ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢭࣥࢩࢸࣈ࡞どⅬࡽࡳࡓࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࣭࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕ Gacaca Courts in Rwanda Observed from the Gender Sensitive Perspective ே㛫ᩥᡂ⛉Ꮫ◊✲⛉ ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮♫⛉Ꮫᑓᨷ M2୰ᮧ༓㭯 1. せ⣙ 㸦ᩥ㸧 ᮾࣇࣜ࢝⨨ࡋࠊ ࠕ༓ࡢୣࡢᅜࠖࡤࢀࡿࣝ࣡ࣥࢲඹᅜࡣ 1994 ᖺᝒⓗ࡞ࢪ ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓࠋ᪂ᨻᶒࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢẸ⾗ྖἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ ุࠖࢆἲไᗘࡼࡗ࡚ᑟධࡋࠊᅜẸཧຍࢆ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡓࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ╔┠ࡋࡓ࢞ࢳ ࣕࢳุࣕࡣࠊୡ⏺ⓗぢ࡚ࡶ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡢᡭἲࡋ࡚ࡣ၏୍↓ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢭࣥࢩࢸࣈ࡞ඛ⾜◊✲ࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋᮏㄪᰝࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡢᐇ⾜ 㐣⛬ࢆࠊ≉ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢどⅬࡽᢕᥱ࣭⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋㄪᰝᆅᇦࡣ㤳㒔࢟࢞ࣜ ༡㒊ᕞࣇ࢚┴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ┤ᚋࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᨻᗓࡣࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ᇶ࡙ࡃᭀຊ㸦Gender-Based Violence: GBV㸧ࢆᴟࡵ࡚῝้࡞ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ⨥ࡋ࡚ㄆࡵࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ GBV ࡣࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅜ㝿ฮ ุᡤ㸦International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: ICTR㸧࠾ࡼࡧᅜෆุᡤࡢ⟶㎄ࡉࢀ ࡓࡀࠊ2008 ᖺࡢἲᨵṇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕᢅࢃࢀࡿ ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ 2 Ⅼࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋGBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡣ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧᘧ࡛ ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡣఱࡔࡗࡓࡢࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡣዪᛶࡓࡕ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢࠋㄪᰝࢆ㐍ࡵࡿ୰࡛ࠊ2 ࡘࡢὀ┠ࡍࡁⅬࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ ➨ 1 ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᚋࠊዪᛶࡓࡕࡀドゝ⪅ࡸุࡋ࡚ࠊከᵝ࡞ᙧ࡛࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕ ཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡔࠋ➨ 2 ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕ࠾࠸࡚ࠊGBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡀእⓗ㠀බ㛤ᙧ ᘧ࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⪃ᐹ࡛ࡣࠊGBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢᑂ⌮࠾ࡅࡿ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧࡢ᥇⏝ࡣࠊุࡢ㎿㏿ࢆྍ⬟ࡋࡓ ࡀࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࡛⿕ᐖࢆබ⾲ࡍࡿࡇࡢᅔ㞴ࡣᡶᣔࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡛ዪᛶࡓࡕࡣ♫࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ᶵࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡓࡀࠊ ࡑࢀࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ὶࡢᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿㄪᰝࢆせࡍ ࡿࠋ 㸦ⱥᩥ㸧 The Republic of Rwanda, “Country of thousands of hills” located in East Africa, experienced a tragic genocide in 1994. After that, the new political power introduced “Gacaca courts”, a community-based people’s justice system.The system was established as a part of judicial system, therefore, all of Rwandan citizens must fulfill their duties to participate in it. It is said that this unique Gacaca courts system was one of the methods of transitional justice. However, there are only a few gender sensitive studies of Gacaca courts. This study aims to understand and analyze Gacaca courts from the gender sensitive perspective. My data are based 9 9 on fieldwork conducted in Kigali and Huye, the two main cities of Rwanda. The following questions are examined. How were gender based violence (GBV) cases handled in community-based Gacaca courts and what were the advantages or disadvantages of it? How did Gacaca courts affect women? After the genocide, the Rwandan government regarded GBV as a severe genocidal crime. Accordingly, GBV cases were within the jurisdiction of International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and Rwandan ordinary courts. However, due to the revision of the law, GBV cases became to be handled in Gacaca courts in 2008. Two remarkable points were found. First, women played various roles such as witnesses and judges in Gacaca courts. Second, for GBV cases Gacaca courts adopted closed sessions hence altering its popular character. This study concludes that the use of closed sessions made possible speedy trials, however, it did not help resolving victims’ fear of stigma. Although participating Gacaca courts promoted women’s new roles in the society, further study is necessary to confirm the relationship between Gacaca courts and gender mainstreaming in Rwanda. 