ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ࢻࣞࢵࢻࣀ࣮ࢺ௦࠾ࡅࡿ ࢪ࣭ࣗࣜࣥࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺཀࡢᴗ⦼ ࣆ࣮ࢱ࣮࣭ࢫࢱࣥࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ 䠄ヂ⪅䠖㻌 ᖹ㔝㻌 㱟䠅㻌 Peter Marsh Stanford, “The Work of Sir Julian Corbett in the Dreadnought Era,” U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 77, No. 1, January 1951. ⩻ヂࡢ㊃᪨㸦ヂ⪅㸧 ࡇࡢㄽᩥࡣࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺἐᚋ⣙ 30 ᖺࡋ࡚ࠊ⟶ぢࡢ㝈ࡾ࡛ࡣึࡵ࡚ᮏ᱁ⓗ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺᛮࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄽᩥࡢᏑᅾ⮬యࡣ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊⱥ⡿࠾࠸࡚ࡶࢇ⤂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊⱥ⡿࠾࠸࡚㢖⦾ᘬ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ◊✲ࡢྂࠊࢩࣗ ࣐ࣝࣥ(Donald M. Schurman)ࡢࠗᾏ㌷ࡢᩍ⫱̿̿ⱥᅜᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ᛮࡢⓎᒎ 1867-1914࠘ ࠕ➨ 7 ❶ ᩥᐁṔྐᐙࠊࢪ࣭ࣗࣜࣥࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺཀࠖ1ࡣࠊࡇࡢㄽ ᩥࢆཧ⪃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᮅ㩭ᡓத᭱୰ࡢ 1951 ᖺⴭࡉࢀࡓㄽᩥ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡇࡢᙜࡢ⡿ᾏ㌷ࡀࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺᛮࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡗࡓࡢࢆ ❚࠸▱ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿㄽᩥ࡛࠶ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡞࠾ࠊཎㄽᩥ⠇ཬࡧトࡣタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊㄞ⪅ࡢ౽౪ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊヂ ᩥྛ⠇ࡢ༊ษࡾࡑࡢ㢟୪ࡧヂトࢆࠊヂ⪅ࡀ㐺ᐅࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ ࠑ ࠒෆࡣࠊ ヂ⪅ࡀ⿵㊊ࡋࡓㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 㸯 ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀά㌍ࡋࡓ௦ Ṕྐᡓ␎ᛮࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࣭ࣗࣜࣥࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺཀࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊࡇࡢ Donald M. Schurman, The Education of a Navy: The Development of British Naval Strategic Thought, 1867-1914, London: Cassell, 1965, Chapter 7, Civilian Historian, 1 Sir Julian Corbett, pp. 147-184. 56 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ௦ࡢ೧࡞ඛ㐩࡛࠶ࡿ࣐ࣁࣥ(Alfred T. Mahan)ࡢ◊✲ྠᵝࠊ➨୍ḟୡ⏺ ᡓຨⓎ⧅ࡀࡿ௦ࡢ㔜ᅽㄽதࡢ୰࡛㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࡲࡉࠊ100 ᖺ ๓ࡢࢺࣛࣇ࣮ࣝ࢞ᾏᡓ௨㝆࡛ึࡵ࡚ࠊⱥᅜࡢࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡀ㔜࡞ᣮᡓࢆཷ ࡅࡓ᭱ᚋࡢᅔ㞴࡞ 10 ᖺ㛫࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ௦ࠊⱥᅜࡢࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡣḢᕞ⯡ ࡢᖹࡢ㢗ࡳ⥘࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ1914 ᖺࡢኟ௨㝆ࠊࡇࡢᖹࡣỴࡋ࡚༑ศᅇࡉ ࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࠕⱥᅜࡼࡿᖹ(Pax Britannica)ࠖࡢ᭱ᚋࡢ 10 ᖺ㛫ࡢ 㐍ᒎࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡇࡣࠊࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡘ࠸࡚ࡧぬ㓰ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚㌷ ഛࢆᣑᙇࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊⱥᅜࡢⓎᒎ୍ᒙࡢ⦾ᰤࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍᖹ ࡣࠊࡇࡢࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᅜᐙᨻ⟇ࡢ⌧ᐇⓗ࡛ຠᯝⓗ࡞ᡭẁࡋ࡚ࡢᡓதࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊࡇࡢ௦ࡢⱥᅜᅜ Ẹࡽ㠀ᖖಙࡢ┠࡛ぢࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᚋࢳ࣮ࣕࢳࣝ(Winston Churchill)ࡀ ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ ࠕᏊ౪ࡓࡕࡣࠊࢼ࣏ࣞ࢜ࣥᡓதࢆⱥᅜẸࡢດຊࡢ⤯㡬ࡋ࡚ᩍ࠼ ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡣ࣮࣡ࣝࢸ࣮ࣟࢺࣛࣇ࣮ࣝ࢞ࢆ㝣ୖᾏୖ࠾ࡅࡿ ⱥᅜ㌷ࡢ✲ᴟࡢᡂᯝぢ࡞ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖࠋࢢࣛࢵࢻࢫࢺ࣮ࣥ(William E. Gladstone)㤳┦ࡣࠊ1890 ᖺ௦ࡢࠕ⫧ࡋࡓ㌷ഛࠖཝࡋࡃᑐࡋ࡚㎡⫋ࡋ ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ19 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡢⱥᅜ࠾࠸࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᨻᛮ࡞ࡗࡓ⮬⏤⩏ே 㐨⩏ⓗどⅬࡀࠊᅜẸᑐࡋ࡚ࠊṔྐࢆᖹⓗぢࡿࡇࢆᙉไࡍࡿ᪉ྥస ⏝ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ௦ࡢ᭱ࡶษ࡞౯್ࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᡓதࡢᴫᛕࠊࡑࡢᝒ ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ(John R. Green)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡓ࡞ᏛὴࡢṔྐᐙ㐩ࡼࡗ࡚ ᙇࡉࢀࡓࠊୡ⏺ࡣᚲ↛ⓗⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠸࠺ᙜࡢ⌮ㄽ㐺ྜࡋ࡞ࡗࡓ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠕࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ ࠖⴭྡ࡞ⱥᅜࡢ㌷ྐᐙࡀホࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ ࠑ᪂ࡓ࡞ṔྐᏛὴࡼࡿࠒࡑࡢ࡚ࡣࠊே㢮ࡢṔྐ࠾ࡅࡿࠑᡓதࡢࠒ㔜せᛶࢆ㈘ ࡵࡿࡓࡵ⾜ࢃࢀࠊࡲࡓே㛫ࡢ㐍Ṍࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㏻ᖖࡣ༢གྷ࡞ጉᐖせ⣲࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ ࡚ࠊఱࡶゎỴࡋ࡞࠸ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ᙼࡀ⤖ㄽࡋࡓࡇࡣࠊ ࠕᖹ⩏⪅ே㐨⩏⪅ࡢ೫ぢࡀࠊࡑࡢ௦ࡢᮏᙜࡢ グ㘓ࢆഇࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ༢Ṕྐࡢྰᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ ࠋ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀࠊᚋᙼ⮬㌟ࡀࠕᾏ㌷ྐࡢ⯆ࠖࢇࡔάືࡢ୰࡛ࢆ⾜ ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊࡲࡉࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞௦⫼ᬒᑐࡋ࡚࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊṔྐࡢㄪᰝ ศᯒࡀὙ⦎ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ୰࡛ࠊᡓ␎ⓗࠊᨻⓗࠊ⾜ᨻୖࡢㅖၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚◊✲ ㆟ㄽࢆ⯆ࡋࠊ ලయࡍࡿࡁ࡞㐠ື࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࣐ࣁࣥࡢ೧࡞Ṕྐㄽᩥࡣࠊ 57 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ᡓ␎ࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿ㐺ษ࡞Ṕྐ◊✲ࡢᡭἲࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࡀࠊࡋࡋࠊᙼࡢṔ ྐⓗ㢟ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࠊࡇࡢ௦ࡢㅖၥ㢟ࡢࡓࡵ⿵ṇࡍࡿ୰࡛ࠊከࡃࡢࡇࡀࡸ ࡾṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࢆᡂࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓⱥᅜࡢṔྐᐙ㐩ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ ࡀࠊࡲࡉࡑࡢᣦᑟ⪅࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋே㐨⩏῝࠸㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡕࠊᡓ ࠾ࡅࡿ௵ົ୰࡛ࡉ࠼⮬⏤⩏ࡢᨻ✚ᴟⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊᡓதຨⓎ ࡼࡗ࡚ᾏ㌷ྐ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ⱥᅜࡢᶒጾㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊࡇࢀ ࡲ࡛ࡢ㛗࠸Ṕྐࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᭱ࡢヨ⦎❧ࡕྥ࠺ࡃᾏ㌷ࢆᨵ㠉ࡋࠊ ࠑᡓதྥ ࡅ࡚ࠒ‽ഛࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᾏ㌷㌷௧㒊ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࠋ⌧௦ࡢᾏ ㌷ྐᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࢱࣥࢫࢺ࣮ࣝ(Brian Tunstall)ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺グࡋࡓࠋ ࢪ࣭࣮ࣙࣥࣟࢺࣥ (John Laughton) ཀࠊ㹋㸬࢜ࢵ࣌ࣥࣁ࣒(M. Oppenheim)ࠊࢪ ࣭ࣙࣥࣞࣛࣥࢻ(John Leyland)ࠊ࣒࣭࢘ࣜࢡࣟ࢘ࢬ (William L. Clowes) ཀࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞ேࠎࡢᴗ⦼ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᾏ㌷ྐࡣỿࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࢪ࣭ࣗࣜࣥࢥࣝ࣋ ࢵࢺཀࡘ࠸࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊᙼࡢⴭసᩍ⫱ࡣࠊᾏ㌷ࡢᡓ␎ᡓ⾡ࡃ᪂ࡓ࡞ぢゎࢆ ຍࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᾏ㌷ᨻ⟇㠀ᖖ㔜せ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓゝࡗ࡚ࡶ㐣ゝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣐ࣁࣥࡢࠗᾏୖᶒຊྐㄽ࠘ࡸࢥࣟࣥ(Philip H. Colomb)ࡢࠗᾏ㌷ࡢᡓ㜚࠘2ࡀ ୡฟࡓᚋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢⴭ㏙ᐙࡣࡍ࡚ࠊ1893 ᖺタࡉࢀࡓᾏ㌷グ㘓༠ (Navy Record Society)ࡢ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢⴭసࡣࠊ1889 ᖺࡢᾏ㌷ᅜ㜵ἲ(Naval Defence Act)ᑐࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡼࡾច㉳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓᾏ㌷ ࡢၥ㢟ࡢ㛵ᚰࢆࡁࡃάࡉࡏࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᾏ㌷ࡍࡿࡇࢁ࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋࡇࡢᾏ㌷ᅜ㜵ἲࡣࠊࢡ࣑ࣜᡓத௨㝆ࠊపⴠࡋ࡚ᙅయࡋࠊ㝞⭉ࡋ࡚ࡋ ࡲࡗࡓⱥᅜᾏ㌷ࢆάࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆィ⏬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢィ⏬ࡣࠊ⤫୍ ࡉࢀࡓⰄᆺࡽᡂࡿᕧᡓⰄ⩌ࡢ᭱ึࡢィ⏬࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ㏆௦࠾ࡅࡿᾏ㌷ㅖ ၥ㢟࠾ࡅࡿ㛵ᚰࡣࠊࡇࡢ௦ࡽⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࣐ࣁࣥ ࢥࣟࣥࡢேࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡼࡾࡶ㧗ᗘ࡛ศᯒⓗ࡞ഃ㠃ࡽᾏ㌷ྐࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠸ࠊࡑࢀ ࡲ࡛ࡣࡃ↓どࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠊࡼࡃ࡚ࡶ༙ศ⛬ᗘࡋ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓᾏ ㌷ᡓ␎ࡢၥ㢟ࡢᗈ⠊࡞㛵ᚰࢆႏ㉳ࡋࡓࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀࠊ ࠗᾏୖᶒຊྐㄽ࠘ࡘ ࠸࡚グࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ ࠕᾏ㌷ྐࡀဴᏛⓗᇶ♏ࡢୖ⨨ࢀࡓ᭱ึࡢ௦ࠖ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ヂὀ㸸Philip H. Colomb, Naval Warfare: Its Rruling Principles and Practice Historically Treated, London: W. H. Allen and Co., 1891. 