Glucagone: glicogenolisi (fegato) glicogenosintesi (fegato) gluconeogenesi (fegato) glicolisi (fegato) demolizione dei trigliceridi (fegato) assunzione di aminoacidi (fegato) ureagenesi (fegato) sintesi insulina (pancreas) Meccanismo d’azione: aumento cAMP, aumento attività PKA emivita del glucagone: 5 min 1 catecolammine digiuno: glucagone lipolisi adipocita NEFA plasmatici epatocita acetil-CoA glucoso ossalacetato citrato ciclo del citrato corpi chetonici digiuno: 3 Insulina: assunzione di glucoso (fegato, muscolo, adipocita) glicolisi (fegato) glicogenosintesi (fegato, muscolo) glicogenolisi (fegato, muscolo) sintesi di acidi grassi (fegato) chetogenesi (fegato) sintesi di trigliceridi (adipocita) demolizione dei trigliceridi (adipocita) sintesi di proteine, DNA, RNA demolizione di proteine sintesi di glucagone (pancreas) emivita dell’insulina: 5 min 4 pasto: lipolisi insulina adipocita NEFA plasmatici acetil-CoA glucoso ossalacetato citrato piruvato insulina glucoso ciclo del citrato epatocita corpi chetonici pasto: 6 digiuno: 7 8 120 glicemia (mg/100 ml) 110 100 90 80 30 60 90 120 150 min pasto 9 ouabain phlorizin cytochalasin B 10 trasportatore maggiori siti di espressione Km glucoso (mM) GLUT1 maggior parte dei tessuti (cervello, rene, colon, 1-5 eritrociti, barriere vasi-tessuti, placenta, adipociti, muscolo scheletrico, tessuti fetali, etc.) GLUT2 fegato, cellule β, rene (membrana basolaterale), 15-40 intestino tenue (membrana basolaterale) GLUT3 cervello, rene placenta e molti altri tessuti 1-2 GLUT4 muscolo scheletrico, cuore e adipociti 1-5 GLUT5 intestino tenue (fruttoso) 6 SGLT1/2 (cotrasporto Na/glucoso) intestino tenue (membrana luminale, SGLT1) rene (membrana luminale, SGLT1/2) 0,8-1,6 11 12 glucoso insulina OUT esocitosi IN GLUT-1 recettore dell'insulina GLUT-4 13 indinavir 14 endocitosi 15 75-80% of insulin-induced glucose uptake occurs in muscle (mainly red) 5-20% of insulin-induced glucose uptake occurs in adipocytes importance of physical activity in insulin sensitivity 16 17 gap junctions: 18 CRAC CRAC = Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ current 19 Orai1 20 thapsigargin calsequestrin (SR) calreticulin (ER) parvalbumin calbindin calretinin 21 Secrezione di insulina: glucoso somatostatina acidi grassi liberi agonisti 2-adrenergici corpi chetonici aminoacidi glucagone incretine: glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) peptide inibitore gastrico (GIP) colecistochinina (CCK) sulfoniluree acetilcolina 22 23 24 KATP channel-dependent pathway 25 nifedipine CaM and CaMK inhibitors SUR = sulfonylureas receptor Kir6.2 = inwardly rectifying K+ channel 26 27 SUR inhibitors sulfanylureas tolbutamide glibenclamide gliclazide glimepiride glipizide glinides SUR activators diazoxide repaglinide nateglinide 28 KATP channel-independent pathway 29 + CICR: Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release 30 31 Structure of proglucagon and the proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDP) IP1 (PC2) (PC1) brain cells GRPP: glicentin-related pancreatic peptide GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP-2: glucagon-like peptide 2 IP1: intervening peptide 1 IP2: intervening peptide 2 32 low glucose hyperpolarization depolarization 33 glucose insulin Zn2+ vagus glucose depolarization ACh β-agonists Adenylate cyclase VGCC cAMP Ca2+ PKA secretion of glucagon 34 Effect of glucose on glucagon and insulin release 35 Dose-response relationships: glucose suppresses glucagon and stimulates insulin release 36 37 or gastric inhibitory polypeptide 38 (ileal brake) (via MAPK) (via MAPK) 39 GLP-1 GLP-1 R G prot cAMP/PKA Insulin synthesis and secretion MAPK Proliferation Anti-apoptosis GLP-2: a growth factor for intestinal epithelium, it slows the ingestion and transit of food through the GI tract; it also induces NO-mediated vasodilation ed exerts anti-inflammatory effects. 40 dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV) sitagliptin 41 GLP-1R agonists (exenatide, liraglutide) Unfortunately, GLP-1R agonists were shown to induce preneoplastic lesions and/or cancers in the pancreas 42 glucose, amino acids delta cells 43 44 ketone bodies GPR40 = G protein-coupled receptor 45 Why is insulin secretion biphasic? 46 Why is insulin secretion pulsatory? “calcium blindness” when calcium increases beyond a threshold, it inhibits calciuminduced calcium release and blocks insulin secretion 47 48 insulin liver Receptor-mediated endocytosis GSH-insulin transhydrogenase Chain A and B insulinase (IDE) Protein degradation 49 Recettore dell’insulina insulina regione iuxtamembrana TyrK proteina ATP sito di fosforilazione in Ser/Thr Tyr ADP proteina Tyr autofosforilabili Tyr-P 50 51 Insulin-mediated post-receptor events PTB PH SH2 SH2 p85 p110 PH = pleckstrin homology 52 PH PH PH Ser/Thr 53 insulin wortmannin mTOR/ 54 Mechanisms of turning off the insulin signal 55 SOCS = suppressors of cytokine signaling 56 57
© Copyright 2024 ExpyDoc