ◊"ࡢࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ೫ࡋ࡚ࡲࡵࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᭱ᚋᚋࡢಠᮧࡢȂ῭࣭♫Ⓨ ᒎࡢ◊"࠾ࡅࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡਭࡢᛂ⏝ྍЏᛶࢆ♧ࡍࠋ 1 ÷ ୖᅜಠᮧǼʺਭࡢ᳨খ ᜟୖᅜࡢȂ῭࣭♫ⓗኚಠᮧǼʺ ୖᅜಠᮧ≉ᐃࡢ┠ⓗࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿಶேࢆᵓᡂဨࡍࡿᶵЏးᐃⓗ࡞Ǽʺࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ ࡿࡇὀ┠ࡍࡿએਭࡣࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ࡽᩘከࡃᒎ࿔ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮾ༡ࢪಠᮧ ࢆࢀࡤࠊᡓ๓ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢேᆞᏛ͵ࡀᐃᘧࡋࡓࠊ͵ಀࡢཀᵓࢆᇶᮏࡍ ࡿࠕ࣮ࣝࢫ࡞ᵓࠖloosely structuredࡢ♫1࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ┠ⓗࡢࡶࡲࡲ ࡾࢆ॒ࡏࡿᶵЏႏᅋࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ᐇࡀࠊኛࡁࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࠕⓎ॒ࠖࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ಠᮧǼʺࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ᭱ࡶࡁ࡞ोᅉࡢࡦࡘࡣࠊ1970 ᖺ௦ᮾ༡ࢪᗈ ࡲࡗࡓࠕɣࡢჹࠖࡼࡤࢀࡿಶ௦ⓗ࡞ಠἲࡢᬑཬࡼࡿ⏕⏘ᵝᘧࠊႠಠᙧែࡢኚ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋಶ௦ಠἲࡢᬑཬࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡶࡢࡣࠊᅵᆅඹ᭷ࠊඹྠປാ࡞ࢆࡶ࡞࠺ࠕᮧؐඹྠ యࠖࡢࢦೕሯ[1995]࠸࠺⌧ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᑠಠࡼࡿᐙও༢ࡢȂႠࡀศॾ ࡉࢀ୍ൺࡢȂႠࠊᴗⓗȂႠࡀⓎങࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࠊಠẸၥᒙࡢኚศॾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᱵ 2 ཎ࣭Ỉญ[1993] ࡸࠊస≀ࡢၟရࡸᏛϗᩱ࡞ࡢᢞධࡢႲोࡢࡲࡾࡼࡿᕷሙȂ ῭ࡢᒎࠊᅵᆅไᗘࡢኚࢆక࠺ಠᮧ♫ࡢࡀࡾ࡞ኚᐜ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ℺₅࡞ ᅜᐙࡼࡿ࿔Ⓨᢞଘࡀ⏕⏘ᛶࢆࡁࡃᕥྑࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊಠᮧᅜᐙࡢᨻⓗ ಀࡶኚࡀୣࡁࡓࠋ ಠᮧǼʺࡢᙧᡂࢆಁࡋࡓࡶ࠺ࡦࡘࡢࡁ࡞ोᅉࡣࠊ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡽጞࡲࡿ ࠕཧຍᆺ࿔Ⓨࠖ ࡸࠕ࢚ࣥࣃ࣮࣓࣡ࣥࢺࠖ࠸ࡗࡓእ᮶ᴫᛕࡢୖᅜࡢᾐೡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᨻⓗ࣭♫ ⓗᙅ͵ࢆពᛮỴᐃཧຍࡉࡏᙼࡽࡢኌຊࢆᣢࡓࡏࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊಶࠎேࡢດຊ࡛ࡣ༑ ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊಠᮧఫẸࡀǼʺཧຍࡋႏᅋ࡛ࢌືࢆୣࡇࡍࡇࡀ᭷ຠ࡞ᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ ࣟࢪࢵࢡࣜࡅࡽࢀࡓഐືਭ࠸࠼ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢእⓗኚࡢ࡞࡛ࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᶵЏࢆᢸ࠺ಠᮧǼʺࡀࠊಠẸҜࡽࡢⓎពࡸእൺ ࡽࡢാࡁࡅࡼࡾ࡛ࡁ࠶ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࡓ࠼ࡤᑠ॔ᶍಠᮧฐࠕǼʺࡸ℺₅࡞ ࡢඹ᭷ଘ※æ⌮ࢆࢌ࠺Ǽʺࠊ Ս͵ࡸዪᛶࡢࡓࡵࡢὶࡸၨ┠ࢆيⓗࡋࡓ♫ⓗǼʺ ࠶ ࡿ࠸ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢࣽྜᆺǼʺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊᨻᗓࡸᾏእࢻࢼ࣮ࡀ 1970 ᖺ௦ࡽ┒ࢇ ᐇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠕɢྜᆅᇦ࿔Ⓨࠖࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࡓࡵࡢཷࡅ─࡞ࡿࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸǼʺࠖ community based organizations࡞ࡶᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ2ࠋ ᜠಠᮧǼʺࡢǼʺཎ⌮Ǽʺᡂྰࡢोᅉ ୖᅜಠᮧ࠾ࡅࡿಠᮧǼʺࡼࡿάືࡢ᭷⏝ᛶὀ┠ࡀႏࡲࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠊಠᮧఫ ẸࡢǼʺࡢोᅉࡍࡿ◊"ࡶࢌࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡚ࡢಠᮧࡀ¬ࡋࡃǼʺࢆࡍ ࡍࡵࠊǼʺࡢᜠᜨࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊǼʺࡀ࠺ࡲࡃ࠸ࡃಠᮧࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ಠ ᮧࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞᮲௳ࡢച࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠸ࡗࡓࠊಠᮧǼʺᙧᡂཎ⌮ࢆ⌮ਭࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋୖᅜಠᮧࡢǼʺᙧᡂ◊"ࡢᄏ▮࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ࣏ࣇ࢚ࢬ࣐ࣥࡼࡿࠕ࣮ࣟ࢝ ࣝǼʺࠖlocal organizationsࡢ◊"Uphoff and Esman [1974], Esman and Uphoff [1984]࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋEsman and Uphoff [1984]ࡣࠊᑐ࡞ࡿࣇࣜ࢝ࠊ୰༡ůࠊࢪ ࡢ 150 ࡢ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝǼʺࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢച࠸ࢆࠊ≀ⓗ࣭Ȃ῭ⓗࠊ♫ⓗࠊᨻⓗ࣭ࢌᨻ ⓗ࡞⎔ቃ18 ࡢኚᩘࡢᕪ␗ࡼࡗ࡚᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ3ࠋࡲࡓࠊ1980 ᖺ௦௨ံࡢከࡃࡢࠕཧ ຍᆺ࿔Ⓨਭ͵ࠖNorman Uphoff, Robert Chambers, David Korten, Peter Orkleyࡽࡀ ಠᮧఫẸҜఏࡼࡿǼʺࡢᡂຌࡢࡓࡵࡢእⓗ᮲௳ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ୖࡢ࢚ࢬ࣐࣏ࣥࣇࡢศᯒ࠾ࡅࡿࠕ࣮ࣟ࢝ࣝǼʺࠖࡣᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡸᨻǼʺࡣྵ ࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢúᅖࡣ࡞ࡾးᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊཧຍᆺ࿔Ⓨਭ͵ࡓࡕࡀো౯ࡍࡿ ࡢࡶࠊᨻᗓࡸࢌᨻᑐᓖࡍࡿᏑᅾࠊࡑࡢᙺࢆࣥࡍࡿᏑᅾࡋ࡚ࡢఫẸҜఏࡢࢽࢩ ࢸࣈ࡛ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓಠᮧǼʺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊฌࡣ୰ൺࢱࡢಠᮧ◊"ࡢ࡞࡛ࠊᆅ᪉ࢌ ᨻయࡢᏑᅾࡶྵࡵ࡚ಠᮧǼʺᙧᡂࡢोᅉࢆศᯒࡍࡿᚲोᛶࢆ࠸࡚࠸ࡿฌ [1996], [2003]ࠋฌࡣࠊ♫ෆᅾࡍࡿǼʺᙧᡂࡢไᗘ࣭ᶵЏ࣭Џຊࢆࠕᆅᇦ♫ࡢǼʺຊࠖ 3 ⛠ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀಠᮧǼʺᙧᡂࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳᅚࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆ᳨খࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࠕǼʺຊࠖࡢኚᩘࡋ࡚ࠕ᪤ᏑࡢఫẸǼʺࡾࢃࡅேࠎࡢ♫ಀࢆਚᩚࡍࡿǼʺࡢ࠶ࡾ ᪉ࠖࠕᆅ᪉ࢌᨻࡢᙺࠖࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿฌ [2003]ࠋࡲࡓࠊబܘᐶࡣࠊ࿔Ⓨຓ࠸ ࠺እൺࡽࡢධࡼࡿǼʺබඹæ⌮ࠊ࢚ࣥࣃ࣮࣓࣡ࣥࢺ࠸ࡗࡓ≉ᐃࡢ┠ⓗࢆᣢ ࡗࡓேⅭⓗ࡞Ǽʺᙧᡂࡀᡂຌࡍࡿोᅉࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊධࡍࡿእൺ͵ࡀࠊࢥ࣑ ࣗࢽࢸࡢࠕᆅᇦᛶࠖࢆ๓ᥦࡋ࡚Ǽʺࢆࡵࡿࡇࡀฌो࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺Ȇਭ࡛࠶ࡿ బ[ܘ2004: 6-9]ࠋ ᜡಠᮧǼʺਭࡢး⏺♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢὀ┠ ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢಠᮧǼʺਭࡢး⏺ࢆࡩࡓࡘᣦࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡲࡎࠊǼʺᙧᡂཎ⌮ࡢศᯒ ࡿኚᩘࡢവᢥࡑࡢও ࡢᣦᶆࡢၥᆏ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇ࠶ࡽࡺࡿࠕᐇহⓗ࡞ࠖ◊" ࡣኚᩘവᢥᣦᶆࡢၥᆏࡣᚲࡎએਭࡢⓗ࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊǼʺᙧᡂཎ⌮ࢆਭࡌࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀ ࡤࠊኚᩘࡋ࡚ᙜৡಠᮧࡢ♫ᵓोᅉࢆࡽ࠼ࡿᚲोࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆᐃฎⓗࢌ࠺ࡇ ࡣႤࡋ࠸ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊฌࡸబࠊࡣࡽܘ࿔ⓎǼʺࡢᙧᡂ࠾ࡅࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸෆൺࡢᙉຊ ࡞࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡸ᪤Ꮡࡢ♫ⓗǼʺࡢ᭷↓ࢆฌोख़ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ᭷↓ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ♫ⓗोᅉ࡛Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡢͳᐹḞࡅࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᮾ༡ࢪࡸ᪥ᮏࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞✀ᆞࡢಠᮧǼʺࡢẚు◊"ࢆࢌࡗ࡚࠸ࡿຍǑɵ [1998]࡛ࡣࠊࠕಠᮧൺᏑᅾࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ຓೳᖏࡢ័ࢌࡢ࡞ࡽǼʺᙧᡂࡢ┠ࢆ᥈ ࡾᙜ࡚ࠖຍǑɵ[1998: x]ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸᆺǼʺࢆᙧᡂ࡛ࡁࡿࡀฌो࡛࠶ࡿȆਭ ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ┦ೳᖏࡢ័ࢌࡢ᭷↓ࡣࡓࡋǼʺࡢฌो࡞ोǢ࡛࠶ࡿͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ ࡀࠊࡣࡓࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ័ࢌࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿಶேࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸᆺǼʺࡢᡂဨࡀᚲࡎྠࡌ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ ǼʺࡣᡂWࡋᚓ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠸࠺ၥࡀࢃࡃࠋ୍᪉ࠊబ[ ܘ2004]ࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸෆࡢ Ǽʺᡂဨჰᡂဨࡢಀࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸእࡢࢡࢱ࣮(ಶၴࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࠊࢻࢼ࣮)ࡢ ಀὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇࡢฌोᛶࡣঀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕಀࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ ࡀእൺ͵ࡢධࡼࡿǼʺࡗ࡚᭷࡞᮲௳࡞ࡿࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡣලయⓗঀࢀ࡚࠸ ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡶ࠺ࡦࡘࡢး⏺ࡣࠊಠᮧǼʺਭࡽᑟࡁฟࡏࡿࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢúᅖࡢၥᆏ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋୖᅜಠᮧ࡛ࡣࠊǼʺࢆᚲोࡍࡿ≧ἣࡣࠊእൺᛶࢆక࠺ଘ※ࢆࡵࡄࡿᐖಀࡢ ᑐWࡀ⃭ࡋ࠸ሙྜࠊືဨࡉࢀࡿଘ※ࡀࡁ࠸ሙྜ࡞ࠊୖᅜಠẸࡢ᪥ࠎࡢᬽࡽࡋࡢ࡞ ࡢ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘးᐃࡉࢀࡓሙჳးࡽࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢࡢከࡃࡢሙྜࠊಶேࡸࢥ࣑ࣗ ࢽࢸෆ࡛ࡢჰǼʺⓗ࡞΅ࡼࡾॾỴࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᕷሙȂ῭ࡸࢢ ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡀࡳࠊಠᮧࡢၥᆏࡀࣽ႗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡞࡛ࠊǼʺࡼࡿၥᆏॾỴࡀฌो ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡇࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊǼʺࡢຠᯝࢆഓᗘᙉਚࡍࡿࠊ ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ၥᆏॾỴࢳࣕࢿࣝࡸǼʺࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ႏྜⓗࢌⅭcollective action 4 ࡢཧຍࡢືᶵࡢᏑᅾࢆ्࠸ၳࡍែࢆᘬࡁୣࡇࡋࡡ࡞࠸4ࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢး⏺ࢆ৶ઁࡋࡘࡘࠊୖᅜಠᮧ࠾ࡅࡿǼʺᙧᡂǼʺᙧᡂࢆࢌࢃ࡞࠸ႏྜⓗ ࡞άືࡢព̿ཎ⌮ࢆ⌮ॾࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀᚲो࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛©͵ࡣࠊ ࠕࢿ ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠖࡢᏑᅾࡑࡢస⏝ὀ┠ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢࡦࡘࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊǼʺෆൺࡢᵓ ࢆࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡋ࡚ࡽ࠼ࠊศᯒࢆࢌ࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋୖࡢከࡃࡢએਭ॒ࡿ࠾ࡾࠊ ಠᮧǼʺࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࡑࡢᶵЏࡸࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡤࡾ↔Ⅼࡀᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࠊࡑࡢෆൺᵓࡣ ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠊࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸ᡂဨࡢᒓᛶὀពࡀྥࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡍࡂ࡞ ࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊǼʺࡢᡂဨࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࡸࠊᡂဨჰᡂဨࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆࡽ࠼ ࢀࡤࠊಠᮧǼʺਭࢆࡉࡽƝʃࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡩࡓࡘࡵࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊǼʺࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ႏྜⓗ࡞ၥᆏॾỴࢌⅭࢆಁࡍ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣡ ࣮ࢡࡢศᯒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶேࡸႏᅋࡢಀࡢ࠶ࡾᵝࢆࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡋ࡚ᐃฎⓗ♧ࡋࠊ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᛶࢆᣢࡘࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥᆏॾỴૹ⊩ࡍࡿࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ ḟ÷࡛ࡣࠊᩘ⌮♫Ꮫ͵ࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚⌮ਭᡭἲࡢὙɾࡀࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠕ♫ࢿࢵ ࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࠖࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞⌮ਭࢆࠊಶᖺࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᒎ࿔ࡶྵࡵ࡚Dzࡍࡿࠋ 2 ÷ ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒ࠾ࡅࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞એਭ ᜟ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡢᇶ♏ⓗᴫᛕ ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒSNAࡢ௦ࢢⓗ࡞ᩍ⛉᭩ࡢࡦࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ Wasserman and Faust [1994], Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications ࡼࢀࡤࠊ1950ᝬ1960 ᖺ௦ ࡣࠊ ேᆞᏛ͵ࡢ࡛ࠊ ᪥ࡢ SNA ࡢो࡞ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ ࠕᐦᗘࠖ density ࠊ ࠕúᅖࠖspanࠊࠕࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࠖconnectednessࠊࠕࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ᛶࠖclusterabilityࠊ ࠕከฌᛶࠖmultiplexity࡞ࡀࠊ♫ᵓࡸ♫⎔ቃࡢ≉ᛶࢆࢢࡍᴫᛕࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽ ࢀጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋಀࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠊᵓ࡞ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊேᆞᏛ௨እࡶࠊ♫ࠊࢌⅭࠊ ᨻࠊȂ῭࡞ࡢಀࡍࡿከࡃࡢ♫⛉Ꮫࡢศญ࡛ࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂Wࡋ࡚ⓏሙࡋࠊⓎᒎࡋ࡚ࡁ ࡓࠋ SNA ࡢⓎᒎࡢࡦࡘࡢૹ⊩ࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࡢศᯒࢆ೫ࡋ࡚♫ᵓࡢো౯ᩘᏛ ⓗṇ☜ࡉࢆᣢࡗࡓख़Ⅼࢆ࠼ࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋSNA ࡢ५Ⅼ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ♫ᵓࠖࡣ┦ స⏝ࡋ࠶࠺༢ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࡢಀᏑᅾࡍࡿ॔๎ṇࡋ࠸ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆᣦࡍࠋSNA ࡣࠊ ࡇࡢಀࡸಀࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆᩘᏛⓗॾ᫂ࡍࡿ୍ೳࡢ᪉ἲਭศᯒᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ Wasserman and Faust [1994: 3]ࠋ ୍᪉ࠊࢹ࣮ࢱႏ࣭ศᯒࡢ᪉ἲਭࡢⓎᒎࢆࡳࡿࠊึᮇࡢࡶࡗࡶฌो࡞ࠕⓎ᫂ࠖࡣࠊ 5 1930 ᖺ௦ࡢࣔࣞࣀJacob Morenoࡼࡿࠕࢯࢩ࢜ࢢ࣒ࣛࠖsociogram࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࢯࢩ࢜ࢢ࣒ࣛࡣࠊḟඖ%ࠊே♫ⓗ༢ࢆⅬ࡛ࠊேேࡢಀࢆɪ࡛ࢢࡍ ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢⓎ᫂ࡼࡾࠊࢢ࣮ࣝࣉෆࡢಶேࡢಀࡢᵓࢆṇ☜ࢢࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࣔࣞࣀࡣࢯࢩ࢜ࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊಶேࡢಀಶேࡢႏᅋෆ࡛ࡢ̘ ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠕࢯࢩ࣓࢜ࢺ࣮ࣜࠖ࠸࠺ࢹ࣮ࢱႏ࣭ঠࡢ᪉ἲਭࢆ☜Wࡋࡓ5ࠋ ࡉࡽࠊ1940 ᖺ௦ࡣࠊࣇ࢛࣮ࢧࢫ࢝ࢵࢶForsyth