ਛ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆធየㄉߩ↢↥ᕈ̆̆ –ity ߣ –ness ߩ႐ว ̆̆ ᐢፉᅚቇ㒮ᄢቇ ☨ୖ ✌ I ⊒ߩ⋡⊛㧦ਛ⧷⺆ߦ․ޔᓟᦼਛ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ –ity ߣ –ness ߩ↢↥ᕈߩⷐ࿃ߪ߆ࠍ ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ ޕ II ↢↥ᕈ(productivity)ߩቯ⟵㧦ᧄ⊒ߢߪޔធㄉߩ↢↥ᕈߣߪޔ㖸㖿⊛ޔᒻᘒ⊛ޔ⊛⺆⛔ޔ ᗧ⊛ߦⷙቯߐࠇߚၮ(base)ߦኻߒߡޔធㄉ߇ታ㓙ߤߩ⒟ᐲ⥄↱ߦઃടߐࠇࠆ߆߁ߣ ޔ ᗧߢ↪ࠆޕ ⺆ᒵൻ(lexicalization)ߩቯ⟵㧦ⶄᢙߩᒻᘒ⚛߆ࠄߥࠆ⺆߇ߩࠄࠇߘޔᒻᘒ⚛߆ࠄ੍᷹ߐ ࠇࠆ⊒㖸ޔᒻߥߒᗧߣߪᄙዋߥࠅߣ߽⇣ߥߞߚ․ᓽࠍ߽ߟߎߣࠍᗧߔࠆޔ߫߃ޕ gospelޟ㖸ߪ⺆߁ߣޠฎ⧷⺆ߩ god spelޟศႎ⊒ߪ⺆ߩߎޔ߇ࠆߢޠ㖸ᒻᗧߩ ߔߴߡߦ߅ߡ⺆ᒵൻߐࠇߡࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆ(Adams 2001: 10; ፉ 2004: 55-73)ޕ III వⴕ⎇ⓥ 3.1 ઍ⧷⺆㧦 1 Aronoff (1976): ធㄉߩ↢↥ᕈߪၮߩ⛔⺆▸⇵߇ᦨ߽㊀ⷐߣਥᒛޕ ٤ 2 ፉ(1990): ٤ –ity ߣ –ness; –er –ޔist – ߣޔant ߥߤ┹วߔࠆធየㄉߩ↢↥ᕈࠍ ⚦ߦ⠨ኤޕ 3 Baayen & Lieber (1996): ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᗧ․ᕈ߽ߟធㄉ߇↢↥ᕈ߇㜞߆ࠍ⠨ኤޕ ٤ 4 Aronoff & Fuhrhop (2002)ߣ Hay & Plag (2004): suffix stacking ߩ㗴ࠍᛒ߁ޔ߫߃ޕ ٤ Germanic suffix ࠍᜬߟ⧷⺆ߩ⺆ߪ㧝ߟߒ߆ suffix ࠍ߽ߡߥޕߤߥޔ 5 Plag (2003): 㒖ᱛ(blocking) ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ ٤ –ity ߣ –ness ߩ⋧㆑ࠍ⠨ኤࡊࠗ࠲ࠆࠁࠊޕ 㒖ᱛߣ࠻ࠢࡦ㒖ᱛߦ⸒ޕ 6 Plag (2004): ធㄉઃടߩ⛔⺆․ᕈ㧔ၮߩຠ⹖㧕߿↢↥ᕈߪࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ߩᗧ․ᕈߦ㑐 ٤ ଥ߇ࠆߣਥᒛޕ 7 Lieber (2004): ٤ –ity ߿ –ness ࠍ᭽ߥޘធየㄉߩ⚿วࠍᗧߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⠨ኤޕ 8 Rainer (2005): ࠲ࠗࡊ㒖ᱛߣ࠻ࠢࡦ㒖ᱛߦߟߡࠍ⺆࠷ࠗ࠼ߣ⺆⧷ޔᲧセߒߥ߇ࠄ⠨ኤޕ ٤ 3.2 ผ⊛⎇ⓥ㧦 1 Riddle (1985): Marchand (1969) ߿ Aronoff (1976)߇ਥᒛߔࠆၮߩ⛔⺆▸⇵㊀ⷞߦኻߒ ٤ ߡ– ޔity ⺆ߣ –ness ⺆ߩᗧ⊛⋧㆑߇㊀ⷐߣਥᒛޕ 2 Romaine (1985): ٤ –ity ߣ –ness ߩ↢↥ᕈߪ㖸㖿⊛ޔ⊛⺆⛔ޔᗧ⊛߅ࠃ߮⸒⺆ᄖߩⷐ ࿃ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⺰ߕߴ߈ߣਥᒛޕ 3 Dalton-Puffer (1996): Helsinki Corpus ࠍ⸒⺆᧚ᢱߣߒߡޔਛ⧷⺆ߩធየㄉઃടߦࡈࡦ ٤ ࠬ⺆߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡࠆ߆ࠍޔᒻᘒߣᗧߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⠨ኤޕ 4 Trips (2004): ઍ⧷⺆ߦߺࠄࠇࠆ –hood– ޔdom–ޔship ߩㅢᤨ⊛⊒㆐ࠍ Lieber (2004) ٤ ߩᨒ⚵ߺߢ⠨ኤޕ 5 Mühleisen (2010): –ee ធㄉઃടࠍਛ⧷⺆߆ࠄઍ⧷⺆߳ߣㅢᤨ⊛ߦಽᨆ⸥ㅀߒ↥↢ޔᕈ ٤ 1 ߦߟߡߪ diachronic productivity ߣ synchronic productivity ࠍߔߴ߈ߣਥᒛޕ 6 Nagano (2010): ⶄวฬ⹖[Noun + Verb-ing]ߦ߅ߌࠆ –ing ߩ⛔⺆ᯏ⢻ࠍผ⊛ⷰὐ߆ࠄ⠨ኤޕ ٤ IV ਛ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߌࠆ –ity ߣ –ness ߩ㗫ᐲ 4.1 ਛ⧷⺆ᦼߩ㗫ᐲ Table 1 ME 1 ME 2 ME 3 Type-frequency 7 20 71 98 Token-frequency 12 57 365 434 –ity Frequency of –ity Table 2 –ness ME 1 Total Frequency of –ness ME 2 ME 3 Total Type-frequency 124 60 108 292 Token-frequency 468 289 575 1332 ME 1 (1150-1250) 4.2 ME 2 (1250-1350) ME 3 (1350-1420): Dalton-Puffer (1996) ਛ⧷⺆ߩᣇ⸒ߩ㗫ᐲ㧔ᣇ⸒ಽߪ MED ߦࠃࠆ㧕[․ߦޔᓟᦼਛ⧷⺆ߩ႐ว] Table 3 East Midland (Chaucer) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 92 (34%) 178 (66%) 270 (100%) Token-frequency 894 (38%) 1470 (62%) 2364 (100%) Table 4 East Midland (Gower) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 10 (23%) 34 (78%) 44 (100%) Token-frequency 107 (37%) 179 (63%) 286 (1005) Table 5 East Midland (WBible:Genesis & Exodus) –ity Type-frequency Token-frequency Table 6 Total 8 (14%) 50 (86%) 58 (100%) 32 ( 9%) 311 (91%) 343 (100%) East Midland (Mandeville’s Travels) –ity Type-frequency 23 (39%) Token-frequency 78 (49%) Table 7 –ness –ness Total 36 (61%) 59 (100%) 81 (51%) 159 (100%) East Midland (The Cloud of Unknowing) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 19 (21%) 73 (79%) 92 (100%) Token-frequency 79 (20%) 313 (80%) 392 (100%) Table 8 East Midland (Paston Letters) –ity –ness 2 Total Type-frequency 21 (47%) 24 (53%) 45 (100%) Token-frequency 48 (42%) 66 (58%) 114 (100%) Table 9 East Midland (Malory Wks) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 18 (33%) 37 (67%) 55 (100%) Token-frequency 52 (28%) 136 (72%) 188 (100%) Table 10 West Midland (Gawain-Poet’s Works) –ity –ness Type-frequency 6 (33%) 