᪥ᚰ➨ 㻣㻡 ᅇ䠄㻞㻜㻝㻝䠅㻌 ཎ⌮䞉᪉ἲ㻌 㻞㻭㻹㻜㻜㻡㻌 Z/nZ ࡽẼ㢦ࢆ⌧ࡋࡓ Piaget ࡢஸ㟋 ᙉᏛ⩦ࡀᵓ㐀⩏ฟࡗࡓ᪥ ᒣཱྀㄔ ࡑࢁࡑࢁ㥏┠ࢆᢲࡑ࠺ࠋOliver Sacks ࡢࡢሗ࿌ࡣᮏᙜࠋ Yamaguchi (JADD)࡛ࡗࡃ⤖ㄽࡀฟ࡚࠾ࡾ㥏┠ࢆᢲࡍᚲせ ࡶ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࡀࠊ୍ᛂࠋᏊࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 60 ᖺ௦ࡢ Horwitz ࡽࡢ ㄽᩥࡢ᪉ࡀ⛉Ꮫⓗࡔᣦࡋࡓேࡣ࠸ࡓࡀࠊලయⓗࡇ 㱈㱒ࡀ࠶ࡿ⪺࠸ࡓࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠊ ࣮ࢫࢱ࣮ࡢグ㏙ࡀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦᪥ࢆぬ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓ Horwitz ࡽࡣሗ࿌㸧ࠋSacks ࡀᙇࡋࡓࡗࡓ ࡢࡣ᫂ࡽࡔࠋே㦁ࡀࡏ࡞࢘ࢯሗ࿌ูࢀࢆ࿌ࡆࡼ࠺ࠋ ཤᖺ᭩࠸ࡓ௳ࡣ Yamaguchi (in press; Arch Med Sci)ࠋHermelin ࡣ Uta Frith ࡢᖌࡢ୍ேࡔࠋࣞ࣋ࣝࡢప࠸ᐇ㦂ㄽᩥࡀࠊ᭷ྡ ࡞㞧ㄅ㸦ᐇ㦂⣔ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ㸧ᰝㄞ㏻ࡗ࡚㍕ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࡽࠊᑡᩘࡢ savant ◊✲⪅ࡔࡅ㛵ಀࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ Hermelin ࡣ⮬㛢◊✲⪅ෆ࡛ホ౯ࡀ㠀ᖖ㧗࠸ࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿ ࡀࠊኵࡔࢁ࠺㸽 Daniel Tammet ࡢస┠ࡢ㑥ヂࡀฟࡓࠋTreffert ࡀᙼࢆ savant ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࡀཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑ࠺ ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋidiot savant ࠸࠺ㄒࡀኻ♩ࡔࡋ࡚ࠊsavant,㸦ከ ࡃࡀ autistic ࡞ࡇࡽ㸧autistic savant ࡞ゝ࠸࠼ࡽࢀࡿ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࢃࡿࠋࡋࡋࡑࢀక࠸ࠊautistic ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡀ▱ⓗ㐜ࢀࡢ࡞࠸ேࡲ࡛ྵࡵࡓࡽࠊᴫᛕࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡞ࡽࠊᚑ᮶ࡢᴫᛕࢆṇ☜ ⾲ࡍࡓࡵ idiot savant ࠸࠺ㄒࢆάࡉࡏ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡾࡡ࡞࠸࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸟ࡇࡇࡲ࡛”savant ࡢ Tammet”࠸࠺ࡢࡀᐃ╔ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡣゝ࠸࡙ࡽ ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊᬑ㏻㧗ᰯࢆฟ࡚ IQ 150 ࡢ Tammet Ặࡣࠊ savant ࡌࡷ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࡼࠋ᪥ᮏࡢ autism ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡢேࠊࡧࡋࡗ ゝࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࠋ⬟ຊࡢࣉࣟࣇ࣮ࣝࡢⴭࡋ࠸ᆒ⾮ࡣࡑࢀࡔ ࡅ࡛⯆῝࠸ࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ savant ࡣูࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑ ࡶᖹᆠ࡞ࣉࣟࣇ࣮ࣝ࠸࠺ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࡢࡔࡋࠋḢ ⡿ࡢ᭷ྡ࡞◊✲⪅ࡀゝࡗࡓࡽᚑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡸࡵࡼ࠺ࠋࡉ ࡽ savant ࡢᴫᛕࢆ㉸࠼࡚ autism (Asperger)ࡢᴫᛕࠊṇᖖ ࡣఱ࠸࠺ࡁ࠸㆟ㄽࡶࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ వㄯࡔࡀࡇࢀ㛵ಀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡛ᾏእ࣓࣮ࣝࢆฟࡍࠊᇶ ♏⣔ࡢඛ⏕ࡲ࡛ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓ Tammet ࡢᮏฟ࡚ࡓேࡡࠖ ゝࢃࢀࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࡇࡗࡕࡀᮏᴗᛮࢃࢀࡿ࡛࠶ ࢁ࠺㸽 ࡇࡇࡽᮏ㢟㸦ᬑ㏻⪃࠼ࢀࡤࡇࡗࡕࡢ㊰⥺ࡀᮏᴗࡔࡗࡓ ࡢࡔࡀ㸧ࠋᙉᏛ⩦ࡼࡿ⩌ᵓ㐀ࡢᏛ⩦ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ⤂ࡍࡿࠋ ᩘᏛࡢ⩌ㄽࡣᚰ⌮Ꮫࡸேᩥ⛉Ꮫ࡞ࡢ୍㒊࡛ࡶྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀ ࡓࡇࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᵓ㐀⩏ࡢᰕࡢ୍ࡘࢆᡂࡍࡽࡋ࠸ࠋᙉᏛ⩦ ࡣ୍ᛂࠊRescorla-Wagner ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓࡶࡢ㸦ࢇู≀࡛ ࠶ࡿࡀ㸧ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㸦ࢇู≀࡛࠶ࡿࡀ Rescorla-Wagner ࡢⓎᒎᙧゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇࡶ୍ᛂ࡛ࡁࡿࠊゝ ࠺ࡢࡣࢥࢿࢡࢩࣙࢽࢬ࣒ࡢㄗᕪ㏫ఏ࡞ࡶࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋ ௦ᩘᏛ࡛ Z/nZ (0㹼n㸫1 ࡢᩚᩘ)ࡢ୰࡛ n ࠸⣲࡞ᩚᩘ ࡢ㞟ྜࢆ(Z/nZ)× ᪤⣙వ㢮⩌ゝ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽ㥆ᰁࡳࡀ࡞ ࠸᪉ࡀከ࠸ᛮ࠺ࡀࠊᐇࡣࡶ࠺ᑡࡋ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ᪉ࡀከ࠸ࡶࡢ ┤᥋ᑐᛂࡍࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ Z/8Z ࠾࠸࡚[2]㺃[4]=[0], [3]㺃[7]=[5] ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡘࡲࡾྜྠᘧ a㺃bӇc mod 8 ྠࡌࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Z/nZ ࡣἲ㛵ࡋ⩌ࢆᡂࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊᑐࡋ࡚(Z/nZ)×ࡣἲ 㛵ࡋ⩌ࢆᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙜ↛ࠊAbel ⩌࡛࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗᅇࡣ Z/8Z ࡽ(Z/8Z)× (1,3,5,7)ࢆᏛ⩦ࡍࡿࠋ Z/8Z ୰ࡢ[0]㹼[7]ࢆ≧ែࡋࠊࡑࢀࡅࡿᩘ[0]㹼[7]ࢆ⾜ ືࡋࠊヨ⾜㘒ㄗⓗ⾜ື࣭≧ែ㑄⛣ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࠊ༢ඖ[1] ⮳ࡿሗ㓘ࢆཷࡅࡿࡍࡿࠋࡍࡿࠊ᭱㐺࡞ Q value ࡢ⾲ࡀ సࢀࡿ㸦ㄽᩥࡢ⾲ཧ↷㸧ࠋ8 ࠸⣲࡛࡞࠸ඖ㸦㏫ඖࢆᣢࡓ ࡞࠸㸧ࡀ࡚ 0 ࡋ࡚ࡩࡿ࠸ⴠࡉࢀࠊṧࡗࡓඖࡀ(Z/8Z)× ࡋ࡚ᾋࡧୖࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋ⾲ࡀసࢀࡿࡢ࡛ᙜ ↛ࠊ࠼ࡤ Q Ꮫ⩦㸸 Q(s,a) = Q(s,a)+α(r+γ max a’ Q (s’,a’)㸫Q(s,a)) 㸦୍ぢ Rescorla-Wagner ࡣࡃู≀ぢ࠼ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸧 ࢆ⏝࠸࡚Ꮫ⩦ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣලయⓗࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡼࡽ ࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾ Q Ꮫ⩦௨እ(Sarsa, actor-critic,㺃㺃㺃)࡛ࡶࡼࡃࠊࡲ ࡓ⾜ື๎(softmax, ε-greedy,㺃㺃㺃)࡞ࡢヲ⣽ࡼࡽࡎࠊᘬ⋡ ࡞ࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡢヲ⣽ࡶ↓㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙉᏛ⩦ࡢᵝࠎ࡞ ᪉ἲࡀ㐺⏝࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࠊࡼࡾ୍⯡ Z/nZ ࡽ (Z/nZ)×ࡀᏛ⩦࡛ࡁࡿࠋᮏ✏ࡔࡅㄞࢇ࡛ࡶࢃࡽ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ ࡽࠊヲ⣽ࡣㄽᩥཧ↷ࠋ ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ฟ࡚ࡁࡓ⩌(Z/8Z)×㸦ྠᆺࡢ⩌㸧ࡣࡧ ྡࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᩘᏛ࡛ࡢྡ๓ࡣࠕKlein ࡢᅄඖ⩌࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋᚰ⌮Ꮫ ࡛ࡢྡ๓ࡣ࣭࣭࣭ࢪࣕࢪ࣮ࣕࣥࠋࠕPiaget ࡢ INRC ⩌ࠖࡔࡼࠋ ࡲࡓ Levi-Strauss ࡢ⩌࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠋINRC ⩌㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ Piaget ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ⾶࠼࡚ࡁࡓᮇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊⓎ㐩◊✲⪅㸦Piaget ◊✲ ⪅࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸧ࡶ࠶ࡲࡾ㥆ᰁࡳࡀ࡞࠸ࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᙉᏛ⩦ ࡔࡢ Z/nZ ࡔࡢࡢ㛵ಀ࡞ࡉࡑ࠺࡞ヰࡽࠊᛮࢃࡠࡇࢁ࡛ Piaget ࡢஸ㟋ࢆぢࡓࡼ࠺࡞Ẽࡀࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡇࢀࢆ⩌ᵓ㐀ࡢᏛ⩦ࡢ⤫୍ⓗᯟ⤌ࡳᥦࡍࡿẼࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛᪤⣙వ㢮⩌㸦ᕠᅇ⩌࣭㠀ྍ⩌➼࡛࡞ࡃ㸧ࡢᏛ⩦ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⩌ᵓ㐀ࡢࡼࡾᮏ᱁ⓗ࣭ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ࡣࠊࡑࢀᑓ⏝ ࡢࠊᩘᏛࡢ⩌ࡢᐃ⩏ᛅᐇ๎ࡋࡓఱࡽࡢᏛ⩦ἲࢆ⪃࠼ࢀ ࡤࡼ࠸ࡇࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࡇࢀࡼࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞Ꮫ ⩦ἲࢆసࡾฟࡍࡇࡶ࡞ࡃࠊᚑ᮶ࡽᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣝ ࢦࣜࢬ࣒࡛Ꮫ⩦࡛ࡁࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡏࡓࠋ༢ே㛫ࡢᚰ⩌ࢆ௬ ᐃࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⋓ᚓࡢ᪉ἲゝཬࡍࡿࡢࡶᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ௨๓ࡽ୍㒊ࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫ⪅ᣦࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ ⤫ィࡔࡅࢆ⏝࠸ࡿከᩘࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣẟ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋᖺࡶࢁࡃ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ㄽᩥ(ESP)ࡀᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢ top journal ฟ ࡓࡾࡋ㸦ᐇ㦂⣔ journal ࡣ㍕ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡶ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࡀ㸧ࠊ୍ ⯡࣓ࢹ࡛ࡶྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࠊᚰ⌮Ꮫ⪅ࡀ㤿㮵ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡇࡀ」ᩘ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⌮ㄽᢤࡁ࡛ࠕ⤫ィⓗ᭷ពࡔࡗࡓࡽⓎ⾲ ࡍࡿࠖࡢ࡛ࡣᚰ⌮Ꮫࡣ㐍Ṍࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ 㸦ᮏᏛ࡛ࡶఇ᠁ᡤ࡛ⱝᡭ ࡀࠕ᭷ពࡀฟࢀࡤㄽᩥ᭩ࡅࡿࠖ࡞ヰࡋ࡚࠸࡚ᝒࡋࡃ࡞ ࡿࠋ᭷ពࡀฟࡓࡽㄽᩥࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊࡇࡢேࡢ᭷ពỈ ‽ࡣࠊ࢘ࢯࡔ࠸࠺ࡇࡔ㸧ࠋࡁ࡞⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࢆホ౯ࡋࡓ ࠸ࠋලయⓗ Piaget ࡸ Levi-Strauss ࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗ㔜せᛶࡣ ูࡢヰ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᙼࡽᕧே㐩ࡢ௦ᩘⓗࣉ࣮ࣟ ࢳࡣศ㔝ࡢ⛉Ꮫ⪅㐩ࡽࡢ㈹㈶ࡶ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔࠋPiaget ࢆ ヂࡋࡓ㐲ᒣၨࡶᩘᏛ⪅ࡔࠋࡓࡔࡋ༢ Klein ࡢᅄඖ⩌ࢆᣦ ࡍࡿࡔࡅࡔࠊᩘᏛⓗࡣ࠶ࡲࡾึṌⓗࡍࡂࡿࡇ࡛࠶ ࡾࠊ㈹㈶୍㎶ಽࡶゝ࠼ࡎࠕࢃࡊࢃࡊ⩌ࢆᣢࡕฟࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ ࡗࡓࠖ࠸࠺෭ࡵࡓぢ᪉ࡶ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠋࡲࡓཤᖺ᭩ ࠸ࡓ࠾ࡾ Piaget ࡢ௦ᩘࡣ㛫㐪࠸ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡏ ࡼࠊ᭷ពᕪࡀฟࡓฟࡓ✵㦁ࡂࡍࡿࠊศ㔝㤿㮵ࡉࢀࡿ ࡼ࠺࡞◊✲ࡼࡾࡣࡎࡗࡲࡋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸦ࢃࡗࡓࠊఇ᠁ᡤ࡛ ヰࡋ࡚ࡓே㸧ࠋ ̿ 5 ̿
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