and Katz [1946]ࡀࢯࢩ࢜ ࢢ࣒࡛ࣛख़ड़ⓗ♧ࡉࢀࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆࢌิ࡛ࢢࡍ᪉ἲࢆͳࡋࠊ1960 ᖺ௦ࡽࢿࢵࢺ ࣮࣡ࢡࡢศᯒ࠾࠸࡚ࠕࢢࣛࣇ⌮ਭࠖ6 ࡀⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࠕࢢࣛࣇࠖࡣࠊⅬnode ɪline࡛ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆঠࡍࡿᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛࠸࠼ࡤࠊⅬࡣࢡ ࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡾࠊɪࡣࢡࢱ࣮ྠኈࡢǓᖏ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࢢࣛࣇ⌮ਭ࡛ࡣࠊ ᆅɪ geodesicࠊகႣdistanceࠊ┤ᚄdiameterࠊႣᚰᩘeccentricity࠸ࡗࡓศ ᯒኚᩘࢆ ᐃࡋࠊࢢࣛࣇࡢᙧ≧ࡢ≉ᚩᐦᗘࠝdensityࠞࠊೳȆᗘࠝconnectivityࠞࠊྠᆺ ࠝisomorphicࠞ࡞ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆᇶ♏♫ᵓࡢ◊"ᩘᏛࡢຊࡀ Ⓨࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊțও☜⋡ࣔࢹࣝࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ௦ᩘࣔࢹࣝࡢὙɾࡼࡾࠊࢿ ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᵓࡸࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢṇ☜࡞ও ࡀᚎࠎྍЏ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡢᚋࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒ࠾ࡅࡿࡶࡗࡶฌो࡞᪉ἲਭⓗ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ ࡣࠊ1970 ᖺ௦ࡢ࣍࣡ࢺHarrison WhiteࡑࡢᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡼࡿࠕࣈࣟࢵࢡࣔࢹࣜࣥ ࢢࠖࡢᡭἲࡢᵓÿ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣈࣟࢵࢡࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢࡣࠊಶேࡢࣽ႗࡞♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ ࡞࡛ࠊ≉ᐃࡢࢡࢱ࣮ྠኈࡢࢌⅭࡸಀࡀࡢࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶఝ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࠊ ᵓⓗᙺࡀ¬ࡋ࠸ࡋ࡚ࣈࣟࢵࢡࡋ࡚ࡲࡵࠊࡑࢀࢆ༢ࡋ࡚♫ࢆศࡋࠊ༢ Ǘࡋࡓᵓࡢࢌิࡋ࡚♧ࡍ࠸࠺ᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼࡾࠊከேᩘࡽ࡞ࡿႏᅋࡢࣽ ႗࡞♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡶ༢Ǘ࡞ᵓࡢࢌิ࡛♧ࡍࡇࡀྍЏ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᜠ ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢌⅭ ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡍࡿࡶ࠺ࡦࡘࡢࡁ࡞ᚰᅟࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡಶேࡢࢌⅭ ࡢಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋWasserman and Faust [1994]ࡼࢀࡤࠊ1940ᝬ1950 ᖺ௦ࡣ᪤♫ ᚰ⌮Ꮫ͵ࡀႏᅋෆ࡛ࡢၥᆏॾỴ࡞ࡢᵓࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡὀ┠ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊಶேࡢಀࢆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢࢳࣕࢿࣝᤊ࠼ࠊႏᅋ♫ࡢᵓ ࡢ≉ᚩࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊႏᅋෆ࡛ࡢಶேࡢ̘ὀ┠ࡋࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ♫ࡢࣽ႗࡞ಀࡢ࡞ ࡛ࠊಶேࡢ༨ࡵࡿ̘ࡼࡾᚓࡽࢀࡿሗࡸ͵ࡽཷࡅࡿᙳᅚࡀ␗࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀಶே ࡢࢌⅭࢆ॔ᐃࡍࡿͳ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ◊"ࡽࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࠕ୰ᚰࠖ࡞ࡿಶ ேࡸࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࠕ୰ᚰᛶࠖ࠸ࡗࡓᴫᛕࡀⓏሙࡋࡓࠋ SNA ࡣࠊྛࢡࢱ࣮ࡑࡑࡢࢌⅭࡀ⊂WࡋҜWⓗᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ┦౫Ꮡࡍࡿ ಀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺๓ᥦWࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࢡࢱ࣮ࡣಀࡢ࠶ࡿࡢࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࢌⅭ 6 ࢆ॒࡚ࠊ࠸ᙳᅚࢆཷࡅ࡚࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣไljࢆཷࡅ࡚ពᛮỴᐃࢆࢌ࠸ࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ ๓ᥦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊูࡢ࡛ؕ࠸࠼ࡤࠊࠕⓎ≉ᛶࠖemergent property࠸࠺ࡇ ࡞ࡿࠋⓎ≉ᛶࡣࣽᩘࡢࢡࢱ࣮ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚ึࡵ࡚᪂ࡓ࡞⌧ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ ࡞ࢌⅭࡀവᢥࡉࢀࡓࡾࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࢡࢱ࣮ࡢಀǓᖏࡣଘ ※≀ࡸሗ࡞ࡢ⛣యࢳࣕࢿࣝࡋ࡚ാࡃࡉࢀࡿࠋSNA ࡣࠊࢡࢱ࣮ࡢពᛮỴᐃ ࠸࠺ࢌⅭࡢ᫂ࢆࢌ࠺ࡓࡵࠊࢡࢱ࣮ࡢಀ࠼ࡤᴗಀࡢሙྜࡣࠊ┦ࡢ ྲྀɮᙺࡢᙺဨྠኈࡢಀࠊᇳࢌᙺဨࢆ┦ࡢᴗࡽฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ༠ਚྲྀᘬࡢ᭷↓࡞ ࢆ॒ࡿࠋ SNA ࡢ๓ᥦ࡞ࡿࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࢌⅭവᢥࡢཎ⌮ࢆࠊᏳ⏣ࡣࠕᵓⓗവᢥࠖྡ ࡅࠊࠕྜ⌮ⓗവᢥࠖᑐẚࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿᏳ⏣[2001: 137]ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࢌⅭࢆࠊ ࡑࡢᒓᛶࡸଯᏑࡉࢀࡓଘ※ࡔࡅࡽ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢࢡࢱ࣮ࢆྲྀࡾᅖ ࡴ࿘ᅖࡢǓᖏࡢ࠶ࡾࡼ࠺ࡽࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ♫࠾ࡅࡿࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ̘ࡼࡾ᫂ࢆࢌ࠺ ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍࢀࡤࠊฌो࡞ࡢࡣࠊࢡࢱ࣮ࡢᒓᛶ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࡑࡢᙺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣᙺࡋ࡚ࡢࡢࢡࢱ࣮ಀࢆɄᣢࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉ᐃࡢಶయࡋ࡚ࡢࡢ ࢡࢱ࣮ಀࢆᣢࡘࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ͳ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSNA ࡛ࡣࠊᙺಀࡑࡢ̘ ὀ┠ࡋࠊࢡࢱ࣮ࡀධࢀ᭰ࢃࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢᙺᶵЏࢆɄᣢࡍࡿ௦᭰ⓗ࡞ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ⌧ࢀ ࢀࡤࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣᅩ࡞ࡲࡲɄᣢࡉࢀࠊࠕᵓࠖ࡞ࡿͳ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Ᏻ⏣ࡣࠊேࡢࢌⅭࡢᵓⓗവᢥਭࢆᒎ࿔ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊྜ⌮ⓗവᢥਭࡢး⏺ࢆᣦࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋྜ⌮ⓗവᢥਭࡣಶேࡗ࡚ࡢࢌⅭࡢຠ⏝ࡼࡾࡶపࡃࡶࡑࡢᡤᒓႏᅋࡗ࡚ ຠ⏝ࡀ࠸ࢌⅭࢆവᢥࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࢆࠕ५ⓗຠ⏝ࠖồࡵࡿࡀࠊࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ┿ࡢ┠ⓗࡀҜ᫂ ࡛࡞࠸≧ἣ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ५ⓗຠ⏝ࡍ࡚ࢆിඖࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊহྍЏ࡞ᆏࢆᐃWࡍ ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠊᏳ⏣ࡣᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏳ⏣[2001: 13-16]ࠋ Ᏻ⏣ࡢએਭࡸᙼዪࡀᖌࡋࡓࣂ࣮ࢺࡢࠕᵓⓗၭࠖࡢએਭᚋࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓ ⓗവᢥ࠸࠺Wሙࢆཝᐦࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊྜ⌮ⓗവᢥࢆ๓ᥦࡍࡿࢿ ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࢆᒎ࿔ࡍࡿਭ͵ࡶ࠸ࡿࠋబܘࡽࡣࠊࡲࡎࢡࢱ࣮ࡣࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡽ ไljࢆཷࡅࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࢌⅭࢆ॔ᐃࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࢡࢱ࣮ࡣࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢไljୗࡢࡶ࡛ྜ⌮ⓗവᢥࢆࢌ࠺ࡇࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢡࢱ࣮ࡣࢿࢵ ࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆኚࡉࡏࡿ࠸࠺ྜ⌮ⓗവᢥࢆྲྀࡾ࠺ࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿబ࣭ܘᖹᯇ [2005: iii-v]7ࠋబ࣭ܘᖹᯇ[2005]࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞๓ᥦࡢࡶࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡไljୗ ࡢࢌⅭവᢥࡢDŽิኚࡸࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡҜఏࡢኚືࢆศᯒᑐࡋࡓᵝࠎ࡞એਭࡀDzࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 7 3 ÷ SNA ࡢ᪂ᒎ࿔ ᜟࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢືᏛⓗศᯒ ࣇ࣮࣐ࣜࣥ[2007]ࡢࠕল͵ॾ࡛ࠖল͵ࡢಧcᖹࡣࠊಶᖺ SNA ࡢᚰࡀࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ोᅉࡋ࡚ࠊ≀⌮Ꮫࡸሗ⛉Ꮫࡢ◊"͵ࡓࡕࡀࠕࢫ࣮࣮ࣔࣝ࣡ࣝࢻၥᆏࠖࡸࡑࢀࢃ ࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆᒎ࿔ࡍࡿ࡞࡛ SNA ࡢ᥋Ⅼࢆᣢࡕጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠊࡑࡋ࡚♫⛉Ꮫࡢᅯᇦ ࡛♫ಀଘᮏࡢᚰࡀࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡢ 2 Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢫ࣮࣮ࣔࣝ࣡ࣝࢻၥᆏ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ࣑ࣝࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ 1967 ᖺࡢਭᩥ ’The Small World Problem’Milgram[1967]࡛♧ࡋࡓࠕୡ⏺ࡢ॒ࡎ▱ࡽࡎࡢ 2 ேࡢಶேࡢࡣࠊᖹᆒ 5 ே ࡢ፹͵࡛ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ᐇቲȆᯝࡢ࡞ࡐࡓࡗࡓ 5 ே࠸࠺ᑡ࡞࠸፹͵࡛ ୡ⏺ࡣࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡢ ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣑ࣝࢢ࣒ࣛࡼࡿၥᆏࡢᥦ♧ࡽ 20 ᖺᚋࡢ 1998 ᖺࠊ ≀⌮Ꮫ͵࣡ࢵࢶࢫࢺࣟ࢞ࢵࢶࡼࡿNature৵ᥖࡉࢀࡓ 3 ࣮࣌ࢪ࠸࠺▷࠸ਭᩥ Watts and Strogatz [1998] ࡀࠊࢫ࣮࣮ࣔࣝ࣡ࣝࢻࡣࠕ▷࠸கႣ࠸ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ ᗘࠖࡽ࡞ࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆॾ᫂ࡋࡓ8ࠋ࣡ࢵࢶࢫࢺࣟ࢞ࢵࢶࡢࡇࡢਭᩥ ࡀࠕࡢ≀⌮Ꮫ͵ࡀᵓⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ⏝࠸࡚♫⌧ࢆ◊"ࡍࡿࡇᚰࢆᣢࡓࡏࡿ ࡇᡂຌࡋࡓࠖୖࡢಧࡼࡿॾࡼࡾࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1970 ᖺ௦ࡢࢢࣛࣀࣦ࢙ࢵࢱ࣮ࡢ ௦ࢢⓗ࡞એਭ࡛࠶ࡿࠕᙅ࠸ǓᖏࡢᙉࡉࠖGranovetter [1973]9ࡶࠊࠕᙅ࠸Ǔᖏࠖࠊࡘࡲ ࡾࠊࡓࡲ᥋ঀࡍࡿ⛬ᗘࡢಀࡢ▱ே࡞ࡀࠊᙉ࠸Ǔᖏ࡛Ȇࡤࢀࡓࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࢆ୨࠼ࡓ ࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ࡢகႣࢆ▷ࡃࡍࡿᶫΏࡋ࡞ࡾࠊࢫ࣮࣮ࣔࣝ࣡ࣝࢻᛶ▷࠸கႣ࠸ ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ᗘࢆᣢࡘࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࡀ࡛ࡁ࠶ࡀࡿࡓࡵ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ SNA ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᒎ࿔ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊྂⓗ࡞ࢢࣛࣇ⌮ਭ࡛ࡣࠊಶே ࡢ┤᥋ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ศᕸࢆᥥ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡞ᚰ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ୍᪉ࠊࠕࢫ࣮࣮ࣔࣝ࣡ࣝࢻᛶࠖ࠸࠺≉ᚩࢆ⌮ॾࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࢢࣛࣇ࡛┤᥋ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ ࡞࠸ࡀ 3 ͵ࢆ೫ࡋ࡚ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ 2 ͵▱ࡾྜ࠸ࡢ▱ࡾྜ࠸ࡢಀࢆᐃᘧࡍࡿ ࡇࡀྍЏ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊሗ࠸࠺┈ࢆ┤᥋ࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ┦ᡭ ࡢࡼ࠺ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ₯ᅾⓗ┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ┦ᡭࡢࡘ࡞ࡀ ࡾࡶศᯒࡢख़ญධࢀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽࠊ࣡ࢵࢶࢫࢺࣟ࢞ࢵࢶࡢⓏሙ௨ံࠊᩘᏛࠊ≀⌮Ꮫࠊ⏕≀Ꮫࠊ♫ᏛࠊȂ῭Ꮫ࡞ ࡢศญࡢ◊"͵ࡽࡼࡾࠊᗘࡣࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢືᏛⓗศᯒࡀࢇ࡛࠸ࡃࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕࣽ ႗DŽࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠖ⛠ࡉࢀࡿศญࡢ◊"࡛࠶ࡿ10ࠋࣽ႗DŽࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ◊"ࡢ࡞ࡶࠊ ᩘከࡃࡢࣔࢹࣝࡀᥦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣูࡋ࡚ࠊձࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢኚ transitivityࡸࠊղࠕⓎ≉ᛶࠖࡼࡾ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡿࢡࢱ࣮ࡢࢌⅭࡢኚࢆศᯒࡍࡿ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ๓͵ࡢ௦ࢢⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀࠕᡂ࿇ࠖࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞Ⅼɪࡀຍࢃࡿࡋࡓࡀ 8 ࠸ࠊḟᩘࡦࡘࡢⅬࡽฟࡿɪࡢᮏᩘࡢศᕸࡀ࣋࢟ἲ๎ࡘࡲࡾࠕࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࣇ࣮ࣜࠖ ศᕸࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠕࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠖࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠕඃඛⓗവᢥࠖࠊࡘࡲࡾఱᮏࡢɪࢆᣢࡗࡓⅬࡀ᪂ࡓࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡘ࡞ ࡀࡿሙྜࠊከࡃࡢḟᩘࢆᣢࡘⅬࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࠊ࠸࠺࣮ࣝࣝࢆযᐃࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝࢆ⏝࠸ ࡚ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆࢌ࠺ࠊᑡᩘࡢḟᩘࡢࡁ࡞Ⅼࡣࡼࡾḟᩘࡀࡁࡃ࡞ࡾࣁࣈ࡞ ࡿࡑࡢࡢከᩘࡢⅬࡣḟᩘࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡲࡲ࡞ࡿࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀᙧᡂࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ11ࠋ ᚋ͵ࡢ௦ࢢࡣࠊࠕࣃ࣮ࢥ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࠖpercolationᜨᾐೡࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ Ẽࡢឤᰁࡸሗࡢఏ࡞ࢆ᫂ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡୖࡢᒁᆅⓗ ࡞ၴࡾྜࡗࡓಶࠎࡢⅬࡀྠኈࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡀ☜⋡p࡛ୣࡇࡿࡋࡓࡁࠊpࡀ࠶ࡿқ⏺Ⅼ ࢆ୨࠼ࡿࠊᒁᡤⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾྠኈࡀࡉࡽࡘ࡞ࡀࡾጞࡵࠊࡑࡢ࡞࡛ឤᰁࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࢘ ࣝࢫࡸඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓሗࡀࠊ୍Ẽࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡయᾐೡࡍࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ ࠶ࡿ12ࠋ ᜠ♫ಀଘᮏ ୍᪉ࠊ♫ಀଘᮏ◊"͵ࡢᚰࢆᘬࡁࡅࡓࡢࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡣ┤᥋ಀ ࡢ࡞࠸♫Ꮫ͵ࢥ࣮࣐ࣝࣥJames ColemanᨻᏛ͵ࣃࢵࢺࢼ࣒Robert Putnam ࡀ 1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡽ 1990 ᖺ௦ึᅼࡓࡋ؝ਭᩥ࣭؝సColeman[1988], [1990]࠾ࡼࡧ Putnam [1993]࡛࠶ࡗࡓ13ࠋࢥ࣮࣐ࣝࣥࡣྜ⌮ⓗಶே࡛ࡶ͵༠ਚࢌືࢆୣࡇࡍࣥ ࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿ࠸࠺࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆࠊ♫ಀଘᮏࡢᴫᛕࡽ⌮ਭࡋࡓࠋ♫ ಀଘᮏࡣࠊ♫ଯᏑࡍࡿႏྜⓗ࡞ଘ※࡛࠶ࡾࠊ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᏑᅾࠊಙᆇࡸ ࠸ࡗࡓ॔úࠊไ࣒ࡸᶒጾ࠸ࡗࡓไᗘ࡞ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࡋࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊࣃࢵࢺࢼ࣒ࡣࠊ ࢌᨻࡢไᗘࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡸȂ῭Ⓨᒎࡢച࠸ࢆ♫ಀଘᮏࡢከᐻࡽ᫂ࡋࠊࢥ࣮࣐ࣝ ࣥࡢ⌮ਭࢆᐇহࡋࡓࠋࣃࢵࢺࢼ࣒ࡣ 1970 ᖺࡽ 20 ᖺࡢ༡ࢱࣜᕞࡢ♫ಀଘ ᮏࢆẚుࡋࠊࢱࣜᕞ࠾ࡅࡿಙᆇᛶࡢ࠶ࡿᨻ࣭ࢌᨻࡢ※Ἠࡣࠊ14 ୡdžࡽࡢఏ țࢆᣢࡘ♫ಀଘᮏࡢ٣ ࠶ࡿศᯒࡋࡓࠋ ࢥ࣮࣐ࣝࣥࡸࣃࢵࢺࢼ࣒ࡢ◊"ࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᏑᅾҜయࢆฌोख़ࡋࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࢆએਭࡍࡿࡇࡣૹ⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ≉ᛶ♫ಀଘ ᮏࡢಀࢆৢࡋࡃਭࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡓ࠼ࡤࣃࢵࢺࢼ࣒ࡢࠕᐇহࠖ ◊"࡛ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞♫ⓗǼʺࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ࣮ࣟࢱ࣮ࣜࢡࣛࣈࡸࢥ࣮ࣛࢫࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡞ ࡶྵࡴࡢᩘࡑࡢ॔ᶍᡂဨᩘࢆ♫ಀଘᮏࡢኚᩘࡋ࡚♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ ࢥ࣮࣐ࣝࣥࡣࠊࠕ࿒ࡌࡓࠖࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ࡞࡛᭷ຠᶵЏࡍࡿਭࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢿࢵࢺ ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࠕᐦᗘࠖࡸࠕúᅖࠖࠊࠕ୰ᚰᛶࠖ࠸ࡗࡓࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ≉ᛶࡢᇶᮏᴫᛕἢࡗ࡚ ♫ಀଘᮏࡢಀࢆਭࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ 9 ୍᪉ࠊSNAࡢ◊"ࢆࢌ࠺♫Ꮫ͵ࡋ࡚ࠊ⌮ਭᐇহ᪉ࡢ◊"ࡼࡾࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ≉ ᛶ࠸࠺५Ⅼࡽ♫ಀଘᮏࢆਭࡌ࡚ࡁࡓ௦ࢢ᱁ࡣࠊࣂ࣮ࢺRonald BurtࣜࣥNan Lin࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣂ࣮ࢺࡣࠊ♫ࡢ࡞ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᵓࡸࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡁࡿࢥࣥࢱࢡࢺ ࡢ̘ࡀࠊಶேࡀࡶࡘ♫ಀଘᮏ14ࢆỴᐃ࡙ࡅࡿએਭࡍࡿBurt [1992]ࠋࣂ࣮ࢺ ࡗ࡚ࠊಶேࡀᣢࡘ♫ಀଘᮏࡢከᐻࡣ͵ࡢwதୖࡢඃᙳᅚࢆ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋࣂ࣮ࢺࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀଘᮏ࡛࠶ࡿએਭࡍࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣃࢵࢺ ࢼ࣒ࡸࢥ࣮࣐ࣝࣥྠᵝࡢWሙWࡘ࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊࣂ࣮ࢺࡢએਭࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ ࠕᵓⓗၭࠖstructural holes࠸࠺⌮ਭࡼࡾࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ ࡇࢥࣥࢱࢡࢺࡍࢀࡤࡑࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡽ┈ሗࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࠊࡘ ࡲࡾࡑࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀଘᮏࡋ࡚᭷┈࡞ࡿࢆ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡾከࡃࡢ౯ ್࠶ࡿሗࢡࢭࢫࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊከᵝ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢥࣥࢱࢡࢺࢆᣢࡕࠊࡘࡑࢀ ࡽࡀฌࣽࡋ࡞࠸᪉ࡀ᭷࡛࠶ࡿࠋฌࣽࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᡂဨࡢࡣࠕᵓⓗ࡞ ၭࠖࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢࢆ୕͵ࡀࡘ࡞ࡆࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ୕͵ࡣ᪉ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ࡀᣢࡘሗࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡁࡿ⁺ኵࡢᡓ␎ࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢो࡞ࣜࣥࢡ ࡓ࠼ࡤ୰ᚰᛶࡢ࠸ᡂဨࢆവࡧࢥࣥࢱࢡࢺࢆᙧᡂࡍࢀࡤࠊࡼࡾຠ⋡ⓗ┈ࡀᚓࡽ ࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࢢࣛࣀࣦ࢙ࢵࢱ࣮ࡢࠕᙅ࠸Ǔᖏࡢᙉࡉࠖࡢએਭఝ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࣂ࣮ࢺࡼ ࢀࡤࠊಀࡢᙉࡉ࣭ᙅࡉࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ┦ᑐⓗ࡞࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾǓᖏࡢࠕᙅࡉࠖࡀሗ ⋓ᚓ᭷ാࡃोᅉ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊಶேᵓⓗ࡞ၭࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡘࡲࡾሗ ⋓ᚓ᭷࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡁࠊࡑࡢ 2 ͵ࡢಀࡣࠕᙅ࠸ࠖࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࡔࡅ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ15ࠋ ୍᪉ࠊࣜࣥࡣࠊ♫ಀଘᮏࢆࠕ♫ⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᇙࡵನࡲࢀࡓଘ※ࠖLin [2001: 25] ࡽ࠼ࡿࠋࣃࢵࢺࢼ࣒ࡸࢥ࣮࣐ࣝࣥࠊࣂ࣮ࢺࡽࡀࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᵓࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ ଘᮏࡽ࠼ࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊࣜࣥࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ≉ᐃࡢଘ※ࢆᣢࡘேࢡࢭࢫࡍࡿ࠶ ࡿ࠸ࡣҜఏࡢଘ※ȆྜࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢȂͳ࠼ࡿࠋಶேࡀά⏝࡛ࡁࡿଘ※ࡣࡑࡢಶ ேҜఏࡀᣢࡘଘ※♫ⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆ೫ࡋ࡚ࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡁࡿଘ※♫ಀଘᮏࡀ࠶ ࡾࠊᚋ͵ࡣ₯ᅾⓗࠊฎࡶ๓͵ࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊಶேࡗ࡚≉ồλࡸ᪼ ࡞ࡢၯฌोᗘࡀ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣜࣥࡢએਭࡼࢀࡤࠊ♫ಀଘᮏࢆ⏝ࡍࡿືᶵ࣭┠ⓗࡼࡾᚲोࡉࢀࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣡ ࣮ࢡࡢ≉ᛶࡸࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ೫ࡌ࡚ଘ※ࢆᘬࡁฟࡍࡓࡵࡢࢌⅭࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࠋࡓ ࠼ࡤࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢଘ※ࢆɄᣢࡍࡿ࠸࠺ືᶵࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࠊࡑࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࢆἲⓗ৶ࡵࡉࡏࡿឤ ࠼ඹឤࢆồࡵࡿࢌⅭࢆࢌ࠺ࠋࡑࡢാࡁࡅࡢᑐ࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊҜศࡢ࿘ࡾࡢࢿ ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡෆࡢேࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ଘ※ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࠸࠺ືᶵࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊҜศ ࡣ␗ࡢಶேࡢࢡࢭࢫࢆồࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊࣜࣥࡣࠊ♫࿔Ⓨଘᮏࡣႏᅋࡢࡓࡵ┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊಶே┈ ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊࡑࡢએਭࡢúᅖࢆးᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࡸ 10 ଘ※ࡢฎࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ♫ಀଘᮏࡢࠕືဨࠖࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ೫ࡋ࡚ࢥࣥࢱࢡࢺࡍࡿ┦ ᡭࡢᆅࡸࠊࡑࡢ┦ᡭࡀᣢࡘࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡸ♫ಀଘᮏࡢࠕࢡࢭࢫࠖࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ ोᅉࢌⅭ͵ࡢேⓗଘᮏࡸึᮇࡢᆅࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡞ࡶࡑࡢศᯒᑐྵࡵ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ୰ᅜࡢປാ͵ࡢồλάືࡢങᡂᗘࡍࡿศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊዪᛶࡣ⏨ᛶẚ ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿᆅࡢࣛࣥࢡࡀప࠸ࡓࡵࠊ♫ಀଘᮏࢆࠕືဨࠖࡋ࡚⏨ᛶࡢࢠࣕࢵࣉࢆᇙ ࡵࡿᚲोࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ♫ಀଘᮏࡢࠕࢡࢭࢫࠖࡢࡓࡵ०᪘Ǔᖏࢆᆇࡾࡍࡿഴྥ ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿLin [2001: 122]ࠋ ᜡୖᅜ◊"ࡢ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡽࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ ୖᅜ࠾ࡅࡿȂ῭ⓗ࣭♫ⓗ࣭ᨻⓗ࡞ၥᆏࡢॾỴࡢ࠶ࡾᵝࢆ⌮ॾࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ♫ ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࡢศᯒࡽࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡋࡓ◊"ࡣࡲࡔᑡ࡞ࡃࠊ ©͵ࡢæ॒ࡢးࡾ࡛ࡣࠊ ᪥ᮏࡢ◊"͵ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡣⓙ↓࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧≧࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ୰ॉ ᚭࡼࡿࣇࣜࣆࣥࡢᕷࢫ࣒ࣛࡢ◊"ࡣཧͳ࡞ࡿࠋ୰ॉࡢ◊"ࡣಠᮧࢆᑐࡋࡓࡶ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊୖᅜࡢ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࠊૻᅔᒙࡢཌ⏕ྥୖࡢૹ⊩ࡘ ࠸࡚ਭࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊୖᅜಠᮧ◊"ࡢᛂ⏝ࡀྍЏ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୰ॉࡣࠊఫẸࡢᑐWࡸǞதࡢဥṆࠊᡤᚓྥୖ࠸ࡗࡓ᪥ᖖ⏕άࡢࡼࡾᖜᗈ࠸úᅖࡢ⏕ ওྥୖࠕேࡢᏳಖၰࠖࡢᐇ⌧ࡢࡓࡵࠊࢫ࣒ࣛఫẸࡓࡕࡀ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ೫ ࡋ࡚ॾỴ·ࢆ᥈ࡾࠊࡑࡢȆᯝࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀኚࡋࡓ࠸࠺ࢆศᯒࡋࡓ ୰ॉ [2008]ࠋ୰ॉࡣࠊ࣐ࢽࣛࡢࢫ࣒ࣛ࠾࠸࡚ࠊఫẸࡢࠕ०᪘ጻ᪘ࠖಀࠕ♩ ०᪘ࠖಀࢆਚᰝࡋࠊ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡢศᯒᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊࡑࡢࡇࢆ ᐇহࡋࡓࠋ ୰ॉࡀਚᰝࡋࡓࢫ࣒ࣛᆅ༊࡛ࡣࠊᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡼࡿᅵᆅᡶ࠸ୗࡆࡀᥦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑ ࡢ᮲௳ࡋ࡚࿇ࡽࡃఫẸࡢᑐWࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ1989 ᖺୡᖏࡢྜព࡛ྠពࡀᡂ Wࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᐇࢆ୰ॉࡣ♫ࡢศ᩿≧ἣࡀॾᾘࡉࢀᅵᆅ⏝ࢆࡵࡄࡿத࠸ࢆࡸࡵࡓȆᯝ ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡀฟ⌧ࡋࡓࠖো౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᆅ༊ࡣࠊ1970 ᖺ௦ࡽ 1980 ᖺ௦ࡅ࡚ࠊᨻȂ῭ⓗࡁ࡞ຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ 4 ࡘࡢᐙ᪘Ȃ῭ⓗᙼࡽࡢࢀ౫Ꮡ ࡋ࡚⏕ওࢆW࡚ࡿᐙ᪘࠸࠺ศ᩿ࡉࢀࡓࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ16ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣ ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍࡢὙ♩ࡸȆ፧࡞ࡢ೫ഓ♩࠾࠸࡚᭷ຊᐙ᪘ᨃఝⓗȆࡤࢀࡓ०Ꮚಀ ♩०᪘ಀ ࡢ୰ᚰᛶࡢศᕸࢢࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ 1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡽከࡃࡢᐙ᪘ࡀࠊ ᭷ຊᐙ᪘௨እࡶከᩘࡢᐙ᪘♩०᪘ಀࢆȆࡧጞࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࡇ࡛ ᭷ຊᐙ᪘ࡣຊࢆɄᣢࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊ♫ࡢศ᩿≧ἣࡀॾᾘࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ᭷ຊ ᐙ᪘Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠕᵓⓗၭࠖࡀ 1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨ံࡢ♩०᪘ಀࡍࡿఫẸ ࡢࢌⅭኚࡼࡾᇙࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊ᭷ຊ 4 ᐙ᪘ࡢࠕɢࢿࢵ ࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᣊ᮰ᛶࠖ17ࡀ 1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡲ࡛ᛴ೯పୗࡋࡓᚋࠊᚎࠎቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛ࣜ 11 ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࠕ୰ᚰᛶࠖࡸࠕࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᣊ᮰ᗘࠖ࠸ࡗࡓ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡢᴫ ᛕศᯒᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢၥᆏ ॾỴ᭷┈ࢆᐃฎⓗ♧ࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊॾỴࡢࡓࡵࡢఫẸࡢႏྜⓗࢌⅭࡢ ᡓ␎ᛶࡶ⌮ॾࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Ȇࡧ࠼࡚ ᭱ᚋࠊ©͵ࡢᚋࡢ◊"ᆏࡋ࡚ࠊ©͵ࡼࡿ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ൺࡢNJἙࢹࣝࢱᆅᇦࡢಠ ᮧᕤᴗ◊"࠾ࡅࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ≉ᛶࡢศᯒࡢྍЏᛶࡘ࠸࡚ঀࢀ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ ©͵ࡣࠊಠᴗ୰ᚰࡢಠᮧൺⅬᅾࡍࡿࠊᡭᕤԱࡸఽᕤᴗရ⏕⏘ࡢᴗ͵ࡀႏ ࡍࡿࠕᕤԱ ᮧࠖࠊࡑࡢ࡞࡛ࡶ≉ࠊᕤᴗࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡀࡳࠊศᴗ॔ᶍᣑࡀࢇ࡛࠸ࡿฐᒓᆞࠊ ǜ࡞ࡢࣜࢧࢡࣝࢆࢌ࠺ࣁࣀಶ൩ࡢ 4 ࡘࡢࠕࣜࢧࢡࣝᮧࠖࢆ୰ᚰ◊"ࢆࢌࡗ࡚ࡁ ࡓᆏ⏣[2009]ࠋ◊"ࢆ೫ࡋ࡚©͵ࡣࠊᮧෆࡢࣜࢧࢡࣝᴗ͵ࡓࡕࡀǼʺࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ ჰᕷሙⓗ࡞ಀ౫ᣐࡋࡓྲྀᘬ័ࢌࡼࡾࠊከࡃࡢᴗ͵ࡓࡕ₶ࡀᖹ‽ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ไ ᗘⓗࣞࣥࢪࡀຠᯝⓗᶵЏࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ௬ңࡾࠊࡑࡢ᳨হ♫ࢿࢵ ࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡢศᯒᯟǼࡳࡀ⏝ྍЏ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ͳ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢ័ࢌࡣࠊࡓ࠼ࡤᮧእࡽࡢཎᩱਚങࠊᮧእࡢࣷရ૽࠾࠸࡚ᮧయࢆྲྀࡾ ࡲࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞॔ᶍࡢଉ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣ࠾ࡽࡎಶࠎࡢୡᖏࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀᑠ॔ᶍࡢ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ ࣥࢺྲྀᘬࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠊከࡃࡢᐙ᪘ࡣ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘ௨ୖࡢ॔ᶍᣑࢆࢌࢃࡎࠊ⏕⏘ࡢ୍ᕤ ⛬ࡢࡳࢆᢸ࠸ᕝୖ࣭ᕝୗࡢᕤ⛬ࡢᆶ┤țྜࢆࢌ࠾࠺ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࠊ≉ᐃࡘከᩘࡢᚓពඛ ཎᩱਚങ࣭ࣷရ૽ࡢಀࢆÿ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡞࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢྲྀᘬ័ࢌࡣࠊࣜࢧ ࢡࣝ⏕ຍᕤᴗ͵ࡀࢌ࠺ࣜࢫࢡᅇഺࡢࡓࡵࡢไᗘⓗࣞࣥࢪ࡛࠶ࡿ⌮ॾ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ᙼࡽࡀᢅ࠺ཎᩱࡣࠊᗫᲠ≀࠸࠺ရࡢࣂࣛࡘࡁࡀࡁ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑠಠࡽ⊂Wࡋᴗ ࢆҶࡋࠊಶ௦ⓗ࡞᳨ᰝ̘ࣖࡶ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞▱ઁࡸᢏЏࡶᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࣜࢧࢡࣝᴗ͵ࡣࠊపǝရዃ ႗≀ࡀከ࠸࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᭷ᐖ࡞ዃ႗≀ࡀ࠶ࡿᗫᲠ≀ࢆᘬࡁཷࡅࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊศู ࡢࢥࢫࢺࡸࣜࢫࢡࢆᘬࡁཷࡅࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ཎᩱਚങᴗ͵ࡽ᭷࡞᮲௳ࢆᘬࡁฟࡍࡓࡵ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆࡉࡽᘬࡁཷࡅࡿྲྀᘬ┦ᡭࠊࡓ࠼ࡤపǝရ ࡽࣷࡋࡓࣷရࢆᘬࡁཷࡅࡿᕝୗᴗ͵ࡸ⏕⏘ฟࡉࢀࡿᗫᲠ≀ࡢṧࢆฎ⌮ࡍࡿᴗ͵ࠊ ࡢྲྀᘬࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀ๓ᥦ࡛ᡂࡾWࡘࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇࠊ ཎᩱਚങ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࠊ ࣜࢧࢡࣝᴗ͵ࠊฎ⌮ᴗ͵ࡓࡕࡢࣄ࢚࣮ࣛࣝ࢟┦౫Ꮡಀ᰿ᕪࡋࡓ♫ⓗ࡞ࢿ ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᏑᅾࡀ࠶ࡿͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊಶேࡢᡂຌࡣࢌᨻࡢᨻⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ ࡶᙳᅚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡓ࠼ࡤࠊࣜࢧࢡࣝᮧ࡛᭱ࡢᴗ͵ࡣࢥ࣑࣮ࣗࣥࡢඖ ඪ᭩ঠ࿇࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 12 ᐇၯࡢ◊"ࡢᐇᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᣦᶆࢆࡗ࡚♫ⓗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆও ࡋ ྍख़ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡀၥᆏ࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋୖᅜࡢಠᮧࠕಀࠖࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆᐈ५ⓗ ♧ࡍྜࡢࡼ࠸ᣦᶆࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸18ࠋᖺᗘࡢࡇࡢᇶ♏⌮ਭ◊"ࢆࡶ ࠊᚋࡣᐇၯࡢ◊"ࡢᐇྥࡅ࡚ၥᆏࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᑗ᮶ࠊ⎔ቃ॔ไࡸᕤᴗ॔᱁ࡢཝ᱁ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊಶேࡢດຊࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᮧ యฟྲྀࡾǼࡲࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢၯࠊᮧෆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡣࠕǼʺࠖྥ ࠺ࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕷሙࡸࢌᨻᑟࡢᑐᛂࢆࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ♫ᵓ ᙳᅚࡉࢀࡿͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ព࡛ࡶࠊ♫ᵓࡢᣦᶆࡋ࡚ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ≉ ᛶࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ♧၀ࡣࡁ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ᮾ༡ࢪࡢ♫ᵓࡍࡿḟᡓ௨๓ࡽࡢ◊"ࡢDŽઅࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊཎɵ [1989]ࡲࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢱಠᮧ♫ࡍࡿ 1940 ᖺ௦௨ံࡢேᆞᏛ͵ࢆ୰ ᚰࡋࡓ◊"ࡢDŽઅࡘ࠸࡚ࡣฌᐩ[1996]ৢࡋࡃDzࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊᮾ༡ࢪ ࡢ࡞࡛ࡶ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ୰ୡ௨᮶ࡢᮧؐࢆ༢ࡍࡿࠕࢱࢺ࡞ࠖ♫ࠕཎጞ ඹྠయࠖࡢఏțࢆṧࡍ♫ࡋ࡚ࡽ࠼ࡿએਭࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣὶ࡞ࡿએਭࡢࡦࡘ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡓ࠼ࡤᱜ⏤ఐႍࡢࠕබ⏣ࠖࡍࡿ◊"ᱜ[1987]࡞ࠋ 2 ཎࡣࠊࢱ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕᮧؐࠖࠊࠕࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࠖࡣᮧؐ♫ࢆᨭපࡍࡿ༢ࡋ ࡚ᅜᐙࡼࡾពᅗⓗసࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ1980 ᖺ௦௨᮶ࠊNGO ࡢᮧؐ ࿔Ⓨഐືᐙࡽࡀࠊᮧؐࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࢆఏțⓗᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋࠊࡑࡢ࡞࡛ᮧؐඹྠయ ពઁࡀᡂࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ࠸࠺ࠕᡓ␎ⓗ⌮ਭࠖࢆᒎ࿔ࡋࠊᮧؐ༢ࡢᆅᇦଘ※æ⌮ࢆࢌ࠾࠺ ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠊᢈุⓗศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿཎ[1996: 36-39]ࠋ 3 ࣏ࣇ࢚ࢬ࣐ࣥ௨ံࡢಠᮧǼʺᙧᡂ⌮ਭࡢ◊"ࡢDŽઅࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊฌ [2003]ৢࡋ ࠸ࠋ 4 ཧຍᆺ࿔Ⓨᢈุⓗ࡞ேᆞᏛ͵ Leeuwis ࡣࠊ࿔ⓎࢌⅭࡢཷࡅ─࡞ࡿǼʺࡢᙧᡂࡼࡾ ႏྜⓗᐖਚᩚࡀࢌ࠼ࡿ࠸࠺๓ᥦၥࢆ࿊ࡍࡿࠋୖᅜಠᮧࡢ♫⏕άࡣ᪥ࠎࡢ΅ ࡽᡂࡾWࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊཧຍᆺǼʺࡼࡿࠕ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡞ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡼࡿሗඹ᭷ ពᛮỴᐃࠖࡣࠊఫẸࡢ᪥ࠎࡢ΅ࡢᶵࢆዣ࠸ࡡ࡞࠸ᙇࡍࡿLeeuwis [2000]ࠋ Leeuwis ࡣࠊ ከࡃࡢཧຍᆺ࿔Ⓨਭ͵ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢᡂဨࡢຊಀࡸ΅ࢳࣕࢿࣝࠊ ಶࠎ ேࡢၥᆏॾỴЏຊࡘࡲࡾ΅᮲௳ࢆỴࡵࡿଘ※ࡢଯᏑฎࡢᏑᅾࢆ↓ख़ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᢈุ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 5 ࣇ࣮࣐ࣜࣥࡼࢀࡤࠊࣔࣞࣀࡢ◊"ࡋ࡚᭱ࡶࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢከࡃࡀᚰ⌮Ꮫ͵ ࢪ࢙ࢽࣥࢢࢫHelen Jenningsࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࣇ࣮࣐ࣜࣥ[2007: 33-44]ࠋ 6 ࢢࣛࣇ⌮ਭࡣࠊࡘ࡞ࡀࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡀఱ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࢆၥᆏࡋ࡞࠸ࠊࡘࡲࡾᕷ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡚ࡶࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡍ࡚ྠࡌࡼ࠺Ⅼɪ࡛ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆࢢ⌧࡛ࡁࠊࡑ ࡢಀᵓࡢ≉ᚩࢆၥᆏࡋࡼ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡀࢢࣛࣇ⌮ਭࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢢࣛࣇ⌮ਭࡢᇶ♏ ⓗ࡞ᴫᛕࡢ᫂ࡣᏳ⏣[1997: 29-34]ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇࠋࡲࡓࠊࢌิࡢయ࡞ࡢᩘᏛⓗ࡞ॾ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ Wasserman and Faust [1994: 92-166]ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇࠋ 7 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢኚࡢᚰࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ௦༙ࡤⓏሙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋబࡼࡽܘ ࢀࡤࠊᅜၯⓗᩘ⌮♫Ꮫ৵࡛࠶ࡿ Journal of Mathematical Sociology ࡛ࡣ 1996 ᖺ♫ ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᆏࡍࡿ≉ႏࢆǼࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࠸࠺బ࣭ܘᖹᯇ [2005: v]ࠋ 1 13 ࣡ࢵࢶࢫࢺࣟ࢞ࢵࢶࡼࢀࡤࠊ॔๎ⓗ࡞ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆᣢࡘࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡྠਭᩥ࡛ࡣࡍ ࡚ࡢⅬࡀ୧ၴࡶ࠺ࡦࡘၴࡢⅬࡢও 4 ࡘࡢⅬࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⎔≧᱁Ꮚࢆᣲࡆ࡚ ࠸ࡿࢆᐃࡍࡿࠊࡇࡢ≧ែ࡛ࡣⅬྠኈࡢᖹᆒகႣ௵ពࡢⅬࡽࡢ௵ពࡢⅬࡘ࡞ ࡀࡿࡲ࡛ࡢḟᩘࡣჰᖖࡁࡃࠊࡲࡓྛⅬࡣከࡃࡢᒁᆅⓗ࡞ሢࢆᙧᡂࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋḟࠊࡇࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢɪࢆࣛࣥࢲ࣒0<pӌ1 ࡢ☜⋡࡛ࡘ࡞ࡂ࠼ࡿ ࠊ ࡘ࡞ࡂ࠼ࢆጞࡵࡓ┤ᚋࠊ ࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ಀᩘࡀࡁ࠸ࡲࡲᖹᆒகႣࡀⓗῶᑡࡍࡿࠋ ࡘ࡞ࡂ࠼ࡼࡾࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ྠኈࡢࠕಶഘࠖshort cutࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡇࢀࡀᖹᆒகႣ௵ព ࡢ 2 ⅬࡢகႣࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿWatts and Strogatz [1998: 440-441]ࠋ⌧ᐇ ࡢ♫ⓗ࡞ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡣࠊࡇࡢ॔๎ⓗ࡞≧ែࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞≧ែࡢ୰࠶ࡿ ͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢࠕಶഘࠖࡢᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡢᏑᅾࡼࡾࠕୡ⏺ࡣ⊃ࡃࠖ࡞ ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 9 ࢢࣛࣀࣦ࢙ࢵࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ▱ேࢆ೫ࡌ࡚ࢆ॒ࡘࡅయλࢆࡋࡓᑓ࿋λࠊᢏλࠊæ⌮λࡢ ປാ͵ᑐࡋࠊࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡢᙉ࠸┦ᡭࡽయλඛࡢሗࢆᚓࡓࢆਚᰝࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ Ȇᯝࠊ16.7ᜓࡢᅇµ͵ࡢࡳࡀࠕᆆʮ࠺ࠖಀࡢ▱ேࡽሗࢆᚓࡓᅇµࡋࡓࡢᑐ ࡋࠊ ࠕࠎ࠺ࠖ ࠕࢇࢃ࡞࠸ࠖಀࡢ▱ேࡽ࠸࠺ᅇµࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ 55.6ᜓࠊ27.8ᜓ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺Granovetter[1973: 1371]ࠋࢢࣛࣀࣦ࢙ࢵࢱ࣮ࡣࠊᙅ࠸Ǔᖏࡣಶேࡢ♫ ⛣ືࡢᶵࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍฌो࡞ଘ※࡛࠶ࡿྠࠊࡘࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ᶫΏࡋlink ࢆÿࡃᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿਭࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 10 ࣽ႗ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ࢽ࣮࣐ࣗࣥࡀ 429 ᮏࡶࡢѮ࡞ᩘࡢᩥ⊩ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࣞࣅ ࣮ࣗਭᩥNewman [2003]ࢆⓎࢢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 11 ࡇࡢᚋࡶࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࣇ࣮࣭ࣜࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣔࢹࣝࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿৢ ࡋࡃࡣ Newman [2003: 30-37]ࠋ 12 ᮏ✏ࡢ᫂ࡣ࠾ࡶ Newman [2003]ࠊቑ⏣࣭ญ[2005]ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋ 13 ࣇ࣮࣐ࣜࣥ[2007]ࡢল͵࠶ࡀࡁ࡛ল͵ࡢಧࡣࠊࣃࢵࢺࢼ࣒ࡸࢥ࣮࣐ࣝࣥ௦ࢢࡉࢀࡿ ࡼ࠺࡞◊"ࡣࠊᩘ⌮ࣔࢹࣝࡸࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀࢌࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕศᯒࠖ ࠸࠺ਂࡣࡑࡄࢃ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊಧࡣࠊ♫ಀଘᮏࠕਭࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕᗈ̿ࡢࠖ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ ࢡਭࡪࡁࡔࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 14 Ᏻ⏣Ⴇࡼࡿল᭩ࣂ࣮ࢺ[2006]࡛ࡣࠊsocial capital ࡣࠕ♫ⓗଘᮏࠖলࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡢᩥ⊩ࡢț୍ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵࠊࣂ࣮ࢺࡢએਭࢆDzࡍࡿၯࡶࠕ♫ ಀଘᮏࠖ࠸࠺লਂࢆ࠺ࡇࡍࡿࠋ 15 ୡຏࡢ Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network ࡢ࣮࢘ࣝࢥࢵࢡࢼ ࣛࣖࣥࡣࠊࠕࢢ࣮ࣝࣉෆࡢȆ᮰ࢆᙉࡉࡏࡿാࡁࢆࡍࡿࠖ♫ಀଘᮏࢆࠕbondingࠖȆ ᮰ᆺࠊࠕࢢ࣮ࣝࣉእࡢࡢႏᅋࡸᨻᗓ࡞ࡢࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ไᗘ࣭Ǽʺࡢೳᦠࢆᙉࡵࡿ ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍࠖࡶࡢࢆࠕbridgingࠖᶫΏࡋᆺ♫ಀଘᮏࢇ࡛࠸ࡿWoolcock and Narayan [2000]ࠋᙼࡽࡢએਭࡣࢢࣛࣀࣦ࢙ࢵࢱ࣮ࢆୗᩜࡁࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊಀࡢ ᙉᙅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕෆࠖࠕእࠖ࠸࠺ؕࢆ࠸ࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢúᅖෆࡢಀúᅖእ ࡢಀ࡛༊ูࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࠊࣂ࣮ࢺࡢએਭಶ࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋ࣮࢘ࣝࢥࢵࢡࡢએਭ ࡀࠕእࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡶ┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࠺ࡿࠖ࠸࠺Ȇਭ࡛Ǻࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣࠊಶேࡀwத ୖࡢඃࢆಖࡘࡓࡵࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆവᢥࡍࡋ࠸࠺ࣂ࣮ࢺࡢએਭࡣࠊࡑࡢࣥࣉࣜ ࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀ␗࡞ࡿࠋ 16 ୰ॉࡣࠊࠕࡇࡢᮇఫẸǼʺࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊỴࡋ୍࡚ᯛᒾࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࢆᐃ ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠖ୰ॉ[2008: 181]ঠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢఫẸǼʺࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ᶵЏࢆᐃࡋ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡢঠࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡓఫẸǼʺࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ ࡢো౯ࡶ࡞࠸ࡀࠊǼʺࢆ೫ࡋ࡚ၥᆏॾỴࢆᅗࡿࡇࡢᅔႤࡉࢆ♧ࡍࡦࡘࡢ࠸࠼ࡿ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ 8 14 AࠊBࠊC ࡢ 3 ͵ಀࢆͳ࠼ࡿࠊ ࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖA ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡢ࠶ࡿ 2 ேࡢࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖBࠊ C ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡀ࡞࠸ࠊA ࡣ BࠊC ࡽࠕᣊ᮰ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠖ≧ែ࠸࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ᙜৡࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖࡀᣢࡘࡢࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖࡽࡢᣊ᮰ࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡢɢࡀࠕɢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᣊ᮰ ᗘ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊձࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᩘࠊղྛࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖࡢಀࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞ᙉࡉࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ෆࡢࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖࡢᢞଘɢᆐ༨ࡵࡿᙜৡࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖᢞଘᆐࡢྜࡢɢࠊճࡢ ࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖྠኈࡢಀࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞ᙉࡉࠊࡼࡾỴᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋɢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᗘࡀప࠸࠸ ࠺ࡇࡣࠊࡑࡢࡢࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖࡢಀࡀᙅ࠸ࡇࢆពࡋࠊɢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᣊ᮰ᗘࡀప ࠸ࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖಀࡀႏ୰ࡋࠊࡘࡢࣉ࣮࣮ࣞࣖྠኈࡢᶓ᩿ⓗ࡞ಀࡀᙅ࠸ࠊࡘࡲ ࡾᵓⓗၭࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ୰ॉࡢ࡛ࡣ♫ࡀศ᩿ࡉࢀࡓ≧ែͳ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ 18 SNA ࠾ࡅࡿࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢྍख़ࡢး⏺࠸࠺ၥᆏࡣࠊॉཱྀᩄᏹࡀᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ॉ⏣ࡼࢀࡤࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢᥦᦠಀࢆ♧ࡍᣦᶆࡋ࡚ᐇၯࡢᥦᦠᐇ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᴗࡢබᘧ Ⓨࢢࡀࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡸࠊ◊"ࡸᙺဨཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡋ࡚ࠕಀࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊࠕ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࡢឤࡀྰࡵ࡞࠸ࠖࡇࢀࡽࡢᣦᶆࡢവᢥ ᢈุⓗ࡞ো౯ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿॉཱྀ [2007: 53-55]ࠋ 17 15 ࠝཧͳᩥ⊩ࠞ ᜪ᪥ᮏਂᩥ⊩ᜬ ᱵཎගᘯ࣭Ỉญᗈ♸ [1993]ࠗᮾ༡ࢪಠᮧၥᒙࡢኚື࠘ࢪȂ῭◊"ᡤࠋ ሯஂႍ [1955]ࠗඹྠయࡢᇶ♏⌮ਭ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠋ ฐග῟ [2003]ࠗ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡢᇶ♏̿̿♫ಀଘᮏਭࡴࡅ࡚̿̿࠘ວ֑᭩ᡣࠋ ຍǑၨӻɵ [1998]ࠗᮾ༡ࢪࡢಠᮧⓎᒎࡢయǼʺ̿̿ಶ௦᪥ᮏࡢẚుࡽ̿̿࠘ ࢪȂ῭◊"ᡤࠋ ཎ῟ [1996]ࠗඹྠయࡢᛮ̿̿ᮧؐ࿔Ⓨ⌮ਭࡢẚు♫Ꮫ̿̿࠘ୡ⏺ᛮ♫ࠋ ̿̿ɵ [1989]ࠗᮾ༡ࢪࡢ♫Ꮫ̿̿ᐙ᪘࣭ಠᮧ࣭ᕷ̿̿࠘ୡ⏺ᛮ♫ࠋ ᆏ⏣ṇ୕ [2009]ࠕ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒NJἙࢹࣝࢱᆅᇦࡢಠᮧᕤᴗ̿̿ࣜࢧࢡࣝᮧࡢⓎᒎ॒ࡿᑠ॔ ᶍȂ῭యࡢᡓ␎̿̿ࠖᆏ⏣ṇ୕ɵࠗኚᐜࡍࡿ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࡢȂ῭య࠘ࢪȂ῭ ◊"ᡤࠋ ᱜ⏤ఐႍ [1987]ࠗ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ᮧؐࡢᙧᡂ̿̿ᮧؐඹ᭷⏣ᜫࢥࣥࢹ࢚ࣥไࡢྐⓗᒎ࿔̿ ̿࠘ᩥ♫ࠋ బܘᐶ [2004]ࠕఫẸǼʺࢆ࡞ࡐၥᆏࡍࡿࡢࠖబܘᐶɵࠗຓఫẸǼʺ࠘ࢪ Ȃ῭◊"ᡤ Ȃ῭༠ຊࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ 205 ྕ 3-34 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ బܘ࣭ᖹᯇℋ [2005]ࠗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࣭ࢲࢼ࣑ࢡࢫ̿̿♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡྜ⌮ⓗവ ᢥ̿̿࠘ວ֑᭩ᡣࠋ ฌ┿୍ [1996]ࠗࢱಠᮧࡢ࿔ⓎఫẸǼʺ࠘ࢪȂ῭◊"ᡤࠋ ̿̿ [2003]ࠕᆅᇦ♫ࡢǼʺຊᆅ᪉ࢌᨻ̿̿ᮾ༡ࢪಠᮧ࠾ࡅࡿᑠ॔ᶍฐࠕǼʺࡢ ᙧᡂഓ⛬ࢆẚుࡋ࡚̿̿ࠖࠗࢪȂ῭࠘ 44 ᕳ 5/6 ྕ 214-235 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ ୰ॉᚭ [2008]ࠕࡍࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣐̿̿ࢽࣛࡽͳ࠼ࡿ̿̿ࠖᶫဴဢ࣭ᒣᙳɵ ࠗேࡢᏳಖၰ࠘ᮾிᏛฟ∧ࠋ ॉཱྀᩄᏹ [2007]ࠗഢகႣၯಶᡤ࡙ࡁ࠶࠸̿̿ᡂຌࡍࡿǼʺࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᡓ␎̿̿࠘ NTT ฟ∧ࠋ ࣂ࣮ࢺࠊࣟࢼࣝࢻ࣭SᏳ⏣Ⴇল[2006]ࠗwதࡢ♫ⓗᵓ̿̿ᵓⓗၭࡢ⌮ਭ̿̿࠘ ᪂᭙♫ࠋ ࣂࣛࣂࢩࠊࣝࣂ࣮ࢺᜫࣛࢬࣟყᮌ۵ল[2002] ࠗ᪂ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᛮͳ̿̿ୡ⏺ࡢǼ ࡳࢆࡳॾࡃ̿̿࠘NHK ฟ∧ࠋ ࣇ࣮࣐ࣜࣥࠊࣜࣥࢺࣥಧcᖹল [2007]ࠗ♫ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒࡢⓎᒎ࠘NTT ฟ∧ࠋ ቑ⏣┤dž࣭ญdžႍ [2006]ࠗࠕࣽ႗ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࠖࡣఱࣽ႗࡞ಀࢆࡳॾࡃ᪂ࡋ ࠸ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࠘ਫ਼ਟ♫ࠋ Ᏻ⏣Ⴇ [1997]ࠗࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒ̿̿ఱࡀࢌⅭࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ̿̿࠘᪂᭙♫ࠋ 16 ̿̿ [2001]ࠗᐇࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡศᯒ̿̿ಀࢆॾࡃ⌮ਭᢏἲ̿̿࠘᪂᭙♫ࠋ ᜪՕਂᩥ⊩ᜬ Burt, Ronald [1992] Structural Holes: The 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