12 (67%) 18 (100%) Token-frequency 11 (37%) 19 (63%) 30 (100%) Table 11 Total West Midland (Lydgate Troy Book) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 35 (41%) 51 (59%) 86 (100%) Token-frequency 116 (34%) 230 (66%) 346 (100%) Table 12 Southwestern (Trev. Higden) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 19 (37%) 33 (63%) 52 (100%) Token-frequency 25 (32%) 52 (68%) 77 (100%) Table 13 Southwestern (Langland PPL.B) –ity –ness Type-frequency 8 (20%) 32 (80%) 40 (100%) Token-frequency 54 (33%) 110 (67%) 164 (100%) Table 14 Total Northern (Morte Arth) –ity –ness Type-frequency 3 (25%) 9 (75%) 12 (100%) Token-frequency 11 (38%) 18 (62%) 29 (100%) Table 15 Type-frequeny Token-frequency Northern (Richard Rolle) –ity –ness Total 9 (26%) 25 (74%) 34 (100%) 37 (32%) Table 16 Total 78 (68%) 115 (100%) East Midland (Chaucer, Gower, Mandeville, WBible, Malory, Paston, Cloud) –ity –ness Total 586 (100%) Type-frequency 166 (29%) 418 (71%) Token-frequency 1228 (36%) 2152 (64%) Table 17 3380 (100%) West Midland (Gawain, Lydgate) 3 –ity Type-frequency 41 (39%) Token-frequency 127 (34%) Table 18 –ness Total 63 (61%) 104 (100%) 249 (66%) 376 (100%) Southwestern (Trev.Higd, Langland) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 27 (29%) 65 (71%) 92 (100%) Token-frequency 79 (33%) 162 (67%) 241 (100%) Table 19 Northern (Morte Arth, Richard Rolle) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 12 (26%) 34 (74%) 46 (100%) Token-frequency 48 (33%) 96 (67%) 144 (100%) Table 20 Kentish (Ayenbite of Inwyt) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 14 (26%) 40 (74%) 54 (100%) Token-frequency 50 (23%) 172 (77%) 222 (100%) Table 21 Alliterative Verse (Gawain, Morte Arth, Langland) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 17 (24%) 53 (76%) 70 (100%) Token-frequency 76 (34%) 147 (66%) 223 (100%) Table 22 Rhyming Verse (Chaucer[Verse], Gower, Lydgate) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 79 (34%) 155 (66%) 234 (100%) Token-frequency 803 (38%) 1335 (62%) 2138 (100%) Table 23 Verse (Alliterative, Rhyming) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 96 (32%) 208 (68%) 304 (100%) Token-frequency 879 (37%) 1482 (63%) 2361 (100%) Table 24 Prose (Chaucer[Prose], Genesis, Mandeville, Paston, Malory, Trev.Higd, Richard Rolle, Cloud) –ity –ness Total Type-frequency 166 (31%) 361 (69%) 509 (100%) Token-frequency 628 (29%) 1503 (71%) 1911 (100%) Table 25 Gawain-Poet’s Works OE + -ness OF + -ness Type-frequency 10 (83%) 2 (17%) 12 (100%) Token-frequency 17 (89%) 2 (11%) 19 (100%) 4 Total OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 6 (100%) 6 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 11 (100%) 11 (100%) Table 26 Gower CA OE + -ness OF + -ness Type-frequency 30 (88%) 4 (12%) 34 (100%) Token-frequency 168 (94%) 11 ( 6%) 179 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 14 (100%) 14 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 107 (100%) 107 (100%) Table 27 Mandeville’s Travels OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 33 (92%) 3 ( 8%) 36 (100%) Token-frequency 71 (88%) 10 (12%) 81 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 23 (100%) 23 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 78 (100%) 78 (100%) Table 28 Total Morte Arthur OE + -ness OF + -ness Type-frequency 7 (80%) 2 (20%) 9 (100%) Token-frequency 16 (89%) 2 (11%) 18 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 4 (100%) 4 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 13 (100%) 13 (100%) Table 29 Total Paston Letters OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 