2. ⌧ᆅㄪᰝᮇ㛫㸸2014 ᖺ 8 ᭶ 6 ᪥㹼8 ᭶ 28 ᪥ 3. ㄪᰝ⫼ᬒ ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡣᖺ 4 ᭶ࠊ1994 ᖺࡢࠕࢺࢳẸ᪘ᑐࡍࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࠖࡽ 20 ᖺࡢ⠇┠ ࢆ㏄࠼ࡓࡀࠊ㐣ཤࡢつᶍ࡞ேᶒᐖࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࠕṇ⩏ࠖࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿࡁ࠸࠺ࠕ⛣ ⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࠖTransitional Justiceࡢㄢ㢟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2005 ᖺࡽ 2011 ᖺࡢ㛫ࡣࠊࣝ ࣡ࣥࢲᅵ࡛ྖἲไᗘࡉࢀࡓࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࠖ㸦Gacaca Courts㸧ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊձẅఱࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡢࠊ┿┦ࢆ✲᫂ࡍࡿࡇࠊ ղẅࡸேᶒᐖࡢ⨥ࢆ㎿㏿ࡃࡇࠊճฎ⨩ᩥ㜚࠺ࡇࠊմᅜẸ⤫ྜゎ ㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇࠊյࣝ࣡ࣥࢲேࡀ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ㸦ᅜ㝿♫㸧ド᫂ࡍࡿ ࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦National Service of Gacaca Courts 2012㸧ࠋ ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡀ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡢࡦࡘࡢᡭἲᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᢈุⓗ㆟ ㄽࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢭࣥࢩࢸࣈ࡞㆟ㄽࡣ౫↛ࡋ࡚ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ࡛ࡣᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣦࣛࡢẸ᪘ίྠᵝࠊGBV ࡀ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿ ࡓࡵࡢṊჾࡋ࡚つᶍࡘᡓ␎ⓗ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊGBV ࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ⨥ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ῝้࡞ࢣ࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ ICTR ࠾ࡼࡧᅜෆุ ᡤࡢ⟶㎄ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ2008 ᖺࡢἲᨵṇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀࡿ ࡇ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ୍⯡ⓗ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᚰࡸࣉࣦࣛࢩ࣮ಖㆤࡢほⅬࡽཝᐦ࡞㠀බ㛤✵㛫࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉ ࢀࡿࡁࢣ࣮ࢫࡀࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡢక࠸ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᅔ㞴ࡀ ⏕ࡌࡓᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕ࠾ࡅࡿ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᙜࡢ≧ἣࢆᩚ⌮ ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ 10 10 4. ㄪᰝ┠ⓗ ᮏㄪᰝࡣࠊࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࠖࡢᐇ⾜㐣⛬ࢆࠊ≉ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢどⅬࡽᢕᥱ࣭⪃ᐹࡍ ࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿࠋࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢどⅬࡣࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡢࢧࣂࣂ࣮࡛࠶ ࡿዪᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ GBV ╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡢ≉ᚩࡢ 1 ࡘ࠸࠼ ࡿ GBV ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕࡢࡼ࠺ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓࡢࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕ ࡢᐇࡣዪᛶࡓࡕࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓࡢࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࢆゼࢀࠊ⫈ࡁࡾㄪᰝࡸᩥ⊩ 㞟ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊᙜࡢ≧ἣ᪥ࡢ♫≧ἣࢆỮࡳྲྀࡾࠊࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢭࣥࢩࢸࣈ ࡞⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏࠾ࡼࡧᖹᵓ⠏ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆႏ㉳ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ 5. ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ ⫈ࡁࡾࠊᩥ⊩㞟࠾ࡼࡧࣝ࣡ࣥࢲྛᆅࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ࣓ࣔࣜࣝࡢゼၥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡲ ࡎࠊࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢどⅬࡽࡳࡓ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏࠾ࡼࡧ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡘ࠸࡚⫈ࡁࡾࡀྍ⬟ ࡔุ᩿ࡋࡓᨻᗓᶵ㛵ࠊᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࠊNGOࠊ◊✲⪅࡞ࢆ㑅ᐃࡋࠊΏ⯟๓ゼၥチྍࢆᚓࡓࠋ ⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢ⤂ࡼࡗ࡚ゼၥࡢᶵࢆᚓࡓ◊✲⪅࡞ࢆྵࡵࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲே⏨ᛶ 4 ேࠊࣝ࣡ࣥ ࢲேዪᛶ 7 ேࠊ᪥ᮏே⏨ᛶ 2 ேࠊ᪥ᮏேዪᛶ 1 ேࢆᑐ㇟⫈ࡁࡾࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ࠶ࡽࡌࡵ༠ຊ⪅ࡢᡤᒓู⏝ពࡋࡓ㉁ၥ⚊ἢࡗ࡚ࠊ༙ᵓ㐀ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ ࡑࡢࡢ≧ἣࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᵓ㐀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋㄪᰝሙᡤࡣ㤳㒔࢟ ࢞ࣜᕷ༡㒊ᕞࣇ࢚┴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣏ࢫࢺ࣭࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕᮇ࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ࡢ≧ἣࢆ▱ࡿ ࡓࡵࠊ㛵㐃ᩥ⊩ࡸ᪂⪺グࠊࣃࣥࣇࣞࢵࢺ࡞ࡢ㈨ᩱ㞟ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳ ุࣕࡢ࣮࢝ࣈ㛵ࡍࡿ᭱᪂ືྥࢆ▱ࡿᡭࡀࡾࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵࠊ6 ࡘࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ ࣓ࣔࣜࣝࢆゼၥࡋࡓࠋ 6. ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ (1) ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕタ❧ࡢ⫼ᬒࠕᙉࢇࠖࡢᐃ⩏ࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽ ࢻ࣍ࢵࢡ࡞ᅜ㝿ฮุᡤ࡛࠶ࡿ ICTR ࡣ 1994 ᖺᅜ㐃Ᏻಖ⌮ࡢᑟ࡛タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࡢᮇࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᨻᗓෆ࡛ࡣ GBV ࡢၥ㢟ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ1995 ᖺ 11 ᭶ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ ᨻᗓࡀദࡋࡓ࢟࢞ࣜᅜ㝿㆟㸦Kigali International Conference㸧࡛ࡣࠊᅜෆ࠾ࡼࡧᅜ 㝿♫ࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡿฎ⨩ࡢ᰿⤯ㄝ᫂㈐௵ࡘ࠸࡚ᑐヰࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡢ୰࡛ᙉࢇࡉࢀࡓዪᛶࡓࡕࡀࠊࢧࣂࣂ࣮㞟ᅋࡢ୰࡛ࡶ≉ᙉ ㄪࡋ࡚ゝཬࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠕᙉࢇࠊẅேࠊࡢ῝้࡞≢⨥ࡣ≉ཝࡋࡃฎ⨩ࡍࡿ ࡁࡔࠖ࠸࠺⤖ㄽࡀฟࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠺㸦Kaitesi 2014㸧ࠋ ࢟࢞ࣜᅜ㝿㆟ࡢᩘ࢝᭶ᚋࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 1 ᪥ࡽᙜࡲ࡛ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅜෆ࡛⾜ࢃ ࢀࡓࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ⨥ே㐨ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࢆ㉳ッࡍࡿἲᚊࡢⲡࡀᥦฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣᚋ≢ ⨥⪅ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜศࡅࢆࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡢࡓࡓࡁྎ࡞ࡗࡓࠋⲡ࡛ࡣࠊGBV ࡀ᭱ࡶ㍍ᚤ࡞ࠕ㈈ ⏘㛵ࡍࡿᨷᧁࠖࡢḟ㍍ᚤ࡞≢⨥ࡋ࡚࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜศࡅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇከࡃࡢ ⏨ᛶ࣭ዪᛶᅜ㆟ဨࡣᣄྰᛂࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࠸࠺ࠋࡉࡽࠊ1 ேࡢዪᛶ㆟ဨࡀࠕᙉࢇࠖࡣ ⊃ࡍࡂࡿᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿᣦࡋࡓࠋീࢆ⤯ࡍࡿࡢࠊᵝࠎ࡞ࠕᛶჾᐁᑐࡍࡿᣝၥࠖࡀ ᶓ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࠊGBV ࢆࡩࡿࢃࢀࡓ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᖺ㱋ࡸᛶูࡀ୍ᵝ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡶ⪃៖ ࠕᙉࢇࠖࠕᛶჾᐁᑐࡍࡿᣝၥࠖ࠸࠺ᩥゝࡀ᥇⏝ ࡉࢀࡓ㸦Kaitesi 2014㸧ࠋ᭱⤊ⓗࠊ ࡉࢀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≢⨥ࡣ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ1 ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡓࠋ 11 11 ࡇࡢࡁࠊࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡢ᭱୰ࡢࠗᙉࢇ࠘ࡣఱࢆពࡍࡿࡢ㸽ࠖ࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞ 㞴㢟ࡀᾋୖࡋࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊICTR ࡢุỴ࡛ࡣᅜ㝿ἲୖ࡛᫂☜࡞ᐃ⩏ࡢ࡞ ࡗࡓᙉࢇࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ࠕᙉไⓗ࡞᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛ேᑐࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿᛶⓗᛶ㉁ࡢ≀⌮ⓗᐖࠖ ᐃ⩏ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ICTR ุỴ 1998㸧ࠋ (2) ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡣ ձᴫせ ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࡛ࡣ 1994 ᖺࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᚋࠊ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡀ 3 ࡘࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㏣ཬࡉࢀࡓࠋ๓ ㏙ࡢ ICTRࠊNGO ࡸࢻࢼ࣮ᅜࡢྖἲไᗘᨭࢆཷࡅࡓᅜෆุᡤࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᨻᗓࡢ Ⓨࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕ࠶ࡿࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕἲࡤࢀࡿᅜෆἲࡢ⾜ࡼࡾࠊ ᡂேᕷẸࡢဨཧຍࡀ⩏ົࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ2005 ᖺࡽ 2012 ᖺࡲ࡛ࠊᅵ࡛⣙ 200 ௳ࡶࡢ ᑂ㆟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡣࠊᆅ᪉⾜ᨻ༊ศࡈᡂேᕷẸࡀุࢆ㑅ࡧࠊሗࢆ㞟ࡋࠊ⨥≧Ỵ ᐃ㛵ࡍࡿẸ⾗ྖἲࡔ࠸࠼ࡿࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅵ࡛⣙ 17 ேࡀุ㑅ࡤࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ ㈨᱁ࡣࠊἲᚊᐙࠊNGO ⫋ဨࠊᨻᐙࠊ㆙ᐹ࣭㌷㛵ಀ⪅ࠊ⪷⫋⪅௨እࡢࠊ21 ṓ௨ୖࡢࣝ࣡ ࣥࢲே࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋୖグࡢ᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍே≀ࡢ୰ࡽࠊ≀㉁ᦆᐖࢆ㝖࠸ࡓࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ⨥ࢆ ≢ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠊṇ┤࡛ಙ㢗㊊ࡿ㧗₩࡞ே≀ࠊ࢟ࢽࣕࣝ࣡ࣥࢲㄒ࡛ࠕࢽ࣒ࣕࣥ࢞࢞ࣚࠖ 㸦Inyangamugayo㸧ࡀุ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ ࡓࡔࡋࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡣ⌧ᨻᶒࡢ୰᰾ࢆ༨ࡵࡿඖࣝ࣡ࣥࢲឡᅜᡓ⥺㸦Rwandan Patriotic Front: RPF㸧࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀ≢ࡋࡓேᶒᐖ⾜Ⅽࢆࡃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᣢࡓࡎࠊᑂ⌮ᑐ㇟ࡣᪧࣁ ࣅ࣐ࣕࣜࢼᨻᶒ㸦1973㹼1994 ᖺ㸧ഃࡀ⾜ࡗࡓ≢⨥㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ2008 ᖺࡢ᭱ᚋࡢἲ ᨵṇࡼࡾࠊ≢⨥ࡢ➨ 1 ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡢᣦᑟࠊ⤌⧊ࠊᡪືࠊGBVࠊ➨ 2 ࢝ࢸ ࢦ࣮ࣜࡣẅேẅே⮳ࡽ࡞࠸㌟యᨷᧁࠊ➨ 3 ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣ≀ⓗ࡞ᦆᐖࡸ␎ዣࡉࢀࡓࠋ ᭱⤊ⓗ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡣ࡚ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࠊ᭱㧗ฮࡣ⤊㌟ฮ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⨥≧ Ỵᐃ࡛ࡣࠊබ┈ປാฮࡼࡿᖜ࡞ῶฮࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀ≉ᚩ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ ᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡢタ❧ᮇࢆ 1995 ᖺࡽ 2004 ᖺࠊ⾜ᮇࢆ 2005 ᖺࡽ 2011 ᖺࠊ2012 ᖺ 6 ᭶ࡢ㛢ࡽ⌧ᅾ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࢆ࣏ࢫࢺ࣭࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕᮇ༊ศࡋࡓࠋ ղ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡢ୍⯡ⓗ⌮ゎ ᅇࡢ⫈ࡁࡾࡼࡗ࡚ࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࢆࣞࣥࢪࡋࡓࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࠖࡀࠊ ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢேࠎࡗ࡚⌮ゎࡋࡸࡍࡃࠊ࡞ࡌࡳࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀศࡗ ࡓࠋᖺ௦ࡸ♫ⓗ❧ሙࢆၥࢃࡎࠊከࡃࡢேࠎࡀ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࡢࡇࢆࠕఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ࠖࠊࠕࣝ࣡ࣥ ࢲ⊂⮬ࡢࠖ⣮தゎỴ᪉ἲࡔㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋࠕ࢘ࣝࢳࣕࢳࣕࠖࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࠖࠕ࣒࢘ࢳࣕࢳࣕࠖ ࡞ᵝࠎ࡞ࡧ᪉࡛࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࡣぶࡋࡲࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࡣ࢟ࢽࣕࣝ࣡ࣥࢲㄒ࡛ࠕⰪ⏕ࠖࢆពࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡶࡓࡔࡢⰪ⏕࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࠕ㆟ㄽࢆࡍࡿࡢ᭱㐺࡞ሙᡤࠖ࠸࠺ពྜ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⪺ࡃࠊᮌ㝜 ࡢⰪ⏕ࡢୖ࡛ேࠎࡀ㞟ࡗ࡚ヰࡋྜ࠺ගᬒࡀ࣓࣮ࢪࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࠋඖ᮶ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࡣ ᆅᇦඹྠయ࠾ࡅࡿࠊ⚾ⓗ࡞ࡶࡵࢆࡃࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᣦࡋࠊ᳜Ẹᆅᮇ௨㝆ࡣබⓗ࡞ྖἲయ ⣔ࡢ⿵⤌⧊ࡋ࡚⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦Ṋෆ 2008㸧ࠋ⚾ⓗ࡞ࡶࡵࡣࠊ࠼ࡤᐙᗞෆ ࡢ㞳፧ࠊ┦⥆ࡢၥ㢟ࡸࠊ㏆㞄ఫẸ㛫ࡢ㔠㖹ࢆࡵࡄࡿࢺࣛࣈ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ 12 12 ࡋࡋࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᚋࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡣࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝẅ㛵ࢃࡗࡓ ⪅ࢆࡁࠊ㔞ฮࢆゝ࠸Ώࡍฮุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ௨๓ࡢࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࠖ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ⨥ࢆࡃ┠ⓗ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࠖࡢෆᐇࡣࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࠋ ճ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕタ❧ᮇ㸦1995 ᖺ㹼2004 ᖺ㸧 ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡢᘬࡁ㔠࡞ࡗࡓ⤫㡿ᶵᧁቒࡽ⣙ 100 ᪥ᚋࠊ1994 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 18 ᪥ RPF ࡀࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࢆไᅽࡋࠊᡓத⤊⤖ᐉゝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡛ࠕࢺࢳẸ᪘ᑐࡍࡿẅࠖࡣ⤊ᜥ ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ᪂ᨻᶒࡣฮົᡤ࠶ࡩࢀ࠼ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿẅ㛵ࢃࡗࡓ⪅ࡓࡕࡢฎ㐝㢌ࢆ ᝎࡲࡏࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᅜෆุᡤࡣở⫋ࡸᢚᅽࡢṔྐࢆᢪ࠼ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᚋࡣᘚㆤ ኈࡸ᳨࡞ࡢἲᚊᐙࡀ⤯ᑐⓗ㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜࠊ ࠕᅜෆุᡤุ࡛ࢆ ⾜ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ100 ᖺ௨ୖࡢ㛫ࢆせࡍࡿࠖヨ⟬ࡉࢀࡓ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 1995 ᖺࠊࣅࢪ࣒ࣥࢢᨻᶒࡣᜠ㉧ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡶࠊㆶ⾜Ⅽࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿ࠸࠺⌮⏤࡛ᗫ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢᮇᨻᶒෆ࡛ࡣ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡢཎᆺ࡞ࡿࢹࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ ࡚࠸ࡓ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ1994 ᖺࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ⤊↉┤ᚋࡽᨻᗓᑟ࡛ࠊ◊✲⪅ࡓࡕࢆ࠼ ࡓ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢳ࣮࣒ࡀⓎ㊊ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡀࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡢ≉␗ᛶὀ┠ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ1995 ᖺࡽ 2000 ᖺࡲ࡛༡ࣇ࡛ࣜ࢝⾜ࢃࢀࡓ┿ᐇጤဨࡣࠊ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ඛࡋ ࡚ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡿࠋࢩ࢚ࣛࣞ࢜ࢿࠊᮾࢸ࣮ࣔࣝࠊ࣮࣌ࣝ࡞ࡀ༡ࣇࣜ࢝᪉ᘧࢆᛂ⏝ࡍࡿ ᙧ࡛┿ᐇゎጤဨࢆタ❧ࡋࡓ㸦㜿㒊 2008㸧ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ┿ᐇ㸦ゎ㸧ጤဨࡣ 8 ᖺࡽ 34 ᖺ࠸࠺㛗࠸ᮇ㛫㉳ࡇࡗࡓேᶒᐖࢆㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ୍᪉ࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ࡛ࡣࠊ⣙ 100 ᪥㛫࠸࠺▷ᮇ㛫ࠊそ㠃ࡶࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㞟 ᅋࡀྠࡌࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸᬽࡽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㞄ேࡓࡕࢆくᧁࡋࡓࠋ⌧ᨻᶒẚ㍑ⓗ㏆࠸❧ሙ࠸ ࡿ◊✲⪅ᨻᗓ㛵ಀ⪅ࡣࠊ ࠕⓙࠊఱࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡢࢆ┠ᧁࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡽࠊ┿ᐇࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿᚲ せࡣ↓ࡗࡓࠖ㏙ࡓࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᨻᗓࡀᚲせࡋࡓࡢࡣ┿ᐇጤဨ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࠕゎฎ ⨩࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ (3) ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕዪᛶ ձࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᮍஸேࡢᨭ ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡢ⾜ᮇຍᐖ⪅ࡋ࡚㉳ッ࣭ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓ⪅ࡢ⏨ዪẚࡣ 9 ᑐ 1 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ࡛⨥ࢆ≢ࡋࡓ⪅ࡢ㒊ศࡀ⏨ᛶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡀࢃࡿ㸦⾲ 1㸧ࠋࢪ ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᚋࠊኵࡀẅᐖࡉࢀࡓዪᛶࡸࠊኵࡀຍᐖ⪅ࡋ࡚ฮົᡤධࢀࡽࢀࡓዪᛶୡᖏ ࡢ㐠Ⴀ㈐௵ࡀㄢࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࡞࡛ࡶᮍஸேࡣኵࡢẅᐖࡢ┠ᧁ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ⮬ ㌟ࡶ GBV ࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡀከࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᮍஸேࡸᏙඣᑐࡍࡿ ᨭࡣᛴົ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢻ ᮍ ஸ ே ࡸ Ꮩ ඣ ࡢ ᨭ ≉ ࡋ ࡓ ⌧ ᆅ NGO ࡋ ࡚ ᭱ ࡶ ⴭ ྡ ࡞ ࡢ ࡣ Avega 㸦Association des Veuves du Genocide Agahozo㸧࠸࠺⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1995 ᖺࠊ50 ேࡢᮍஸ ேࡓࡕࡀ Avega ࢆタ❧ࡋࡓࠋAvega ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡼࡗ࡚⿕ᐖࢆཷࡅࡓዪᛶࡓࡕࡢኌࢆ ௦⾲ࡋࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡢ⾜ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡛ࡶ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅜ ෆ 5 ࣨᡤࡢάືᣐⅬࢆᣢࡕࠊᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ➨ 2 ࡢ㒔ᕷࠊ༡㒊ᕞࣇ࢚┴࠶ࡿ Avega South ࡛⫈ࡁࡾࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ 13 13 Avega South ࡣࣇ࢚┴ࡢ 8 ࡘࡢᆅ༊ࢆάືᆅᇦࡋࠊࣥࢦ࣐ࢭࢡࢱ࣮㸦ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡣேཱྀᩘ ༓㹼1 ேつᶍࡢᆅ᪉⾜ᨻ༊ศ㸧ࡢึ➼ุᡤྠࡌᘓ≀ࡢ୰࡛㞄᥋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦┿ 1, 2㸧ࠋ ࡕ ࡞ ࡳ ࠊ ࢟ ࢞ ࣜ ࠶ ࡿ Avega ᮏ 㒊 ࡣ ࠊ ࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢻ ࡢ ᧞ ⁛ ࢆ ᥖ ࡆ ࡿ ᨻ ᗓ ⤌ ⧊ CNLG 㸦National Commission For The Fight Against Genocide㸧㞄᥋ࡍࡿ㸦┿ 3㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ❧ᆅ ᮲௳ࡣഅ↛࡛࠶ࡿࡑ࠺ࡔࡀࠊNGO ࡛࠶ࡿ Avega ࡀࠊᆅ᪉ุᡤࡸᨻᗓ⤌⧊ᐦ༠ാࡋ࠺ ࡿ⎔ቃ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡍࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓᐜ⪅ࡢேᩘ ᕞ య ⏨ᛶ % ዪᛶ % ᮾ 195,877 177,740 91 13,137 9 ༡ 480,286 431,154 90 49,132 10 す 207,695 188,346 91 19,349 9 56,480 51,984 92 4,496 8 ࢟࢞ࣜᕷ 62,899 57,350 91 5,539 9 1,003,227 906,574 90 96,653 10 ྜィ ⾲ 1 ⏨ዪูࡢᐜ⪅ேᩘ㸦National Service of Gacaca Courts 2012 ࢆඖసᡂ㸧 ┿ 2 ࣥࢦ࣐ึ➼ุᡤ㸦ᕥ㸧 Avega South ┿ 1 Avega South ົᡤ ┿ 3 ࢟࢞ࣜᕷࠊCNLG Avega ᮏ㒊㸦ዟ㸧 14 14 ղዪᛶࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡢཧຍ ඛ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊẅ㛵ࡋ࡚࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓ⪅ࡢ㒊ศࢆ⏨ᛶࡀ༨ࡵ ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡣࠊዪᛶࡀࢽ࣒ࣕࣥ࢞࢞ࣚࡋุ࡚㑅ฟࡉࢀࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡢቑຍࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊከࡃࡢዪᛶࡓࡕࡀኵࡸᐙ᪘ࢆẅࡉࢀࡓ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕドゝࢆ ࡍࡿࡇࢆồࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ Avega ࡣάືࡢ୍⎔ࡋ࡚ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᮍஸேࡓࡕࡀ࢞ ࢳࣕࢳุุࣕࡸドゝ⪅ࡋ࡚ཧຍࡍࡿࡇࢆᨭࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋάືᆅᇦࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ ᚰ⌮⒪ἲኈࢆὴ㐵ࡋࠊዪᛶࡓࡕࡢ┦ㄯࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᚰࡢࢣࢆࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋAvega ࢆྵࡴ 17 ࡢ NGO ࢆࡲࡵࡿ Ibuka ࡶྠᵝࡢάືὀຊࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ุ࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࠊẖ㐌 1 ᅇࡢ㆟ࡢཧຍࡀ⩏ົࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ⏝ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚㆟ཧ ຍ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡁࡣࠊ๓⏦࿌ࡍࢀࡤḞᖍ࡛ࡁࡿࡣ࠸࠼ࠊୡᖏ㐠Ⴀࢆᢸ࠸ࠊᏊࡶ୧ ぶࡢୡヰࡸᐙ࡛ᛁࡋ࠸ዪᛶࡓࡕࡗ࡚ࠊุ࡞ࡿࡇࡣᐜ࡛᫆࡞ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋุ 㑅ฟࡉࢀࡓሙྜࠊࡑࢀࢆཷㅙࡍࡿ࠺ࡣಶேࡢุ᩿௵ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ≉⿕ᐖ⪅ࡸ┠ᧁ⪅ࡋ࡚࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕドゝࡍࡿሙྜࠊእയᚋࢫࢺࣞࢫ㞀ᐖ 㸦Post traumatic stress disorder: PTSD㸧ࡢᑐฎࡀᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋドゝ⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ㐣 ཤࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡍࡇ࡛ᏳࠊᜍᛧࠊಙឤࠊᝒࡋࡳࠊᝏࠊᏙ⊂ឤࢆᢪࡃࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢞ࢳ ࣕࢳุࣕࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿ୰ࠊุཧຍࡍࡿዪᛶࡓࡕࢆᚰ⌮⒪ἲኈࡀ⢭⚄ⓗᨭ࠼ࡓ㸦Ibuka 2007㸧ࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࠊุࡸドゝ⪅ࡋ࡚࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕཧຍࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊዪᛶࡓࡕࡗ ࡚యຊⓗࠊ⢭⚄ⓗ㔜࠸㈇Ⲵࡀࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡶཧຍࢆࡋࡓேࠎࡢືᶵࡣ࠸࡞ࡿࡶࡢ ࡔࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡿࣝ࣡ࣥࢲேዪᛶࡣࠊ ࠕཧຍࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊຍᐖ⪅ࡢドゝࡢࡳࡀ┿ᐇ ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡽ͐ࡑࢀࠊឡࡍࡿᐙ᪘ࡀࠊࡇ࡛ࡢࡼ࠺ẅࡉࢀࡓࡢࢆ▱ࡿࡓࡵࡌ ࡷ࡞࠸ᛮ࠺ࠖㄒࡗࡓࠋ ճ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕ࠾ࡅࡿ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫ 2008 ᖺࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕἲࡀᨵṇࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ ICTR ࠾ࡼࡧᅜෆุᡤ࡛ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠕᙉ ࢇࡸᛶჾᐁᑐࡍࡿᣝၥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⪅ඹ≢⪅ࠖࡀࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕᑂ ⌮ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 2㸧ࠋࡑࡢ࡞⌮⏤ࡣࠊุࡢ㎿㏿࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕᢅࢃࢀࡿࠊ ࠕ⮬ศࡢཷࡅࡓ GBV ࡢ⿕ᐖࡢබ⾲ࢆỴᚰࡋࡓࠖ ዪᛶࡢᏑᅾࢆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢఫẸࡓࡕࡀ▱ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋᙜࠊAvega ࡸ Ibukaࠊࣝ࣡ࣥ ࢲࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘࢝࢘ࣥࢭ࣮ࣛ༠࡞ࡀࡑࢀᑐࡍࡿពᛮࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓࡀࠊࠎⓗ࡞࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ ࣮ࣥࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡃἲᚊࡣ㏻㐣ࡋࡓ㸦Human Rights Watch 2011㸧ࠋ ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢẸ⾗ྖἲ࡛࠶ࡿ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡔࡀࠊGBV ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡣእⓗ 㠀බ㛤ࡢ✵㛫࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓࠋཧຍ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣุࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࠊຍᐖ⪅ࠊࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘࢝࢘ࣥࢭࣛ ࣮ࠊࢭ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࣮ࡢࡓࡵࡢ࣮࢞ࢻ࣐ࣥࠊࡑࡋ࡚┠ᧁ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋ┠ᧁ⪅ࡣドゝࢆ⤊࠼ࡓࡽ ࡑࡢሙࡽཤࡿ㸦ᅗ 1㸧ࠋ ࡇࡢ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᚰࡸࣉࣦࣛࢩ࣮ಖㆤࡢほⅬࡽᑟධࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊከࡃࡢ⿕ ᐖ⪅ࡀཧຍࡍࡿࡇẼࡀ㐍ࡲ࡞ࡗࡓሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊྠᖍࡍࡿุࡓࡕ ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸෆ㒊ࡢேࠎࡔࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Human Rights Watch 2011㸧ࠋ ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕドゝࢆࡋࡓ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡣ ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊุ㑅ࡤࢀࡓேࠎᑐࡍࡿࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢࡢᣦᑟࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓዪᛶ 15 15 ࡣࠊ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧࡣࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᑛཝࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵࠖࡢࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓㄒࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽᙼዪࡣࠊࡶ ࡋ㏻ᖖࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕྠᵝࡢᙧᘧ࡛ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡀᢅࢃࢀࡓሙྜࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢ㞄 ேࡓࡕ࡛࠸ࡗࡥ࠸ࡢ✵㛫ࡣࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡗ࡚ࠊᗈࡍࡂࡿࡢྠࠊ⊃ࡍࡂࡓࡔࢁ࠺ᣦ ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺୍ᐃࡢホ౯ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ ุ࡛ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࢆࡃ᪉ἲࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᅜෆእ࡛㈶ྰ୧ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡣ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡀࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢ⌧ᐇᑐᛂࡋࡓ᭱ၿࡢࡸࡾ᪉ࡔࡗࡓࠖࠋ ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ ࢧࣈ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ ⨥ ἲᘐ ࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢻ ⨥ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ே 㐨 ࡍ ࡿ ⨥ ࢆ ィ ⏬ ࡋ ࡓ ⪅ ࠊࡲ ࡓ 1 ࡑࡢ㤳ㅛ⪅ࠋඹ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ ᅜෆࡲࡓࡣ ᅜᐙࠊᕞࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⾜ᨻᶵᵓࠊᨻඪࠊ㌷ࠊ᠇ර㝲ࠊ᐀ᩍᅋయࠊ ICTR 2 Ẹ ර ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ࡞ ࡛ ᣦ ᑟ ⓗ ᆅ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢻ ⨥ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣே㐨ࡍࡿ⨥ࢆ≢ࡍࠊேࢆಁࡋ࡚⨥ࢆ≢ࡉࡏࡓ⪅ࠋ ࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢻ ⨥ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ே 㐨 ࡍ ࡿ ⨥ ࡢ ᡪ ື ࠊᣦ ♧ ࠊࡲ ࡓ 1 3 ࡣᣦᑟ⪅ⓗᙺࢆᢸࡗࡓࡶࡢࠋඹ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ ‽ ᕞ ࠊࢥ ࣑ ࣗ ࣮ ࣥ ࣞ ࣋ ࣝ ࡢ ⾜ ᨻ ᶵ ᵓ ࠊᨻ ඪ ࠊ㌷ ࠊ᠇ ර 㝲 ࠊẸ 4 ර ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ࡞ ࡛ ᣦ ᑟ ⓗ ᆅ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢻ ⨥ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ே㐨ࡍࡿ⨥ࢆ≢ࡍࠊேࢆಁࡋ࡚⨥ࢆ≢ࡉࡏࡓ⪅ࠋ 5 ᙉࢇࡸᛶჾᐁᑐࡍࡿᣝၥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⪅ࠋඹ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ ẅ ᡘ ࡸ 㐣 ᗘ ṧ 㓞 ࡞ ⾜ Ⅽ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ࡼ ࡃ ▱ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ ẅ ே ⪅ ࠋඹ ≢ 1 ⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ ᣝ ၥ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ⪅ ࠋ┦ ᡭ ࡀ Ṛ ⮳ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ሙ ྜ ࡶ ࠊࡲ ࡓ ඹ ≢ ⪅ ࡶ ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ 2 ྵࡴࠋ 3 Ṛయᑐࡋ࡚㠀ே㐨ⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⪅ࠋ ẅ ே ࣜ ࢫ ࢺ ᑐ ㇟ ⪅ ࡢ ྡ ࢆ ㍕ ࡏ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ௧ ࡍ ࡿ ࠊ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ 2 4 ே ࡑ ࢀ ࢆ ಁ ࡋ ࡓ ⪅ ࠊࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ẅ ᐖ ⮳ ࡿ ᨷ ᧁ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ⪅ ࠊඹ ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ ẅேࢆពᅗࡋ࡚ᨷᧁࡋࡓࡀࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀṚஸࡋ࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࠋ 5 ඹ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ ẅ ᐖ ࡍ ࡿ ព ᅗ ࡞ ࡋ ⪅ ࢆ ᨷ ᧁ ࡍ ࡿ ࠊᨷ ᧁ ࢆ ຓ ࡅ ࡓ ⪅ ࠋඹ 6 ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ ㈈ ⏘ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ᨷ ᧁ ࡔ ࡅ ࢆ ≢ ࡋ ࡓ ⪅ ࠋࡓ ࡔ ࡋ ࠊࡇ ࡢ ᇶ ᮏ ἲ ᐇ 3 Ⅼ ࡛ ࠊ⿕ ᐖ ⪅ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ බ ⓗ ᶵ 㛵 ゎ ࡀ ᡂ ❧ ࡋ ࡓ ⪅ ࡘ ࠸ ࢭࣝ ࡚ࡣࠊྠࡌᐇࡘ࠸࡚㉳ッࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ⾲ 2 ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕ࠾ࡅࡿࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ⨥࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢࡢே㐨ࡍࡿ⨥ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ ศࡅ㸦∦ᒣ 2012 ࡼࡾᘬ⏝ࠊ୍㒊ኚ᭦㸧 16 16 ุ ࢝࢘ࣥࢭ࣮ࣛ ⿕ᐖ⪅ ࣮࢞ࢻ࣐ࣥ ┠ᧁ⪅ ຍᐖ⪅ 㸨 ⫈⾗ᅾ ᅗ 1 GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫᑂ⌮ࡢ㠀බ㛤✵㛫ෆ㒊㸦⫈ࡁࡾࢆᇶⴭ⪅సᡂ㸧 մ⏕άࡢࣥࣃࢡࢺ ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕຍᐖ⪅ࡋ࡚㔞ฮࢆ⛉ࡉࢀࡓேࠎࡣࠊබ┈ປാࡸ㈺ൾࡢ⩏ົࢆ⥅⥆ⓗ ᢪ࠼ࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚⿕ᐖ⪅ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ྥࡁྜࡗࡓຍ ᐖ⪅ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡣ⥆ࡃࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡣዪᛶࡓࡕࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢࡔ ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡲࡎࠊุࡋ࡚㑅ࡤࢀࡓேࠎࡣࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕཧຍࡍࡿ๓ࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢࢆཷࡅ ࡿࡇࡀ⩏ົࡅࡽࢀࡓ㸦∦ᒣ 2012, Kaitesi 2014㸧ࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕἲࢆ㏻ㄞࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡋࠊ㈐ ௵ࢆᣢࡗ࡚㔞ฮࢆᐃࡵࡿ୍㐃ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊከࡃࡢேࠎࠊ≉ዪᛶࡓࡕࡗ࡚ࡃ᪂ࡋ ࠸⤒㦂ࡔࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ Avega ࡢࢫࢱࢵࣇࡋ࡚ᮍஸேࡓࡕࢆᨭࡋ࡚ࡁࡓዪᛶࡣࠊࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ ࡁࠊዪᛶࡣ⏨ᛶࡼࡾࡶ⢭⚄ⓗᙅࡗࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿࡘࢀ࡚ࠊⓙࡀṇᖖ ᚰࢆኻࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠖᙜࡢᵝᏊࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊඛ㏙ࡢุࡢࢺ࣮ࣞࢼ࣮ࡣࠊࡑࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞⤒㦂ࢆࡋࡓࢧࣂࣂ࣮ࡢዪᛶࡓࡕࡀุ࡞ࡿࡇࡣࠊ ࠕᛴ♫ࡉࡽࡉࢀࠖࠊ ࠕព ᛮỴᐃࢆࡍࡿ⤒㦂ࢆᚓࡓࠖࡇࢆពࡋࡓㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᚋࡢࣝ࣡ࣥ ࢲ࡛ࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࢩ࣮ࣗࡢ≧ἣࡀኚࡋࡓࠖ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡑ࠺ࡔࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ ࢻ௨๓ẚ࡚ࠊዪᛶࡓࡕࡢᐙᗞࡸ♫࠾ࡅࡿᙺࡀኚࢃࡗࡓ࠸࠺ព࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୍᪉ࠊዪᛶࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡗ࡚ຍᐖ⪅ࡢࠕゎࠖࡣࠕᏳಖ㞀ࠖࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺ ࡔࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ୍⯡ⓗ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᚰࡋ࡚ࡣࠊຍᐖ⪅ඹ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡞ࡇ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊຍᐖ⪅ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾ᪉ࡣྛዪᛶࡀ⨨ࢀࡓ≧ἣࡼࡗ࡚ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ ຍᐖ⪅ࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅Ꮿࡢᐙࡢಟ⌮࡞ࡢసᴗࡢ༠ຊࢆ⏦ࡋฟࡓሙྜࠊ༢㌟࡛㧗㱋ࡢዪᛶ⿕ᐖ ⪅ࡣࡑࢀࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࠋᑐⱝࡗࡓࡾࠊᐙ᪘ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡾࡍࡿዪᛶࡣࠊຍᐖ ⪅ゎࡍࡿពᛮࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ⏦ࡋฟࢆᣄྰࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ࣏ࢫࢺ⣮த ♫࡛⏕ࡁᘏࡧ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ዪᛶࡓࡕࡢᏳಖ㞀ࡣᖺ㱋ࡸ⎔ቃࡼࡗ࡚ࡁࡃᕥྑࡉ ࢀࠊゎࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ 7. ⪃ᐹ ࡲࡎࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕ࠾࠸࡚ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧ࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓࡇ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ ࡑࡢ᭱ࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡣࠊຍᐖ⪅ฎ⨩ࡢ㎿㏿࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᑂ⌮ࢆ⾜ ࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊṇ⩏ࡢࢡࢭࢫࢆᮃࡴ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡗ࡚ࡣࡼࡾ᪩ࡃຍᐖ⪅ࡁࢆ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ 17 17 ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࠊGBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡗ࡚ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡣᗈࡍࡂࡿྠ⊃ࡍࡂࡿ࠸ ࠺ࢹ࣐ࣞࣥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⮬ศࡢᬽࡽࡍࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢఫẸໃࡢ㠃๓࡛ GBV ࡢ⿕ᐖࢆබ ⾲ࡍࡿࡇࡣᴟࡵ࡚ⱞ㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࣉࣦࣛࢩ࣮ࡀ㟢ฟࡉࢀࠊ᭱ࡶ ㏆ࡋ࠸ᐙ᪘ࡸఫேࡓࡕࡽᣄ⤯ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᜍᛧࡸ⩈ᚰࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡽࡔࠋ ࡑࡢࢹ࣐ࣞࣥࡣ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧ࡞ࡗࡓࡽ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࡓࡸࡍࡃゎᾘࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗ ࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸࡢ୰ࡽ㑅ࡤࢀࠊ㠀බ㛤ᑂ⌮❧ࡕࡗࡓุࡣ ࠎࡋ࡚⿕ᐖ ⪅ࡸຍᐖ⪅㢦ぢ▱ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࢆᢅ࠺ࡇ ࡣ౫↛ࡋ࡚㠀ᖖᅔ㞴࡞ࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓホ౯ࡍࡿࠋ ḟࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕཧຍࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡛⏕ࡌࡓዪᛶࡓࡕࡢ⏕άࡢࣥࣃࢡࢺࡘ࠸ ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡽࠊุࡋ࡚࢞ࢳࣕࢳุ࡛ࣕാ࠸ࡓዪᛶࡓࡕࡣࠊᛴ♫ ᨺࡾฟࡉࢀࠊពᛮỴᐃࢆࡍࡿ❧ሙ⨨ࢀࡓ⾪ᧁⓗ࡞⤒㦂ࢆࡋࡓࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋࢪ ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ࡛ከࡃࡢ⏨ᛶࡓࡕࡀ≛≅࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡢᾘᴟⓗ࡞⤖ᯝࡣ࠸࠼ࠊዪᛶุࡓࡕ ࡣᐙᗞෆࡢ㐠Ⴀ㈐௵ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ♫࡛࠼ࡽࢀࡓᶵࢆࡶ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡍࡿᏑᅾ࡞ ࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ ࡅࢀࡶ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢዪᛶࡓࡕࡢᏳಖ㞀ࡣᖺ㱋ࡸ⎔ቃࡼࡗ࡚ࡁࡃᕥྑࡉࢀࠊ ࠕዪᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠖࡀ᪥ࠎࡢ⏕ά≉᭷ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻ௨ ๓ࡢࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ♫ࡽ⥆ࡃዪᛶࡢᙺࡸෆ㠃ࡉࢀࡓᙺព㆑ࡀࠊ⣮தᚋࡢ 20 ᖺ࡛ⓗ ኚࡍࡿࡣ⪃࠼ࡃ࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗ㏙ࡽࢀࡓࠕࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࢩࣗ ࣮ࡢኚࠖࡣࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡢᒓᛶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㒔ᕷ㒊ࡢⱝᖺዪᛶࠊ࣍࣡ࢺ࣮࢝ࣛᒙࡢᐇឤ ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࡛ࡣᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢡ࣮࢜ࢱไࡸዪᛶࡢᅵᆅࢡࢭࢫᶒᙉ ࡞ࠊᨻᗓࡢᙉ࠸ࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺࡼࡾࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ὶࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᒓᛶࡢዪᛶࡓࡕࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡢཧຍ⤒㦂ࡀ࠸⨨ ࡅࡽࢀࡿ࠸࠺ヲ⣽࡞ศᯒࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ 8. ᚋࡢ◊✲ࡢᒎᮃ ㄪᰝࡢࡓࡵึࡵ࡚ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࢆゼࢀࡓࡇࡣఱࡶ௦࠼ࡀࡓ࠸㈗㔜࡞⤒㦂ࡔࡗࡓࠋ⌧ᆅ ࡛ᚓࡓࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡸ㈨ᩱࢆάࡋࠊ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋᚋࡣࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࡢ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫ࠾ࡅࡿዪᛶࡢຍᐖ⪅ࡸ⏨ᛶࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅࠸࠺Ꮡᅾࡶὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡉࡽࠊ࢞ ࢳࣕࢳุࣕཧຍࡋࡓ⤒㦂ࡀዪᛶࡓࡕࡢ࢚ࣥࣃ࣓࣡ࣥࢺ⧅ࡀࡗࡓࡢࠊྠᮇࡢࣝ࣡ ࣥࢲ࠾ࡅࡿࡢࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ᨻ⟇ࡸࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ᣦᩘࡢືྥࢆᏛࡧ࡞ࡀࡽ⪃ᐹࢆ῝ࡵࡓ࠸ ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 9. ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ 㜿㒊ὒ[2008]ࠗ┿ᐇጤဨ࠸࠺㑅ᢥ̿̿⣮தᚋ♫ࡢ⏕ࡢࡓࡵ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠋ ∦ᒣኟ⣖[2012]ࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧࢻᚋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࠾ࡅࡿ㉧ࡋゎ̿̿࢞ࢳࣕࢳุࣕࢆ ࡋ࡚ࠖᮾிᏛᏛ㝔 ⥲ྜᩥ◊✲⛉ ಟኈᏛㄽᩥࠋ Ṋෆ㐍୍⦅[2008]ࠗᡓதᖹࡢ㛫̿̿⣮தຨⓎᚋࡢࣇࣜ࢝ᅜ㝿♫࠘ࢪ⤒῭ ◊✲ᡤࠋ 18 18 Bornkamm, Christoph[2012], Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: Between Retribution and Reparation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Clark, Phil[2010], The Gacaca Courts, Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Justice without Lawyers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Human Rights Watch[2011], Justice Compromised: The Legacy of Rwanda’s Community-Based Gacaca Courts. Ibuka, Kanyarwanda, DED/ZFD[2007], Gacaca and Trauma : Psychosocial guidance for trauma victims in Rwanda. Kaitesi, Usta[2014], Genocidal Gender and Sexual Violence:The legacy of the ICTR, Rwanda’s ordinary courts and gacaca courts, Cambridge: Intersentia. National Service of Gacaca Courts[2012], Summary of the Report Presented at the Closing of Gacaca Courts Activities, Kigali:Republic of Rwanda. Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Judgement, Case No. : ICTR-96-4-T, 2 September 1998. 19 19
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