2 58 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) 㸰 ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ௨๓ࡢⱥᅜᾏ㌷ྐ◊✲ ⱥᅜᾏ㌷ࡢṔྐࡣࠊࢡࣟ࢘ࢬࡢࠗṔྐ࠘ࡢ➨୍ᕳࡀබหࡉࢀࡿ๓࡛ࡉ࠼ࡶ㸦ᚋ ࡢ 1897 ᖺห⾜ࡉࢀࡓᕳ࡛ࡣ࣐ࣁࣥࡶᐤ✏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧 ࠊ㐺ษࡘᴟࡵ࡚ໟᣓⓗ ⴭ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊᾏ㌷グ㘓༠ࡼࡗ࡚㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞Ṕྐᡭ ἲ↷ࡽࡋ࡚ぢࡿࠊከࡃࡢ⣽㒊ಟṇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑ ࡋ࡚ࠊⱥᅜࡢࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡢᡂ㛗㛵ࡍࡿᐇ㝿ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊㅝࢃࡤࠊᮌࢆぢ࡚᳃ࢆ ぢ࡞࠸≧ែ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 1400 ᖺ௦ึ㢌࠾ࡅࡿࢲ࣒࣭ࢹ࣭ࣔࣞࣥࢫ(Adam de Moleyns)ࡢࠗ」ྜ ⓗ ࡞ ⱥ ᅜ ྐ (Libelle of English Polycye) ࠘㸦 1598 ᖺ ࣁ ࢡ ࣝ ࢺ (Richard Hakluyt)ࡼࡗ้࡚㸧௨᮶ࠊࡇࡢศ㔝ࡢⴭసࡀࠊୡ⏺ᨻ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜࡢᆅ ࢆᇶ♏ࠊ ࡑࡢᡓ␎ⓗᐇែࢆ⌧ᐇⓗᢕᥱࡋ࡚♧ࡍࡇࡣᕼ࡞ࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ ࢥࣜࣂ࣮(Colliber)ࠊࣁ࣮࣋(Hervey)ࠊ࢟ࣕࣥ࣋ࣝ(Campbell)ࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࣀࢵࢡ (Charnock)ࠊࢯ࢘ࢮ(Southey)ࡣࡍ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡢึᮇࡢⴭస࡛ࠊከࢀᑡ࡞ ࢀఏグⓗ࡞◊✲ἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢯ࢘ࢮࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆࠕ⡆₩ⱥᅜᾏ㌷ྐࢆ ᭩ࡃࡓࡵࡢ᭱ࡶ౽࡞ᙧែࠖࢇࡔࠋ1790 ᖺ௦᪩ࡃࡶࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࣀࢵࢡࡣᾏ ὒຊ༨ࡵࡿⱥᅜࡢ⨨ᅜ┈ࡢ⊂≉࡞ᛶ᱁ࢆ༑ศ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ ࡋࡋࠊ ᙼࡢⴭస࡛࠶ࡿࠗᾏ㌷ྐ(Biographia Navalis)࠘(1794 ᖺ)ࡢࠕᗎᩥࠖࡣࠊࡇࡢ 㢟㛵ࡋ࡚ᢚไⓗグ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࢀࡼࡾ 10 ᖺ᪩ࡃࠊࣁ࣮࣋ࡣࠊ ࡢᡓ㜚ࢆヲ㏙ࡍࡿࡼࡾࡶࠊᙼࡢࠗᾏ㌷ྐ࠘(1780 ᖺ)ࢆⴭࡍࡇࡢ᪉ࡀ㔜せ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡋࡋࠊࡼࡾࡁ࡞ᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛ࡑࢀࢆ༑ศ⧳ ࡵࡿ⤖ㄽࢆࢇ᭩࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ 19 ୡ⣖࠾ࡅࡿᾏ ㌷㛵ࡍࡿⴭ㏙ᐙࡓࡕࡣࠊࡑࢀ⮬య⣧⢋࡞ᾏ㌷ྐࡋ࡚ᥥࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࢡࣟ࢘ࢬ ࡢⴭసࡢᗈࡀࡾ฿㐩ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋḟࡢᗎᩥࡢグ㏙ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢼ࣏ࣞ࢜ࣥᡓத௨ ๓ࡢ 18 ୡ⣖ࡘ࠸࡚᭩࠸ࡓ࢟ࣕࣥ࣋ࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞㠀ᖖ⣲ᬕࡽࡋ࠸◊✲⪅࡛ࡉ ࠼ࠊ㠀ᖖ㏆௦ⓗ࡛ど㔝ࡢᗈ࠸ᡯ⬟ࢆ♧ࡍ୍᪉ࠊఏグⓗ◊✲ἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࡢ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᡃࠎࡀୡ⏺࡛ࡾฟࡍከࡃࡢࡶࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᡃࠎࡢຊᙳ㡪ຊࡢᗈࡀࡾࡢ㒊ศࡣᾏ ㌷ຊ㈇ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊ⦾ᰤࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ᳜Ẹᆅࡸᗈࡀࡾࡺࡃⱥᅜࡢྡኌ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ ᾏ㌷ຊࡢᜠᜨࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼࡾࡁ࡞⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊୡ⏺ࡢ⮳ࡿᡤ࡛ⱥᅜࡣ⮬⏤ ࡩࡿࡲ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 59 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ࠕⱥᅜࡼࡿᖹࠖࡢ㯪᫂ᮇࡘ࠸࡚᭩࠸ࡓ࣐ࣁࣥࡣࠊࡑࡢࠕⱥᅜࡼࡿᖹ ࠖࡢᇶ♏࡞ࡿࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡀࠊࡢࡼ࠺ࡁ࡞ᗈࡀࡾᙳ㡪ຊࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣮ࣟࢺࣥࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேࠎࡸᾏ㌷グ㘓༠ࡢึᮇ ࡢᐤ✏⪅㐩ࡣࠊࡑࡢⓎᒎ㐣⛬࠾ࡅࡿᐇࢆṇ☜グࡍ࠸࠺ᇶ┙ࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᚋࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ࣮ࣟࢺࣥࢆ➹㢌ࡍࡿࡇࡢ㞟ᅋࡢ┠ⓗࡘ ࠸࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸦࣮ࣟࢺࣥࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࣐ࣁࣥࡶᙼࡽᜠᜨࢆཷ ࡅࡓㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸧 ᐇ㝿ᡃࠎࡣࠊᾏ㌷ྐࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞Ṕྐࡢ୍㒊ศࡋ࡚ࡢᆅࢆᚓࡿࡇࢆᮃࢇ࡛࠸ ࡿࠋఱࡼࡾࡶࠊᡃࠎࡣ㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡍ࡚ࡢᶒጾࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ࡛ᢈุⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆᇶ♏ ࡋࡓᾏ㌷ྐࢆᣢࡕࡓ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᾏ㌷ྐࡢ⯆ࡼࡗ࡚ពࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊࡲࡉࡇࡢ ᪉ྥࡢືࡁ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢືࡁࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᾏ㌷ྐᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࡢཎ๎ࡢ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ಟṇ᪉ ྥ࡙ࡅ࠸࠺ࡁ࡞άືࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊࡇࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣟࢺࣥࡢ ඛ㥑ⓗᴗ⦼࣐ࣁࣥࡢဴᏛⓗ࡞ཎ๎ࢆཷࡅ⥅ࡄᣦᑟ⪅࡛࠶ࡿㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᡓதࠑ➨୍ḟୡ⏺ᡓࠒࡀຨⓎࡋࡓࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊබᘧࡢᾏ㌷ ྐࢆ᭩ࡃࡼ࠺ጤკࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊᡓᚋࠗᾏ㌷సᡓ࠘3ࡋ࡚ห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ᪥࡛ࡣࠑ1951 ᖺᙜࠒ ࠊࡇࡢࡁ࡞ⱞປࡀకࡗ ࡓⴭࡢⴭ⪅ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀ᭱ึᙼࡢྡࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ⊂⮬ࡢ◊✲ ࡣࠊ➨୍ḟୡ⏺ᡓ๓ࠊ≉ⱥᅜࡢࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡀ᮶ࡿࡁ㜚தࡢࡓࡵ㌷ഛᣑ ᙇ୰࡛࠶ࡗࡓᡓத㛫㏆ࡢ 10 ᖺ㛫⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢᴗ⦼ࡢ୰࡛ࠊᾏ㌷ྐ◊ ✲ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣ┿㈉⊩ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿᙼࡢ᭱ࡶ῝㐲࡛ ⊂≉࡞ᛮࡣࠊ ࠗᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘4ࠊ ࠗᖺᡓத࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘5ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ ྂⓗྡⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࠗᾏὒᡓ␎ࡢㅖཎ๎࠘6࡞ࡢⴭస࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᾏ㌷ᛮྐ ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, Naval Operations, 3vols., London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1920-22. 4 ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power within the Straits 1603-1713, 2vols., London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1904. 5 ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, England in the Seven years’ war: A Study in Combined Strategy, 2vols., London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1907. 6 ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1911. 3 60 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ᩱ⦅⧩ࡢከࡃࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢⴭసᾏ㌷グ㘓༠࡛ᙼࡀ⦅㞟ࡋࡓฟ∧≀㈇ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢⴭసࡀ᭩ࢀࡓ≧ἣࡸࠊࡢࡼ࠺ห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡘ࠸ ࡚ࡣࠊࢇ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢᑠㄽ࡛ࡣࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢᴗ⦼ࡢࡇࢀ ࡽࡢഃ㠃ࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡍࡿࠋ 㸱 ึᮇࡢⴭసࡢห⾜ ࡺࡗࡃࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᐇࡣࡾẼ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣ೧࡞ⴭసࡢᇳ➹ ⧅ࡀࡿάືᘬࡁධࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ࠸ࡃࡪࢇ⇕ᚰࡉࡀ㊊ࡾ࡞࠸ᘚㆤኈࡋ࡚ ே⏕ࢆጞࡵࡓࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ45 ṓ࡛ᙼࡢ࡞ດຊࢆᾏ㌷ྐࡢศ㔝ഴὀࡍࡿࡇ ࢆỴពࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ⪃ྂᏛࢆᏛࡧࠊⱝᖸࡢᜊឡᑠㄝࢆᇳ➹ࡍࡿⱁ⾡ᐙࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞Ꮡᅾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 1854 ᖺ⿱⚟࡞୧ぶࡢୗ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ1882 ᖺࡲ࡛ἲᚊࢆ⏕ ᾭࡢࡍࡿࡇࢆ᩿ᛕࡋࠊⱁ⾡ࠊ⪃ྂᏛࡸ࢚ࢪࣉࢺࠊࣥࢻࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࠊࡑ ࡋ࡚⡿ᅜ࡞ୡ⏺ྛᆅࡢ᪑⾜࡞⇕୰ࡋࡓࠋᚋᖺࡢ⊩㌟ⓗ࡞㌷࠾ࡅࡿ ࡣ㠀ᖖᑐ↷ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴦࡋ࠸㛫ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ Ṕྐᑠㄝࢆ᭩ࡁጞࡵࠊ1886 ᖺࠊฎዪసࡋ࡚ࠗࢫ࢞ࣝࢻࡢἐⴠ࠘࠸࠺ ࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘⚄ヰ㛵ࡍࡿᙼࡢ◊✲ࢆ⧊ࡾ㎸ࢇࡔᑠㄝࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⩣ᖺห ⾜ࡋࡓࠗ⚄㔠ࡢࡓࡵ࠘ࡣࠊ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢫᮅࡢ⢭⚄ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࢆ୰ᚰࡋ ࡚࠾ࡾࠊⱥᅜࢆୡ⏺ิᙉࡢ㏵ୖᑵࡏࡿෑ㝤࠸࠺⚗ḧⓗ࡞⊩㌟ྥࡇ࠺ ぢࡎ࡞ឡࡢወጁ࡞⼥ྜࡀᥥࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢⴭసࡣࠊ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢫᮅ௦ࡢ῝ ࠸▱㆑ࠊᙜࡢᩥᏛࡗ࡚ࡣࡃ᪂ወ࡞ᾏὒ⏕άࡢヲ⣽ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊṇ☜࡞ ほᐹࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⴭసࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ◊✲ࡀࠊᯫ✵࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⪃ ྂᏛⓗᛮ⪃ࢆࡾ㉺࠼࡚ࠊᙼࡢၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆࡼࡾ⣧⢋࡞Ṕྐⓗ㛵ᚰᑟ࠸࡚࠸ ࡗࡓࡇࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ1889 ᖺࠊⱥᅜேࡢάືᐙࢩ࣮ࣜࢬࠊࣔ ࣥࢡ(George Monk, 1st Duke of Albemarle)ࡢ⏕ᾭࢆᐤ✏ࡋࠊࡇࡢศ㔝࡛ึࡵ ࡚ᵓ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ⴭసࢆห⾜ࡋࡓࠋ⥆࠸࡚⩣ᖺࡣࠊࢻ࣮ࣞࢡ(Francis Drake) ࡢ⏕ᾭ㛵ࡍࡿⴭసࢆห⾜ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ㸰ࡘࡢᑠࡉ࡞ఏグ◊✲ࡣࠊṔྐࡢ㛵ᚰ ࢆάࡉࡏࠊࡑࡢ௦ࡢ▱㆑ࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡇ࡞ࡾᙺ❧ࡗࡓࠋ᪉ࡶࠊ ࡇࡢศ㔝᪂ࡓ࡞㢼ࢆ྿ࡁ㎸ࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⛉Ꮫⓗ◊✲ࡢ㧗࠸Ỉ‽ࢆ♧ࡍࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠗࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫ࣭ࢻࣞࢡཀ࠘ 㸦1890 ᖺ㸧7ࡣ≉ഔฟࡋ࡚ㄞࡳࡸࡍࡃࠊ 7 ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, Sir Francis Drake, London: Macmillan and Co., 1890. 