19 (79%) 5 (21%) 24 (100%) Token-frequency 57 (86%) 9 (14%) 66 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 21 (100%) 21 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 47 (100%) 47 (100%) Table 30 Langland PPl.B OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 30 (94%) 2 ( 6%) 32 (100%) Token-frequency 100 (91%) 9 ( 9%) 110 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity 5 Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 8 (100%) 8 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 54 (100%) 54 (100%) Table Type-frequency Token-frequency 31 Malory Wks OE + -ness OF + -ness Total 27 (75 %) 10 (25%) 37 (100%) 115 (85%) 21 (15%) 136 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 18 (100%) 18 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 52 (100%) 52 (100%) Table 32 Trev. Higden OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 26 (79%) 7 (21%) 33 (100%) Token-frequency 42 (81%) 10 (19%) 52 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 19 (100%) 19 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 25 (100%) 25 (100%) Table 33 Richard Rolle OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 22 (88%) 3 (12%) 25 (100%) Token-frequency 75 (96%) 3 ( 4%) 78 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 9 (100%) 9 (100%) Token-frrequency 0 ( 0%) 36 (100%) 36 (100%) Table 34 Lydgate Troy Book OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 52 (83%) 11 (17%) 63 (100%) Token-frequency 199 (80%) 50 (20%) 249 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 35 (100%) 35 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 116 (100%) 116 (100%) Table 35 WBible Genesis & Exodus OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 42 (40%) 8 (16%) 50 (100%) Token-frequency 287 (92%) 24 ( 8%) 311 (100%) OE + -ity Type-frequency OF + -ity 0 ( 0%) 8 (100%) 6 Total 8 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) Table 36 32 (100%) 32 (100%) The Cloud of Unknowing OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 69 (95%) 4 ( 5%) 73 (100%) Token-frequency 308 (99%) 5 ( 1%) 313 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 20 (100%) 20 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 79 (100%) 79 (100%) Table 37 Total Dan Michel’s Ayenbite of Inwyt OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 40 (100%) 0 ( 0%) 40 (100%) Token-frequency 172 (100%) 0 ( 0%) 172 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Type-frequency 0 ( 0%) 14 (100%) 14 (100%) Token-frequency 0 ( 0%) 50 (100%) 50 (100%) Table 38 Chaucer OE + -ness OF + -ness Total Type-frequency 146 (82%) 32 (18%) 178 (100%) Token-frequency 1341 (91%) 129 ( 9%) 1470 (100%) OE + -ity OF + -ity Total Type-frequency 1 ( 1%) Token-frequency 1 ( 0.1%) 91(99%) 92 (100%) 893 (99.9%) 894 (100%) OE = [-latinate]ޔOF = [+latinate]ߣߪၮ(base)ߩ⺆Ḯ⊛ⷐ⚛ࠍ␜ߔޕ Some examples: OE + -ness: depnesse (=depth)[Morte Arth 764], darknesse (=darkness)[Genesis 18.12] OF + -ness: fiercenes (=fortitude)[GGK 646], skarsnesse (=stinginess)[Gower CA 5.7655] OE + -ity: scantitee [ON + -ity] (=scantity)[Chaucer ParsT 431] OF + -ity: annuite (=annuity)[Paston Letters 120 / 37], ambyguite (=doubt)[Lydgate 2.5486] Chaucer ParsT 431: I sey nat that honestitee in clothynge of man or womman is uncovenable, but certes the superfluitee or disordinat scantitee of clothynge is reprevable. [=I don’t say that modesty in the clothing of a man or a woman is unsuitable, but certainly excessive or immoderately scantiness of clothing is blameworthy](Cf. oddity [odd adj.[ON] + -ity) V 5.1 㒖ᱛ⽎ (Blocking) Gruber (1976: 347-48) ߩ Blocking 7 pity *pitifulness beauty *beautifulness length *longness height *highness truth *trueness wrong / error *wrongness sincerity *sincereness ability *ableness tranquility *tranquilness 1 abilite (=capacity) Chaucer Ast Pro 2 ̆̆ abelnesse (=capacity) Cloud 46 / 12 ٤ 2 heighte (=height) WBible EV Ex 25.25 ̆̆ ٤ heighnesse (=height) WBible EV Amod 2.9 3 jolite (=revelry, happiness) Chaucer SqT 278 ̆̆ jolinesse (=revelry) Chaucer WBT 926 ٤ ̆̆ joie (=happiness) Chaucer KnT 1028 4 lengthe (=length) Chaucer GP 83 ̆̆ longenesse (=length) Gower CA 7.3923 ٤ 5 noblete (=nobility) Trev.Barth 318 / 16 ̆̆ noblesse (=nobility) Chaucer ClT 468 ̆̆ ٤ noblenesse (=nobility) Chaucer Mel 2956 ̆̆ noblehede (=nobility) WBible EV Job prol.87 ̆̆ noblei(=nobility) Chaucer ClT 828 6 tranquille (=tanquillity) Lydgate 1.453 ̆̆ tanquillite (=tranquillity) Chaucer Bo2 ٤ pr4.136 7 wrong (=unrighteousness) Chaucer Bo1 pr4.67 ̆̆ ٤ wrongfulhede (=injustice) Walton Bo 698 / 7 ̆̆ wrongfulnes (=unrighteousness) Cursor 7546 5.2 Type Blocking & Token Blocking Type-blocking concerns the interaction of more or less regular rival morphological processes (for example decency vs. decentness) whereas token-blocking involves the blocking of potential regular forms by already existing synonymous words, an example of which is the blocking of *arrivement by arrival or *stealer by thief. (Plag 2003: 64-65) Malory Caxton 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 1 4 18 17 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 humblesse 20 7 1 0 0 0 0 largenesse 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 17 28 6 1 2 0 0 feblenesse feblesse gentilnesse gentilesse humblenesse largesse Chaucer Gower Lydgate 1 0 1 0 10 1 0 2 0 80 8 Langland Gawain noblenesse 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 noblesse 34 10 16 0 0 11 6 richnesse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 156 41 51 26 0 1 6 simplenesse 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 simplesse 3 9 2 0 0 0 0 richesse 1 feeble ٤ adj. [OF] feeblesse c1175 n. [OF feblesce] feblenesse n. [From 2 gentil ٤ adj. [OF] gentilesse feeble adj.] ?a1300 Arth.& Merl. 9837 (= weakness)[MED] ?a1200 n. [OF gentilnesse a1250 Ancrene 103 / 23 (=feebleness, weakness) gentilesse] 1340 Ayenb 87 / 21 (=nobility of birth or rank) n. [From gentil adj.] a1325 Cursor 28562 (=nobility of birth or rank) 3 humble adj. [OF] c1250 ٤ humblesse n. [OF humblenesse humblesse] n. [From c1385 Chaucer KnT 2790 (=virtue of humility) humble adj.] c1395 WBible LV Prol.Heb. 4.480 (=virtue of humility, humbleness) 4 large ٤ adj. [OF] largesse n. [OF largenesse 5 noble ٤ largece] a1250 Ancrene 74 / 8 (=generosity) n. [From adj. [OF] noblesse adj.] c1390 Chaucer ParsT 1051 (=generosity) noblesse] a1250 Ancrene 87 / 19 (=high rank or birth) n. [From noble adj.] c1390 Chaucer Mel 2956 (=high rank or birth) adj. [OE] richesse n. [OF richenesse 7 simple ٤ richeise] n. [From rich adj. [OF] simplesse n. [OF simplenesse VI large ?1200 n. [OF noblenesse 6 rich ٤ c1175 a1250 Ancrene 74 / 25 (=wealth, riches) adj.] a1338 Mannyng Chron. Pt.2.p.155 (=wealth) c1220 simplesse] n. [From simple 1340 Ayenb 140 / 35 (=innocence) adj.] a1382 WBible EV Gen 20.5 (=innocence) –ness–ޔhede–ޔschipe ߩ┹ว bisinesse vs bisihede Chaucer GP 520: vs bisischipe To drawen folk to hevene .. this was his bisynesse. [=To draw up folk to heaven, .. this was his effort] [bisynesse = effort, endeavor] Gower CA 4.1119: What hast thou don of besischipe / To love? [=What hast thou done some effort for