61 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ᕦࡳᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓ◊✲࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࡢ⏕ᾭࡘ࠸࡚⡆₩᭩ࢀࡓ᪥࡛ ࡶධᡭྍ⬟࡞ⴭసࡢ୰࡛᭱Ⰻࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢᚋࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࡶ࠺୍ᑠㄝࢆⴭࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚ 1898 ᖺࠊ44 ṓࡢᾏ ㌷ྐࡢศ㔝࡛ᙼࡀ᭱ึ༑ศ࡞⬟ຊࢆⓎࡋࡓ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠗࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࢳ࣮ࣗ ࢲ࣮ᮅࡢᾏ㌷̿̿ᾏὒᅜᐙࡋ࡚ࡢⱥᅜ⯆㝯ࡢṔྐඹ࠘8ࢆห⾜ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ ⴭస࡛ࡣࠊఏグⓗせ⣲ࡣᕦࡳ๓㠃ಖࡓࢀࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⣔ิ㔜せ࡞ᨻᐙ ࡸ㌷ேീࡀᥥࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋྠᵝࠊࡇࡢศ㔝ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᴗ⦼㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ ࡋ࡚ᙺ❧ࡘ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢫᮅ௦ࡢ⯪ࡸරჾࡢヲ⣽࡞⪃ྂᏛⓗ◊✲࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡇࡢⴭసࡀṔྐᏛⅭࡋࡓ᭱ࡢ㈉⊩ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡣ㈐௵࠶ ࡿṔྐᐙ࡛ࡉ࠼࣐ࣟࣥࢳࢵࢡ࡛↓ἲ࡞↓㢗ேぢ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࡢ┿ᐇࡢ ጼࢆそ࠸㞃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠊࡃࡔࡽ࡞࠸ఏㄝࢆᣔ࠸ཤࡗࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋྠࠊࡇ ࡢⴭసࡼࡾࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣ➨୍⣭ࡢᾏ㌷ྐᐙࡢ୍ேࡋ࡚ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ⊂ⓗ࡞ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢⴭసࡣࠊ⤌⧊ࡢᙉᅛ࡞ຊࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢿࣝࢯࣥ (Horatio Nelson)ࡢ௦ࡲ࡛༉ᩛࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ⌧ࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ㌷ົࡢ⊩㌟ⓗ⌮ ಶேⓗᣦᑟຊ㛵ࡍࡿኳ㈿ࡢᡯ⬟ඹࠊ➨୍⣭ࡢᡓ␎ᐙࡋ࡚ࡢࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࡢ ┿ࡢጼࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢⴭసࢆ‽ഛࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᗈ⠊ᅖ࡞◊✲ࡢ࠾ࡆ࡛ࠊ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣᾏ㌷グ㘓༠⥭ᐦ࡞㛵ಀࢆࡶࡗࡓࠋྠᖺࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣྠ༠ ࡽࠗࢫ࣌ࣥᡓத㛵㐃ᩥ᭩ࠊ1585㸫87 ᖺ࠘9ࢆ⦅㞟ࡍࡿࡇࢆ౫㢗ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ᾏ㌷グ㘓༠ࡽห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࢩ࣮ࣜࢬࡢ 11 ␒┠࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡢᕳࡣࠊཎྐᩱࡀ 㔜せ࡞ୖࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ㈗㔜࡞ὀ㔘ࡀࡉࢀࠊὙ⦎ࡉࢀࡓᡭἲ࡛ὀព῝ࡃ⦅ 㞟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢᕳࡣࠊࡇࡢศ㔝ࡢྂࡋ࡚ṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࣮ࣟࢺࣥ ⦅ࠗ1588 ᖺࡢࢫ࣌ࣥ↓ᩛⰄ㝲ࡢᩋ㛵ࡍࡿᅜᐙᩥ᭩࠘࠾ࡅࡿ᭱ึࡢ㸰ᕳ ࡢᗎᩥࡢᙺࡶᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ༠ࡣࠊ1893 ᖺࡢタ❧௨᮶ࠊ㸳ᖺࡋ⤒㐣ࡋ ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽ᭱ึࡢᐤ✏ࢆᅵྎࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢศ㔝 ࡛ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀࡉࡽാ࠸࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡇࢆᮃࢇࡔࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢ⩣ᖺࡢ⤖፧ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᚑጒ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ᪂ጔ࢚ࢹࢫ࣭ ࣞ࢟ࢧࣥࢲ࣮(Edith Alexander)ㄝᚓࡉࢀ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣḟࡢⴭస࡞࢚ ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆὀ࠸ࡔࠋࡑࢀࡀࠗࢳ࣮ࣗࢲ࣮ᮅࡢᾏ㌷࠘ࡢ⥆⦅࡛ࠊ⩣ 1900 ᖺ ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, Drake and the Tudor Navy: with a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power, 2vols., London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1898. 9 ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, ed., Papers Relating to The Navy during The Spanish War 1585-1587, London: Navy Records Society, 1898. 8 62 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࠗࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࡢᚋ⥅⪅㐩࠘10࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⴭస࡛ᢅࡗࡓ௦ࡣࠊ↓ᩛ Ⰴ㝲௦௨๓ࡼࡾࡶࠊ ୍⯡ࡢṔྐᐙࡢ㛫࡛ࡣᗈࡃㄗゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ 1588 ᖺࡢ ࠑ ࣐ࣝࢲᾏᡓ࠾ࡅࡿࠒ㍤ࡋ࠸ࡢᚋࠊ୍⯡ⓗࡣࠊᩛࡣᤲウࡉࢀࡓ ぢ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡣࠊ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢫᮅࡢᡓதࡣ 16 ᖺᚋࡢ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢫ ࡢ⸂ཤࡲ࡛ࠊษࢀ┠࡞ࡃ⥆࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀᣦࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࡇ ࡢ௦ࡣⱥᅜഃ࠾࠸࡚ᐇ㝿ࡣࠕኻᩋࠖࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣇ࢙ࣜ࣌ϩୡ(Pelipe ϩ)ࡢ᪂ᾏ㌷ᘓタࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢧࣛࢫ࠾ࡅࡿࢫࣆࣀࣛ(Ambrosio Spinola)ࡢ ༟㉺ࡋࡓᣦᑟຊࡢୗ࡛ࠊ ࢫ࣌ࣥࡢ࣮࢞ࣞ⯪ࡀⱥᾏᓙ࡛άືࡋࡓࡇࡼࡾࠊ ホ౯ࡢᆒ⾮ࡣࢫ࣌ࣥேࡢ᪉ഴ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࠕࡇࡢ௦ࡀᩍ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡁ࡞ᩍカࡣࠊᾏὒຊࡢ㝈⏺࡛࠶ࡿࠖࢥࣝ࣋ࢵ ࢺࡣグࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ11ࠊࡇࡢⴭసࡣࡇࡢᾏὒຊࡀస⏝ࡍࡿ≧ἣࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞◊✲࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㝈⏺ࡢ⌮⏤ࢆゎ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࡢ༟㉺ࡋࡓᡯ⬟ࡢࡳࡀᡓதࢆ ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࡢ᭱ࡶᡂຌࡋࡓᡓᙺࢆィ⏬ࡋࠊࡢࢇ࡞⪅ࡼࡾࡶ࠺ ࡲࡃࡑࡢᡓᙺࢆ㐙⾜࡛ࡁࡓࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᙳ 㡪ࡽゎᨺࡉࢀ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣᡓதࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ≧ἣࢆࡶࡗᕦࡳ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢⴭసࡀࠊ1596 ᖺ௨㝆ᡓதࢆᣦᑟࡋࡓ࢚ࢭࢵࢡ ࢫ(Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex)ࠊ࣮࣮ࣟࣜ(Walter Raleigh)ࠊࣦ (Francis Vere)ࠊࣔࣥࢺࢪࣙ(Charles B. Montjoy)ࡸࡢேࠎࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ౯್ ࠶ࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞◊✲ࡸࠊ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢫᮅ௦ࡢ⯪ࡸ◙ࡢヲ⣽࡞㘓ࢆྵࡴ୍᪉࡛ࠊ 㢟ࡢఏグⓗࠊ⪃ྂᏛⓗഃ㠃ࡣࡸࠊࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࡘ࠸࡚ླྀ㏙ࡋࡓ๓సࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㬆 ࡾ㡪࠸ࡓࠊࡼࡾ⣧↛ࡓࡿᡓ␎ศᯒࡸࡑࡢྵព㝶ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡾጞࡵࡓࠋ 㸲 ࠗᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘ࡢห⾜ 1904 ᖺห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢḟࡢసࠗᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࡛࠘ࠊᙼࡣ ึᮇࡢⴭస࠾ࡅࡿ㛵ᚰࢆ⬥⨨ࡁࠊⱥᅜᾏὒྐ࠾ࡅࡿ௦యࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ ᡓ␎ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠊ࣐ࣁࣥࡢṔྐศᯒࡢᡭἲࢆ࠸ࡃࡪࢇ⥅ᢎࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓࡀࠊ࠸ࡃࡤࡃࡢᢚไࡸࡁ࡞ಟṇࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊᾏ㌷ྐࡢ᰿ᮏ ࠶ࡿᑠࡉ࡞ฟ᮶ࢆ◊✲ࡋࠊࡑࡢⲡ✏ࡢᇶ♏ⓗ࡞㒊ศࡁ࡞ປຊࢆὀࡂ㎸ ࡳࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ぢᆅࡽࡇࡢⴭసࢆ᭩࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠕᡃࠎࡣࠊ ࠗࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡࠘ ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, The Successors of Drake, London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1900. 11 ヂὀ㸸Ibid., Preface Ͼ. 10 63 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊཱྀඛࡔࡅ࡛ヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠗࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࡢᚋ⥅⪅㐩࠘ࡢ ⤖ㄽ࡛グࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡢ┿ࡢ౯್ࡣࠊ㝣㌷ࡢసᡓཬࡰࡍࡑࡢᙳ㡪࠶ࡿࡇ ࢆᛀ༷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㜵ᚚⓗᡓத࠾࠸࡚ࠊᾏ㌷ࡣ༢⊂࡛༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣࡃᡂᯝࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ≛≅ࡀከࡃࠊᡓதࡣ㛗ᮇࡍࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋ༑ศ࡞㝣 ㌷ࡢḞⴠࡣࠊ㜵ᚚⓗᡓத࠾࠸࡚ࡶᢈุࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀࢻ࣮ࣞࢡࡢᚋ⥅ ⪅㐩ࡢኻᩋࡽᏛࡤ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡁ࡞ᩍカ࡛࠶ࡿ12ࠋ ࡇࡢⴭసࠑ ࠗᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘ ࠒࡢ୰࡛ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊⱥᅜࡀࡘ࠸ୡ⏺ ⓗิᙉࡢ㐨✚ᴟⓗ࡛ᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞➨୍Ṍࢆ㋃ࡳฟࡋጞࡵࡓୡ⣖ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡞ࡅࢀ ࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢⴭస࡛ࡣࠊ㝣㌷సᡓᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࡢ㛵ಀࡀྲྀࡾฟࡉࢀ ࡚ᥥࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢ௦ࡢ೧࡞ᣦᑟ⪅ࡀࠊᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࢆ᭱ࡶ㧗ḟࡢእ┠ⓗ ᚑᒓࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵィ⏬ࡋࡓᅜᐙᨻ⟇ࢆࠊࡢࡼ࠺❧ࡋࡓຠᯝⓗ♧ࡍ ࡇࢆᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢᨻ⟇ࡢᒎ㛤ࢆ♧ࡍࡓࡵࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊࢡ࣒ࣟ࢘ ࢙ࣝ(Oliver Cromwell)ࡸ࣒࢘ࣜϪୡ(William Ϫ)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᣦᑟ⪅ࡼࡗ ࡚ᑟࢀࡓᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜࡢຊࡢᡂ㛗ࡢ୰ࠊࡑࡢᣦᑟཎ⌮ࢆồࡵࡓࠋᙼ ࡽࡣࠊ ࠕḢᕞ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜࡢᆅࡀࠊࢇ࡞ࡁࡃⰄ㝲⾜ືࡢ⬟ຊ౫ᣐࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡢࠖࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀほࡓࡼ࠺ࠊᆅ୰ᾏࡣࠊࡲ ࡔḢᕞࡢ㈠᫆ᨻࡢ୰ᯡࡢᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡾࠊⱥᅜࡀ᭱ࡶຠᯝⓗࡑࡢᡂ㛗ࡋࡘࡘ ࠶ࡿຊࢆ㐺⏝࡛ࡁࡿᆅⅬ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࢪ࢙࣒ࢬϨୡ(James I)⤫ୗࡢ 17 ୡ⣖ึ㢌ⱝࠎࡋࡗࡓࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡣ ᆅ୰ᾏᆅᇦ฿㐩ࡋࠊḢᕞᨻ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜࡢࡁ࡞ᙺࡢὝᐹඹࠊࢡ ࣒࢙ࣟ࢘ࣝࡼࡗ࡚ࡉࡽሀᅛᣦᑟࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ⥆ࡃࢳ࣮ࣕࣝࢬϩୡ(Charles ϩ)ࡶ➨㸰ḟཬࡧ➨㸱ḟⱥ⹒ᡓதࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᨭᣢࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀ ᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࡇࡢᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜࡢຊࡢ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞㔜せᛶࡣࠊࡇࡢୡ⣖ᮎ 㡭࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊࡼ࠺ࡸࡃホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࠊḢᕞᨻ ࡁ࡞㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡗࡓ࣒࢘ࣜϪୡࡀጞࡵࡓᆅ୰ᾏᨻ⟇ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ ࠕ┿ᐇࡣࠊ┠ ぢ࠼ࡿᙧࢆࡗࡓࠖ ࠋ ᙼࠑ࣒࢘ࣜϪୡࠒࡣᓥ⋤ᅜࡢ୰࡛᧦❧ࡉࢀࡿࠊᙼࡢࠑ㝣㌷ࠒ㝲ࡀ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ 12 ヂὀ㸸Corbett, The Successors of Drake, p. 410. 64 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆࠊ⯪⯧ࠑⰄ㝲ࠒࡀ࠸࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࢆࠊ㏿ࡸ⌮ゎࡋ ࡓࠋᙼࡣࠊ㒊ࡢࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡀྂࡃࡽࡢỈᇦࡢᨭ㓄ᶒࢆᡃࡀࡶࡢࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࠊḢᕞ ࡢᏳᐃ࡛᪂ࡋ࠸ᅜᐙయ⣔ࡀࠊỴࡋ࡚Ᏻᐃࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࢆㄡࡼࡾࡶ᪩ࡃ⌮ゎࡋࡓ13ࠋ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࡇࡢぢ᪉࡛㔜せ࡞ࡇࡣࠊᾏୖ࠶ࡿ㌷ຊ ࡀࠊ」㞧࡞Ḣᕞᨻࡢṇ୰ᚰྥࡅࡽࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊእ 㒊ࡢຊࡼࡗ࡚ᕦࡳ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡇࡢ㌷ຊࡣ㏻ᖖࡢຊࢆ㉺࠼࡚ຠᯝ ࢆⓎࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ㝣ࡢ⛛ᗎࢆᅇࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋỈᖹ⥺ࡢࡍࡄྥ ࡇ࠺ࠊୡ⏺⣮தࡢ௦ࡢㅖၥ㢟ࡀணࡉࢀࡿ୰࡛ࠊᆅ୰ᾏࡣᖇᅜ㈠᫆ࡢ⏕ ⥺ࡋ࡚᪂ࡓቑࡍࡿ㔜せᛶ௨ୖࠊࡇࡢ῝㐲࡞ᡓ␎ⓗ㔜せᛶࢆಖࡕ⥆ࡅࡿ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣᙇࡋ⥆ࡅࡓࠋ ࠕᡃࠎࡢ௦ࠖࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣ᭩ࡁጞࡵࡿࠋ Ḣᕞࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ࠑᅜᐙࠒయ⣔ࡀࠊ㠀ᖖሀᅛᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࢆጉࡆࡿࡶ ࡢࡣఱࡶ࡞࠸ぢ࠼ࡓࠊࡇࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞య⣔ࡣࠊᪧ᮶ࡢయ⣔ࢆࢇⴿࡾཤ ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋୡ⏺つᶍࡢㅖᖇᅜࢆᡃࠎࡣീࡋࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣᮍࡔ Ḣᕞࡢయ⣔᰿ࢆᙇࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡀືᦂࡍࡿࠊࡍ࡚ࡢࡶࡢࡀືᦂࡍࡿࡇ ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢᏳᐃࢆࡋ࡚ಖドࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜࡢຊ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࢪࣈࣛࣝࢱࣝᾏᓙ࠾࠸࡚ࣘࢺࣞࣄࢺ᮲⣙ࡀጞࡵࡓ≧ἣࢆࠊᖜᗈࡃ⥅⥆ⓗḢᕞࡀ㯲 ㄆࡋࡓࡇࡣࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࡑࡢ୰᰾ⓗ┿ᐇࢆᢎㄆࡋࡓࡇ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ14ࠋ ࡇࡇ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣ༢㐣ཤࡢㄗࡗࡓᴫᛕࢆṇࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡇ ࡢศ㔝࡛᭱ࡶ㦵ࡢᢡࢀࡿᑐࡍࡿᙼ⮬㌟ࡢホ౯ࡢᇶ♏ࢆ⠏࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽࡣᗈ⠊ࡘᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞ㄪᰝⱥᅜẸࡇࢀࢆ┤᥋ㄒࡾࡅࡿ㐨➽ࢆࡘࡅࠊ ࠑⱥᅜࡢࠒ ᅜ㝿ⓗᆅࡣࡍࡄ⬣ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ᡓ␎ⓗ⌧ᐇࢆᙼࡽ▱ࡽࡏࡓࠋ ࠕࡑࡇ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠸ෆ㒊ศࡀ⏕㉳ࡋࡼ࠺ࡶࠊⱥᅜࡢᡭࢆࢪࣈࣛࣝࢱࣝ ᾏᓙࡲ࡛ᑟ࠸ࡓࡇࡢ௦ࡢᡓ␎ᐙࡓࡕࡢグ᠈ࢆ⏕ࠎࡋࡃಖࡘࡇࡀࠊᡃࠎࡢ⩏ ົ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋ 㸳 ࢻࣞࢵࢻࣀ࣮ࢺࡢᑵᙺࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕᥦ╩ࡼࡿᾏ㌷ࡢᨵ㠉 ࡶࡕࢁࢇࡇࡢࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊୡࡢືࡁ↓㛵ಀࡇࢀࡽࡍ࡚ࡢࢆ 13 14 ヂὀ㸸Corbett, England in the Mediterranean, Vol.ϩ, p. 567. ヂὀ㸸Ibid., p. 568. 65 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ⾜ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ1889 ᖺࡢᾏ㌷ᣑᙇࡣࠊ1894 ᖺࡢࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ィ⏬ࡼࡗ ࡚⿵㊊ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ィ⏬ࡣࠊ㟢ᾏ㌷ྠ┕ࡼࡿᡓதࡢᜍᛧࢆᙇ ࡋ࡚ࠊᡓⰄ㒊㝲ࡢᣢ⥆ࡋࡓᖜ࡞ᣑᙇࢆ☜ಖࡋࠊࡇࢀⴠ⫹ࡋࡓࢢࣛࢵࢻࢫࢺ ࣮ࣥ㤳┦ࡣ㎡⫋ࡋࡓࠋ1895 ᖺࠊᾏ㌷άືࡢࡇࡢࡁ࡞ά࣐ࣁࣥࡢฎዪస ࡼࡿ⾪ᧁࡢ᭱୰ࠊᾏ㌷ྠ┕(Navy League)ࡀタࡉࢀࠊ࢘ࣝ࢟ࣥࢯࣥ (Wilkinson)ࡸ࣋ࣞࢫࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ (Charles Beresford) ཀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேࠎࡼࡿ᪂ ࡓ࡞ᾏ㌷ᑐࡍࡿ↓ᢈุ࡛ࡁ࡞⇕ពࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢᾏ㌷㐃┕ࡣࡑࡢᚋࡶ㡰ㄪ Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ ࠗᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘ࡀห⾜ࡉࢀࡓ 1904 ᖺࡲ࡛ࠊୡ⣖ࡢ ኚࢃࡾ┠⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓⰄ㝲ᘓタࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊࢻࢶࡣ➨୍⣭ࡢ ᾏ㌷ᅜ࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢࢻࢶࡢฟ⌧ࡼࡾࠊḢᕞࡢໃຊᅗࡣⓗኚࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࡢᖺࡢ 12 ᭶ࠊⱥᾏ㌷┬ࡣࠊᮏᅜỈᇦᡓⰄ㒊㝲ࢆ㞟୰ࡋጞࡵࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᩘⓒᖺ㛫ࡢᨻ⟇ࡽࢻࢶᾏ㌷ຊࡢຨ⯆ࡼࡗ࡚ᚲせ࡞ࡗࡓ ᪂ࡓ࡞㓄⨨ࡢᚲ↛ⓗ࡞ኚࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᐇୖࠊⱥᅜࡣ 19 ୡ⣖ࡢᨻ ࡽ 20 ୡ⣖ࡢᨻ㌿ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀླྀ㏙ࡋࡓḢᕞࡢ⛛ᗎࡣࠊ ࡍ࡛༴ᶵ᭚ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊḢᕞ⛛ᗎࡀࡁࡃ౫ᣐࡋࡓࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㜵 ⾨㥑ࡾฟࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢᨻ⟇ࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡕࡻ࠺㸰ᖺᚋ࡛࠶ࡿ 1906 ᖺ 12 ᭶ࠊࢻࣞࢵࢻࣀ࣮ࢺ ࡀᑵᙺࡋࡓࠋ᭱ࡢᾏ㌷㌷ഛᣑᙇ➇தࡀጞࡲࡾࠊ1914 ᖺ 8 ᭶ୡ⏺ᡓࡀຨ Ⓨࡋࡓࠊࡑࢀࡣ᭱㧗₻㐩ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢᘓⰄ➇தࢆጞࡵࡉࡏࡓⰄࠑࢻࣞࢵࢻࣀ࣮ࢺࠒࡢṔྐⓗ㉳※ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞※ Ἠ㎺ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢⰄ⮬యࡣࠊࣇࢩ࣮ࣕ (John Fisher) ཀࡢ ᴗ⦼ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᑵᙺ୰ࡢࡍ࡚ࡢᡓⰄࢆ௦㐜ࢀࡢࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ ࠺࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ྠ୍ཱྀᚄࡢᕧ◙ࢆᦚ㍕ࡋࡓᡓⰄࡢฟ⌧ࡣࠊᢏ⾡ⓗࡣ༑ศୗᆅࡀ ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ1904 ᖺ➨୍ᾏ㌷ཀᑵ௵ࡋࡓᨵ㠉ὴࡢࣇࢵ ࢩ࣮ࣕᥦ╩ࡣࠊ☜ᐇⱥᅜࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⰴࢆ᭱ึᑵᙺࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆᮃࢇ࡛࠸ ࡓࠋ1905 ᖺࠊࡇࡢ᪂ᆺᡓⰄࡢ୍⯡ⓗ≉ᚩࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠊࡇࡢᮇࡢᾏ㌷ ᖺ㚷ࢆ⢭ᰝࡍࢀࡤ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡼ࠺ࠊせ࡞ᾏ㌷ิᙉࡢᘓⰄィ⏬ࡣࡁࡃኚ᭦ࡉ ࢀࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿሗࡀධᡭྍ⬟࡞ࡿࡲ࡛ࠊᐇ㝿ࡣࢻࢶᾏ㌷ࡢᘓ Ⰴィ⏬ࡣ⥅⥆ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㏙࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࡇࡢ᪂ᆺᡓⰄࡣࠊࡍ࡚ࡢᅾ᮶Ⰴࢆ┤ࡕ௦ 㐜ࢀࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ๓ᘾ⣭ᡓⰄ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜࡢ㝸⤯ࡋࡓඃࡼ ࡿࣁࣥࢹ࢟ࣕࢵࣉࢆᑡ࡞ࡃࡋ࡚ࠊࢻࢶⱥᅜࡢᾏ㌷ᘓⰄ➇தࡾฟࡍᶵ ࢆ࠼ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡽⱥᅜࢻࢶࡢᑐᢠ㛵ಀࡣࠊᾏ㌷ࢆᕠࡿໃ 66 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ࡢ㔜せ࡞せ⣲࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢻࣞࢵࢻࣀ࣮ࢺࡀᑵᙺࡋࡓᖺᘬ㏥ࡋࡓᾏ㌷⮧ࡀࠊ ࣁࣉࢫࣈࣝࢢ㸫ࣈࣝ࣎ࣥྠ┕ࡀⱥᅜᑐᢠࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ௦㉳※ࢆࡶࡘ᭷ྡ࡞ᾏ ㌷ᘓタ㛵ࡍࡿᅜᶆ‽⩏15ࡢ᭱ᚋࡢኌ᫂ࢆฟࡋࡓࠋ1908 ᖺࡲ࡛ࠊࢻࢶ ࡢ⬣ጾ┤㠃ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᨻ⟇ࡣබᘧᨺᲠࡉࢀࡓࠋ1912 ᖺࠊ᪂ࡓᾏ㌷⮧ ᑵ௵ࡋࡓࢳ࣮ࣕࢳࣝࡣࠊᡓத࠸࠺ែ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࢻࢶࡢࢩ࣮ࣃ࣡ ࣮ࢆ᫂☜ᡴࡕ㈇ࡍࡢ༑ศ࡞ⱥᅜᾏ㌷ࢆᙉຊࡍࡿࡇࢆィ⏬ࡋࡓ ᨻ⟇ࢆබ⾲ࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࡁ࡞㌷ഛᣑᙇཬࡧᨻ⟇㌿ඹࠊᾏ㌷యࡢ⤌⧊ᵓ㐀ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᨵ㠉 ࡢືࡁࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࢀࡣࠊ ࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕཀࡑࡢᨭᣢ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟࢀࠊ ᙼࡽࡣᾏ㌷┬ෆእ࡛ὴ㛸ࢆᙧᡂࡋࠊࡲࡶ࡞ࡃࠕࣇࢵࢩ࣮࣓ࣕࣥࠑࣇࢵࢩࣕ ࣮ࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃேࠎࠒ ࠖࡢ㏻⛠࡛ࡤࢀࠊᶒໃࢆࡩࡿ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࣇࢵࢩࣕ ࣮ࡣࠊ1902 ᖺࠊ➨ᾏ㌷ཀࡋ࡚ᾏ㌷┬࡛ົࡋࠊྠ௦ࡢホ⪅ࡢゝⴥࢆࡾ ࢀࡤࠊ ࠕᾏ㌷┬࡛ࡣࠊᚑ๓ࡢᖹ✜࡞௦ࡣỴࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞άືࡀࡑࡢ ᚋ⥆࠸ࡓࠖ ࠋ1904 ᖺࠊ➨୍ᾏ㌷ཀ௵ࡉࢀ㸦ྂ࠸ᙺ⫋ྡࡢά࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ ࡇࢀࡀᑵ௵ᚋ᭱ึᙼࡀ⾜ࡗࡓࡇࡔࡗࡓ㸧 ࠊ ࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡣ㏿ࡸࢻࣞࢵࢻ ࣀ࣮ࢺࡢᘓ㐀ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊᙼࡢྩ⮫ࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿᢤᮏⓗ࡞ᨵ㠉⤌⧊ᨵ⦅㐠ື ࡾฟࡋࡓࠋ 㸴 ⱥᾏ㌷Ꮫᰯ࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࠗᖺᡓத࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘ ༢࡞ࡿᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ᨵ㠉ࡸ⤌⧊ୖࡢᨵ⦅ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡇࡢ㐠ືࡣᾏ㌷ෆ㒊࠾ ࡅࡿᡓ␎ᛮࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞◊✲ホ౯⧅ࡀࡿᾏ㌷ᨻ⟇ࡢᢤᮏⓗ࡞ᨵ㠉ࡽጞࡵ ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᮇࡢࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊࡇࡢ㛵ࢃࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋ๓㐍ࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡣⳘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㏆௦ᡓ⎔ቃୗ࠾ࡅࡿᡓத ‽ഛྥࡅࡓᾏ㌷యࡢຠᯝⓗ࡞ᩍ⫱ࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࠋ࠶ࡿኈᐁࡀࠊಶேⓗ⤒ 㦂ࡽḟࡢࡼ࠺グ㘓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 1901 ᖺ௨๓ࠊᾏ㌷ࡣࠊᡓ⾡ࠊᡓ␎ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣయࡋ࡚ࡢᡓதᣦᑟࡢ◊✲㛵ࡍ ࡿタࡣఱࡶ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࣭࣭࣭ࢥࣟࣥࠊࣈࣜࢵࢴ(Bridge)ࠊࢡ࣮ࣛࢡ (George Clarke) ཀ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡈࡃࢃࡎ࡞ேࠎࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚㛵ᚰࢆႏ㉳ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ດࡵࡓࡀࠊ ᾏ㌷ࡢᩍ⛉ㄢ⛬ࡇࢀࡽࡢࡶࡢࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣࠊࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ヂὀ㸸ⱥᅜࡢᾏ㌷ຊࢆୡ⏺➨ 2 ➨ 3 ࡢᾏ㌷ຊࢆᣢࡘᅜࢆྜࢃࡏࡓࡶࡢࡼࡾࡶඃ ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᨻ⟇ࠋ 15 67 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) 1901 ᖺࠊ ࡘ࠸ᾏ㌷Ꮫᰯࡀ࣏࣮ࢶ࣐ࢫタ❧ࡉࢀ 㸦ᚋࢢࣜࢽࢵࢴ⛣㌿㸧 ࠊ ⩣ᖺࠊᾏ㌷ྐࡢㅮᖌࡋ࡚ࡢ⬟ຊࡀ㈙ࢃࢀࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊࡇࡢᾏ㌷Ꮫᰯ ຍࢃࡿࠋ ࠗᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘ࡢห⾜ᚋࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢḟࡢせⴭసࡣࠊ ࠗ ᖺᡓத࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࡛࠘࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣᾏ㌷Ꮫᰯ࠾ࡅࡿᙼࡢㅮ⩏ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢᡤㄽࢆ☜ドࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ◊✲ᩍ⫱࠸࠺ Ⓨᒎⓗ࡞┠ⓗࢆ♧ࡍඹࠊᖇᅜ㜵⾨ࡢ㏆௦ⓗ≧ἣࡼࡗ࡚ᚲせࡉࢀࡓᾏ㌷ ᡓ␎ࡢఏ⤫ⓗᛮࡢホ౯ࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᾏ㌷Ꮫᰯ࡛ㅮ⩏ࢆጞࡵ࡚㸰ᖺᚋห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࠗᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘ࡣࠊ ᫂ࡽࠊḟసࡢࠗᖺᡓத࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘⧅ࡀࡿⓎᒎࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ㔜せ࡞ᡓ␎ᛮᐙࡋ࡚ࡢࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢྡኌࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓ ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࣐ࣁࣥࡣࠊᚋࡢ 1911 ᖺࠗᾏ㌷ᡓ␎࠘ࡋ࡚බหࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࡞ࡿ⡿ᾏ㌷Ꮫᰯࡢㅮ⩏࡛ࠊ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢⴭసゝཬࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ 1905 ᖺࠊࢥ࣮ࣝࢻ࢙࢘ࣝ(C. E. Caldwell)㝣㌷బࡣࠊ㝣㌷ᡓ␎ࢆࠊⱥᅜ ࡗ࡚ᖖඃࢆ༨ࡵࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸ྍḞࡢᾏὒᡓ␎⤫ྜࡉࡏࡿึࡵ࡚ࡢᚭ ᗏࡋࡓヨࡳࢆᇳ➹ࡍࡿࡀࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࢆࠊ ࠕᾏὒ㛵ࡍࡿ῝㐲࡞▱㆑ࡀ೫ྥࡍࡿ ࡇࢆチࡉ࡞ࡗࡓࠗࣈ࣮࢛࣮ࣝ࢘ࢱ࣮ὴ࠘16ࡢ୍ேࠖࡋ࡚ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ ࠗᖺᡓத࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘ࡣࠊ೧࡞ࢳࣕࢱ࣒(William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham)ࡢᡓதᣦᑟ㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡢྂࡋ࡚᪥ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣṔྐླྀ㏙ࡀᦆ࡞ࢃࢀ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࡋ࡚ᡓதᣦᑟయࡢᚭᗏⓗ ࡛ៅ㔜࡞ᡓ␎ศᯒ║ࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢⴭస࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ࠗᆅ୰ᾏ࠾ࡅࡿⱥ ᅜ࠘ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㛵ᚰࡢ↔Ⅼࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊࢩ࣮ࣃ ࣮࣡ࢆᇶ♏ࡋࡓᡓத◊✲㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞㡿ᇦࢆ᫂☜ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ㏻ᖖࡢ⌮ゎࡼࡾࡶ㧗ᗘ࡛ᖜᗈ࠸ࡶࡢࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࡣᾏ㌷㌷ேࡗ ࡚ྠᵝᨻᐙࡗ࡚ࠊ㝣㌷㌷ேࡗ࡚ྠᵝእᐁࡗ࡚ྍḞࡢᢏἲ ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡣṔྐࡼࡗ࡚ࡢࡳ⩦ᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆᡓத ࠾ࡅࡿⰄ㝲ࡢᶵ⬟ࢇ࡛ࡶࡼ࠸17ࠋ ⱥᅜࡀ᭱ࡶᡂຌࡋࡓᡓதࠑᖺᡓதࠒ࠾ࡅࡿࢳࣕࢱ࣒ࡢᣦᑟࠊࢥࣝ࣋ ࢵࢺࡣࠊ᥈ࡋồࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ᡓ␎ᴫᛕ㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ⓗ࡞⾲⌧ࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡋࡓࠋ ヂὀ㸸ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣὒᾏ㌷⩏࠸࠺ព࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᾏὒࡘ࠸࡚▱ᜳࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ ព࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ 17 ヂὀ㸸Corbett, England in the Seven years’ war, Vol. I, p. 1. 16 68 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ⱥᅜᾏὒྐࢆࡑࡢ᰿※࡛࠶ࡿ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢫᮅ௦ࡽ◊✲ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ⮬㌟ ࡢ⪃࠼ࡣࠊ࠶ࡓࡶᙼࡀࡑࡢᾏ㌷ᨻ⟇ࡸእᨻ⟇ࢆᏛࢇࡔ೧࡞ᣦᑟ⪅ࡓࡕࡢ ᴫᛕࡢࡼ࠺ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢពࡍࡿࡇࢁࢆໟྵ ࡍࡿࡢ༑ศ࡞ࡁ࡞⌮ㄽⓗᯟ⤌ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡘ࠸ࣆࢵࢺ(the elder Pitt) ࠑࢳࣕࢱ࣒ࠒࡢぢ࡞ᡓ␎యࡢពࢆ㏙ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᾏ ㌷ᡓ␎࠾ࡅࡿᚑ᮶ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊᡓத࠾࠸࡚ไᾏࡣⰄ㝲ࡢ✲ᴟࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠕࡋࡋࠖ ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ ࠕṔྐⓗᡭἲࡣࠊ ྠไᾏࡣ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵࡢᡭẁ㐣ࡂ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ18ࠋ ᡓ␎ᴫᛕࡀᐇ㝿ࡣࡢࡼ࠺ᡓத㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢࢆ၏୍㏙ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ ࡿṔྐศᯒࡽࡢ◊✲ࡼࡾࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ㄽ㐩ࡋࡓࠋ ⱥᅜࡀᙜึࡣḢᕞ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᚋࡣୡ⏺࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢᆅࢆ☜❧ࡉࡏࡓ㛗 ࡁࢃࡓࡿ୍㐃ࡢᡓதࡢࡍ࡚㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ⟅࠼ࡣ༢⣧࡛ኚ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⰄ㝲ࡢᶵ⬟Ⰴ 㝲ࡀᖖ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ┠ⓗࡣࠊ㸱ࡘศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ➨୍ࠊ ࠑ⮬ᅜࡢࠒእດຊࢆᨭࡋࠊ ࠑᩛᅜࡢእດຊࢆࠒጉࡆࡿࡇࠊ➨ࠊ ࠑ⮬ᅜࡢࠒ㏻ၟࢆಖㆤࡋࠊ ࠑᩛᅜࡢ㏻ၟࢆࠒ ◚ቯࡍࡿࡇࠊ➨୕ࠊἢᓊ࠾ࡅࡿࠑ⮬ᅜࡢࠒ㝣㌷సᡓࢆຓ㛗ࡋࠊ ࠑᩛᅜࡢ㝣㌷సᡓ ࢆࠒጉࡆࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ19ࠋ ࡉࡽࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠕරჾࢆ࡞ࡶࡢࡍࡿࡇど㔝ࢆ㝈ᐃࡋࠊࡑࢀ ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿᢏἲࢆ↓どࡍࡿࠖࡼ࠺࡞ᾏ㌷ᛮࡢ༴㝤࡞ഴྥ㆙㚝ࢆ㬆ࡽࡋࡓ20ࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࣆࢵࢺࡀࡇࢀࡽṔྐⓗཎ⌮ࡘ࠸࡚ࡰ⎍㏆࠸ゎ㔘ࢆࡋࡓࡇ ࡢ⇕Ⅿ࡞ㆭ㎡ඹࠊᗎᩥ࠾ࡅࡿศᯒ࡛ḟࡢࡼ࠺⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋ ࣆࢵࢺࡗ࡚ࠊ㝣㌷ᾏ㌷ࡣࠊ୍ࡘࡢṊჾࡢย㌟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡀࡑ ࡢṊჾࢆᡭྲྀࡗࡓ▐㛫ࡽࠊᙼࡣᡭ୰ࡢᡭẁࡢᙉࡉ⠊ᅖࢆ♧ࡋጞࡵࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࣆࢵࢺࡣࠊᩛࡢᾏ㌷රຊࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊᾏὒࢆ㉺࠼࡚᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞┠ᶆࢆᨷᧁ࡛ ࡁࡓࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᮏᅜ࠾࠸࡚ᙼࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢఏ⤫ⓗᡓ␎ࢆ⢊○ࡋࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࢆ⤯ ᮃⓗ࡞ᨷ㥑ࡾ❧࡚ࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢຊⰄ㝲ࢆ⮬ࡽࡢᡭ୰㏦ࡽࡏࡓࡢ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ21ࠋ 18 19 20 21 ヂὀ㸸Ibid., p. 6. ヂὀ㸸Ibid. ヂὀ㸸Ibid. ヂὀ㸸Ibid., p. 8. 69 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) 㸵 ࠗᾏὒᡓ␎ࡢㅖཎ๎࠘㝣ᾏ㌷ࡢ༠ྠ ➨୍ୡ⏺ᡓ๓᭩ࢀࡓ᭱ᚋࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚᭱ࡶㄽதࢆࢇࡔⴭస࡛࠶ࡿࠗᾏ ὒᡓ␎ࡢㅖཎ๎࠘ 㸦1911 ᖺ㸧࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊⱥᅜࡢᾏὒྐᑐࡍࡿ ⮬ࡽࡢ◊✲ࡢࡍ࡚ࢆㄽ㏙ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢⴭస࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊྂ ⓗ࡞㝣㌷ᡓ␎ᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࡀࠊ┠ⓗᑐࡍࡿᡭẁぢ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ୍ࡘࡢᡓத⌮ㄽࢆ ᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࡑࢀࡽࡢᡓ␎ࡣࠊⱥᅜࢆୡ⏺ิᙉᢲࡋୖࡆࡿ ᩘࠎࡢᡓதࡢ୰࡛ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺ᢅࢃࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᡓ␎ᛮࡣࠊ࠶ࡲࡾࡶ 㛗࠸㛫ࠊᡓதࡢ⾜᪉ࢆỴᐃ࡙ࡅࡿ୍ࡘࡢ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ᡓ␎࠾ࡅࡿูࠎࡢせ⣲ࠊࡍ ࡞ࢃࡕ㝣㌷ᡓ␎ᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࡣ⊂❧ࡋ࡚ὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣឤࡌ࡚࠸ ࡓࠋ ࠕࡑࢀࡽࠑ㝣ᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࠒࡢᐦ᥋࡞㛵ಀࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢࡀᡓத⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣグࡋࡓࠋ 㝣㌷ᡓ␎ᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࡢ᪉ࢆໟᣓࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀࠊࡼࡾࡁ࡞ᡓ␎࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛Ⰴ 㝲㝣㌷ࡣ୍ࡘࡢṊჾࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࠊ᪉ࡢάືࡀㄪᩚࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ᪉ࡢ༑ศ ࡞ຊࡀⓎࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵᚑࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㐨➽ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆࠊࡑࢀࠑᡓ த⌮ㄽࠒࡣ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ22ࠋ ࡇࡢࠗᾏὒᡓ␎ࡢㅖཎ๎࠘ࡀ᭩ࢀࡓ௦࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢ◊✲ࡢ㔜せᛶࡣࠊ ࠸ࡃࡽᙉㄪࡋ࡚ࡶ㊊ࡾ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ1911 ᖺࠊⱥᅜࡣᡓத๓ኪ࠶ࡾࠊୡ⏺ྛᆅ࡛ ࡑࡢ㈐௵ࡀᴟ㝈ࡲ࡛ヨࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋⱥᅜࡀࡑࡢᚋ㛫ࡶ࡞ࡃ✺ධࡋࡓᡓதࡣࠊ 1930 ᖺ௦ࡢ༴ᶵࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓ⮳ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࠑ1951 ᖺࠒࡢᅔ㞴࡞த ࡢ௦ࡲ࡛⥆࠸ࡓࠋⱥᅜࡣࠊࡉࡽゝ࠼ࡤⱥㄒᅪୡ⏺యࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᅜࠎ ࢆࡇࢀࡲ࡛௨ୖ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡃᾏὒ㜵⾨ࡢࡁ࡞ၥ㢟ሓ࠼࠺ࡿࡍ࡚ࡢᡓ ␎ᛮࢆᚲせࡋࡓࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊಶேⓗᡓதࡣ㉳ࡇࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺☜ಙ ࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᙼࡢ⢭ຊࡢࡍ࡚ࢆࡇࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ഴὀࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 㸶 ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺⱥᾏ㌷ࡢᨵ㠉 ࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡀ᭱ึᾏ㌷┬࡛ົࡋࡓࡢྠࡌᖺᾏ㌷Ꮫᰯࡢㅮᖌ ࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࢻࣞࢵࢻࣀ࣮ࢺࡢᑵᙺక࠺ᨵ㠉ࡢἼࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡊࡿ 22 ヂὀ㸸Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, p. 8. 70 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ࢆᚓ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡣ᪩ࡃࡶ 1893 ᖺࡣࠊ࣐ࣁࣥࡢᴗ⦼ẚ㍑ࡋࡓ ࠊࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡢពࡑࡢ⏝ࢆホ౯ࡍࡿඃࢀࡓᾏ㌷ᛮᐙࡀḞዴࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ グࡋࠊ࠸ࡘࡶࡢ③Ⅿ࡞ࡸࡾ᪉࡛ࠊࡇࡢ௦ࡢࢥࣟࣥࡢປసࢆࠊ ࠕᙼࡣᾏ㌷ࡢᶒ ጾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࠊỴࡋ࡚᰾ᚰゐࢀࡓࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࠖᢈุࡋࡓࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡘ ࠸࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊᙼࡣࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ⌮ゎࡋࠊ㈼᫂ᨭ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ༑ศᖜᗈ ࠸ぢ㆑ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࠊࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕ࠼ࡓࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ◊✲ࡘ ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ⮬㌟ࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࢆಖࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡶࡃࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ ࡇࡢᮇࠊࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕ⥭ᐦ༠ຊࡋ࡚ാ࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡢࣈ ࣮ࣞࣥࡢ୰࡛୰ᚰⓗ࡞ே≀࡞ࡾࠊࢻࣞࢵࢻࣀ࣮ࢺᨻ⟇ࡢ᧦ㆤࢆᇳ➹ࡋࡓࡀࠊ ᚋࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕᥦ╩ࡣࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ᙉ࠸ឤㅰࡢពࢆ⾲ࡋࡓࠋᾏ㌷㛵ࡍࡿ➨ ୍ḟୡ⏺ᡓᚋࡢⴭྡ࡞ᇳ➹ᐙࡀグࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ ࠕࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊከࢀᑡ࡞ ࢀࠊࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡢసᡓィ⏬㛵ࡋࠊᙼࡢᛮᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋࡓࠖ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢥ ࣝ࣋ࢵࢺᑐࡋ࡚ᢈุⓗ࡞ホ⪅ࡣࠊᖺ⪁࠸ࡓᥦ╩ࡢᡓ␎ᛮྲྀࡾ៰ࡃᝏ㟋ࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࢆぢ࡞ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᢈุࡢ㠀ࡣูࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀࡇࡢᮇࡢᾏ㌷ᨻ⟇ࡢᙧᡂ࠾࠸࡚㔜 せ࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓࡇࡣ☜࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊᾏ㌷グ㘓༠ࡢࡶ ⥆ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ࠗᡓ㜚ᩍ⠊̿̿1503-1815࠘(1905 ᖺ)23ࠊ ࠗಙྕᩍ⠊ 1776-1794࠘ ࠗࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ᩥ᭩࠘(1913-14 ᖺ)25࡞ࡢ୍㐃ࡢ᭩⡠ࢆห⾜ࡋࡓࡀࠊ (1908 ᖺ)24ࠊ ࡇࡢࢩ࣮ࣜࢬࡢᡂࡣᡓதࡢຨⓎࡼࡗ࡚୰᩿ࡋࡓࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࡲࡓࠊ1910 ᖺࠗࢺࣛࣇ࣮ࣝ࢞ᾏᡓ࠘26ࢆห⾜ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ1805 ᖺࡢ೧࡞ࢆ ฟࡋࡓࠊᾏୖ࠾ࡅࡿࢿࣝࢯࣥᾏ㌷ᮏ㒊࠾ࡅࡿࣂ࣮ࣁ࣒(Charles M. Barham)ᾏ┦ࡢ༠ຊࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㠀ᖖ⯆῝ࡃࠊᕦࡳ᭩ࢀࡓ◊✲࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡇࡢⴭసࡽࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ⩣ᖺⴭࡍࠗᾏὒᡓ␎ࡢㅖཎ๎࠘㛵ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ ⣲ᮦࢆᘬࡁฟࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠕᾏୖ࠾ࡅࡿ⚾᭷㈈⏘ࡢᤕ⋓ࠖ࠸࠺ ❶ࡣࠊ࣐ࣁࣥࡢ⦅㞟ࡋࡓࠗᡓத࡛ぢ㐣ࡈࡉࢀࡓഃ㠃࠘(1907 ᖺ)ᐤ✏ࡋࡓࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ27ࠋࡇࡢᮇ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣᾏ㌷Ꮫᰯࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⥅⥆ࡋࠊ ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, ed., Fighting Instructions 1530-1816, London: Navy Records Society, 1905. 24 ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, ed., Signals and Instructions 1776-1794, London: Navy Records Society, 1908. 25 ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, ed., Private Papers of George, Second Earl Spencer, First Lord of the admiralty 1794-1801, 2vols., London: Navy Records Society, 1913-14. 26 ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, The Campaign of Trafalgar, 2vols., London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1910. 27 ヂὀ㸸Julian S. Corbett, “The Capture of Private Property at Sea: The Nineteenth 23 71 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ᑓ㛛⫋ࡋ࡚ᾏ㌷సᡓࡢ࡞⌮ゎࢆ☜ᐇࡍࡿ୍ຓ࡞ࡿࡓࡵാ࠸ࡓࠋࡑ ࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊᙼ⮬㌟ࡢᡓ␎ᛮࡶᘬࡁ⥆ࡁⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵ ࢺࡣ᪤ᾏ㌷ྐయࡢ⯆ࡁࡃ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊᡓதࡢཎ๎࠾ࡅࡿᩍ⫱ ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞㐠ືࡢ➨୍ே⪅ࡋ࡚ᾏ㌷ෆ࡛ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࠶ࡿホ⪅ࡀ ➨୍ḟୡ⏺ᡓᚋࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺グࡋࡓࠋ ࢪ࣭ࣗࣜࣥࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡼࡗ࡚ጞࡵࡽࢀࡓᏛὴࡣࠊᮏ㉁ⓗࠊᾏ㌷┬ࡸⰄ㝲ࠊࡑ ࡋ࡚ࠊṔྐほᇶ࡙ࡃᾏ㌷ᛮࡢ᰿※⥭ᐦ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓᾏ㌷Ꮫὴ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࠑ◊ ✲ࠒ᪉ἲࡣࠊᾏ㌷グ㘓༠ࡼࡗ࡚‽ഛࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ༠ࡣࠊᾏ㌷ࡢྂ࠸㎸ࡳධࡗࡓ ᩥ⊩ࡢ୰㐨➽ࢆࡾࠊ᫇ࡢᥦ╩ࡓࡕࡢࢻࢡࢺࣜࣥࢆάࡉࡏࡿࡢ࠸ᙺ❧ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢᥦ╩ࡓࡕࡣࠊࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡢኪ᫂ࡅࢆぢࡘࡵࠊㄌ⏕ࡋࡓᖇᅜࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ◊✲ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣ่⃭ⓗ࡞ศ㔝࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᾏ㌷ᩍ⫱ࡢᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞㒊ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᐇ㝿ࠊࡇࡢඛࡍࡄ┤㠃ࡍࡿヨ⦎㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊⱥᅜࡢࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡢᵓ㐀య ᪂ࡋ࠸άຊࢆ࠼ࡿ༑ศ࡞㛫ࡣࠊࢇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᮇ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣᡓ␎ⓗసᡓࡢయⓗ᪉ྥᛶ࠸࠺㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟࡞㛵ᚰࢆᐤࡏࡓࠋ ≉ࠊ㌷✀㛫ࡢ༠ຊࡢၥ㢟ࡀᨵ㠉㐠ືࡢᛮ៖῝࠸࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢᚰࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᪩ࡃࡶ 1890 ᖺࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⋤ᐊጤဨࡀࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆㄪᰝࡋࠊ㤳┦ࡼࡗ࡚⤫ᣓ ࡉࢀࡓ⤫ྜ㆟ࢆᥦࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊᅜ㜵ෆ㛶ጤဨࡀタ❧ࡉࢀࡿ 1895 ᖺࡲ ࡛ࡣᶵ⬟ࡀࡣࡗࡁࡾࡏࡎࠊᐇ㝿ຠᯝࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ1903 ᖺࠊࣂࣝࣇ࢛(Arthur J. Balfour)㤳┦ࡣ㐜ࡲࡁ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᖇᅜᅜ㜵ጤဨ(Committee of Imperial Defence: C.I.D.)ࢆタ❧ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ1904 ᖺࡣຠᯝⓗᶵ⬟ࡋጞࡵࡓࠋᾏ㌷ ⮧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢳ࣮ࣕࢳࣝࡣࠊࡇࡢᖇᅜᅜ㜵ጤဨࢆࠕᡃࠎࡢ㌷ഛࡢ㐨ලࠖ ࢇࡔࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ᪩ࡃࡽࡇࡢ㞟ᅋಙ㢗ࡉࢀࠊ➨୍ḟୡ⏺ᡓ୰ࡣࠊጤ ဨࡢṔྐ㒊㛛ࡢ㈐௵⪅࠸࠺❧ሙ࡛ࠊබᘧ࡞ᾏ㌷ࡢṔྐᐙࡋ࡚ാ࠸ࡓࠋ࢝ ࢫࢸࢡࢫ(Raoul V. P. Castex)28ࡣࠊ ࠕከࢀᑡ࡞ࢀࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢࡓࡵ ࡽࢀࡓᐁ⫋ไᗘ(institution et poste crees plus ou moins pour lui)ࠖグࡋ࡚ Century and after,” in Alfred T. Mahan ed., Some Neglected Aspects of War, Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1907, pp. 115-153. 28 ヂὀ㸸1878㹼1968 ᖺࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᾏ㌷㌷ே࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡓ␎ᛮᐙࠋከࡃࡢⴭసࠊㄽᩥࡀ ࠶ࡿࡀࠊThéories Straétgiques, Paris: Société Géographques, Maritimes et Coloniales, 1929-1935 ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ⩻ヂห⾜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣝ࢝ࢫࢸࢡࢫࠗᡓ␎⌮ㄽ࠘㤿Ώ 㔜ヂࠊ㸳ᕳࠊᮾிỈ♫ࠊᾏ㌷┬ᩍ⫱ᒁࠊ1933-1937 ᖺࠋ 㸦➨㸯ᕳࡣᮾிỈ♫ࡽࠊ ➨㸰㹼㸳ᕳࡣᾏ㌷┬ᩍ⫱ᒁࡽห⾜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸧 72 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ࠸ࡿ29ࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᾏ㌷㌷௧㒊⯡ࢃࡓࡿᡓ␎యࡢᐇ㝿ࡢㄪᩚࡣࠊ1911 ᖺࡢ ࢳ࣮ࣕࢳࣝࡢᾏ㌷⮧ᑵ௵ࢆᚅࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࢳ࣮ࣕࢳࣝࡢᾏ ┦ᑵ௵ࡣࠊ㝣㌷⮧ࡢ࣮࣍ࣝࢹࣥ (Richard B. Haldane) ཀࡢ࠾ࡆ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡇࡢ㞟ᅋࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ࢞ࢹ࣮ࣝ༴ᶵࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㝣㌷ᾏ ㌷ࡢᡓதィ⏬ࡀࠊ࠸ࡲࡔࡃ⤫୍࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓᚋࡢࡇ࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࡇࡢࡢᾏ㌷సᡓィ⏬ࡣࠊ࠸ࡲࡔࢻࢶࡢἢᓊ㏆᥋ࡋ࡚ࡇ ࢀࢆᑒ㙐ࡍࡿ࠸࠺⪃࠼ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ࢜ࣛࣥࢲࡽࣀ࢙ࣝ࢘ ࣮ࡲ࡛ఙࡧࡿࠊಟṇࡉࢀࡓ୰㛫ⓗ࡞ᑒ㙐ࡢኚ᭦ࡣࠊ1914 ᖺ 7 ᭶ࠊ➨୍ḟୡ ⏺ᡓຨⓎࡢ୍ࣨ᭶๓ࡲ࡛ࠊ᭱⤊ⓗᨺᲠࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋࢥࣝ࣋ ࢵࢺࡣࠊࡇࡢࠊᾏ㌷㌷௧㒊ࡢಙ㢗ࡢୗࠊᾏ㌷ࡢᅗୖ₇⩦ࢆయ⣔ࡍࡿࡇࢆ ຓࡅ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᙼࡢࡣ࠸ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ㏆௦ⓗ࡞ᾏᡓࡢ≧ἣࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡼࡾ⌧ᐇ ⓗ࡞ぢ᪉ࢆᾏ㌷┬ࡶࡓࡽࡍ୍ຓ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࡢඛ࠶ࡿᾏ㌷ ⯡࠾ࡅࡿᡓதࡢㅖၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᩍ⫱ࡣࠊ௦ࡀ♧ࡍ⌧ᐇࡽࡣ㐜ࢀࡿഴ ྥ࠶ࡾࠊᖹ࠾ࡅࡿᛮⓗ⩦័ࡀ౫↛ࡋ࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢳ࣮ࣕࢳࣝ ࡀබṇほᐹࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ ⱥᅜᾏ㌷ࡣࠊᾏ㌷ࡢ◊✲㔜せ࡞㈉⊩ࢆࡋ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡㛵ࡍࡿᐃホ ࡢ࠶ࡿⴭసࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᥦ╩㹙࣐ࣁࣥ㹛ࡼࡗ࡚᭩ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋⱥᅜࡢᾏୖᡓ 㜚ᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࡢ᭱Ⰻࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊⱥᅜࡢᩥᐁ㹙ࢪ࣭ࣗࣜࣥࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺཀ㹛ࡼࡗ࡚⦅ 㞟ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࠕỿ㯲ࡢⰄ㝲(Silent Service)30ࠖࡣࠊᛮࡸ◊✲⇕୰ࡍࡿࡓࡵ↓ゝ࡛ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᪥ᖖࡢỴࡲࡾࡁࡗࡓᴗົࡸ」㞧ࡋከᵝࡋࡓᢏ⾡ࡼࡗ ࡚ᅽ㏕ࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᡃࠎࠑⱥᅜᾏ㌷ࠒࡣࠊ᭷⬟࡞⾜ᨻᐁࠊࡍ࡚ࡢ✀㢮ࡢ ⣲ᬕࡽࡋ࠸ᑓ㛛ᐙࠊ༉ᩛࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ࡞࠸⯟ᾏ㛗ࠊ⏦ࡋศࡢ࡞࠸カ⦎ᣦᑟᐁࠊࡳࡈ࡞Ⰴ ⯲ົࡢኈᐁࠊ⊩㌟ⓗ࡞ຬ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㜚தࡢᡭጞࡵ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡓதࡢᣦᐁࡼࡾࡶࠊ Ⰴ⯲ࡢᣦᐁࡢ᪉ࡀከࡗࡓࠋ 㸷 ➨୍ḟୡ⏺ᡓࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ ̿̿ ࠗᾏ㌷సᡓ࠘ࡢห⾜ ᡓதࡀጞࡲࡿࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࢫࣞࢻ (William Slade) ཀඹࠊᖇᅜᅜ 㜵ጤဨ᪂ࡓ⤌⧊ࡉࢀࡓṔྐ㒊㛛ࡢ㈐௵⪅࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓࡍ࡚ 29 30 ヂὀ㸸࢝ࢫࢸࢡࢫࠗᡓ␎⌮ㄽ࠘➨㸯ᕳࠊ70 㡫ࠋ ヂὀ㸸↓ゝࢆఏ⤫ࡍࡿⱥᅜᾏ㌷ࡢࡇࠋ 73 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ࡢ⾜ືሗ࿌ࢆ↷ྜࡋ◊✲ࡍࡿࡇࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ⾜ືሗ࿌ࡣࠊせ࡞㛵ಀ ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚グ㘓ࡉࢀࠊᢈホࡉࢀࠊᾏ㌷┬ࡢᣦ♧ࡼࡾබᘧห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ ィ⏬ࡢ࡞┠ⓗᡂᯝࡣࠊᡓதᚋබหࡉࢀࡓࠗᾏ㌷సᡓ࡛࠘࠶ࡾࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵ ࢺࡣࡑࡢⴭ⪅ࡋ࡚ࠊᗈࡃⱥᅜෆ࡛▱ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢⴭస⮬యࡣ࠶ ࡿពࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢṔྐⴭసࡢ᭱㧗ࡢ฿㐩Ⅼࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ࡑࡢᛶ㉁ࡽࠊᙼ⊂⮬ࡢ◊✲ᛮࡢከࡃࢆලయ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ィ⏬ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡢ࡞࠸ࡢつᶍ࡛ᐇࡉࢀࡓࡇ⏤ ᮶ࡍࡿ௵ົࡢᅔ㞴ࡉ≉ู࡞༴㝤ᛶࡼࡾࠊᚲ↛ⓗ⾲⌧ࡣไ㝈ࡉࢀࠊ༑ศ ࡞グ㏙࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣᡓதᚋࠊ≉ᡓதᣦᑟࡢຌ⦼ࢆㄽதࡋࡓ㛵ಀඪὴ ࡢ୰࡛ࠊᙉ࠸ᢈุࢆཷࡅࡿ⮳ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ ጉᐖࡉࢀࠊ 㔜࠸㈇ᢸ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡢⴭసࡢຌ⦼ࡣࠊ ⴭྡ࡞ᢈホᐙࢆࡋ࡚ࠊⴭ⪅ࠑࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࠒࡣࠕ⇍⦎ᕤⱁࡢጞ⪅࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿゝ ࢃࡋࡵࡿࡢ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡘ࠸ࠊࢪࣗࣜࢥ࣮(John R. Jellicoe)ࡣࠊᕳࡁ㉳ ࡇࡉࢀࡓඪὴⓗㄽதࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢᴗ⦼ࢆ㈹㈶ࡋࡓࠋࢪࣗࣜࢥ࣮ࡣࢪ ࢙ࢵࢺࣛࣥࢻᾏᡓࡢホ౯࡛ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ሗ࿌ࠊᛴ㏦ᩥ᭩ࠊಙྕࡢ◊✲ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀ⚾ࡢពᅗࢆ῝ㄞࡳࡋࡓ᪉ἲࡣࠊ ᐇ⣲ᬕࡽࡋ࠸ࠋ ᙜࡢᾏ㌷┬ࡼࡗ࡚༏ྡ࡛ห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡢ㈹㈶ࡢึ✏ࡢ࠾ࡆ࡛ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ ࢵࢺࡣ⩣ᖺࠊࢼࢺࡢ⛠ྕࢆᤵࡉࢀࡓࠋᚋ࠶ࡿ┠ᧁ⪅ࡀグ㘓ࡋࡓࡇࢁ ࡼࢀࡤࠊ ࠕ㸴㛫㸶㛫ࡢ㛫࡛࠶ࡗࡓᛮ࠺ࡀࠊᡃࠎࡣࠊࡑࢀࠑࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ ླྀࠒࢆࠊࡑࢀࠑࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢᴗ⦼ࠒࡀⱁ⾡సရ್ࡍࡿࡇࢆࠊࡑࡋ࡚ேࡀ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᡂࡋ㐙ࡆࡓ୰࡛᭱ࡶ┿ᐇ࡛බṇ࡞グ㘓࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ㠀ᖖ႐ࢇࡔࠋ ࠖ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊࡇࡢᡓத୰ᩘከࡃࡢᑠㄽࢆᇳ➹ࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣⱥᅜࡢᑒ㙐ᨻ ⟇ࢆᘚㆤࡍࡿࡘࡢᑠㄽࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡀࠊ⡿ᅜேࡢឤࡢᙜࡢ㓄៖ࡽࠊ බᘧᡓྐࡽࡇࡢᑠㄽࢆ๐㝖ࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ㛫 ࢆぢࡘࡅ࡚ࠕᾏ㌷ྐࡢ⯆ࠖ㢟ࡋࡓㅮ⩏ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣᙼࡀຊࢆὀ࠸࡛ ࠸ࡓάືࡢㅖ┠ⓗᡂᯝࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⪃࠼ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀ㠀ᖖከࡃࡢ㒊ศࢆ㈝ࡸࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊᡓᅜẸࡢ⌮ゎࢆᚓࡿࡇ ࡣ౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢᙼࡢᙇࡣ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕ㛤ᡓᙜ᪥ࡽࠖ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺⥆ࡅ࡚᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 74 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ༑ศ࡞⌮ゎ࡞ಙᛕࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࠊࡍ࡚ࡢᗈሗᐁࡀᾏ㌷ྐࡢ⯆ࡽᏛࢇࡔࡇ ࢆᗈࡵࡼ࠺ヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᅜẸࡣ↓ᩘࡢ౯್࠶ࡿ⤖ᯝඹࠊᡓதᣦᑟ⪅ࡓ ࡕࡢゝ࠺ࡇ⪥ࢆഴࡅࡓࠋ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࡇࡢᑠㄽࡢ୰࡛ࠊᕧ࡛ࡍ࡚ࢆ◚ቯࡋᑾࡃࡍᡓத࠸࠺ฟ᮶ ࡣࠊ ࡑࢀࡀ⤊⤖ࡋࡓᚋ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ Ỵࡋ࡚㐺ษ⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࡲࡓ┿ᐇࡢつᶍࢆᐃ࡛ࡁࡎࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ṕྐࡣࡑࡢᡓதࡢពࢆ⮬⏤ホ౯ࡍࡿ ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ⮬㌟ࡣࠊࡇࡢே⏕ࢆᠱࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿᙼࡢ၏୍ࡢⴭస࡛࠶ࡿࠗᾏ㌷సᡓ࠘ࡘ࠸࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ ᙼࡢどⅬࡢ⊂⮬ᛶ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤖ᛶࢆ᱁ẁ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࠶ࡿᶒጾ࠶ ࡿホㄽᐙࡢ୍ேࡣࠊࡇࡢⴭస࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ᭱⤊ᕳࡢබห㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊḟ ࡢࡼ࠺グࡋࡓࠋ ࢪ࣭ࣗࣜࣥࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺཀࡢᴗ⦼ࡣࠊ୍⩏ⓗࡣṔྐ◊✲࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡢ᭷⬟࡞➹ ࢀࡤ㠀ᖖ౯್࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㔜せ࡞ᡓத◊✲ࡣࠊ ࠑࡇࡢᮏࡣࠒࢇ Ḟࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࣭࣭࣭ ࡇࡢ࠾ࡅࡿࡁ࡞㈇ᢸࡢࡓࡵࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀᡓத๓㏣✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ ⊂⮬ࡢ◊✲ᛮࡢ᪉ྥᛶࢆࠊࡉࡽⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ1921 ᖺࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ ࠕࢺࣛࣇ࣮ࣝ࢞ᚋࡢࢼ࣏ࣞ࢜ࣥⱥᅜᾏ㌷ࠖ㢟ࡍࡿ⡆₩ ࡛‽ഛⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆ⬺✏ࡋࠊࡇࡢ㢟ᖐࡍࡿࡇࢆᖖᮃࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡀࠊ1922 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 21 ᪥ᛴ㏽ࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᙼࡢࢪ࢙ࢵࢺࣛࣥࢻᾏᡓࡢホ౯ࢆྵࡴࠗᾏ ㌷సᡓ࠘➨ 3 ᕳ⬺✏ࡢᩘ㛫ᚋࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ31ࠋ ࡶࡋࠊᩘᖺ࡛ࡶ㛗ࡃࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀ⏕ࡁࡓࡢ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࠸ࡶ࡞ࡃᙼࡣࡇࡢᾏᡓ ࡢホ౯ࠊ㟝ໟࡲࢀ࡚ࢇጼࢆ⌧ࡍࡇࡢ࡞࠸せᐇࠊࡑࡢᚋ㛗ࡃㄽ த࡞ࡗࡓཎ๎ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡶࡗከࡃࡢࡇࢆࡅຍ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ ࠺ࠋ ࠗᾏ㌷సᡓ࠘ࡣࠊᾏ㌷ྐ⏤᮶ࡍࡿࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢࠑᾏ㌷ᑐࡍࡿࠒዊࡢኊ ࡞ドᣐࡋ࡚ṧࡾࠊࡑࡢໟᣓⓗ࡞ぢゎᩥ❶ࡢ㉁ࡼࡾࠊㄞࡳ⥆ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࠊᾏ㌷ᛮᏛၥࡢⓎᒎࡢ┿ࡢᐤࡣࠊᡓதࠑ➨୍ḟୡ⏺ᡓࠒ๓ ヂὀ㸸ᮏ᭩ࡣࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢṚᚋࡶࢽ࣮ࣗ࣎ࣝࢺ(Henry Newbolt)ᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚ห⾜ ࡀ⥆ࡅࡽࢀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣసᡓ⦅ 5 ᕳࠊ㏻ၟಖㆤ⦅ 3 ᕳࠊၟ⯪ά㌍⦅ 3 ᕳࡢィ 11 ᕳ࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋࡑࡢෆࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀⴭࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊసᡓ⦅ࡢ➨ 1㹼3 ᕳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᪧ᪥ᮏᾏ㌷࠾࠸࡚ ࡶᾏ㌷Ꮫᰯ࡛సᡓ⦅ࡀ⩻ヂห⾜ࡉࢀ࡚ᾏ㌷ෆ㓄ᕸࡉࢀࡓࠋᑿᓮ⛯ヂࠗḢὪᡓத ⱥ ᅜᾏ㌷ᡓྐ࠘㸳ᕳࠊᮾிỈ♫ࠊ1927㹼35 ᖺࠋ 31 75 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ᡂࡋࡓึᮇࡢⴭసࡢ୰ぢ࠸ࡔࡉࢀࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋ 㸯㸮 ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢᛮࡢホ౯ ࡇࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿᚋୡࡢⴭసᑐࡍࡿࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ㈉⊩ࡢ㔜せᛶࡣࠊᗈࡃㄆ ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣈࣟࢹ (Bernard Brodie) ༤ኈࡣࠊ ࠗᾏὒᡓ␎ࡢㅖཎ๎࠘ࢆࠕᾏ ㌷ᡓ␎࠾ࡅࡿ࡛ྂࠖ࠶ࡿࠊᙼࡢᐃホ࠶ࡿࠗᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࡢᡭᘬࡁ࡛࠘ホ౯ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ32ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢึᮇࡢⴭస࡛࠶ࡿࠗᶵᲔ௦࠾ࡅࡿࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡࠘ ࡛ࡣࠊ࣐ࣁࣥࡢಟṇ⪅ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺゝཬࡋࡓ33ࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊࣟࣅࣥ ࢯࣥᘵ(the Robinsons)ࡣࠊᾏ㌷ᡓ⾡ࢆṔྐⓗ⥲ᣓࡋࡓᙼࡽࡢⴭ࡛ࠊ᭱ࡶ ከࡃࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢⴭసࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᡓத◊✲యࡢࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ㈉⊩ࡣࠊ ᙼࡢᘵᏊ࡛࠶ࡿࣜࢵࢳࣔࣥࢻ(Herbert Richmond)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࡢศ㔝ࡢᚋ⥅⪅ ࡢⴭసࡢ୰࡛᭱ࡶࡼࡃぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࣜࢵࢳࣔࣥࢻࡣࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢṚ⮫ࢇ࡛ࠊ ḟࡢࡼ࠺グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᙼࡣࠊᡓதྐ◊✲̿̿ࡑࢀࡣࠊኈᐁࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᨻᐙࡗ࡚୰᰾ⓗ࡞◊✲ ̿̿ࢆࡃ᪂ࡋ࠸ẁ㝵ᢲࡋୖࡆࡓࠋࡍ࡚ࡢⴭసࡢ୰࡛ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊᖖᡓத ࡢ⤫୍ᛶࢆど㔝ධࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ୧ᡓ㛫ࡢᮇ࠾ࡅࡿᾏ㌷ࡢ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᶒጾ࡛࠶ࡿ࢝ࢫࢸ ࢡࢫࡣࠊ⌮ㄽⓗᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࡢ␎ྐࢆグࡋࡓᙼࡢࠗᡓ␎⌮ㄽ࠘ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵ ࢺࡢᡓத๓࠾ࡅࡿᡓ␎ᛮࡢᵓ㐀య␗㆟ࢆၐ࠼ࡓࠋ ࠕཪ⪺ࡁ࠸࠺ᡭẁ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊୡ௦ࡽୡ௦⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ᭩ࡁ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚ఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡓఏㄝࠖࢆ㏣✲ࡋࠊࡇ ࢀࢆㄽ◚ࡋࡓࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢຌ⦼ࢆㄆࡵࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ࢝ࢫࢸࢡࢫࡣࠊࢥࣝ ࣋ࢵࢺࡢᴗ⦼ࡀᴫࡋ࡚ᮏ㉁ⓗᢈホⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕከࡃࡢᢈุࢆࡾ㉺࠼࡚࠸ࡢ ࡞࠸┿ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺☜ಙ⮳ࡗࡓேࠎᑐࡋ࡚ࡣⱞࠎࡋࡃࠊṧ㓞࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࢝ࢫࢸࢡࢫࡣࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࢆࠕಙࡢேࠖ ࠊ ࠕ㦁ࡀࡋ࠸㤫ᐗࠖ ࠊ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠕᡓ␎ࡼࡿ≺ᧁᡭ(franc-tireur de la strategie)ࠖࡧࠊ ࠕ୍᪉࡛ࠊࡇ ࡢᅉ⩦ᡴ◚⪅ࡣࠊᙼ⮬㌟ࡢࠑ⌮ㄽࠒᵓ⠏⪅ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁᖹซ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ⤖ ヂὀ㸸Bernard Brodie, A Guide to Naval Strategy, 3rd ed., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944, p. 297. 33 ヂὀ㸸Bernard Brodie, SeaPower in the Machineage, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941, p. 92. 