love?] [besischipe = effort, endeavor] 9 bisinesse bisihede bisischipe Chaucer 58 0 0 Gower 29 0 1 0 0 0 Lydgate 12 0 0 Malory 0 0 0 Landgland kindenesse vs kindehede Malory Wks 1083 / 15: vs kindeschipe Sir Bors .. for kyndenes and pite, he myght nat speke but wepte tendirly a grete whyle. [=Sir Bors, for friendliness and pity, might not speak but wept tenderly for a great while] [kybdenes = friendliness] Gower CA 2.326: he .. seide hem, for the kindeschipe / That thei have don him felaschipe / He wole hem do som grace ayein, [=he said to them, for the friendliness that they have done fellowship for him, that he would do some favor for them] [kindeschipe = friendliness, kindness] kindenesse kindehede Chaucer 8 0 0 Gower 0 0 2 Langland 2 0 0 Lydgate 12 0 0 Malory 17 0 0 VII kindeschipe –ity ᵷ↢⺆ߣ –ness ᵷ↢⺆ߩᗧ⊛⋧㆑ Aronoff (1976: 38) ߦࠃࠇ߫– ޔness ⺆߽ –ity ⺆߽( ޔ1) “the fact Y is Xous”( ޔ2) “the extent to which Y is Xous”( ޔ3) “the quality or state of being Xous” ߩߕࠇ߆ߩᗧࠍ߽ߟ ߇– ޔity ⺆ߪ․ᱶߥᗧࠍߔߎߣ߇ࠆߣߒߡࠆޕ 7.1 (1) –ity ᵷ↢⺆ “the fact that Y is Xous” WBible EV Number 4.20: Other thurZ no curiouste seen that ben in the seynturarye .. ellis thei shulden die. [LV: Othere men se not bi ony curiouste tho thingis that ben in the seyntuarie, .. ellis thei schulen die.: L curiositate videant] [curiouste = inquisitiveness] (2) “the extent to which Y is Xous” Chaucer Venus 81: Syth rym in Englissh hath such skarsete, / To folowe word by word the curiosite / Of Graunson. (=Since the verse in English has such scarcity to follow word by word the skill of Grandson) (3) “the quality or state of being Xous” Cloud 118 / 5: Þei mowe in no-wise put awey þe wonderful .. þouZtes, fantasies & ymages .. preentid in þeire mynde by þe liZt & þe corioustee of ymaginacyon. (=They may never 10 put away the wonderful thoughts, fantasies, and images printed in their mind by the light & the subtlety of imagination) 7.2 –ness ᵷ↢⺆ (1) “the fact that Y is Xous” MKempe 139 / 32: & sumtyme sche xulde wepyn ful softly & stilly in receyuyng of e preciows Sacrament wyth-owtyn any boystowsnes [=and sometimes she would weep very softly and silently in receiving the precious sacrament without any violence] (2) “the extent to which Y is Xous” Cloud 8 / 19: A good teching how a man schal flee þees disseits, & wirche more wiþ a listines of spirite þen wiþ any boistousnes of body. [=A good teaching how a man should flee from these deceits and work more with eager longing of spirit than with any fierce strength of body] (3) “the quality or state of being Xous” Trev.Barth 325 / 16: þe .. mete for his þicnes and boistousnes may not passe be naroughe weyes [=the food for its thickness and coarseness may not pass through narrow ways] Cf.: Romaine (1985: 455) (1) His kindness amazed me. (=the fact that he was / the extent to which he was kind) (2) Kindness is a virtue. (=quality or state of being kind) 7.3 ᗧߣ↢↥ᕈ (ోߡ Chaucer ߆ࠄߩ) jolinesse [From joli adj.] 2 examples 1 cheerfulness, enjoyment ٤ SqT 289: I sey namoore, but in this jolynesse / I lete hem til men to the soper dresse. (=I’ll say no more, but in this cheerfulness I leave them till men prepare for the supper) 2 cheerful behavior ٤ WBT 926: Somme seyde wommen loven best richesse, / Somme seyde honour, somme seyde jolynesse, (=Someone said that women love riches best, someone said that women love honour, someone said that women love cheerful behavior) jolitee [OF jolietei] 19 examples 1 jollity ٤ SqT 344: But thus I lete in lust and jolitee / This Camyuskan his lordes festeiynge (=But now I leave in pleasure and jollity) 2 cheerfulness ٤ PardT 780: This tresor hath Fortune unto us yiven / In myrthe and joliftee oure lyf to lyven, (=It’s Fortune that has given us this treasure that we may live our lives in mirth and cheerulness) 3 cheerful behavior ٤ 11 CYT 600: He kan of murthe and eek of jolitee (=He knows of merriment and also of cheerful behavior) 4 passion ٤ ThopT 843: For paramour and jolitee / Of oon that shoon ful brighte. (=For the love and passion of one who shoen so bright) 5 sport ٤ KnT 1807: But this is yet the best game of alle, / That she for whom they han this jolitee / Kan hem therfore as muche thank as me, (=But this is yet the biggest joke of all, that she, for whom they have this sport, can give them thanks as much as I) 6 an agreeable time ٤ MancT 197: This Phebus, which that thoghte upon no gile, / Deceyved was, for al his jolitee. (=This Phoebus, who never thought of guile, was deceived for all his agreeable time) 7 attractve appearance ٤ GP 680: But hood, for jolitee, wered he noon, (=But he wore the hood for making an attractive appearance) 7.4 㗫ᐲߣ⺆ᒵൻ bisinesse (Chaucer ߢ 58 examples) 1 the state or fact of being engaged in an activity ٤ MilT 3654: Thus lyth Alison and Nicholas / In bisynesse of mythe and in solas. (=So Alison and Nicholas lay in activity of mirth and pleasure) 2 endeavor, effort ٤ Mel 1631: And yet seye I ferthermoore, that ye sholde alwey doon youre bisynesse to gete yow richesses, (=And yet I say you should always make an effort to acquire riches9 3 encourage ٤ WBT 1196: Poverte is hateful good and, as I gesse, / A ful greet bryngere out of bisynesse;(=Poverty is a hateful good and, as I guesse, a great remover of encourage) 4 attention ٤ KnT 1007: The pilours diden bisynesse and cure (=The scavengers took attention and care) 5 employment, occupation ٤ Mel 1590: but he that is ydel and casteth hym to no bisynesse ne occupacioun shal falle into poverte and dye for hunger.’ (=but he who is idle and devotes himself to no empolyment or occulpation shall fall into poverty and die of hunger) 6 task ٤ Tr 1.1042: Yef me this labour and this bisynesse, (=Give me this hard work and this task) dignytee (Chaucer ߢ 69 examples) 1 nobleness or the quality or state of being noble ٤ 12 ParsT 1040: Certes, it is privyleged of thre thynges in his dignytee, for which it is moore digne than any oother preyere, (=Certainly, it is invested with three things in his nobleness that make it worthier than any other prayer) 2 dominion ٤ MkT 3360: But sodeynly he loste his dignytee, (=But suddenly he lost his dominion) 3 respect ٤ Bo3 pr4.42: it is wel seyn cleerly that thei ne han no propre beaute of dignyte. (=it is clearly seen that they have no proper beauty of respect) 4 gravity ٤ Bo4 pr1.3: Philosophie hadde songen softly and delitably the forseide thinges, kepynge the dignyte of hir cheere (=Philosophy had sung softly and delightfully the aforesaid things, keeping the gravity of its face) 5 spiritual worth ٤ Bo3 pr4.38: “Certes dignytees,” quod sche, “aperteignen properly to vertu, (=she said “Cetainly spiritual worth properly belongs to vertue) 6 influence ٤ Ast Prol. 104: In which fifthe partie shalt thou fynden … tables of dignitees of planetes, (=In the fifth part you shall find tables of positions in which a planet exercises its greatest influence) 7 high rank ٤ Bo3 pr4.16: al were this Nonyus set in chayere of dygnite. (=this Nonyus was set in throne of high rank) 8 high social position ٤ ClT 470: “I seye, Grisilde, this present dignitee, / In which that I have put yow, as I trowe, (=”I say, Criselda, this new high social position in which I’ve put you, as I trust) 7.5 ⦡ᓀ⺆ blacnesse [From blac (adj.)[OE]] WBible EV Nahum 2.11: blacnesse of a pot.; þe face of alle as blacnesse of a pot (LV: the face of alle ben as V: nigredo; AV: the faces of them all gather balckness.) greinesse [ From grei (adj.)[OE]] Trev.Barh 837 / 21: it is seyd þat crisoberillus is a maner kynde of berille, and pale greynes þerof schynen toward colour of gold. (=it is said that a crisoberyl is a kind of beryl, and its pale grayness shines like the color of gold) [Latin: pallia viriditas] grenesse [From grene (adj.)[OE]] Trev.Barth 871 / 20: stoon smaragdus; In none herbes nouþer in precious stones is more grenenes þan in þe (=In neither herbs nor in precious stones is more greenness than in 13 the stone smaragd (=emerald)) palenesse [From pale (adj.) [OF]] Trev.Barth 136 / 19: Also coolde is þe modir of whiZtnesse and of palenes, as hete is þe modir of blaknes and rednes. (=Also cold is the mother of whiteness and of paleness, as heat is the mother of blackness and redness.) rednesse [From red (adj.) [OE ]] Chaucer CYT 1100: Fumes dyuerse / Of metals .. / Consumed and wasted han my reednesse. (=various kinds of fumes from metals have consumed and wasted my [face’s] redness) wannesse [From wan (adj.)[OE wann](=grayish, whitish gray)] Trev.Barth 1292 / 14: wan colour tokneþ good, but grene oþer blak torneþ into wanne .. and þanne out of wannesse into rede [Latin: liuiditat] (=whitish gray colour tokens good, but green or black turns into whitish gray … and then out of a whitis gray color into red) whitnesse [From OE hwitness & ME whit (adj.)(=white)] Chaucer SNT 89: It is to seye in Englissh “hevenes lilie,” / For pure chaastnesse of virginitee; / Or, for she whitesse hadde of honestee, (=It is called in English “heaven’s lily”, for pure chastity of virginity; or for she had whiteness of honesty) yelownesse [ From Chaucer Purse 11: never pere. yelow (adj.)[OE geolu]] Or see your colour lyk the sonne bryght / That of yelownesse hadde (=Or see your color like the bright sun that never had an equal to yellowness) VIII Romaine (1985: 456) Abstract ̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆̆ψ Concrete state / qualities things offices / titles / collectivities persons humanness nobleness oddness Germanness oddity royalness curiosity royalty antiqueness admiralty highness highness holiness holiness 1 Chaucer ParsT 446: ٤ humanity Germanity curiousness business nobility Christianity business And eek in to greet preciousnesse of vessel and curiositee of mynstralcie, by which a man is stired the moore to delices of luxurie. (=And also into a 14 great preciousness of the plates and skillful performances of minstrelsy, by which a man is provoked more to fleshly pleasures) 2 Langland PPl.B 12.125: ٤ Take we her wordes at worthe for here witnesse be trewe, (=Let us take their words at their true value because their witnessed things are true) 3 Chaucer CYT 1212: ٤ ye shule .. / How that oure bisynesse shal thryue and preeue. (=You will see .. how our task will prosper and succeed) 4 Malory Wks 245 / 8: ٤ he was crowned Emperour by the Poopys hondis, with all the royalte in the worlde to welde for ever. (=he was enthroned Emperor by the Pope, with the royal power in the world to possess forever) 5 St.Kath 3.1062: ٤ Zet wil we not that thei occupied shul bee / With swiche-maner offyce as to humanyte longeth. (=But we do not wish that they shall be occupied with such authority as the human race desires) [Quoted from MED] 6 Lydgate TB 2.3534: ٤ Noon holynes to heryn of myraclis / Hath