32 76 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓ34ࠋ ࢝ࢫࢸࢡࢫࡀㄽࡌࡓࡼ࠺ࠊᡓத๓࠾ࡅࡿᾏ㌷ᛮᙧᡂࡢࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࠊࡍ࡚Ⰻ࠸ࡶࡢࡤࡾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡣࡃ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࡇ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ☜ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊ1915 ᖺᾏ㌷┬ࡢࡓࡵ◊✲ࡋࡓ᪥㟢ᡓத࡛᫂ᛌ ♧ࡉࢀࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀࠊ ຊⰄ㝲ࡶࡓࡽࡍ༴㝤ᛶክ୰࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ⯪ᅋ⏝ᑐࡍࡿࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢᬻᐃⓗ࡞ᡓத๓ࡢุ᩿ࡣࠊㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ ࠺ࠊᡓத୰࠾ࡅࡿ㏻ၟಖㆤࡢᙧែࠑ⯪ᅋࠒࢆᾏ㌷┬ࡀ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇࢆጉࡆ ࡓࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡢᨵ㠉ࡢࡍ࡚ࡀⰋዲ࡛ᮃࡲࡋ࠸ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊᡓத๓࠾ࡅࡿᾏ㌷┬ࡢࡢ୰ ࡛ࠊᢡࠊㄗࡗࡓᨻ⟇ࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓࡇࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᾏὒᡓத࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢᴫᛕࡢせ࡞ᙅⅬࡣࠊ࢝ࢫࢸ ࢡࢫࡼࡗ࡚ࡶぢ㐣ࡈࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢ௦࠾ࡅࡿࢇࡍ࡚ࡢᾏ㌷ ၥ㢟㛵ࡍࡿᇳ➹⪅ࡼࡗ࡚ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᇳ➹⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ⚾ ᥆ᡓἲ(guerre de course)35ࡘ࠸࡚ₔ↛ᐃࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ↓ไ㝈ࡢ㏻ၟ◚ቯ ᨻ⟇ࡣỴᐃⓗ࡛࡞࠸௬ᐃࡋࡓ࣐ࣁࣥ㏣ᚑࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ1917 ᖺ 1942 ᖺࡢࢻ ࢶ₯ỈⰄᡓࡢᡂຌ༴㝤࡞㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡢᨻ⟇ࠑ⚾᥆ᡓἲࠒࡣࠊ᪂⯆ Ꮫὴ(jeune ecole)ࡢせ࡞㆟ㄽࢆᇶ♏ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣⱥᅜࢆᡴࡕ㈇ࡋࠊ ࢇ࡞ᾏὒ࠾ࡅࡿດຊࡢຠᯝࢆࡶྰᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡼࢀ ࡤࠊᡓத࠾࠸࡚ࡑࡢิᙉࡢ୰᰾࡞ࡿ㏻ၟ㊰⮬యࢆ⟶ไࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࡴࡋࢁࡑࢀࡽࡢ⟶ไࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡇࡔࡅࡀᚲせ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᡓத๓ࡢⱥᅜࡢ ᡓ␎ᛮᐙࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢪ࢙࣮ࣥ(Jane)ࡔࡅࡀ 1906 ᖺࡢⴭస࡛࠶ࡿࠗ␗➃ (Heresies)࠘ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ ࠕᐇ㝿⚾᥆ᡓἲࡣỴࡋ࡚ヨࡳࡽࢀࡓࡇࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ ࡣࠊᖖグ᠈␃ࡵ࡚࠾࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖⱥᅜ㆙࿌ࡋࡓࡇࡣࠊᙼ ࡢࡳࡀࡇࡢᙧែࡢᡓதࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆホ౯ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᨻ⟇ࡢࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㉸㉺ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢇࡍ࡚ࡢ ࡇࡢ௦ࡢேࠎࡼࡗ࡚ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡢᡓ␎ほࡢḞⅬࢆ㉸㉺ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ ࡢᴗ⦼ṇᙜᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᡓதᛮᡓ␎ࡢⓎᒎࡢ౯್ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ㆟ㄽࡢ వᆅࡣ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࠗᖺᡓத࠾ࡅࡿⱥᅜ࠘ࡣࠕᨻ␎ࡼࡿᡓ␎ࡢ೫ྥࠖ ࠸࠺⌮ㄽࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓ࠸࠺࢝ࢫࢸࢡࢫࡢ㠀㞴ࡣ36ࠊᡓ␎ࡢᨻ┠ⓗࡢᚲ↛ ヂὀ㸸࢝ࢫࢸࢡࢫࠗᡓ␎⌮ㄽ࠘➨㸯ᕳࠊ71-72 㡫ࠋ ヂὀ㸸ᡓ≉ᐃࡢ⚾ேචチࢆ࠼ࠊᩛᅜⰄ⯪ࡸၟ⯪ࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿࡇࢆチᐜࡋࡓ⯪ ࢆ⚾᥆⯪ࡪࠋ1856 ᖺࡢࣃࣜᐉゝ࡛⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡓࠋ 36 ヂὀ㸸࢝ࢫࢸࢡࢫࠗᡓ␎⌮ㄽ࠘➨㸯ᕳࠊ69 㡫ࠋ 34 35 77 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ⓗ࡞ᚑᒓ࠸࠺ࢡࣛ࢘ࢮࣦࢵࢶ(Karl von Clausewitz)ࡢࢻࢡࢺࣜࣥࢆࠊᾏ㌷ ᡓ␎ࡢᡓதᣦᑟయࡢᚑᒓⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࠑࡢ⌮ㄽࠒࢆᨾពㄗ ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝࢃࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ⌮ㄽࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ ࠸ࡢవᆅ࡞ࡃ೧࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠑࡑࡢ⌮ㄽࡢⓎᒎࡀࠒᙼࡢ㢟ࡲ࡛㐩ࡍࡿࡇࢆ ᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᙼࡀࠊ ࠗᾏὒᡓ␎ࡢㅖཎ๎࡛࠘グࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ ࢡࣛ࢘ࢮࣦࢵࢶࢪ࣑ࣙࢽ(Antoine H. Jomini)ࡀ฿㐩ࡋࡓ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ᆅⅬ❧ࡗ࡚ ࡳࡿࠊᡃࠎࡣࡃࡇࡢ㢟ࡢᩜᒃࡢୖ࠸ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࠊᙼࡽࡀ❧ࡕཤࡗ ࡓࡇࢁࡽጞࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊୡ⏺つᶍࡢᖇᅜࡢ㏆௦ⓗ≧ἣ㛵ࡋ࡚୧⪅ࡢᛮ ࡀఱ㏙ࡿࢆၥࢃࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᾏὒࡣ┤᥋ⓗ࡛Ṛάⓗ࡞せ⣲࡞ࡿ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ37ࠋ ࢡࣛ࢘ࢮࣦࢵࢶࡀࠗᡓதㄽ(Der Krieg)࠘ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ㌷ᡓ␎ࢆࡼࡾࡁ࡞ᴫ ᛕ࡛࠶ࡿᡓதࡢ୰ໟྵࡉࡏࠊࡑࡢᡓதࢆᨻࡢᯟ⤌యࡢ୰ໟྵࡉࡏࡓࡢ ྠᵝࠊ ࠑࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢࠒࡇࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ ࠕᾏὒᡓ␎ࠖࡢᴫᛕࡢ୰ᾏ㌷ᡓ␎ࢆ ໟྵࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢࠕᾏὒᡓ␎ࠖࡣࠊࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࡢ≉ู࡞ᙳ㡪㐺ᛂࡉࡏࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊୡ⏺つᶍࡢ㈠᫆ࠊእࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ᮶ࡿࡁᡓ தࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡓᕧ࡞ᾏእ㒊㝲ࡢ㞟ྜ㍺㏦࠸࠺≉ูࡢ≧ἣࡣࠊṔྐࢆ῝ࡃ ㄽ⌮ⓗㄞࡳ㎸ࡴࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀ⮬ศࡢࡶࡢࡋࡓ୍ࡘࡢศ㔝ࢆ ᡂࡉࡏࡓࠋᮏ㉁ⓗࠊᙼࡢࡣせ࡞ᾏὒᇶ┙㛵㐃ࡍࡿᡓதࡢ✲ᴟࡢ┠ⓗ ḟⓗ࡞᪉ἲࢆྵࡴὝᐹࡢᣑᙇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡀᡓதᣦᑟ⪅ ࡢ୰ࡢ⌮ࡋࡓࣆࢵࢺࡢ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࣆࢵࢺࡣ㝣࠾ࡅࡿᡓத ࡘࡓࡵࠊⱥᅜࡢᾏእ㈠᫆ࡢᐩࢆࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊ୍㞘ࡢ 74 㛛ᦚ㍕ᡓิⰄࢆᾋࡿࡢ༑ศ࡞Ỉᇦࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊୡ⏺୰ࡇ࡛ࡶᙼࡢពᛮࢆ ാࡏࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡣ 1940 ᖺࡽ 1945 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫ࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࢳࣝࡢୗࡢⱥ ᅜࡀࢻࢶࡢᨷࢆ㣗࠸Ṇࡵࠊ㐃ྜࡋࡓ⡿ⱥࡢᾏὒ࠾ࡅࡿດຊࡀࠊᗘࡣ㏫ ୖ㝣ࡋࠊ ᨷࢆᨭ࠼ࠊ ࡑࡢࡇࡀ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓࢆᑟࡃᡭẁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢ⣧⢋࡞⌮ㄽⓗᴗ⦼ࡢ㔜せᛶࡣࠊ㐣ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ ࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㐣ཤࡢ◊✲ࡢࡳࡀࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㜵⾨ၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺ⮬㌟ࡀࠗᾏ㌷ྐࡢ⯆࡛࠘グࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ ࠕ ᡓதࡣ㐣ཤࢆẅࡏࡎࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⏕ࢆ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 37 ヂὀ㸸Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, p. 48. 78 ᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲ 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶(3-1 ቑ) ࡑࢀࠑᡓதࠒࡣࠊ⾜ືࡍࡿேࠎࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ㔜せ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ◊✲ࡍࡿ౯್ࡶ࡞࠸㐣ཤ ࡢࡢࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣭࣭࣭ࡋࡋࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㛫ࡣᡃࠎ㊥ 㞳ࢆ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᡃࠎࡣὥỈࢆỌ㐲ὶࢀࡿἙࡢ୰ࡢࡓࢇ࡞ࡿ୍ࡘࡢࡁ࡞ᾷࡳࡢࡼ ࠺ぢࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀࢇ࡞ࡁࡃ࡚ࡶࠊࡶࡋࠊᡃࠎࡀἙࡢỈ㊰యࡑࡢὶ 㔞ࢆಖࡘࡓࡵὶࢀࡿࡍ࡚ࡢᨭὶࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ▱ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢᾷࡳࡢ⌧㇟ࢆ⌮ゎࡍ ࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡣࡇࡢᮏ㉁ࡢ◊✲࡛࠶ࡾࠊⱥᅜࡢᾏὒ࠾ࡅࡿ⤒㦂ࡢṔྐయ ࢆ⠊ᅖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊࡇࡢⱥᅜࡢᾏὒ࠾ࡅࡿ⤒㦂 ᙼࡢ᭱ࡶ῝࠸ᛮࢆᤝࡆࠊᖖ⌮ゎ࠸࠺ࡇࡢࠕ᪂ࡓ࡞⏕ࠖࡢࡓࡵാ࠸ࡓ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊ ࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡༨ࡵࡿ⡿ᅜࡢ┿ࡢᅜ┈ࢆᣦࡋࡓࠊ ࣐ࣁࣥࡀാ࠸ࡓ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙼࡣࠕᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞㇟ࡢ୰ࡢ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ᨻせᅉ࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊ่⃭࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ⦆ࠖࡋ࡚ࡢᾏ㌷ຊࡢᴫᛕࢆᙇࡋ ࡓࠋࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡༨ࡵࡿ⡿ᅜࡢᅜ┈࠸࠺ࡇࡢᴫᛕࡀ┿ᅜᐙ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ⌮ゎࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊᏙ❧⩏ࡸࠕす༙⌫ࡢ㜵⾨ࠖ࠸࠺༙㠃ࡔࡅࡢ┿ᐇࡸࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ ࡋ࡚ 1941 ᖺࡽ 45 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫ࠊᡃࠎࡀ༑ศ࡞ഛ࠼ࢆࡋ࡞ࡗࡓᡓதࡼࡗ ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓⱞ③ࡽࠊᡃࠎࠑ⡿ᅜேࠒࡣᩆࢃࢀࡓࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ ࡢ⌧௦ࡢ⣮தࡢጞࡲࡾࡢ௦ ࠑ1951 ᖺᙜࠒ ࢆぢᤣ࠼࡚ࠊ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡢᴗ⦼ࡣࠊ ᾏὒࡢ㜵⾨࠸࠺ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆຠᯝⓗᢅ࠸ࠊ⪺ࡃ⪥ࢆᣢࡘேࠎィࡾ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ ౯್ࢆ࠼ࡓࠋ ࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕཀࡣࠊ ᨵ㠉㌷ഛᣑᙇࡢດຊࡢࡲࡉ୰ᚰ࠾ࡾࠊ ࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚ⱥᅜ㸦ࣈࣜࢸࣥ㸧ⱥᅜᾏ㌷ࡣࠊࡇࡢዧ㜚ࡢ㛤ጞᮇ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ୰᰾ⓗᙺࢆᢸࡗ࡚ᑐᛂࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࡢࣇࢵࢩ࣮ࣕࡣࠊ ࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࢆ㧗ࡃ㈹㈶ࡋࠊ ᪥ࠑ1951 ᖺࠒࡲࡉᛮ࠸㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㆙࿌ࢆグࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࠊᙼ ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺グࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࢪ࣭ࣗࣜࣥࢥࣝ࣋ࢵࢺࡣࠊᨻ␎㌷ᡓ␎ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡢゝㄒ࡛᭱Ⰻࡢ᭩≀ࡢ ୰ࡢ୍ࢆ᭩࠸ࡓࠋ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ✀㢮ࡢᩍカࡸィࡾ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ౯್ࡀࠊࡑࡢ᭩≀ࡽ 㞟ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡕࡻ࠺ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㔜せどࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ࢘ࣥࢫࢺ࣭ࣥࢳ࣮ࣕࢳࣝࢆ㝖࠸࡚ࠊㄡࡶࡑࢀࢆㄞࢇ࡛ࡉ࠼࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡶ ࢃࡽࡎࠊ࠶࡞ࡓ᪉⚾ࡣࠊࡇࡢᡓதࡢᡓ␎ⓗṔྐࡘ࠸࡚✵ㄽࢆࢃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᫂ࡽ Ṕྐࡣࠊᩍᖌࡸᮘୖࡢᡓ␎ᐙࡢࡓࡵླྀ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᨻᐙ㌷ேࡣࠊኤᬽࢀ ࡢⷧᬯࡀࡾࡢ୰࡛ࠊṌࡳࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 79
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