mevid hir, (=No religious rites to hear of miracles have prompted hir) 7 Chaucer Anel 99: But nevertheles ful mykel besynesse / Had he er that he myghte his ٤ lady wynne, (=But nevertheless he had so much trouble before he might get the lady) 8 Ayenb 175 / 10: ٤ þet telleþ hire guodnesses and wryeþ hare kueadnesses. (=that tells their good deeds and conceals their evil deeds) 9 WBible EV Job 2.9: ٤ his wiif forsoþe seide to hym, Zif forsoþe þou abijdist stille in þi symplete [LV: sympleness; V: simplicitate]? blesse to god & die] [AV: Then said his wife unto him, Dost thou still retain thine integrity? curse God, and die.][symplete=sympleness = intergrity, blamelessness] IX ߹ߣ 1 Dialectal factor ٤ 2 Pragmatic factor ٤ Northern (Table 19) & Kentish (Table 20) abortive (adj.) [=born prematurely or dead] ೋ a1382 WBible EV Job 3.16 abortiveness (n.) ೋ 1657 [OED] (Cf. Riddle 1985: 442-43) Cf: yongnes (From yong (=young) adj.)[=the time when one is young, youth] c1350 MPPsalter 143.10 (MED) yonghede (From yong adj.) [=the time of being young] c1300 (MED) youthnesse youthhede 3 Genre factor ٤ (From youth n.)[OE geoguþhadnes] [=the time of youth] [OE geoguþhad] [=the time of youth] WBible (Table 5) Alliterative Verse (Table 21) 15 a1150 4 Stylistic factor ٤ Boece -ity -ness Total Type-frequency 27 (33%) 51 (65%) 78 (100%) Token-frequency 226 (39%) 348 (61%) 574 (100%) Rhyming (Masui 1964: 12-16): To drawen folk to hevene by fairnesse, By good ensample, this was his bisynesse. (Chaucer GP 419-20) Repetition: “Allas! How the thought of this man, dreynt in overthrowynge depnesse, dulleth and forleteth his propre clernesse, myntynge to gon into foreyne dirknesses as ofte as his anoyos bysynes waxeth withoute mesure, but is dryven with werldly wyndes. (Chaucer Bo1 m2. 1-7) 5 Semantic factor ٤ Color Nouns Token Blocking Cf.: Marchand (1969: 313) chaste (1225) chastity (1225) ̆̆̆ noble (1225) ̆̆̆ superfluous (ME) nobility (1398) ̆̆̆ superfluity (ME) 㧦 *superluiosity ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ 1. ⺞ᩏߒߚ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻㧦 Benson, Larry Dean (ed.) (1987) The Riverside Chaucer. Third edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988. [Chaucer] Bergen, Henry (ed.) Lydgate’s Troy Book. (EETS ES 97, 103 & 106, 126), Part I (1906), Parts II & III (1908 & 1910), Part IV (1935), London: Oxford Univ. Press. Reprinted New York: Kraus, 1973. [Lydgate TB] Brock, Edmund (ed.) (1865) Morte Arthure, or The Death of Arthur. (EETS OS 8), London & Others: Oxford Univ. Press. [Morte Arth] Davis, Norman (ed.) (1971 & 1976) Paston Letters and Papers. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Paston] Day, Mabel (ed.) (1952) The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle. (EETS OS 225), London & Others: Oxford Univ. Press. [Ancrene] Forshall, Josiah & Frederic Madden (eds.) 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Traugott, Elizabeth Clos and Suzanne Romaine (1985) “Some Questions for the Definition of ‘STYLE’ in Socio-Historical Linguistics,” Folia Linguistica Historica 6, 7-39. Trips, Carola (2004) Lexical Semantics and Diachronic Morphology: The Development of –hood, –dom and –ship in the History of English. (Linguistische Arbeiten 527), Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. ☨ୖ✌ (2004) ⺆ࠆߌ߅ߦࠨ࡚࠴ޟᒻᚑߦߟߡߩ⸥ㅀ⊛⎇ⓥޠඳ჻⺰ᢥ㧔╳ᵄᄢቇ㧕. ☨ୖ✌ (✬⪺) (2006) ⺆ߩ⺆⧷ޡᒻᚑ ̆̆ㅢᤨ⊛ᤨ⊛⎇ⓥߩ⁁ߣ⺖㗴᧲ޢ੩㧦⧷ầ␠. 20 [ߥ߅ߦ⊒ᧄޔ㓙ߒߡ╳ޔᵄᄢቇߩፉ↰㧔㐳㊁㧕ሶవ↢ࠃࠅᦨޔㄭߩ⎇ⓥ⁁ᴫߦߟߡޔ ⚦ߥౝኈߣᢥ₂ࠍߏᢎ␜ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚߡߒ⸥ߦߎߎޕᗵ⻢↳ߒߍ߹ߔ]ޕ 21
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